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INSUFICIENTA CARDIACA
CONSIDERATII GENERALE
Pacientii cu insuficienta cardiaca acuta dezvolta frecvent insuficienta cardiaca cronica
Pacientii cu insuficienta cardiaca cronica se decompenseaza frecvent (devin acuti)
CONSIDERATII GENERALEClasa de recomandare
Definitie Cuvinte de utilizat
Clasa I Evidenta si/sau agreement general ca un tratament sau procedura este benefic, folositor si efectiv
Este recomandat/indicat
Clasa II Evidenta conflictuala si/sau divergenta de opinii despre utilitatea/eficienta unui tratament sau procedura
clasa IIa Greutatea evidentei/opiniei este in favoarea eficientei
De luat in considerare
clasa IIb Eficienta este mai putin bine stabilita
Poate fi luat in considerare
Clasa III Evidenta sau agreement general ca tratamentul sau procedura nu sunt eficiente sau chiar daunatoare in unele cazuri
Nu se recomanda
CONSIDERATII GENERALENiveluri de evidenta
Nivel de evidenta A
Date derivate din studii clinice multiple sau meta-analize
Nivel de evidenta B Date derivate dintr-un singur studiu clinic sau din studii mari ne-randomizate
Nivel de evidenta C Consens de opinii ale expertilor si/sau studii mici, studii retrospective, registre
CONSIDERATII GENERALE
Un raspuns clinic la un tratament strict pentru insuficienta cardiaca nu este sufient pentru diagnostic, dar este util cand diagnosticul ramane neclar dupa investigatii diagnostice corespunzatoare.
DEFINITIE
IC este un sindrom clinic in care pacientii au:Simptome tipice de IC (dispnee de efort sau
repaus, fatigabilitate, lentoare, edeme ale memebrelor inferioare)
si
Semne tipice de IC (tahicardie, tahipnee, raluri pulmonare, revarsat pleural, jugulare turgescente, edeme periferice, hepatomegalie)
si
Evidenta obiectiva de modificari structurale si functionale ale inimii in repaus (cardiomegalie, zgomot 3, sufluri cardiace, anomalii echocardiografice, cresterea peptidelor natriuretice)
MANIFESTARI CLINICEAspect clinic dominant
Simptome Semne
Edeme periferice/congestie
Dispnee, fatigabilitate, anorexie
Edeme periferice, jugulare turgescente, edem pulmonar, hepatomegalie, ascita, incarcare cu lichide, casexie
Edem pulmonar Dispnee severa in repaus
Raluri, revarsat pleural, tahicardie, tahipnee
Soc cardiogen (sindrom de debit mic)
Confuzie, slabiciune, extremitati reci)
Perfuzie periferica proasta, Tas < 90mmHg,Anurie sau oligurie
TA crescuta (IC hipertensiva)
Dispnee De obicei TA crescuta, HVS si FE pastrata
IC dreapta Dispnee, fatigabilitate Evidenta de disfunctie de VD, jugulare turgescente, edeme periferice, hepatomegalie
MANIFESTARI CLINICE
Cei mai multi pacienti cu IC au evidenta atat de disfunctie sistolica cat si diastolica in repaus sau la efort.
Pacientii cu IC diastolica au simptome si/sau semne de IC dar au pastrata FE peste 45-50%.
IC cu fractie de ejectie pastrata este prezenta la jumatate din pacientii cu IC.
CLASIFICARE
Nou diagnosticata› La prima prezentare› Acuta sau cu debut lent
Tranzitorie Cronica
› Persistenta› Stabila, agravata sau decompensata
CLASIFICARENYHA (1994) dupa simptome
legate de capacitatea functionalaSeveritate bazata pe simptome si activitate fizica
Clasa I Nici o limitare a activitatii fizice. Activitatea fizica obisnuita nu produce fatigabilitate, palpitatii sau dispnee
Clasa II Usoara limitare a activitatii fizice. Confortabil inrepaus dar activitatea obisnuita poate da fatigabilitate, palpitatii ,dispnee
Clasa III Limitare marcata a activitatii fizice. Confortabil in repaus dar activitati mai mici decat cele obisnuite duc la fatigabilitate, palpitatii, dispnee
Clasa IV Incapabil de orice activitate fizica fara disconfort. Simptome prezente in repaus. La orice incercare de activitate, disconfortul creste.
CLASIFICARE ACC/AHA (2005) dupa anomalii
structuraleStadii de IC bazate pe structura si alterarea miocardului
Stadiul A La risc inalt pentru aparitia IC. Nici o anomalie structurala sau functionala identificata. Fara semne sau simptome
Stadiul B Boala cardiaca dezvoltata structural care este puternic asociata cu aparitia IC dar fara semne si simptome
Stadiul C IC simptomatica asociata cu boala cardiaca structurala
Stadiul D Boala cardiaca structurala avansata si simptome marcate de IC la repaus in ciuda unui tratament maximal.
CAUZE COMUNE DE IC prin boli ale miocardului
Boala coronariana Multiple manifestari
HTA Adesea asociata cu HVS si FE pastrata
Cardiomiopatii Familiale/genetice sau nu (inclusiv miocardite)Hipertrofice, dilatative, restrictive, distrofia aritmogena de VD
Droguri Beta-blocante, antagonisti de calciu, antiaritmice, citotoxice
Toxice Alcool, medicatie, cocaina, mercur, cobalt, arsenic
Endocrine Diabet zaharat, hipo/hipertiroidism, sindrom Cushing, insuficienta adrenala, exces de hormon de crestere, feocromocitom
Nutritionale Deficiente de tiamina, seleniu, carnitina. Obezitate, casecsie
Infiltrative Sarcoidoza, amiloidoza, hemocromatoza, boli de tesut conjunctiv
Altele HIV, boala Chagas, cardiomiopatia peripartum, IRC terminala
ASPECTE CHEIE IN ISTORICUL PACIENTULUI
CU ICSimptome Dispnee
fatigabilitateOrtopnee, dispnee paroxistica nocturnaFatigabilitate, lentoare
Evenimente CV BCIIMInterventieAlte chirurgii
Stroke sau boala vasculara perifericaBoli valvulare sau disfunctii
Tromboliza PTCACABG
Profil de risc Istorie familiala, fumat, hiperlipemie, HTA, diabet
Raspuns la terapia curenta sau anterioara
ASPECTE CHEIE IN EXAMENUL CLINIC AL PACIENTULUI CU IC
Aparenta Stare de alerta, nutritionala, greutate
Puls Frecventa, ritm, caracter
TA Sistolica, diastolica, presiunea pulsului
Incarcare cu lichide
JugulareEdeme periferice (tibiale si sacrate), hepatomegalie, ascita,
Plaman Frecventa respiratorieRaluriRevarsat pleural
Inima Deplasarea apexuluiRitm de galopSufluri sugerand disfunctii valvulare
CLASIFICAREA IC IN RAPORT CU IMA (Killip)
Destinata unui estimat clinic privind severitatea afectarii circulatorii in tratamentul IMA
Stadiul I Fara IC. Fara semne clinice de decompensare cardiaca.
Stadiul II IC. Criterii de diagnostic inclusiv raluri, galop, hipertensiune pulmonara venoasa. Congestie pulmonara cu raluri umede in jumatatea inferioara a campurilor pulmonare.
Stadiul III IC severa. Edem pulmonar franc cu raluri diseminate.
Stadiul IV Soc cardiogen. HipoTA (Tas<90mmHg) si evidenta de vasoconstrictie periferica precum oligurie, cianoza si transpiratii.
CLASIFICAREA IC IN RAPORT CU IMA
(Forrester) Destinata sa descrie statusul clinic si
hemodinamic in IMA
1. Perfuzie si presiune pulmonara capilara (PPC) normale (PPC estimata sau presiune in AS)
2. Perfuzie proasta si PPC scazuta (hipovolemie)
3. Presiune de perfuzie aproape normala si PPC crescuta (edem pulmonar)
4. Perfuzie proasta si PPC crescuta (soc cardiogen)
ANOMALII ECG IN ICANOMALIE CAUZE IMPLICATII CLINICE
Tahicardie sinusala IC decompensata, anemie, febra, hipertiroidie
Evaluare clinica, laborator
Bradicardie sinusala Beta-blocante, digitala, antiaritmice, hipotiroidie, boala de nod sinusal
Evaluarea terapiei, laborator
Tahicardie atriala/flutter/fibrilatie
Hipertiroidie, infectie, IC decompensata, infarct
Conducere AV incetinita, conversie medicala, electroconversie, ablatie, anticoagulare
Aritmii ventriculare Ischemie, infarct, cardiomiopatii, miocardita, hipoKemie, hipoMg-emie, supradozaj digitalic
Laborator, test de efort, coronarografie, electrofiziologie, ICD
ANOMALII ECG IN IC
ANOMALIE CAUZE IMPLICATII CLINICE
Ischemie/infarct Boala coronariana Echo, troponina, coronarografie, revascularizare
HVS HTA, boala de valva aortica, CMH
Echo Doppler
Bloc AV Infarct, toxicitate medicamentoasa, miocardita, sarcoidoza
Evaluarea terapiei, boala sistemica, cardiostimulare
Microvoltaj Obezitate, emfizem, pericardita lichidiana, amiloidoza
Echo, radiologie
Morfologie de BRS cu QRS>120msec
Dissincronism electric Echo, resincronizare
ANOMALII Rx IN IC
Anomalie Cauze Implicatii clinice
Cardiomegalie VS, VD, atrii dilatateRevarsat pericardic
Echo/Doppler
HVS HTA, stenoza Ao, CMH Echo/Doppler
Aspect normal Congestia pulmonara putin probabila
De reconsiderat dg (daca nu este tratat); Boala pulmonara severa putin probabila
Congestie venoasa pulmonara
Presiune de umplere VS crescuta
IC stanga confirmata
Edem interstitial Presiune de umplere VS crescuta
IC stanga confirmata
ANOMALII Rx IN ICAnomalie Cauze Implicatii clinica
Revarsat pleural Presiuni de umplere crescuteIC probabila daca este bilateralInfectie pulmonara, revarsat postchirurgie sau malignitate
De considerat etiologia noncardiacaDaca este abundenta, de considerat toraconcenteza diagnostica sau terapeutica
Linii Kerley B Presiune limfatica crescuta Stenoza mitrala sau IC cronica
Campuri pulmonare clare
Emfizem sau embolism pulmonar
CT spiral, spirometrie, echo
Infectie pulmonara
Pneumonia poate fi secundara stazei pulmonare
Se trateaza atat infectia cat si IC
Infiltrate pulmonare
Boala sistemica De continuat investigatiile diagnostice
ANOMALII DE LABORATOR IN IC
Anomalie Cauze Implicatii clinice
Creatinina crescuta>150µmol/L
Boala renalaIEC, ARB, antialdosteronice
De calculat FGDe considerat schimbarea medicatieiDe cautat K si ureea
Anemia (<13g/dl la barbati, <12g/dl la femei
IC cronica, hemodilutie, pierdere de fier, IRC, boala cronica
Investigatii diagnosticeReconsiderare terapeutica
Hipo natremie (<135mmol/L
IC cronica, hemodilutie, diureza, eliberare de vasopresina
De considerat restrictie de apa, restrictie de diureticeUltrafiltrare, antagonisti de vasopresina
Hipokaliemie (3,5mmol/L) Diuretice, hiperaldosteronism secundar
Risc de aritmiiDe considerat supliment de K, IEC, ARB, antialdosteronice
ANOMALII DE LABORATOR IN IC
Anomalie Cauze Implicatii clinice
Hiperkaliemie (>5,5mmol/L
IRC, supliment de K, blocanti de sistem RAA
Modificarea tratamentuluiEvaluare de functie renala si pHRisc de bradicardie
Hiperglicemie (>6,5mmol/L
Diabet, rezistenta la insulina
Evaluarea hidratarii, tratamentul intolerantei la glucoza
Hiperuricemie (>500µmol/L)
Tratament diuretic, guta, malignitate
Allopurinol, reducerea dozei de diuretice
BNP>400pg/ml, NT-proBNP>2000pg/ml
Cresterea stressului de perete de VS
Posibila ICIndicatie de echoDe considerat tratamentul
ANOMALII DE LABORATOR IN IC
Anomale Cauze Implicatii clinice
BNP<100pg/ml, NT-proBNP<400pg/ml
Stress de perete normal Reevaluare diagnosticaIC putin probabila daca nu este tratat
Albumina crescuta (>45g/L)
Deshidratare, mielom Rehidratare
Albumina scazuta (<30g/L)
Nutritie proasta, pierdere renala
De continuat investigatiile
Transaminaze crescute Disfunctie hepaticaIC dreaptaToxicitate medicamentoasa
De continuat investigatiileCongestie hepaticaReconsiderarea terapiei
ANOMALII DE LABORATOR IN IC
Anomalie Cauze Implicatii clinice
Troponine crescute Necroza miocitaraIschemie prelungita, IC severa, miocardita, sepsis, IRC, embolism pulmonar
De evaluat patternul (usor crescute in IC severa)CoronarografieEvaluare pentru revascularizare
Teste tiroidiene anormale
Hiper/hipo tiroidismAmiodarona
Tratarea anomaliei tiroidiene
Examen de urina Proteinurie, glicozurie, bacterii
Teste diagnosticeTratamentul infectiei
INR>2,5 Supradoza de anticoagulantDisfunctie hepatica
Evaluare doza de anticoagulantEvaluare functie hepatica
CRP>10mg/L, neutrofilie
Infectie, inflamatie Evaluare diagnostica
DIAGNOSTICUL IC la pacientul netratat cu simptome sugestive, folosind peptidele natriuretice
Ex. Clinic, ECG, Rx
Peptide natriuretice
BNP<100pg/ml BNP 100-400pg/ml BNP>400pg/mlNT-proBNP<400pg/ml NT-proBNP NTproBNP>2000pg/ml 400-2000pg/ml
IC cronica putin Diagnostic incert IC cronica probabila probabila
ANOMALII ECHO IN ICParametru Anomalie Implicatii clinice
FE a VS <45-50% Disfunctie sistolica
Functia VS globala sau focala
Akinezie, hipokinezie, diskinezie
IM, ischemie, cardiomiopatie, miocardita
Diametru end diastolic
>55-60mm Incarcare de volum – IC posibila
Diametru end sistolic
>45mm Incarcare de volum – posibila disfunctie sistolica
Fractie de scurtare
<25% Disfunctie sistolica
AS >40mm Presiune de umplere crescutaDisfunctie de valva mitralaFiA
Grosimea VS HVS (>11-12mm) HTA, stenoza Ao, CMH
ANOMALII ECHO IN ICParametru Anomalie Implicatii clinice
Structura si functie valvulara
Stenoze si regurgitari valvulare (mai ales Stenoza Ao si insuficienta Mi)
Pot fi cauze initiale de IC sau cauze de complicatieEvaluare de gradiente si fractie de regurgitare, consecinte hemodinamiceDe considerat chirurgia
Profil de flux diastolic mitral
Pattern de umplere diastolica precoce si tardiva
Indica disfunctia diastolica
Regurgitare tricuspidiana (peak velocity)
>3m/sec Presiune de VD crescuta-suspect HT pulmonara
Pericard Revarsat, hemopericard, ingrosare
Tamponada, uremie, cancer, boala sistemica, pericardita (acuta, cronica, constrictiva)
Viteza de fluxului Ao
<15cm Scaderea volumului bataie
Vena cava inferioara
Dilatata, flux retrograd Crestere de presiune in ASDisfunctie de VdCongestie hepatica
INDICI DOPPLER SI UMPLERE
VENTRICULARA
Indice Doppler Pattern Consecinte
Raport E/A Restrictiv (<2, timp de decelerare<115 pana la 150msec)
Presiuni de umplere crescuteIncarcare de volum
Relaxare intarziata <1 Presiuni de umplere normaleComplianta redusa
Normal>1 Poate fi si pseudonormal
Durata Amitral-A pulmonar
>30msec Presiuni de umplere normale
<30msec Presiuni de umplere crescute
ELEMENTE DE DIAGNOSTIC
ELEMENT DE DIAGNOSTIC Sustine daca este prezent
Infirma daca este normal sau absent
Simptome compatibile ++ ++
Semne compatibile ++ +
Disfunctie cardiaca la ECHO +++ +++
Raspunsul simptomelor sau semnelor la terapie
+++ ++
ECG normal ++
ECG anormal ++ +
Aritmii +++ +
ELEMENTE DE DIAGNOSTIC ELEMENT DE DIAGNOSTIC Sustine daca
este prezentInfirma daca este normal sau absent
LABORATOR
BNP/NT-proBNP crescut +++ +
BNP/NT-proBNP scazut/normal + +++
Hiponatremie + +
Disfunctie renala + +
Troponina moderat crescuta + +
RADIOLOGIE
Congestie pulmonara +++ +
Reducerea capacitatii de efort +++ ++
Teste functionale pulmonare anormale
+ +
Hemodinamica anormala in repaus
+++ ++
DIAGNOSTIC
Prezenta de semne si simptome de IC Functie sistolica normala sau numai
moderat alterata (FE a VS > 45-50%) Prezenta disfunctiei diastolice (relaxare
anormala de VS sau rigiditate diastolica)
CONDITII ASOCIATE CU PROGNOSTIC PROST
Demografie
Clinica Electrofiziologie
Functie Laborator Imagistica
Varsta
Etiologia ischemica
Moarte subita resuscitata
HipoTA
Clasa NYHA III-IV
Spitalizare recenta pentru IC
Tahicardie
Unde Q
QRS largi
HVS
Aritmii ventriculare complexe
Reducerea activitatii fizice
Peak de VO2 scazut
Crestere mare de BNP/NT proBNP
Hiponatremie
Troponine crescute
Biomarkeri crescuti, activare neurohormonala
FE a VS scazuta
CONDITII ASOCIATE CU PROGNOSTIC PROST
Demografie
Clinica Electrofiziologie
Functie Laborator
Imagistica
Complianta redusa
Disfunctie renala
Diabet
Anemie
BPOC
Depresie
Tahicardie
Raluri
Stenoza Ao
Index de masa corporala scazut
Apnee de somn
Variabilitate scazuta de frecventa cardiaca
Alternanta de unda T
FiA
Distanta mica la testul de 6 minute
Respiratie periodica
Crestere de creatinina/uree
Bilirubina crescuta
Anemie
Crestere de acid uric
Volum de VS crescut
Index cardiac redus
Presiune de umplere VS crescuta
HTP
Functie VD redusa
EPIDEMIOLOGIE (ESC)
ESC reprezinta o populatie de >900 mil si 51 de tari
15 mil persoane au IC Disfunctia de VS are aceeasi prevalenta 4% din populatie are IC simptomatica sau nu Prevalenta este in Europa de 2-3% si creste
brusc peste 75 de ani Intre 70-80 de ani prevalenta ajunge la 10-
20% La tineri IC este mai frecventa la barbati, la
varstnici prevalenta este egala intre sexe
EPIDEMIOLOGIE (ESC)
Prevalenta IC creste› Imbatranirea populatiei› Succesul in tratarea BCI si profilaxiei
secundare a BCI› In unele tari EU, mortalitatea prin IC scade
datorita tratamentului modern› IC cu FE pastrata este mai frecventa la
varsnici, femei, HTA, diabet› IC este cauza de spitalizare acuta in 5% din
cazuri, ocupa 10% din paturi, si consuma 2% din cheltuielile de sanatate
EPIDEMIOLOGIE (ESC)
50% din pacienti mor in urmatorii 4 ani 40% din pacientii spitalizati pentru IC mor
sau sunt respitalizati in timpul unui an IC cu FE pastrata este prezenta la jumatate
din pacientii cu IC Prognosticul acestor pacienti este similar cu
cel al pacientilor cu disfunctie sistolica Diagnosticul clinic este adesea gresit la
femei, batrani si obezi
Five-year survival following a first admission to any Scottish hospital in 1991 for heart failure, myocardial infarction and the four most common sites of cancer specific to men
and women.
Stewart S et al. Eur J Heart Fail 2001;3:315-322
© 2001 European Society of Cardiology
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
FIZIOPATOLOGIE
Modelul hemodinamic al ICCrestere de postsarcina
Vasoconstrictie periferica
Debit cardiac scazut
Injurie miocardica
Activaraea neurohormonala in IC
Scaderea contractilitatii ventriculare
Reducerea debitului cardiac
Cresterea rezistentei la flux
Cresterea rezistentei periferice
Activare neurohormonala compensatorie
Mecanisme fiziopatologice in IC
A. Mecanisme fiziopatologice in insuficienta miocardica
1. Alterarea cardiomiocitelor contractilitate, complianta
Consecinte: defect in productia si utilizarea de ATP modificari ale proteinelor contractile
decuplarea procesului excitatie – contractie
numarul de cardiomiocite
· impiedicarea relaxarii cardiomiocitelor cu scaderea compliantei miocardului
· alterarea sistemului simpatico-adrenergic(SAS) numarului de 1-receptori de pe
suprafata cardiomiocitelor
2. Modificari in controlul neurohumoral al functiei inimii
• Fiziologic: • SNS contractilitate
FC activitate de pacemakeri cardiaci
Mechanism: activitate simpatica cAMP Ca ++i contractilitate
activitate simpatica influenta parasimpatica asupra inimii
• Fiziopatologic: controlul normal neurohumoral este schimbat si este creat un mecanism
neurohumoral patologic
IC cronica este caracterizata printr-o imbalanta a mecanismelor adaptative neurohumorale care rezulta intr-o excesiva vasoconstrictie si retentie de sare si apa
Catecolaminele : - concentratie in sange :
- norepinephrina– 2-3x mai mare in repaus decat la sanatosi
- norepinephrina circulanta este crescuta mult mai mult, pentru un efort egal, la pacientii cu IC cronica fata de subiectii sanatosi
- numarul de beta 1 – receptori adrenergici sensibilitatea cardiomiocitelor la catecholamine contractilitatea
Sistemul renina – angiotensina – aldosteron
IC CO perfuzia renala stim. sistemului RAA
Important:
Catecolaminele si sistemul RAA = mecanism compensator
Functia cardiaca si TA arteriala
Rolul angiotensinei II in dezvoltarea insuficientei cardiace
vasoconstriction ( in vasele de rezizstenta)
retentie de Na volumului circulant
· eliberare de arginin – vasopresina (AVP ) din neurohipofiza
sensibilitatea peretelui vascular la norepinephrina
· efect mitogenic pe musculatura neteda din vase si pe
cardiomiocite hipertrofie
Constrictia arteriolei eferente ( in glomerul )
senzatie de sete
secretia de aldosteron din glanda adrenala
conctractie mezangiala rata filtrarii glomerulare
· facilitarea eliberarii de norepinephrina din terminatiile nervoase simpatice
STIMULAREA NEUROHORMONALA
Modificari functionale
Modificari structurale
Inotropism crescutTahicardieVasoconstrictieRetentie hidrosalina
HipertrofieCrestere de tesut nonmuscularCreste expresia genelor cardiace adulte
Creste necesarul de energieAlterarea conditiilor de umplereAlterarea proprietatilor vasculare/diastoliceEfect proaritmic
Disfunctie miocardica
Reducerea perfuziei sistemice
Activare RAA, SNS, citokine
Alterarea expresiei genelor
Crestere si remodelare
Ishemie, depletie de energie
Toxicitate directa
Apoptoza Necroza
Moarte celulara
Definitia insuficientei cardiace diastolice
Procesul fiziopatologic caracterizat prin simptome si semne de insuficienta cardiaca, care este produs prin cresterea rezistentei la umplere a ventriculilor si cresterea presiunii diastolice intraventriculare
Insuficienta cardiaca diastolica primara- fara semne si simptome de disfunctie sistolica
- ! pana la 40% din pacientii care sufera de IC!
Insuficienta cardiaca diastolica secundara
- disfunctia diastolica este consecinta unei disfunctii sistolice initiale
Fiziopatologia insuficientei cardiace diastolice
· IC sistolica = insuficienta functiei de ejectie a inimii
· IC diastolica = insuficienta de umplere a ventriculilor,
resistenta la umplere a ventriculilor
Dar, care ciclu cardiac este diastola reala ?
Insuficienta diastolica este o entitate clinica largrecunoscuta
Principalele mecanisme patologice ale IC diastolice
1. Dezordini structurale rigiditatea pasiva a camerelor
a) intramiocardic
– e.g. fibroza miocardica, amiloidoza, hipertrofie, ischemie miocardica...
b) extramiocardic – e.g. pericardita constrictiva
2. Dezordini functionale relaxarea camerelor e. g. ischemie
miocardica , hipertrofie avansata a ventriculilor,
asinchronism in functia miocardica
Cauze si mecanisme care participa la impidicarea relaxarii ventriculare
a) Modificari fiziologice in relaxarea camerelor date de:
– contractie ventriculara prelungita
Relaxarea ventriculilor nu este afectata !
b) Modificari patologice in relaxarea camerelor date de: Impiedicarea procesului de relaxare
relaxare intarziata (retardata)
Relaxare incompleta (incetinita)
Consecintele relaxarii ventriculare afectate
- umplerea ventriculilor este mai dependenta de diastaza si de sistola atriilor decat la subiectii sanatosi
Simptome si semne:
Intoleranta la efort = semn precoce de insuficienta diastolica
fluxul coronar in diastola
Cauze si mecanisme implicate in dezvoltarea rigiditatii ventriculare
Complianta ventriculara = proprietate pasiva a ventriculilor
Surse de complianta: cardiomiocitele si alt tesut cardiac care se intinde
Complianta ventriculara este produsa de anomalii structurale
localizate in tesutul miocardic si extramiocardic
a) Cauze intramiocardice : fibroza miocardica, hipertrofia peretelui ventricular, cardiomiopatia restrictiva
b. Cauze extramiocardice : pericardita constrictiva
Rolul remodelarii miocardice in geneza insuficientei cardiace
remodelarea adaptativa a inimii
remodelarea patologica a inimii
Principalele cauze si mecanisme implicate in remodelarea patologica a inimii
1.Cresterea cantitatii si marimii miocitelo = hipertrofia
Data de : - incarcare de volum si/sau presiune (hipertrofie excentrica, concentrica )
- Stimulare hormonala a cardiomiocitelor prin norepinephrina, angiotensina II
2. Cresterea % de celule non-miocitare in miocard si influenta lor asupra structurii si functiei inimii
a. Celule endotheliale – endotelinele : abilitate mitogenica stimularea cresterii celulelor musculare netede din vase, a fibroblastilor
b. fibroblastii - productie de colagen
PUNCTE ESENTIALE PENTRU PACIENT
Subiect de educatie
Competente si comportamente
Definitia si etiologia IC
Sa inteleaga cauza IC si de ce apar simptomele
Simptome si semne de IC
Sa monitorizeze si sa recunoasca semnele de ICSa se cantareasca zilnic si sa recunoasca cresterea brusca in greutateSa stie cand sa apeleze la serviciile medicaleSa foloseasca flexibil diureticele daca au indicatie
Tratament farmacologic
Sa inteleaga indicatiile, dozele si efectele medicamentelorSa recunoasca efectele secundare
Modificarea factorilor de risc
Sa inteleaga importanta opririi fumatuluiSa-si monitorizeze TA daca este hipertensivSa-si mentina sub control glicemia daca este diabeticSa evite obezitatea
Dieta Restrictie de sare, evitarea ingestiei de cantitati mari de lichide, alcool cu moderatie, prevenirea malnutritiei
PUNCTE ESENTIALE PENTRU PACIENT
Subiect de educatie Competente si comportamente
Efort fizic Sa fie asigurat si confortabil cu activitatea fizicaSa inteleaga beneficiul activitatii fiziceSa faca regulat exercitii fizice
Activitate sexuala Sa fie asigurat cand se antreneaza intr-un act sexual si sa discute problema cu personalul medicalSa inteleaga problemele sexuale si strategiile de convietuire cu ele
Imunizarea Sa se vaccineze antigripal si impotriva infectiilor pneumococice
Somn si probleme de respiratie
Sa inteleaga comportamente preventive cum ar fi scaderea in greutate daca este obez, incetarea fumatului, alcoolului (eventual sa invete terapii)
PUNCTE ESENTIALE PENTRU PACIENT
Subiect de educatie Competente si comportamente
Aderenta Sa inteleaga importanta urmarii tratamentului recomandat si a mentinerii motivatiei de a-l urma
Aspecte psihosociale Sa inteleaga ca simtomele depresive si disfunctiile cognitive sunt comune in IC si importanta suportului social. Sa invete despre tratamentul acestora daca este cazul
Prognostic Sa inteleaga factorii cei mai importanti de prognostic si sa ia decizii realiste. Sa caute suportul psihosocial daca are nevoie.
OBIECTIVELE TRATAMENTULUI IN IC
1. Prognostic Reducerea mortalitatii
2. Morbiditate Ameliorarea simptomelor si semnelorCresterea calitatii vietiiEliminarea edemelor si retentiei hidriceCresterea capacitatii de efortReducerea fatigabilitatii si dispneeiReducerea necesitatii de spitalizareOferirea de ingrijiri terminale
3. Profilaxie Aparitiei de alterari miocardiceProgresiei alterarilor miocardiceRemodelariiReaparitiei simptomelor si retentiei de apaSpitalizarii
IC simptomatica + FE redusa
Diuretic+IEC (BRA)Titrare pentru stabilitate clinica
Betablocant
Persista simptome?DA NU
+Antagonist de ALD sau BRA
Persista simptome?
DA NU
FE<35%DA NU
ICDAcelasi tratament
QRS>120 msec?
DA NU
Resincronizare Digoxin, HDL/Nitrat, transplant
In acelasi timpTrebuie detectate co-morbiditatile
majore si factorii de precipitare
Noncardiovasculare› Anemie,› Boli pulmonare› Disfunctie renala› Disfunctie tiroidiana› Diabet
Cardiovasculare› Ischemie› HTA› Disfunctie valvulara› Disfunctie diastolica› FiA› Aritmie ventriculara› Bradicardie
IEC
Un IEC este recomandat la toti pacientii cu IC simptomatica si FE=<40%
Tratamentul cu IEC imbunatateste functia VS, calitatea vietii, reduce spitalizarile pentru agravarea IC si prelungeste viata
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta A La pacientii spitalizati, tratamentul
trebuie initiat inaintea externarii
BRA Un BRA este recomandat la toti pacientii cu
IC si FE=<40% care:› Raman simptomatici in ciuda unui tratament
optimal cu IEC si β blocante› Ca alternativa pentru pacientii intoleranti la IEC
Indiferent daca pacientii sunt tratati cu un inhibitor de ALD
Tratamentul cu BRA, imbunatateste functia VS, calitatea vietii, reduce spitalizarile pentru agravarea IC
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta A
BRA
Tratamentul reduce riscul de moarte CVClasa de recomandare IIa, nivel de evidenta B
La pacientii spitalizati, tratamentul trebuie initiat inaintea externarii
β BLOCADA
Un β blocant va fi folosit la toti pacientii cu IC simptomatica si FE=<40%
β blocada imbunatateste functia VS, calitatea vietii, reduce spitalizarile pentru agravarea IC si prelungeste viata
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta A
La pacientii spitalizati, tratamentul trebuie initiat cu precautie inaintea externarii
ANTAGONISTII DE ALD
Adaugarea unui antagonist de ALD este recomandata la toti pacientii cu FE=<35%, sever simptomatici, fara hiper Kemie sau disfunctie renala severa
Antagonistii de ALD reduc spitalizarile pentru agravarea IC si cresc supravietuirea cand sunt adaugati la terapia existenta, incluzand un IEC
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta B La asemenea pacienti spitalizati, tratamentul
trebuie inceput inaintea externarii
DIURETICELE Diureticele sunt recomandate la
pacientii cu semne clinice sau simptome de congestie
Diureticele duc la ameliorarea simptomelor si semnelor de congestie venoasa pulmonara sau sistemica
Diureticele duc la activarea sistemului RAA si trebuie utilizate in combinatie cu un IEC/BRA
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta B
RECOMANDARILE DE CLASA I PENTRU PACIENTII CU DISFUNCTIE SISTOLICA SIMPTOMATICA
IEC Toti pacientii* Clasa I, Nivel A
BRA Intoleranta la IEC/persistenta semnelor sau simptomelor cu IEC/β blocada
Clasa I, Nivel A
β blocant Toti pacientii* Clasa I, Nivel A
Antagonist de ALD
Simptome severe deja cu IEC* Clasa I, Nivel A
Diuretic Toti pacientii cu semne sau simptome de congestie
Clasa I, Nivel B
*in afara contraindicatiilor sau intolerantei
DOZELE Doza initiala Doza tinta
IEC
Captopril 6,25 t.i.d 50-100 t.i.d
Enalapril 2,5 b.i.d 10-20 b.i.d
Lisinopril 2,5-5,0 o.d 20-35 o.d
Ramipril 2,5 o.d 5 b.i.d
Trandolapril 0,5 o.d 4 o.d
BRA
Candesartan 4 sau 8 o.d 32 o.d
Valsartan 40 b.i.d 160 b.i.d
Antagonisti de ALD
Eplerenona 25 o.d 50 o.d
Spironolactona 25 o.d 25-50 o.d
Beta-blocante
Bisoprolol 1,25 o.d 10 o.d
Carvedilol 3,125 b.i.d 25-50 b.i.d
Metoprolol succinat 12,5/25 o.d 200 o.d
Nebivolol 1,25 o.d 10 o.d
DOZAJUL DIURETICELORDiuretic Doza initiala
(mg)Doza zilnica uzuala (mg)
Diuretic de ansa*
Furosemid 20 - 40 40 - 240
Bumetanid 0,5 - 1.0 1 - 5
Torasemid 5 - 10 10 - 20
Tiazide**
Bendroflumetiazida 2,5 2,5 - 10
Hidroclorotiazida 25 12,5 - 100
Metolazona 2,5 2,5 - 10
Indapamida 2,5 2,5 - 5*Dozele terbuie ajustate la volum/greutate; dozele mari pot afecta functia renala si pot produce ototoxicitate**Nu se utilizeaza la FG<30%, cu exceptia cazului cand sunt prescrise cu diuretice de ansa
DOZAJUL DIURETICELOR
Diuretic Doza initiala (mg)
Doza zilnica (mg)
Diuretice care economisesc K***
+IEC/ARA -IEC/ARA +IEC/ARA -IEC/ARA
Spironolactona/Eplerenona
12,5 - 25 50 50 100 - 200
Amilorid 2,5 5 20 40
Triamteren 25 50 100 200
***Antagonistii de aldosteronvor fi intotdeauna preferati altor diuretice economisitoare de K
CONSIDERATII PRACTICE IN TRATAMENTUL IC CU DIURETICE DE ANSA
Problema Actiuni sugerate
HipoKemie/hipoMgemie • Cresterea dozelor de IEC/ARA
• Adaugarea de antagonist de aldosteron
• Supliment de K
• Supliment de Mg
Hiponatremie • Restrictie de lichide
• Stop tiazide sau schimb pe diuretic de ansa (daca este posibil)
• Reducerea dozei/stop diuretic de ansa (daca este posibil)
• De considerat antagonist de vasopresina/Tolvaptan daca este disponibil
• Suport inotrop i.v.
• De considerat ultrafiltrarea
CONSIDERATII PRACTICE IN TRATAMENTUL IC CU DIURETICE DE ANSA
Problema Actiuni sugerata
Hiperuricemia/guta • De considerat allopurinol
• Pentru guta simptomatica-colchicina
• De evitat AINS
Hipovolemia/deshidratarea
• Evaluarea statusului volumic
• De considerat reducerea dozelor
Raspuns insuficient sau rezistenta la diuretice
• De cautat complianta si aportul de lichide
• Cresterea dozei de diuretic
• De considerat schimbarea furosemid cu alt diuretic de ansa
• Adaugare de antagonist de aldosteron
• Combinare cu tiazida/metolazol
• Administrare de 2 ori/zi sau pe stomacul gol
• De considerat PEV cu diuretic de ansa
CONSIDERATII PRACTICE IN TRATAMENTUL IC CU DIURETICE DE ANSA
Problema Actiuni sugerate
Insuficienta renala • De cautat hipovolemia/deshidratarea
• Excluderea altor nefrotoxice (AINS, trimetoprim)
• De supravegheat antagonistul de aldosteron
• Daca sunt utilzate diuretice de ansa cu tiazide, stop tiazide
• De considerat reducerea dozelor de IEC/ARA
• De considerat ultrafiltrarea
DIGOXINA
La pacientii cu IC simptomatica si FiA, digoxina poate fi utilizata pentru scaderea frecventei cardiace
La pacientii cu FiA si FE<=40%, digoxina va fi folosita pentru controlul frecventei in plus, sau inainte de β blocada
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta C
DIGOXINA
La pacientii in RS cu simptome de IC si FE<=40%, digoxina (adaugata la IEC), imbunatateste functia ventriculara si starea de bine, reduce spitalizarile dar nu are efect pe supravietuire
Clasa de recomandare IIa, nivel de evidenta B
DIGOXINA - DOZE
Nu sunt necesare doze de incarcare Doza zilnica este de 0,25mg/zi la adultul cu
functie renala normala La varstnici si la cei cu functie renala
alterata, doza trebuie redusa la 0,125mg sau 0,0625mg/zi
Cresc concentratia plasmatica de digoxin: Amiodarona, Chinidina, Diltiazem, Verapamil si unele antibiotice
MANAGEMENTUL HTA IN IC
La pacientii hipertensivi cu disfunctie evidenta de VS› TA va fi atent controlata la tinta de
<=140/90mmHg si<=130/80mmHg la diabetici si la cei cu risc inalt
› Regimurile antihipertensive bazate pe antagonisti de renina-angiotensina (IEC, ARA) sunt preferabile
La pacientii hipertensivi cu IC cu FE pastrata› Se recomanda tratament agresiv (adesea cu mai
multe droguri cu actiune complementara)› IEC si/sau ARA vor fi considerati ca prima linie
MANAGEMENTUL PACIENTILOR CU IC SI
FiA Recomandari generale
› Vor fi identificati factorii precipitanti si co-morbiditatile
› Tratamentul IC va fi optimizat Controlul ritmului
› Conversia electrica imediata este recomandata pentru FiA nou debutata si ischemie miocardica, hipoTA sau simptome de congestie pulmonara sau raspuns ventricular rapid care nu este controlat farmacologic
MANAGEMENTUL PACIENTILOR CU IC SI
FiA Controlul frecventei
› Se recomanda Digoxina singura sau in combinatie cu β blocant
Profilaxia tromboembolismului› Terapia antitrombotica este indicata daca nu exista
C.I.› Abordarea optima trebuie bazata pe stratificarea
riscului
DEVICES LA PACIENTII CU DISFUNCTIE SISTOLICA –
INDICATII DE CLASA I ICD (defibrilator implantabil)
› Oprire cardiaca anterioara, resuscitata (nivel A)› Etiologie ischemica si >40 zile de la IMA (nivel
A)› Etiologie non-ischemica (nivel B)
CRT (terapie de resincronizare)› Clasa III-IV NYHA si QRS>120msec (nivel A)› Pentru imbunatatirea simptomelor /reducerea
spitalizarii (nivel A)› Pentru reducerea mortalitatii (nivel A)
INSUFICIENTA CARDIACA ACUTA (ICA)
Definitie› Debut rapid sau schimbare de semne si
simptome de IC care duc la necesitatea unei terapii de urgenta
› Se poate prezenta ca o IC noua sau ca o decompensare a unei IC cronice
› Se poate prezenta ca o inrautatire a semnelor si simptomelor sau ca o urgenta precum EPA
› Multiple morbiditati cardiovasculare sau non-cardiovasculare pot precipita ICA
CAUZE SI FACTORI PRECIPITANTI DE ICA
Boala cardiaca ischemica› Sindroame coronariene acute› Complicatii mecanice ale IMA› Infarct de VD
Valvulare› Stenoze valvulare› Regurgitari valvulare› Endocardite› Disectie de aorta
CAUZE SI FACTORI PRECIPITANTI DE ICA
Miopatii› Cardiomiopatia postpartum› Miocardita acuta
HTA/Aritmii› HTA› Aritmii acute
Insuficienta circulatorie› Septicemie› Tireotoxicoza› Anemie› Sunturi› Tamponada› Embolism pulmonar
CAUZE SI FACTORI PRECIPITANTI DE ICA
Decompensari de IC cronica› Lipsa de aderenta la tratament› Incarcare de volum› Infectii, mai ales pneumonia› Afectari cerebrovasculare› Chirurgie› Disfunctie renala› Astm, BPOC› Abuz de droguri› Abuz de alcool
Decompensare de IC cronica
ICA prin HTA
SCA si ICA
Soc cardiogen
IC dreapta
Edem pulmonar
Clasificarea clinica a ICA
EVALUAREA CLINICA A PACIENTILOR CU ICA
Uscat si cald Umed si cald
Uscat si rece Umed si rece
Congestie pulmonara
Perf
uzi
e t
isula
ra
Clasificare clinica
DIAGNOSTICUL UNEI ICA Evaluare semne
si simptome
ECG anormal?Gaze sanguine anormale?
Congestie Rx?Peptide natriuretice
Boala cardiaca sau IC cunoscute?
Evaluare echo
IC confirmata
Evaluare tip, severitate si etiologie prin investigatii
selectate
De considerat boala pulmonara
Planificare strategie terapeutica
DA
Anormala
NU
Normal
SCOPURILE TRATAMENTULUI IN ICA
Imediate (UPU, TIC)› Ameliorarea simptomelor› Restabilirea oxigenarii› Imbunatatirea perfuziei si hemodinamicii› Minimalizarea sederii in reanimare
Intermediare› Stabilizarea pacientului si optimizarea
strategiei terpeutice› Initierea terapiei potrivite de salvare a vietii› De considerat utilizarea de device-uri› Minimalizarea spitalizarii
SCOPURILE TRATAMENTULUI IN ICA
Management pe termen lung si externare› Plan strategic de urmarire› Educare si initiere a unui plan de ajustare a
stilului de viata› Acordarea de profilaxie secundara
corespunzatoare› Prevenirea re-spitalizarii precoce› Imbunatatirea calitatii vietii si supravieturirii
ALGORITMUL DE TRATAMENT INITIAL IN
ICATratament
simptomatic imediat
Pacient panicat sau in detresa
Congestie pulmonara
Saturatie <95%
AV si ritm cardiac normale
Analgezie, sedare
Diuretic/vasodilatator
Crestere de FiO2CPAP
Ventilatie mecanica
Pacing, electroversie, antiaritmice
DA
DA
DA
NU
INDICATII SI DOZE DE DIURETICE IN ICA
Retentie hidrica
Diuretic Doza/zi (mg)
Comentarii
Moderata Furosemid sau 20-40 Oral sau i.v. in raport cu simptomele
Bumetanid sau 0,5-1 Titrarea dozei in raport cu simptomele
Torasemid 10-20 Monitorizare de K, Na, creatinina, TA
Severa Furosemid 40-100 i.V in doze crescande mai bine decat bolusuri in doze foarte mari
Furosemid PEV 5-40mg/h
Bumetanid 1-4 Oral sau i.v
Torasemid 20-100 Oral
Cu alcaloza Acetazolamida 0,5 i.v
INDICATII SI DOZE DE DIURETICE IN ICA
Retentie hidrica
Diuretic Doza/zi (mg)
Comentarii
Refractara la diuretic de ansa
+ HCTZ sau 50-100 Mai bine combinatii decat doze mari de diuretic de ansa
metolazona sau
2,5-10 MTZ mai potenta daca Cl la creatinina<30ml/min
spironolactona 25-50 SPL cea mai buna alegere daca functia renala este normala si K normal sau scazut
Refractara la diuretic de ansa si tiazidice
+ Dopamina (vasodilatatie renala) sau
De considerat ultrafiltrarea sau hemodializa daca asociaza IR sau hipoNaemie
Dobutamina
INDICATII SI DOZE DE VASODILATATOARE IN
ICA
Vasodilatator
Indicatie Doze Efecte nedorite
Altele
NTG Congestie pulmonara/edemTA>90mmHg
Start 10-20μg/min, creste pana la 200μg/min
HipoTA, cefalee
Toleranta
Isosorbid dinitrate
Congestie pulmonara/edemTA>90mmHg
Start 1mg/h, creste pana la 10mg/h
HipoTA, cefalee
Toleranta
INDICATII SI DOZE DE VASODILATATOARE IN
ICA
Vasodilatator
Indicatie Doze Efecte nedorite
Altele
Nitroprusiat
IC cu HTA si congestie/edemTA>90mmHg
Start cu 0,3μg/kg/min si creste la 5μg/kg/min
HipoTA, intoxicatie cu hipocianat
Sensibil la lumina
Nesiritida Congestie pulmonara/edemTA>90mmHg
Bolus 2μg/kg + PEV 0,015 – 0,03μg/kg/ min
HipoTA
AGENTI INOTROP POZITIVI IN ICA
Bolus Rata perfuziei
Dobutamina Nu 2 -20μg/kg/min
Dopamina Nu <3μg/kg/min: efect renal3-5μg/kg/min: inotrop>5μg/kg/min: vasopresor
Milrinona 25-75μg/kg in 10-20 min
0,375-0,75μg/kg/min
Enoximona 0,25-0,75mg/kg 1,25-7,5μg/kg/min
AGENTI INOTROP POZITIVI IN ICA
Bolus Rata perfuziei
Levosimendan* 12μg/kg in 10 min (optional)** 0,1μg/kg/min care poate fi scazut la 0,05μg/kg/min sau crescut la 0,2μg/kg/min
Norepinefrina Nu 0,2-1,0μg/kg/min
Epinefrina 1mg poate fi dat i.v.in timpul resuscitarii, repetat la fiecare 3-5 min
0,05-0,5μg/kg/min
*Are si actiune vasodilatatoare**La pacienti hipotensivi (TA<100mmHg)este indicata initierea terapiei fara bolus
STRATEGIA DE TRATAMENT ICA IN
FUNCTIE DE TAOxigen pe sonda
Diuretic de ansa+/-vasodilatatorEvaluare clinica
TAs>100mmHg
TAs 90-100mmHg
TAs<100mmHg
Vasodilatator (NTG,
nitroprusiat, nesiritida,
levosimendan
Vasodilatator si/sau inotrop (dobutamina, levosimendan,
milrinona)
De considerat corectia presarcinii
cu fluideInotrope
(dopamina)
Raspuns bunStabilizare si initiere
diuretic, IEC/ARA, βblocant
Raspuns prostInotrope,
Vasopresoare, suport mecanic
Clinicienii care ingrijesc bolnavi cu IC trebuie frecvent sa ia decizii fara a exista o evidenta adecvata sau un consens al expertilor.
“Esenta medicinei cardiovasculare este recunoasterea precoce a insuficientei cardiace.”
Sir Thomas Lewis 1933
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study
PurposeTo determine whether the ACE inhibitor enalapril reduces mortality in patients with severe congestive heart failure
ReferenceThe CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1429–35.
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study- TRIAL DESIGN -
DesignMulticenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Patients253 patients with severe congestive heart failure (NYHA class IV) and heart size >600 (men) or >500 mL/m2 (women), and receiving a diuretic and digoxin; patients with MI in previous 2 months excluded
Follow up and primary endpointPrimary endpoint: all-cause mortality. Mean 188 days follow up
TreatmentPlacebo or enalapril initiated at 5 mg twice daily; increased to 10 mg twice daily after 1 week if no side effects, then to maximum 20 mg twice daily according to clinical response
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study- RESULTS -
• Trial halted early on recommendation of Ethical Review Committee because of evident benefit of enalapril
• Significant reduction in all-cause mortality in enalapril group at 6 months and 1 year, with overall relative risk reduction of 27% (39 vs. 54%, P=0.003)
• Reduction in mortality entirely attributed to reduction in death due to progression of heart failure
• No difference in incidence of sudden cardiac death within the two groups
• NYHA class improved in significantly higher proportion of enalapril group (42 vs. 22%, P<0.001)
• Withdrawal due to hypotension higher in enalapril group, but overall withdrawal rate similar in the two groups
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study- RESULTS continued -
Months after randomization
Probability
0 2 4
126127
7898
5982
4773
3459
2442
1726
Placebo:Enalapril:
6 8 10 12
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.8
Cumulative probability of death
Placebo
Enalapril
CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429–35.
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study- SUMMARY -
In patients with severe congestive heart failure and increased heart In patients with severe congestive heart failure and increased heart size, enalapril:
• Reduced all-cause mortality• Reduced death due to progression of heart failure• Did not change incidence of sudden cardiac death
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study- RESULTS continued -
P
Cardiac death within 24 h of
new symptoms
Sudden cardiac death
(within 1 h of new symptoms)
Progression of congestive heart failure
Other cardiac death
19
14
44
1
Cardiac causes of death
Placebo(n=126)
Enalapril(n=127)
CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429–35.
20
14
22
2
>0.25
>0.25
0.001
No. of deaths
CONSENSUS: Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study- RESULTS continued -
P
Mortality at 6 months
(180 days)
Mortality at 1 year
(360 days)
Total mortality
55
66
68
40
31
27
0.002
0.001
0.003
All-cause mortality
Placebo(n=126)No. (%)
Enalapril(n=127)No. (%)
CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429–35.
(44)
(52)
(54)
33
46
50
(26)
(36)
(39)
Reduction inrelative risk
(%)
SOLVD(Studies of Left Ventricular
Dysfunction)• Enalapril vs placebo in 6,794 patients• Ejection fraction < 35%• End points include:
– Delaying the progression of heart failure– Improving signs and symptoms– Reducing mortality
• Treatment arm - 2,568 symptomatic class II-III patients most on digitalis and diuretics
• Prevention arm - 4,226 asymptomatic class I-II patients, most on no concomitant therapy
N Engl J Med 1991:325:293-302
SOLVD Treatment TrialAll Cause Mortality
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Months
Mo
rtal
ity%
Placebo
Enalapril
N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302
16% Risk Reductionp = 0.0036
Benefits of Enalapril
• Patients: Symptomatic HF patients with LVD (EF < 35%) • Increased Survival
– 32% at 3 months– 28% at 6 months– 21% at 12 months– 18% at 24 months– 12% at 36 months– 12% at 48 months
• 11% reduction of overall mortality at end of study (P=0.0036)
The SOLVD Investigators, N Engl J Med. 1991;325:293
SOLVD Treatment TrialMortality or Hospitalization for CHF
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Months
Eve
nts
%
Placebo
Enalapril
N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302
26% Risk Reductionp<0.0001
SOLVD Treatment-Enalapril Symptomatic HF Patients with LVD (EF < 35%)
(NYHA Class II-III)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Placebo + Conv TX
Enalapril + Conv TX
Number of Hospitalizations Due to Heart failure
The SOLVD Investigators, N Engl J Med, 1991
971 683
30% Reductionp<0.001
SOLVD Treatment Trial
• Implications:–Treating 1,000 patients for 3
years• Prevents about 50 deaths• Prevents about 350
hospitalizations
SOLVD Treatment Trial Conclusions
• Hospitalizations:–Risk reduced by 20% (p<0.001)–Significant reduction in CHF
hospitalization by 1/3 (p<0.0001)–Sustained benefit over 4 years
N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302
X – SOLVD 14 ani dupa incetarea studiului si
administrare de enalapril la toti pacientii
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure
PurposeTo determine whether metoprolol controlled/extended release (CR/XL) once daily, in addition to standard therapy, can lower mortality in patients with decreased ejection fraction and symptoms of heart failure
ReferenceMERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001–7.
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure- TRIAL DESIGN -
DesignRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Patients3991 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <0.40 and NYHA class II-IV heart failure, stabilized by optimum standard therapy (any combination of diuretics + ACE inhibitor)
Follow up and primary endpointAim 2.4 years follow up. Primary endpoint all-cause mortality
TreatmentPatients assigned metoprolol received 12.5 (NYHA III-IV) or 25 mg (NYHA II) once daily, increasing over 8 weeks to maximum target dose 200 mg once daily
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure- RESULTS -
• Study halted at mean follow up of 1 year on recommendation of independent safety committee because predefined criteria met and exceeded:—All-cause mortality significantly lower in metoprolol CR/XL
group (145 vs. 217, 34% risk reduction, P=0.0062) —Significantly fewer cardiovascular deaths (128 vs. 203), sudden
deaths (79 vs. 132) and death from worsening heart failure (30 vs. 58)
• Drug well tolerated, as defined by permanent early discontinuation of treatment (13.9% of metoprolol CR/XL group versus 15.3% placebo)
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure- RESULTS continued -
MERIT-HF Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:2001– 7.
No patients lost to follow up
MERIT-HF trial profile
3991 patientsrandomized
2001 patientsplacebo
217 patientdeaths
1784 patients alive1539 patients on treatment
145 patientdeaths
1990 patientsmetoprolol CR/XL
1845 patients alive1614 patients on treatment
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure- RESULTS continued -
Cumulative all-cause mortality
MERIT-HF Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:2001–7.
Follow up (months)
P = 0.0062 (adjusted forinterim analysis)P = 0.00009 (nominal)
0
0
3 6 9 12 16 18 21
5
10
15
20Placebo
Metoprolol CR/XL
Cumulative mortality
(%)
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure - RESULTS continued -
MERIT-HF Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:2001– 7.
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Relative risk for mortality
Relative risk (95% CI)
Mortality Metoprolol CR/XL betterRisk
reduction(%)
Total mortality
Cardiovascular mortality
Sudden death
Death from worseningheart failure
34
38
41
49
0.0062
0.00003
0.0002
0.0023
P
MERIT-HF: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive Heart Failure- SUMMARY -
Metoprololol CR/XL once daily in addition to optimum standard therapy:
• Was well tolerated and did not increase risk in any of subgroups analyzed
• Improved survival in clinically stable patients, equating to prevention of 1 death per 27 patients treated per year
Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial
Presented at
European Heart Failure Meeting 2003
COMET TrialCOMET Trial
Carvedilol(target dose 25 mg twice
daily) A multiple adrenergic
inhibitor(n = 1,511)
Carvedilol(target dose 25 mg twice
daily) A multiple adrenergic
inhibitor(n = 1,511)
Metoprolol tartrate(target dose 50 mg twice
daily) A beta-1 blockade agent
(n = 1,518)
Metoprolol tartrate(target dose 50 mg twice
daily) A beta-1 blockade agent
(n = 1,518)
Endpoints (mean follow-up 58 months): Primary – 1) All-cause mortality and 2) All-cause mortality or all-
cause hospitalization Secondary – Composite of all cause mortality or cardiovascular
hospitalization; Composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal acute MI, or heart transplantation; Worsening of heart failure; Cardiovascular death; NYHA class
Endpoints (mean follow-up 58 months): Primary – 1) All-cause mortality and 2) All-cause mortality or all-
cause hospitalization Secondary – Composite of all cause mortality or cardiovascular
hospitalization; Composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal acute MI, or heart transplantation; Worsening of heart failure; Cardiovascular death; NYHA class
COMET Trial
European Heart Failure Meeting 2003European Heart Failure Meeting 2003
3,029 patients with Class III-IV heart failureEnrolled at 317 centers in 15 European countries
3,029 patients with Class III-IV heart failureEnrolled at 317 centers in 15 European countries
COMET Trial: Primary Endpoint Analysis
All-cause mortality
33.9%
39.5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50% Carvedilol
Metoprolol
European Heart Failure Meeting 2003European Heart Failure Meeting 2003
HR 0.8395% CI 0.74-0.93
p=0.0017
COMET Trial: Primary Endpoint Analysis
All-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization
73.9% 76.4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100% Carvedilol Metoprolol
European Heart Failure Meeting 2003European Heart Failure Meeting 2003
HR 0.9395% CI 0.86-1.10
p=0.1222
COMET: Dosing Issues
Metoprolol-Tartrate (immediate release)
Target dose: 2 x 50 mg tartrate ~78 mg Metoprolol
Metoprolol-Succinate (CR/XR)
Target dose: 1 x 190 mg succinate ~155 mg
Metoprolol
(achieved mean dose in MERIT-HF ~130 mg)
COMET
MERIT-HF
Metoprolol TartrateMetoprolol Tartrate
Metoprolol SuccinateMetoprolol Succinate
Slide Provided by: Dr. med. M. Elsner, Medizinische Klinik I, St. Josefs Hospital, Solmsstr. 15, 65189, Wiesbaden, Germany, Tel./Fax: +49-611-177-1205. Dr. Elsner has no conflict of interest to declare.
COMET Trial: Summary First randomized morality trial to compare 2 beta-blockers in patients with CHF
Treatment with carvedilol was associated with rate of all-cause mortality (primary endpoint) but was not associated with difference in co-primary endpoint of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization in patients with CHF
Trial used immediate-release formulation of metoprolol tartrate not controlled-release formulation of metoprolol succinate used in MERIT HF trial, the main trial showing a benefit of metoprolol compared with placebo in heart failure patients
First randomized morality trial to compare 2 beta-blockers in patients with CHF
Treatment with carvedilol was associated with rate of all-cause mortality (primary endpoint) but was not associated with difference in co-primary endpoint of all-cause mortality or all-cause hospitalization in patients with CHF
Trial used immediate-release formulation of metoprolol tartrate not controlled-release formulation of metoprolol succinate used in MERIT HF trial, the main trial showing a benefit of metoprolol compared with placebo in heart failure patients
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study
PurposeTo determine whether the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone reduces mortality in patients with severe heart failure
ReferencePitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al. for the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709–17.
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- TRIAL DESIGN -
DesignMulticenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Patients1663 patients in NYHA class III/IV who had been diagnosed with severe heart failure (NYHA class IV) <6 months previously, having left ventricular ejection fraction <35% and receiving an ACE inhibitor, loop diuretic and (most patients) digoxin
Follow up and primary endpointMean 24 months follow up. Primary endpoint all-cause mortality
TreatmentPlacebo or spironolactone 25 mg daily
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- RESULTS -
• Trial stopped early because all-cause mortality significantly reduced in spironolactone group compared with placebo (35 vs. 46%, relative risk reduction 30%, P<0.001)
• Reduction in all-cause mortality:—attributed to significant reduction in sudden death and death
due to progression of heart failure—similar across subgroups
• NYHA class improved (41 vs. 33%) or was unchanged (18 vs. 21%) in higher proportion of spironolactone group and worsened in lower proportion (48 vs. 38%), compared with placebo (P<0.001)
• Significantly more men in spironolactone group reported gynecomastia or breast pain, compared with placebo group
• Drug well tolerated as defined by withdrawal rate from trial: only marginally higher with spironolactone
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- RESULTS continued -
Months after randomization
00.40
841822
PlaceboSpironolactone
No. at risk
723739
628669
565608
379419
179193
3643
6 12 18 24 30 36
0.60
0.50
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
Survival
Spironolactone
Placebo
Probability ofsurvival
P<0.001
Pitt et al. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 709–17.
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- RESULTS continued -
P
Total
Cardiac causes Progression of heart failure *
Sudden death MI
Other cardiovascular causes
Stroke
Noncardiovascular causes
Unknown
Cause of death
45.9
37.3 22.5 13.1 1.8
1.6
1.3
4.9
0.8
34.6
27.5 15.5 10.0 2.1
1.5
6.6
3.5
1.1
0.70 (0.60 –0.82)
0.69 (0.58 –0.82) 0.64 (0.51 –0.80) 0.71 (0.54 –0.95)
<0.001
<0.001 <0.001
0.02
Relative risks and causes of death
Placebon=841
(%)
Spironolactonen=822
(%)
Relative risk(95% CI)
Pitt et al. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 709–17.
*Including death due to worsening HF(increasing symptoms/signs, requiring increase in treatment)
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- RESULTS continued -
0.2 0.8Relative risk of death
0.4 0.6 1.0
Effect of spironolactone on subgroups
Spironolactone better Placebo better
1.2 1.4
Pitt et al. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 709–17.
Death from all causes
Median age:<67 years >67 years
LV ejection fraction: <26% > 26%
Cause of heart failure: Nonischemic Ischemic
NYHA class: III IV
Digitalis: No Yes
ACE inhibitor: No Yes
Beta-blocker:No Yes
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- RESULTS continued -
P
Discontinuation because of adverse event
Cardiovascular disorders Angina
Heart failure
Endocrine disorders * Gynecomastia in men
Breast pain in men
40 (5)
251 (30)
83 (10) 80 (10)
8 (1)1 (0.1)
62 (8)
248 (30)
103 (13) 52 (6)
55 (9)10 (2)
<0.001
0.006
Adverse events
Placebon=841
No. (%)
Spironolactonen=822
No. (%)
Pitt et al. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 709–17.*614 men in placebo group; 603 in spironolactone group.
RALES: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study- SUMMARY -
In patients with severe heart failure and left ejection fraction <35%, spironolactone reduced:
• All-cause mortality• Sudden death and death due to progression of heart failure
Benefit was independent of age, ejection fraction, cause of heart failure and concurrent therapy