If you’re searching for the best book scanner for A3 size books, you’re likely balancing image quality, speed, and ease of use. The Plustek OS1180 stands out as the best overall for its reliable flatbed design, while the CZUR ET MAX offers advanced OCR and high-resolution scanning for professional needs. The CZUR Shine Ultra Pro provides portability and high DPI, ideal for on-the-go use. Buyers often face tradeoffs between high speed and detailed image quality, so understanding your priorities is key. Keep reading for a detailed breakdown of these top options and what makes each one unique.
Key Takeaways
- The best scanners balance high resolution with fast processing speeds, especially for large A3 books.
- Flatbed designs excel for delicate or hardcover books, while portable models suit quick scans on the go.
- Advanced OCR and image correction features are essential for professional or archival work.
- Build quality and ease of use significantly impact long-term satisfaction and workflow.
- Price varies widely; investing in a higher-end scanner often yields better durability and accuracy.
| Plustek OS1180 Flat Scanner for A3 Documents and Graphics | ![]() | Best Overall for Large-Format Flatbed Scanning | Maximum Scan Size: 11.7 x 17 inches | Color Depth: 48-bit color / 16-bit grayscale | Scan Speed: Approximately 9 seconds | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CZUR ET24 Pro Professional Book Scanner, 24MP Document Camera, A3 Size, Auto-Flatten & Deskew, HDMI, OCR Support for Windows/Mac/Linux | ![]() | Best for Multi-Platform, High-Resolution Book Digitization | Camera: 24MP HD, 320 DPI | Supported OS: Windows 10/11, macOS 10.13+, Linux | Document Size: A3 (16.5” x 11.7”) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CZUR ET MAX Professional Book Scanner, 38MP Document Camera with Laser Curve-Flatten, USB High-Speed Scanner, OCR for 180+ Languages, Supports A3, HDMI Output, Compatible with Windows, MacOS, Linux | ![]() | Best High-Resolution for Distortion-Free, Multi-Language OCR | Resolution: 7168 × 5376 (38MP) | DPI: 410 | Scan Speed: 1.5 seconds per page | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CZUR Shine Ultra Pro 24MP Document Scanner, USB Book Scanner, Portable, A3 Large Format, Adjustable Height, Max DPI 440, for Windows & Mac | ![]() | Best Portable A3 Scanner with Adjustable Height | Camera Resolution: 24MP | Max DPI: 440 | Supported File Formats: JPG, PDF, Searchable PDF, Word, Excel | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| VIISAN Large Format Book & Document Scanner S21 – A2/A3 Capture, 26MP USB Document Camera with Auto-Flatten, OCR, and Fingerprint Removal | ![]() | Best for Large-Format High-Resolution Scanning | Maximum Capture Size: A2 (594×420 mm) | Resolution: 26MP (5888 × 4522 pixels) | Supported DPI: Up to 600 DPI | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CZUR Aura Pro Portable Book Scanner, A3 Document Scanner with Auto-Flatten & Fingerprint Removal, Multi-Language OCR, Foldable for Mac & Windows | ![]() | Best Portable A3 Scanner with Speed and Flexibility | Compatibility: macOS 10.13+ & Windows | Scanning Speed: 2 seconds per page | Maximum Material Size: A3 | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CZUR Shine Ultra Smart Portable Document Scanner with OCR | ![]() | Best for High-Speed Portable Scanning of A3 & A4 Pages | Compatibility: Windows & Mac | Supported Sizes: A3, A4 | Resolution: 13MP CMOS, approx 340-245 DPI | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| ScanSnap SV600 Overhead Book and Document Scanner, Black | ![]() | Best for Non-Destructive, Multi-Document Scanning | Color: Black | Functionality: Overhead scanning | Features: Multi-document detection, auto correction, page detection | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| VIISAN 3120 A3 Flatbed Scanner, 1200 DPI, CIS Sensor, Scan 11.7″ x 16.7″ in 8 sec, Frameless, Auto-Scan, Document & Photo & Book Scanner, Design for Library, School and Soho | ![]() | Best for High-Quality A3 Flatbed Scanning | Maximum Scan Size: 11.7 x 16.7 inches | Resolution: 1200 DPI | Scan Speed: 8 seconds | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| CZUR Aura Pro Book & Document Scanner | ![]() | Best Portable and Fast A3 Book Scanner | Compatibility: macOS 10.13+ / Windows XP/7/8/10/11 | Scanning Speed: 2 seconds per page | Output Formats: JPG, Word, PDF, Searchable PDF | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Plustek OS1180 Flat Scanner for A3 Documents and Graphics
The Plustek OS1180 stands out for its lightning-fast 9-second scan speed, making it ideal for digitizing large volumes of A3 documents or artwork efficiently. Its easy-to-use preset functions and high-quality color capture provide a straightforward experience compared to more complex systems like the CZUR ET MAX, which offers higher resolution but with slower speeds. This scanner’s flatbed design ensures consistent, distortion-free scans, though its focus on large-format documents means it may be overkill for users mainly working with smaller materials. The limited support for smaller sizes could be inconvenient, but for those prioritizing speed and simplicity in A3 scanning, it remains a top choice.
Pros:- Fast 9-second scan speed for large documents
- Easy one-touch preset functions simplify workflow
- High-quality color and grayscale output
Cons:- Designed mainly for large-format documents; less flexible for small scans
- Limited to A3 size, requiring cropping for smaller documents
Best for: Professionals or institutions needing rapid, high-quality A3 flatbed scans of large documents or artwork.
Not ideal for: Home users with limited space or those who primarily scan smaller documents, as the device’s size and overkill features could be unnecessary.
- Maximum Scan Size:11.7 x 17 inches
- Color Depth:48-bit color / 16-bit grayscale
- Scan Speed:Approximately 9 seconds
- Connectivity:USB
- Supported Formats:Documents, artwork, graphics
Bottom line: This scanner suits users who need quick, high-quality scans of large-format materials and value fast workflow over compact size.
CZUR ET24 Pro Professional Book Scanner, 24MP Document Camera, A3 Size, Auto-Flatten & Deskew, HDMI, OCR Support for Windows/Mac/Linux
The CZUR ET24 Pro excels with its 24MP camera and advanced flattening technology, making it ideal for detailed book digitization with minimal distortion. Unlike the Plustek OS1180, which is more suited for static large-format scanning, this model offers real-time preview and adjustable lighting, providing more control during digitization. Its support for multiple OS including Linux sets it apart from many competitors, although its larger size and potential glare issues make it less suitable for glossy or reflective pages. For users who need high-resolution, flexible book scanning across different operating systems, the ET24 Pro offers impressive versatility at the expense of some bulk and glare sensitivity.
Pros:- High-resolution 24MP camera for detailed images
- Supports multiple OS including Linux
- Advanced flattening and deskew technology
Cons:- Not ideal for glossy or glare-prone pages
- Bulky design may not fit small spaces
- JPG files require conversion for OCR in some workflows
Best for: Archivists, researchers, or publishers needing detailed, multi-platform book scans with real-time control.
Not ideal for: Casual users or those with limited space, as its size and glare sensitivity could pose practical issues.
- Camera:24MP HD, 320 DPI
- Supported OS:Windows 10/11, macOS 10.13+, Linux
- Document Size:A3 (16.5” x 11.7”)
- Lighting:2 Side Lights, 1 Head Light
- Connectivity:HDMI
Bottom line: This scanner is perfect for those needing detailed, flexible book digitization across multiple operating systems, despite its size and glare limitations.
CZUR ET MAX Professional Book Scanner, 38MP Document Camera with Laser Curve-Flatten, USB High-Speed Scanner, OCR for 180+ Languages, Supports A3, HDMI Output, Compatible with Windows, MacOS, Linux
The CZUR ET MAX offers unmatched resolution with 38MP imaging and laser curve-flatten technology, making it the ideal choice for high-precision, distortion-free scans of bound books and documents up to A3. Its lightning-fast 1.5-second page scans outperform the slower speeds of the ET24 Pro, making it suitable for bulk digitization projects. While its broad language support and HDMI output are significant advantages, the device’s broad system compatibility can be limited on some Linux distributions, and it’s not designed for glossy pages. If detailed, fast, multi-language OCR is your priority, the ET MAX is the most capable option, though it sacrifices some portability and gloss handling.
Pros:- 38MP high-resolution imaging for extreme detail
- Fast 1.5-second page scan speeds
- Effective laser curve-flatten technology
Cons:- Less suitable for glossy or reflective materials
- Limited Linux compatibility in some distributions
- Bulkier design reduces portability
Best for: High-volume digitization projects requiring ultra-high resolution and multi-language OCR, especially for academic or archival purposes.
Not ideal for: Users primarily working with glossy or reflective pages, or those seeking a portable scanner for on-the-go use.
- Resolution:7168 × 5376 (38MP)
- DPI:410
- Scan Speed:1.5 seconds per page
- Maximum Document Size:A3
- HDMI Output:Yes
Bottom line: This high-resolution scanner is best suited for intensive, detailed, multi-language book digitization where speed and accuracy are paramount.
CZUR Shine Ultra Pro 24MP Document Scanner, USB Book Scanner, Portable, A3 Large Format, Adjustable Height, Max DPI 440, for Windows & Mac
The CZUR Shine Ultra Pro combines portability with high-resolution capabilities, making it ideal for users who need to digitize A3 documents or books on the go. Its 24MP autofocus camera supports a max DPI of 440, delivering sharp images in a lightweight, foldable design. Compared to larger, stationary options like the ET MAX, this model is easier to transport and set up, although it sacrifices some of the advanced flattening features and system compatibility. Its adjustable height feature adds flexibility for various document thicknesses, but glossy pages may not scan well due to glare issues. For mobile professionals or small offices, this offers a practical balance of quality and portability.
Pros:- High-resolution 24MP camera for detailed scans
- Portable and lightweight for easy transport
- Adjustable height for different document thicknesses
- Supports multiple file formats
Cons:- Not suitable for glossy or reflective pages
- Limited advanced flattening compared to larger scanners
- No wireless or cloud connectivity options
Best for: Frequent travelers, educators, or small offices needing high-quality scans without sacrificing portability.
Not ideal for: High-volume scanning environments or users working with glossy or reflective materials, where a dedicated large scanner would perform better.
- Camera Resolution:24MP
- Max DPI:440
- Supported File Formats:JPG, PDF, Searchable PDF, Word, Excel
- Compatibility:Windows, macOS
- Scan Area:A3
- Adjustable Height:Yes
Bottom line: This portable scanner is perfect for dynamic users needing high-quality A3 scans on the move, despite some limitations with glare and advanced flattening.
VIISAN Large Format Book & Document Scanner S21 – A2/A3 Capture, 26MP USB Document Camera with Auto-Flatten, OCR, and Fingerprint Removal
The VIISAN S21 stands out for its ability to capture extremely detailed images of large documents up to A2 size, making it ideal for professionals dealing with maps, manuscripts, or large artwork. Its 26MP resolution outperforms most A3 scanners, providing crisp, high-quality images that are perfect for archival or reproduction. Compared with smaller A3-specific scanners, the S21 sacrifices portability and ease of use for superior detail and larger capacity. While its software offers intelligent auto-flattening and finger removal, the setup can be complex, and the device isn’t compatible with ARM-based Macs, which might limit some users. The built-in LED lights support consistent illumination, but may struggle in very bright environments. This choice best suits those needing detailed, large-format scans but willing to compromise on portability and plug-and-play simplicity.
Pros:- Exceptional 26MP high-resolution imaging for detailed scans
- Supports large A2 documents and 3D objects
- Intelligent software for auto-flattening and finger removal
- Compatible with both Windows and macOS
Cons:- Not compatible with ARM-based devices, limiting Mac options
- LED lighting may be less effective in very bright environments
- Setup can be complex for less tech-savvy users
Best for: Professionals and institutions requiring high-resolution, large-format scans of A2 documents, such as museums or academic researchers
Not ideal for: Casual users or those seeking a portable, easy-to-use option for A3 books, due to its size, complexity, and larger document capacity
- Maximum Capture Size:A2 (594×420 mm)
- Resolution:26MP (5888 × 4522 pixels)
- Supported DPI:Up to 600 DPI
- Dimensions:14.17 x 8.27 x 18.7 inches
- Weight:2.2 pounds
- Compatibility:Windows (x64, x86), macOS (not ARM-based)
Bottom line: This scanner is ideal for those needing ultra-high-resolution large-format scans but who can handle a more involved setup process.
CZUR Aura Pro Portable Book Scanner, A3 Document Scanner with Auto-Flatten & Fingerprint Removal, Multi-Language OCR, Foldable for Mac & Windows
The CZUR Aura Pro makes a compelling case for users who need a portable, fast, and versatile A3 scanner. Its 2-second per page speed and foldable design make it suitable for busy offices or remote work scenarios. Unlike the CZUR Shine Ultra, which offers high resolution but is less portable, the Aura Pro emphasizes mobility without sacrificing core features like auto-flattening and multi-language OCR. Its sound-controlled lamp adds convenience, though environmental noise can interfere with voice commands, which could frustrate some users. This model excels for those who prioritize quick, on-the-go scanning of curved pages, but it is less suitable for bulk scanning or detailed archival tasks that require higher resolution or larger formats.
Pros:- Rapid 2-second scanning speed per page
- Auto-flattening technology for curved pages
- Foldable, lightweight, and portable design
- Supports multi-language OCR
Cons:- Sound control can be affected by ambient noise
- Limited to materials smaller than A3, not suitable for very thick or textured books
- Environmental noise may interfere with voice commands
Best for: Business travelers or remote workers needing quick, reliable scans of A3 documents in various languages
Not ideal for: Users requiring the highest possible resolution or scanning of thick, textured, or highly detailed books, due to its moderate resolution and portability focus
- Compatibility:macOS 10.13+ & Windows
- Scanning Speed:2 seconds per page
- Maximum Material Size:A3
- Foldable:Yes
- Lighting:Dual LEDs with side lights
- Features:Auto-flattening, auto page detection
Bottom line: This scanner suits mobile professionals needing fast, versatile scanning with auto-flattening for curved pages, but it isn’t designed for high-resolution archiving.
CZUR Shine Ultra Smart Portable Document Scanner with OCR
The CZUR Shine Ultra offers a quick, portable solution for scanning A3 and A4 pages, making it perfect for users who need speed and mobility. With about 1 second per page scanning, it surpasses many competitors in speed, while its high-resolution CMOS camera ensures clear images. Compared to the VIISAN S21, which excels with larger formats and high resolution, the Shine Ultra sacrifices some detail for portability and faster scans. Its AI-assisted flattening and auto-cropping streamline the process, but it isn’t suitable for thick books or materials requiring high color accuracy. It’s best for users who prioritize rapid document digitization over ultra-fine resolution or large-format scans.
Pros:- Very fast scanning speed of about 1 second per page
- High-resolution CMOS camera with AI flattening
- Lightweight, portable, and easy to set up
- Supports both Windows and Mac OS
Cons:- Limited resolution for detailed archival work
- Not suitable for thick books or textured pages
- TIFF files require conversion from JPG, adding extra steps
Best for: Mobile professionals or students needing quick scans of A3/A4 pages on the go
Not ideal for: Archivists or graphic designers seeking high-detail, large-format scans, since the maximum DPI is limited to 440 and it’s not ideal for thick or textured books
- Compatibility:Windows & Mac
- Supported Sizes:A3, A4
- Resolution:13MP CMOS, approx 340-245 DPI
- Weight:4 lbs
- Features:Flattening, auto cropping, smart paging
Bottom line: This scanner is best for those needing rapid, portable digitization of lightweight A3/A4 pages but isn’t designed for high-fidelity archival scans.
ScanSnap SV600 Overhead Book and Document Scanner, Black
The ScanSnap SV600 is designed for users who want to digitize fragile, bound, or delicate materials without damaging them. Its overhead design with multi-document detection and auto book correction allows for efficient batch scanning, especially useful for newspapers or magazines. While it excels at handling multiple items simultaneously, it is less suited for traditional flatbed or high-resolution scanning of detailed images, as it lacks the resolution and size capacity of dedicated flatbed models. Compared to the VIISAN flatbed, which offers higher resolution and larger size options, the SV600 prioritizes gentle handling and multi-document capability. It does require some setup and calibration for optimal results but is unmatched for bulk and fragile document scanning.
Pros:- Allows damage-free scanning of fragile or bound materials
- Automatically detects and crops multiple documents
- Corrects page curvature for clear images
- Supports batch scanning with page turn detection
Cons:- Requires setup for optimal results
- Limited to overhead scanning, not flatbed
- Potentially more expensive for casual use
Best for: Archivists, librarians, or users needing to scan fragile or bound materials without damage
Not ideal for: High-resolution archival projects or detailed photo scans, due to its limited resolution and focus on multi-document handling
- Color:Black
- Functionality:Overhead scanning
- Features:Multi-document detection, auto correction, page detection
Bottom line: This scanner best serves those needing gentle, multi-document digitization of delicate items without risking damage, but it’s less suitable for high-resolution image archiving.
VIISAN 3120 A3 Flatbed Scanner, 1200 DPI, CIS Sensor, Scan 11.7″ x 16.7″ in 8 sec, Frameless, Auto-Scan, Document & Photo & Book Scanner, Design for Library, School and Soho
The VIISAN 3120 offers a compelling option for users who need detailed, high-quality scans of A3-sized documents, especially for art, photography, or graphic design. Its 1200 DPI resolution outperforms most A3 scanners in the same category, providing sharp images suitable for professional reproduction or archival. Its fast 8-second scan time makes it efficient for bulk projects, and the frameless design simplifies scanning large or thick items. Compared to the CZUR Shine Ultra, which offers portable convenience but lower resolution, the 3120 prioritizes image quality. However, it only supports flat, two-dimensional materials, so it’s unsuitable for thick books or textured items. This model is perfect for users who want high fidelity for A3 flat items, but it’s less versatile for three-dimensional objects.
Pros:- High 1200 DPI resolution for detailed imaging
- Fast 8-second scan speed for large jobs
- Frameless, large scanning area for big documents
- Supports various image formats and automatic scanning
Cons:- Limited to flat, 2D materials; not suitable for thick books
- Requires a power source and setup time
- Only supports Windows and Mac, no mobile compatibility
Best for: Graphic designers, artists, or archivists needing detailed A3 flatbed scans with high resolution
Not ideal for: Users seeking a portable, multi-function device or those wanting to scan thick or textured books or objects
- Maximum Scan Size:11.7 x 16.7 inches
- Resolution:1200 DPI
- Scan Speed:8 seconds
- Sensor Type:CIS
- Color Depth:48-bit
- Compatibility:Windows & Mac
Bottom line: This flatbed scanner excels for high-resolution, flat A3 items but isn’t suited for thick or textured books or portable use.
CZUR Aura Pro Book & Document Scanner
The CZUR Aura Pro stands out for its portability and rapid scanning speed, making it ideal for users who need quick digitization on the go. Compared with the Plustek OS1180, which offers a flatbed design better suited for delicate or heavy materials, the Aura Pro’s foldable form factor emphasizes convenience over maximum flatbed stability. Its AI-powered flattening technology effectively handles curved pages, saving time during post-processing. However, its reliance on a USB connection and lack of wireless support can be limiting for those who prefer cable-free workflows or mobile scanning. The Aura Pro’s compatibility with both Windows and Mac ensures versatility, though beginners may face a learning curve due to its multiple features and settings. Overall, this model fits those needing fast, portable A3 scanning with minimal setup, but less so for users requiring wireless flexibility or high-volume batch processing.
Pros:- Rapid 2 seconds per page scanning speed
- AI-powered flattening for curved page correction
- Multiple adjustable lighting options for clarity
- Supports various output formats including searchable PDFs
Cons:- Requires a wired USB connection, no wireless option
- May have a steep learning curve for new users
- Limited to Windows and Mac OS, no mobile app support
Best for: Professionals or academics who need quick, portable scanning of A3 and A4 documents in various locations.
Not ideal for: Users who prefer wireless operation or intend to scan large volumes without a USB tether, as it lacks Wi-Fi and has a learning curve.
- Compatibility:macOS 10.13+ / Windows XP/7/8/10/11
- Scanning Speed:2 seconds per page
- Output Formats:JPG, Word, PDF, Searchable PDF
- Lighting:32 LED + 2 side lights, 4 color temp settings
- Flattening Technology:Laser line-based curved page flattening
- Connectivity:USB, no Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
- Dimensions:Foldable and portable
Bottom line: This scanner is best suited for mobile professionals or small offices needing quick, high-quality A3 scans without wireless features.


How We Picked
I selected these products based on their ability to accurately scan A3 size books, considering resolution, speed, ease of use, and build quality. Devices with dedicated flatbed features were prioritized for delicate or hardcover books, while portable options were included for flexibility. OCR support and image correction capabilities were key factors for professional or archival applications. The ranking reflects a balance of performance, value, and user-friendliness, ensuring choices cater to different needs—from casual users to professionals.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Book Scanner For A3 Size Books
Choosing the best book scanner for A3 books involves several important considerations. Beyond just resolution and size compatibility, factors like ease of use, speed, and software support can make a big difference in your experience. Understanding these elements helps ensure you select a scanner that fits your workflow and budget, avoiding common pitfalls like overpaying for features you don’t need or ending up with a device that can’t handle your book types.Resolution and Image Quality
Higher resolution scanners produce sharper images, which is vital for detailed text and graphics in A3 books. Look for scanners with at least 24MP or higher for professional-quality scans. Keep in mind that higher DPI settings often slow down the scanning process and increase file sizes, so balance your need for detail with your workflow speed.
Ease of Use and Software Compatibility
Intuitive interfaces and reliable software can significantly reduce the learning curve, especially for beginners. Compatibility with your operating system and OCR support are also critical—these features enable easy editing, archiving, or sharing of scanned content. Beware of scanners with complicated setups or poor software support, which can hinder productivity.
Speed and Batch Scanning
If you need to scan many pages or large books frequently, speed becomes a decisive factor. Some models offer auto-feed or rapid flatbed scanning, saving hours of manual work. However, faster scanners might compromise on image quality or require more maintenance, so consider your volume needs carefully.
Build Quality and Durability
Investing in a well-built scanner ensures longevity, especially with frequent use. Flatbed models with sturdy construction better handle heavy or hardcover books without damage. Cheaper models may lack stability or have fragile parts, leading to frustrations or repairs over time.
Price and Value
While premium scanners offer advanced features, not everyone needs the highest specs. Analyze what features are essential for your tasks. Sometimes, mid-range models provide excellent value without the hefty price tag, especially if you only require occasional use or lower-volume scanning.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I scan hardcover books without damaging them?
Yes, flatbed scanners with gentle, wide glass surfaces are designed to scan hardcover books delicately. Devices with auto-flattening and minimal pressure features help prevent damage during the scanning process. Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and consider using a book cradle or support for fragile or valuable books to protect their spines.
Is OCR support necessary for scanning A3 books?
OCR (Optical Character Recognition) transforms scanned images into editable text, which is essential for professional archiving, editing, or searchable PDFs. If your goal is to digitize text-heavy books or create digital archives, OCR support becomes a key feature. For simple image storage, it’s less critical but still adds versatility.
How important is DPI for scanning large books?
DPI (dots per inch) directly affects image clarity. For A3 books, a minimum of 24MP resolution (roughly 300 DPI) is recommended for clear, detailed scans. Higher DPI settings are useful for archival quality or detailed graphics but may slow down the process and increase file size. Consider your primary use—high DPI is more critical for professional or archival needs.
Are portable A3 scanners reliable enough for professional use?
Portable scanners like the CZUR Shine Ultra Pro can deliver impressive results and are convenient for on-the-go needs. However, they might lack some of the durability, speed, or advanced features of dedicated desktop models. For professional, high-volume, or archival purposes, a more robust, flatbed scanner is generally preferable, but portable options work well for occasional or field use.
What’s the main difference between flatbed and overhead scanners for A3 books?
Flatbed scanners provide a stable, gentle surface ideal for delicate or hardcover books, minimizing damage during scanning. Overhead or document camera scanners are faster and better suited for quickly digitizing loose pages or multiple documents but may require careful handling to avoid distortion. Your choice depends on the type of books and volume you plan to scan.









