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Temperatura versus gradul de urbanizare
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Urban Heat Island (UHI) Phenomenon
UHI effect - first recorded as early as 1807- English scientist(Luke Howard) took data in and about London - he noticed that the city of
London got heated due to smoke and pollution mainly from coal industries
In 1818, he noticed - urbanized areas had temperature increases of about
1.5 degrees compared to rural areas
- The problem acquires greater importance in the tropics including thePhilippines, where the nighttime rate of air movement is low
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Microclimates and Outdoor Spaces
Microclimates are the climates of small-scale areas
that are distinct from the prevailing conditions of the
surroundings. The urban heat island (UHI) effect is anexample of a microclimate.
UHI is a phenomenon where air temperatures over
densely built up urban areas are higher than suburban /
rural areas. Mitigation strategies are important to
negate the negative impact of UHI and improve outdoor comfort conditions.
Urban heat island effect increases
urgent need for trees
to modify temperature
Urban water management
"Open space which is
not concreted or paved
allows maximum absorption
of water in to the ground which is
important for the health and
survival of vegetation in the surrounding area.
It is therefore imperative to
consolidate and increase permeable open space,
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Fed Square (Anglia)
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Fed Square (Anglia) - with green roof, an oasis in the city
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Flinder Street Station
as it is now, a desert
from above
with green roofsto manage the
Urban Heat IslandEffect
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Juglans - inghet tarziu
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Acerstres hidric
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Relaiile plantelor lemnoase ornamentale cu factorii climatici
Vntul - avantaje: transport mase de aer; zvantarea; ncalzirercorire
-dezavantaje: deshidratare; seceta fiziologic; deformare;
aciuni mecanice (Robinia, Acer negundo, Populus, Betula,Ttilia)
Aerul
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Relaiile plantelor lemnoase ornamentale cu factorii edafici
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Specii mezotrofe: Abies, Larix, Picea, Thuja, Acer, Buddleja, Carpinus betulus,Lonicera, Magnolia, Prunus, Tilia
Specii oligotrofe: Juniperus communis, Pinus mugo, Pinus sylvestris, Betulapendula, Cytisus, Lycium barbarum, Robinia pseudacacia, Sorbus aucuparia
Specii cu amplitudine ecologic: Ailanthus, Amorpha, Berberis vulgaris,Ligustrum vulgare, Potentilla, Physocarpus, Populus tremula, Quercus cerris,Spiraea, Symphoricarpos albus
Elementele nutritive
macroelemente:N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg,
- microelemente: Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, B, Cl
Specii eutrofe: Catalpa, Corylus avellana, Chaenomeles, Juglans nigra,Platanus, Paulownia, Rosa, Sophora, Campsis, Ulmus, Wisteria sinensis
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Materia organic- rezult prin mineralizarea resturilor organice- Humusul (N + humai)) component esenial, surs de elemente
nutritive
- influeneaz nsuirile fizice, chimice i biologice ale solului- msuri
Calciul din sol (calcarul activ)- specii calcifile: Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus,
Ailanthus, Buxus, Carpinus, Catalpa, Celtis, Corylus, Cotoneaster,
Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Juniperus sabina, Kerria, Morus, PopulusnigraItalica, Quercus cerris, Sophora- specii calcifuge: Betula, Calluna, Castanea, Magnolia,
Cytisus, Quercus suber, Robinia pseudacacia
Sodiul, magneziul, calciul, clorul (cloruri, sulfati,bicarbonati)
srturarea solului secet fiziologic, afectarea structurii solului
- specii tolerante: Amorpha, Caragana, Elaeagnus, Gleditsia,Hippophae, Koelreuteria, Lycium, Ppopulus alba, Rhus, Sambucusnigra, Symphoricarpos, Tamarix, Ulmus pumilla
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Reacia soluiei solului (pH)
- soluia solului = apa + subst. minerale + subst. organice + gaze- influeneaz dinamica elementelor nutritive
Aciditatea solului
specii puternic acidofile: (pH 3,8-5,2)Calluna, Erica, Vacciniummyrtillusspecii acidofile: (pH 5-6,5)Picea abies, Pinus mugo, Pinus sylvestris,
Betula pendula, Populus tremula
specii moderat acidofile: (pH 5,5-6,5)Abies, Juniperus communis, Larixdecidua, Acer pseudoplatanus, Cornus alba, Fagus, Hydrangea,
Rhododendron, Quercus petrea, Rosa rugosa, Salix alba
Alcalinitatea solului- pH 7,5-8
- pH >8,5 salinitate (saruri alcaline in exces)
Valori optime 6,8-7,2
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nsuirile fizice ale solului
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- textura, structura, porozitazea, capacitatea de aeraie, nsuirihidrofizice
Textura soluluiargil/ praf/ nisip soluri nisipoase, soluri argiloase
- specii pentru soluri uoare (nisipoase, nisipo-lutoase): Abiesconcolor, Acer campestre, Ailanthus, Amorpha, Caragana, Cornus,cytisus, Elaeagnus, Tamarix, Hippophae, Gleditsia, Juniperus
communis, Picea pungens, Pinus mugo, P. nigra, P. sylvestris,Potentilla, Salix alba, S. Caprea
-specii pentru soluri pietroase: Berberis vulgaris, Cornus mas,Corylus, Fraxinus ornus, Populus tremula, Ulmus minor, Sorbusaucuparia
-specii pentru soluri grele (luto-argiloase i argiloase): Alnusglutinosa, Aesculus, Weigela florida, Euonymus europaeus, Frangulaalnus, Kerria, laburnum, Ribes, Rosa canina, Rhus typhina
Structura solului- influeneaz consistena, aeraia, nutriia, umiditatea
- lipsa structuriilimitativ pentru. cultura plantelor. Impune intervenii
Relaiile plantelor lemnoase cu factorii
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Relaiile plantelor lemnoase cu factoriigeomorfologici
Macroreliefuldetermin distribuia zonal a vegetaiei prin modif.climatului
Creterea altitudiniiExpoziia pantei
nclinarea pantei
Microrelieful
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Relaiile plantelor lemnoase ornamentale cu factorii biotici
Aciuni directe
ale plantelor: presiuni ale tulpinilor, rdcinilor, susinerea lianelor, caracterulinvadant al unor specii
- ale animalelor: roztoare, vnat
- ale microorganismelor: virui, ciuperci, bacterii patogene,insecte fitofage
- reacia plantelor: fitoncide, gale, proliferri,calusare
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Aciuni indirecte
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- de natur climatic: umbrire, consum de ap, elemente nutritive- stnjenire de natur biochimic: autotoxinele
- ptura erbacee- micorizele
- simbioze cu bacterii (Rhizobium)Leguminosae
- simbioze cu actinomicete -Alnus, Elaeagnus, Hippophae
-bacterizare cu Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putidaantagoniste
pentru. Pytium, Botrytis, Fusarium, Phytophtora
- relaii de parazitism i semiparazitism: vscul, lichenii (epifitismul)
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Ectomicoriza
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Boletus edulis
TRUFE
Tubermelanosporum - aestivum, gibbosum, magnatum,, texensis
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Aroma lor este descrisa ca o combinatie de mosc, nuci si usturoi sau ozon
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Relaiile plantelor lemnoase cu factoriiantropici
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pModificrile antropice ale factorilor staionali
- factorii climatici: temperatura i uscciuneacurenii de aer
- condiiile de sol
Poluarea- produs de industrie, termocentrale, autovehicule, activit. casnice
- gaze toxice: bioxid i trioxid de sulf, oxizi de azot, etilen, nitrai,amoniu, compui ai fluorului; pulberi: compui cu arsenic, plumb, fier,mangan, cadmiu, ciment, siliciu; cenui, funingine, uleiuri, gudroane
Specii tolerante la poluare: Abies concolor, Chamaecyparis, Ginkgo,Juniperus chinensis, J. Sabina, Larix, Pinus mugo, P. nigra, Taxus, Thujasp., Acer campestre, Acer ginnala, A. pseudoplatanus, Ailanthus, Alnus,Betula, Gleditsia, platanus, Quercus rubra, Robinia pseudacacia, Sophora,Buddleja, Buxus, Caragana, Cornus alba, C. mas, C. sanguinea,Crataegus, Elaeagnus, Euonymus, Lonicera
Plantele filtre biologice
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Trees Damaged by Sulfur EmissionsCzech Republic
Impactul omului cu vegetaia lemnoas
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- activitile recreative, presiunea aglomerrilor, neglijena
Factorii de cultur (tehnologici)
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An integrated approach
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When caring for urban trees it is important to make a complete
evaluation of all environmental conditions to accurately diagnoseall stress factors and prescribe care based on specific circumstances.
This prescriptive care will help your tree meet its full potential.
LEAVES
Leaves produce food
for the tree Pores orBUDS
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for the tree. Pores, or
stomata, on the leaves
take in carbon dioxide
and release waterand oxygen. They
close when water is
limited and open
when it is abundant
BUDS
Much of the trees energy
goes into producing buds
that contain the embryonicshoots, leaves and flowers
for the next growing season
BRANCHES
Branches give the tree its
basic shape and provide the
leaves with the bestexposure to the sun. The
loss of a major branch in a
mature tree can cause the
tree to be out of balance and,
eventually, to topple.
Trunk Flare
Branch Union
Branch Fork
Root HairsROOTS
The health of the roots depends on soil texture and depth. Disturbing
the soil above and in the root system can cause the tree to die.
trunk drip line
canopy
KEEPING URBAN TREES STRESS-FREE
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A properly planted caliper-sized tree in a windy location is staked,
mulched and guarded.
A GOOD START!
WATERING
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Regular watering will
enhance the growth
and health of any tree
FERTILIZING
WATERING
PRUNING
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General Rules for Pruning
prune all weak, diseased, dead and crossing branches
use proper pruning techniques and maintain the branch collar
keep the main leader, otherwise the tree will loose its form and shape
dont remove more than one-third of the trees original crown
wear protective gear hard hat, gloves, safety glasses know your limits and the limits of your tools
when in doubt, call a professional
Pruning Tools
Make sure tools are clean, sharp, free of rust and in proper working condition
CUT A
Make your first cut two
THREE-CUT METHOD OF PRUNING
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Cut B
Cut ACut C
Make your first cut two
feet from the trunk. Cut
half way through thebranch, moving from the
bottom up.
CUT B
The second cut is onethird
to half the diameterof the limb away from the
first cut. Cut half way
through the branch. At this
point, the limb should fall
from its own weight.
CUT C
The final cut is next to the trunk. Cut outside
the branch collar with the lower edge being
further away from the trunk of the tree.
Branch
Collar
Bark
Ridge
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ASSESSING SICK AND DAMAGED TREES
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An ice-damaged tree that should be taken down Special attention should be given to trees
that are close to people they may be a hazard
TREATING DAMAGE AND REDUCING STRESSES
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ICE DAMAGE
BENDING
breaking polingBroken and bent leaders can be
corrected in young conifers
DAMAGED TRUNK
Remove loose bark and
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Remove loose bark and
shape the wound into an ellipse
SUN SCALD
Sunscald occurs when rapid changes
in temperature create a crack in the tree
DISEASES
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Concs and mushrooms
are an indication of a diseased tree
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CABLING, BRACING AND GUYING
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A good example of cabling
CALLING IN THE EXPERTS
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GETTING PROFESSIONAL HELP
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