+ All Categories
Home > Documents > ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf...

,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf...

Date post: 06-Feb-2018
Category:
Upload: lamngoc
View: 220 times
Download: 4 times
Share this document with a friend
74
,,ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI 2ULFHILORVRILHvœLSURSXQHV RIHUHXQWDEORXDO([LVWHQ HL vQ DFHVW VHQV IRORVHœWH FRQFHSWH WH]H GLVSXVH DUKLWHFWRQLF DOH F URU FRQ LQXWXUL LQFOXG SH OkQJ FRPSRQHQWHOH GH FXQRDœWHUH UHDF LLDIHFWLYHœLDWLWXGLQDO-YDORULFHSURSULLXQHLFRQœWLLQ HXPDQH integrale. Scopul ultim al filosofiei este acela de a fundamenta sau D MXVWLILFD vQ WHUPHQL GH PD[LP JHQHUDOLWDWH GHVFKLGHUL /D XUPD XUPHL FH HVWH RPXO vQ QDWXU " 1LPLF vQ UDSRUW FX LQILQLWXO WRW vQ FRPSDUD LH FX QHDQWXO XQ OXFUX GH PLMORF vQWUH QLPLF üL to W (O HVWH LQILQLW GH vQGHS UWDW GH DPEHOH H[WUHPH LDU ILLQ D OXL QX VW PDL DSURDSH GH QLPLFQLFLD GLQ FDUH HVWH VFRDV GHFkW GH infinitul în care-L vQJKL LW 3XWHUHD VD GH vQ HOHJHUH S VWUHD] vQ RUGLQHD OXFUXULORU LQWHOLJLELOH DFHODüL UDQJ FD üL FRUSul în imensitatea naturii. Tot ce poate face ea este GH D GHVFLIUD FHYD GLQ FHHD FH DSDU LQH OXFUXULORU GH PLMORF YHüQLF GLVSHUDW F QX OH SRDWH FXQRDüWH QLFL SULQFLSLXO GH ED] QLFL finalitatea." ,DW DGHY UDWD QRDVWU VWDUH (VWH FHYD FH OLPLWHD] FXQRüWLQ HOH QRDVWUH vQWU-un fel de margini peste care nu trecem, incapabili de a üWLWRWXOüLGHDLJQRUDWRWXOvQPRGDEVROXW (Blaise Pascal)
Transcript
Page 1: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

,,�ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI 2ULFH�ILORVRILH�vúL�SURSXQH�V �RIHUH�XQ�WDEORX�DO�([LVWHQ HL��vQ� DFHVW� VHQV�� IRORVHúWH� FRQFHSWH�� WH]H�� GLVSXVH� DUKLWHFWRQLF�� DOH�F URU� FRQ LQXWXUL� LQFOXG�� SH� OkQJ � FRPSRQHQWHOH� GH� FXQRDúWHUH��UHDF LL�DIHFWLYH�úL�DWLWXGLQDO-YDORULFH�SURSULL�XQHL�FRQúWLLQ H�XPDQH�integrale. Scopul ultim al filosofiei este acela de a fundamenta sau D� MXVWLILFD�� vQ� WHUPHQL� GH� PD[LP � JHQHUDOLWDWH�� GHVFKLGHUL

�/D�XUPD�XUPHL��FH�HVWH�RPXO�vQ�QDWXU "�1LPLF� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� LQILQLWXO�� WRW� vQ� FRPSDUD LH�FX� QHDQWXO�� XQ� OXFUX� GH� PLMORF� vQWUH� QLPLF� üL�t oW�� (O� HVWH� LQILQLW� GH� vQGHS UWDW� GH� DPEHOH�H[WUHPH�� LDU� ILLQ D� OXL� QX� VW � PDL� DSURDSH� GH�QLPLFQLFLD� GLQ� FDUH� HVWH� VFRDV � GHFkW� GH�in fin it ul în c are -L� vQJKL LW �� 3XWHUHD� VD� GH�vQ HOHJHUH� S VWUHD] �� vQ� RUGLQHD� OXFUXULORU�LQWHOLJLELOH�� DFHODüL� UDQJ� FD� üL� FRUSul în im e ns it at e a nat urii. Tot c e poat e fac e e a e s t e GH� D� GHVFLIUD� FHYD� GLQ� FHHD� FH� DSDU LQH�OXFUXULORU� GH� PLMORF�� YHüQLF� GLVSHUDW � F � QX� OH�SRDWH� FXQRDüWH� QLFL� SULQFLSLXO� GH� ED] �� QLFL�finalit at e a." �,DW � DGHY UDWD� QRDVWU � VWDUH�� (VWH� FHYD�FH�OLPLWHD] �FXQRüWLQ HOH�QRDVWUH�vQWU-un fe l de m argin i pe s t e c are nu t re c e m , inc apabili de a üWL�WRWXO�üL�GH�D�LJQRUD�WRWXO�vQ�PRG�DEVROXW��

(Blais e Pas c al)

Page 2: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

�SULYLWRDUH�OD�FH�HVWH�úL��PDL�DOHV��FH�WUHEXLH�V �ILH�RPXO��&RQGL ia XPDQ � HVWH� FHQWUXO� GH� LQWHUHV� DO� RULF UXL� HGLILFLX� ILORVRILF��(QXQ XULOH�úL� WHRULLOH�ILORVRILFH�QX�VXQW�úL�QX�SRW�IL�QHXWUH�ID �GH�úDQVHOH� � úL� URVWXO�RPHQHVFXOXL��(OH� vúL� vQFRUSRUHD] � UHIHUHQ LDOXUL�psiho-VRFLDOH� LVWRULFH�� UHDOH� úL�VDX� LPDJLQDUH�� VXE� Iorma unor SUHVXSR]L LL� GH� RUGLQ� DIHFWLY�� PRUDO�� SUDFWLF�� VDX� VXE� IRUPD�LPSOLFDWHORU� YDORULFH�� D� XQRU� FRQ LQXWXUL� DWLWXGLQDOH� DVLPLODWH� vQ�FKLDU�VXEVWDQ D�WHRUHWLF �D�ILORVRI ULL��6 �QH�DPLQWLP��GH�SLOG ��F �VLVWHPHOH� WUDGL LRQDOH� GH� ILORVRILH� FXSULQGHDX� úL� R� HWLF � FH-úL�SURSXQHD� V � YRUEHDVF � � GHVSUH� ILLQ D� RPHQHDVF � vQ� JHQHUDO�� LDU�HWLFD�HUD�vQWHPHLDW �SH�RQWRORJLH��2ULFH�ILORVRILH�FXSULQGH��DúDGDU��FRQVWUXFWH��PRGHOH��D[LRORJLFH�VSHFLILFH�PHQLWH�V �PRGHOH]H�úL�V �UHPRGHOH]H� VHQVLELOLWDWHD� XPDQ �� 3ULQ� DFHDVta devine sinteza VSLULWXDO �D�XQHL�HSRFL��H[SULP �VHQVLELOLWDWHD�YDORULF ��D�DFHVWHLD��asumându-úL�XQ�URO�GH�vQGUXPDUH�FRJQLWLY �úL�PRUDO �� ���)LORVRILD�úL�SUREOHPD�FRQGL LHL�XPDQH 2ULFH� FRQFHS LH� ILORVRILF � vúL� SURSXQH� R� LQWHUSUHWDUH� D�([LVWHQ HL�� D� QDWXULL� DFHVWHLD�� SRUQLQG� GH� OD� DQXPLWH� HQXQ XUL�SULYLOHJLDWH� VDX� SULQFLSLL�� ÌQ� DFHODúL� WLPS�� LPSOLFLW� VDX� H[SOLFLW��IRUPXOHD] � DQXPLWH� WH]H� SULQ� FDUH� FODULILF � VWDWXWXO� � H[LVWHQ LDO�VSHFLILF� RPXOXL� úL� XPDQXOXL�� 'H� IDSW�� vQ� YL]LXQH� WUDGL LRQDO ��ontologia umanului apare ca o particularizare a ontologiei JHQHUDOH�� GHFL� FD� R� DSOLFD LH� úL� H[HPSOLILFDUH� D� WHRULHL� ILORVRILFH�JHQHUDOH� DVXSUD� H[LVWHQ HL�� 3HUVSHFWLYHOH� PRGHUQH� úL�FRQWHPSRUDQH� SURGXF� R� PXWD LH� VHPQLILFDWLY � vQ� VHQVXO��UHJLRQDOL] ULL� RQWRORJLHL��� DVtfel încât problema structurii LUHGXFWLELOH�D�FRQGL LHL�XPDQH�FRQVWLWXLH�SLYRWXO�RULF UHL�vQFHUF UL�GH�H[SOLFDUH�JOREDO �D�H[LVWHQ HL�vQVHúL��$úDGDU��GLVFXUVXO�ILORVRILF�YRUEHúWH� vQWRWGHDXQD� GHVSUH� RP�� FKLDU� DWXQFL� FkQG� VH� UHIHU � OD�QDWXU �� OXFUXUL�� XQLYHUV�� 3ULQ� �FRQGL LD� XPDQ �� -� QH� DYHUWL]HD] �'�'�5RúFD� -� WUHEXLH� V � vQ HOHJHP��QX� QXPDL� FRQGL LD� XQHL� ILLQ H�HFRQRPLFH� úL� SROLWLFH� FDUH� OXSW � DO WXUL� GH� VHPHQLL� V L� SHQWUX�

Page 3: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

OLEHUWDWHD�VD�VRFLDO �úL�SROLWLF �úL��SHQWUX�DS UDUHD�GHPQLW LL�VDOH��FL� vQ HOHJHP� PDL� FX� VHDP � FRQGL LD� RPXOXL� ILLQ � VSLULWXDO ��FUHDWRU� GH� YDORUL� VSLULWXDOH� úL� FDSDELO� V � WUDQVIRUPH� FX� DMXWRUXO�acestora realitatea ce-O� SULYHúWH�� V-o umanizeze, transfigurând-o". >�@�1X�HVWH�vQWkPSO WRU�IDSWXO�F �DFHVW�JkQGLWRU�VLWXHD] �vQ�FHQWUXO�UHIOHF LHL� ILORVRILFH� �FDUDFWHUXO� DEVROXW� SUREOHPDWLF� DO� YLH LL�VSLULWXDOH��� �FDUDFWHUXO� GH� DYHQWXU � úL� PLUDFRO� SH� FDUH-O� DUDW �FLYLOL]D LD�úL�YDORULOH�HL����VHQWLPHQWXO�GH�FRQVWDQW �úL�LUHPHGLDELO �QHVLJXUDQ � vQ� FH� SULYHúWH� GHVWLQXO� QRVWUX� FD� ILLQ H� FX� DQXPLWH�nHYRL� VSLULWXDOH��� >�@� $FHVWH� GHWHUPLQD LL� WUDJLFH� DOH� FRQGL LHL�XPDQH�VXQW�GHGXVH�GLQ��úL�IXQGDPHQWDWH�SULQ��FRQVWLWX LD�HVHQ LDO �D�UHDOLW LL�� LQWD�XOWLP �D�ILORVRILHL�-�SUHFL]HD] �'�'�5RúFD�- implicit D�úWLLQ HORU�SDUWLFXODUH��GDF �DFFHSW P�QHFHVDUD�acumulare în timp, D�IRVW�GH�FHOH�PDL�PXOWH�RUL��GDF �QX�PHUHX��FXQRDúWHUHD�LQWHJUDO �D�0DUHOXL�7RW�DO�([LVWHQ HL��$FHVW�IDSW�SRDWH�IL�FRQVWDWDW�vQ�PHUHX�UHOXDWHOH� vQFHUF UL�� GLQ� IHOXULWH� XQJKLXUL� VSLULWXDOH�� GH� D� H[SOLFD�WRWDOLWDWHD�úL�YDULHWDWHD�FDOHLGRVFRSLF �D�OXPLL�SRUQLQGX-se de la un SULQFLSLX�XQLF�� LPDJLQHD�FRHUHQW ��XQLWDU ��RPRJHQ �SRVWXOHD] �R�HVHQ �XQLF �-�GUHSW�UHDOLWDWH�DXWHQWLF ��LQWHOLJLELO �- din care sunt deduse toate elementele concret-LQGLYLGXDOH�DOH�([LVWHQ HL��$FHVW�ideal, conchide D.'�5RúFD��HVWH�QHUHDOL]DELO��SHQWUX�VLPSOXO�PRWLY�F �DQWLFLS �RULFH�H[SHULHQ ��GHS úLQG�úL� H[WUDSROkQG�GRJPDWLF� úL�QHFRQWURODW�XQ�DQXPH�WLS�GH�H[SHULHQ �FRJQLWLY ��R�UD LXQH�GH�IDSW�úL� QX� XQD� ORJLF � IDFH� LPSRVLELO � GHGXF LD� LQWHJUDO � D� H[LVWHQ HL�dintr-o OHJH� XQLF � -� UHVSHFWLY� LQILQLWDWHD� VSD LR-WHPSRUDO � �FX�GHYHQLUHD� FH� L� VH� DWDúHD] ��� 'DF �� GH� FHOH�PDL�PXOWH� RUL�� úWLLQ D�vQDLQWHD] � PDL� SUXGHQW�� ILORVRILD�� FX� DVSLUD LLOH-i specifice, se JU EHúWH� VSUH� JHQHUDOL] UL� GH� DPSORDUH� FDUH� GHS úHVF� VIHUD�controlabLO �D�H[SHULHQ HL�XPDQH��WLQGH��FX�RULFH�SUH ��VSUH�VLQWH]H�JOREDOH�� 2U�� LGHDOXO� FXQRDúWHULL� LQWHJUDOH� LPSOLF � SUHVXSR]L LL�KD]DUGDWH� VXE� UDSRUWXO� ULJRULL� úL� WHVWDELOLW LL�� PDL� SUHFLV�� VH�ED]HD] � SH� FUHGLQ D� F � XQLYHUVXO� HVWH�� vQ� VWUXFWXUD� OXL� LQWLP ��UD LRQDO�úL�LQWHOLJLELO��6H�SRVWXOHD] ��FX�DOWH�FXYLQWH��H[LVWHQ D�XQXL�

Page 4: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

DFRUG� IXQGDPHQWDO� úL� WRWDO� vQWUH� HVHQ D� UHDOLW LL� H[WHULRDUH� úL�JkQGLUH���2PXO��FkQG�D�F XWDW�V �H[SOLFH�OXPHD�FDUH�H�vQ�DIDU �GH�el, postulând-R�LQWHJUDO�UD LRQDO ��úL��vQ�P VXU �úL�PDL mare, când a IRUPXODW�SH�ID �VDX�QXPDL�vQ�WDLQ �LGHDOXO�GH�FXQRDúWHUH�GH�FDUH�DP�YRUELW��D�DWULEXLW� LPSOLFLW�DFHVWHL� OXPL� vQ�DIDU �GH�HO�VWUXFWXUD�SH� FDUH� R� DUH� OXPHD� LQWHOLJLELO � D� LGHLORU��$� FUH]XW�� FX� OXFLGLWDWH�VDX� QXPDL� LQVWLQFWLY�� F � UHDOLWDWHD� HVWe, asemenea propriilor sale LGHL��VLVWHP��$�FUH]XW�F �IHQRPHQHOH�OXPLL�H[WHULRDUH�SRW�IL�GHGXVH�XQHOH�GLQ�DOWHOH�� vQWRFPDL�FD�LGHLOH� ORJLFH��F �SRDWH�VWDELOL�ODQ XUL�deductive pe care le va lega - mai curând sau mai târziu, nu LPSRUW �� - într-XQ� ODQ �XQLF���>�@�3ULQ�XUPDUH�� OXPHD�H�FRQFHSXW �FD� DYkQG� R� RUGLQH� GHV YkUúLW � FH� SRDWH� IL� UHFRQVWLWXLW � I U �GLILFXOW L� LQVXUPRQWDELOH� vQ� SODQ� ORJLF�� vQWUXFkW� vQO Q XLULOH�FDX]DOH� VXQW� GH� LPSOLFDUH� UHFLSURF �� UDSRUWXULOH�GH� FRH[LVWHQ � úL�succesiune fiind semnele exWHULRDUH� DOH� XQRU� OHJ WXUL� LQWHULRDUH�LQYDULDELOH� vQWUH� IHQRPHQH�� vQWUXFkW� VH� PDQLIHVW � DLGRPD� XQHL�QHFHVLW L� ORJLFH�� VXQW� FRQVLGHUDWH� FD� ILLQG� DWHPSRUDOH��VXSUDWHPSRUDOH�� WHPSRUDOLWDWHD� HVWH� HOLPLQDW �� VFKLPE ULOH� GH�FRQ LQXW� ILLQG� GRDU� DSDUHQWH�� ÌQ� VWUXctura lor, aceste postulate MXVWLILF �DILUPD LL�GH�RUGLQ�SUDFWLF��PRUDO��H[SULP �GRULQ H�XPDQH��ILLQG��GH�IDSW��SUHOXQJLUL�vQ�SODQ�LQWHOHFWXDO�DOH�XQRU�FRQYLQJHUL�úL�FUHGLQ H�FH�VDWLVIDF�LQVWLQFWXO�GH�DXWRFRQVHUYDUH�� 3ULQ� LGHHD� UD LRQDOLW LL� LQWHJUDOH� VH� DWULEXLH� H[LVWHQ HL� XQ�VHQV�� R� ILQDOLWDWH�� úL�� vQ� FRQVHFLQ �� XQ� URVW� YLH LL� XPDQH� GH� SH�SR]L LL� QDLY-RSWLPLVWH�� 'DF � OXPHD� HVWH�� vQ� VWUXFWXUD� HL� LQWLP ��UD LRQDO ��HD�HVWH�úL�LQWHOLJLELO ��QX��YUHD��V �IDF �RPXOXL�úLFDQH��VH�FRPSRUW � UH]RQDELO�� GHULY �� GH� DLFL�� vQGHPQXO� VSUH� FXQRDúWHUHD�YDORULORU� VSLULWXDOH�� VLWXDWH� vQ� IUXQWHD� LHUDUKLHL� FXOWXUDOH� úL�MXVWLILFDWH�vQ�FKLDU� OHJLOH� LQH[RUDELOH�DOH�ILULL�� ,PSOLFLW��VH�DFFHSW �F � DFWXO� FXOWXUDO� HVWH� QHFHVDU�� vQWUXFkW� HVWH� VLPSO � SUHOXQJLUH� D�biologicului, îmbog LUH� úL� DSURIXQGDUH� D� DFHVWXLD�� 5HOD LLOH�RPXOXL� FX� OXPHD� VXQW�QHSUREOHPDWLFH�� RPXO� VLP LQGX-se ca la el DFDV �� IDPLOLDU� FX� FHHD� FH� vO� vQFRQMRDU �� IDSW� FDUH� vL� WRQLILF � úL-i VDWLVIDFH� QHYRLD� GH� VHFXULWDWH� LQWHULRDU �� LQVWLQFWXO� GH�

Page 5: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

autoconservare. Asemenea�DILUPD LL��DUDW �LURQLF�'�'�5RúFD���VXQW�QHP UJLQLW�GH�RSWLPLVWH�úL�GH�UHFRQIRUWDQWH���>�@��'DF �H�DGHY UDW�F �� SkQ � D]L�� FXQRDúWHUHD� GH]LQWHUHVDW � vQ� VHQVXO� DEVROXW� DO�WHUPHQXOXL�D�U PDV�XQ�LGHDO��úL�F �IXQGDPHQWXO�SULP�DO�FHOHL�PDL�abstracte viziuni desSUH� OXPH� H� FO GLW� GLQ� VHFUHWH� HOHPHQWH�ILQDOLVWH��RULFH�FXQRDúWHUH��ILORVRILH�RUL�úWLLQ �SR]LWLY ���H[DPLQDW �FX� DWHQ LH�� VH� YD� GH]Y OXL� FD� ILLQG�� vQWU-un anumit sens, ca DQLPLVW �� LPDJLQHD� GHVSUH� OXPH�� SUH]HQWDW � GUHSW� FUHD LH� D�LQWHOLJHQ HL� DEVROXW� GH]LQWHUHVDWH�� VH� YD� GRYHGL� D� IL� FRQVWUXLW � úL�GLQ� WUDQVSXQHUHD� vQ� OXPHD� H[WHULRDU � D� GRULQ HORU� QRDVWUH�VHFUHWH���0DL�DOHV�GLQ�WUDQVSXQHUHD�DFHVWRUD��2PXO�VSHU �V �RE LQ �SH�R�DVWIHO�GH�FDOH� UHDOL]DUHD�Q GHMGLORU� OXL�PLOHQDUH���'HSDUWH�GH�noi gândul de a combDWH�DFHDVW �VWDUH�GH�IDSW��3H�FDUH�R�FUHGHP��GH�DOWIHO�� LQHYLWDELO ��&HHD�FH�YUHP�vQV �HVWH�FD��OXkQG�FXQRúWLQ �GH� HD�� V � F XW P� V � QX� SLHUGHP� QLFL� XQ� PRPHQW� GLQ� YHGHUH� F �YRLQ D� GH� D� IL� LQWHJUDO� UD LRQDO � QX� H� D� H[LVWHQ HL� vQV úL�� FL� D�gânditorului; om dH�úWLLQ �VDX�ILORVRI���>�@�/D�IHO�GH�QHvQWHPHLDW�HVWH� úL� SRVWXODWXO� LQYHUV�� LUD LRQDOLWDWHD� IXQFLDU � D� OXPLL�� úL� HO�presupune o totalizare -� LUHDOL]DELO � -� D� H[SHULHQ HL�� VXSR]L LL� úL�LPSOLFDWH� DIHFWLYH� QHFRQWURODWH� FULWLF�� (�� úL� DLFL�� R� SUHGLVSR]L LH�antURSRPRUILF � D� ILLQ HL� XPDQH�� VWLPXODW � GH� LQFHUWLWXGLQH��DQJRDVH��vQGRLDO �H[LVWHQ LDO ��H[SHULHQ D�DEVXUGXOXL�ú�D��-�VW UL�FH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �� GH� DFHDVW � GDW �� HSRFLOH� WXOEXUL�� LQVWDELOH�� GH�SU EXúLUH�D�RUL]RQWXULORU�VLPEROLFH�� $QDOL]HOH�OXL�'�'�5RúFD�VH�SUHWHD] �OD�R�DQDOL] �VHPLRWLF ��'XS � FXP�PHQ LRQHD] � ,�/RWPDQ�� FXOWXUD� �SUHVXSXQH� vPS U LUHD�UHDOLW LL�FDUH�vO�vQFRQMRDU �SH�RP�vQWU-R�OXPH�D�IDSWHORU�úL�R�OXPH�D�VHPQHORU�� OXPL� vQWUH� FDUH� VH� VWDELOHVF� GLIHULWH� UHOD LL� �VHPLRWLFH��D[LRORJLFH�� H[LVWHQ LDOH� HWF����� >�@� 3URFHVHOH� GH� VHPQLILFDUH� úL�FRPXQLFDUH� FRQVWUXLHVF� XQ� PRGHO� DO� OXPLL�� 'RULQ D� XPDQ � GH�comunicare cu lumea -� VLWXD LD� vQ� FDUH� RPXO� VH� VLPWH� QHFHVDU�acesteia, lumea fiindu-L� IDPLOLDU � -� VH� SRDWH� LQILOWUD� vQ� SURLHF LL�antropomorfice: receptareD�vQWUHJLL�UHDOLW LL�VXE�DVSHFWXO�YLUWX LORU�semantice sau simbolice. Lumea apare, eventual, ca un text ce

Page 6: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

SRDUW ��XQ�PHVDM�VHPDQWL]DW��vQ�FDOLWDWH�GH�FUHDWRU�DO�WH[WXOXL�SRDWH�V � DSDU � 'XPQH]HX�� OHJLOH� QDWXULL�� LGHHD� DEVROXW �� HWF����$VLPLODUHD� FXOWXUDO � D� OXPLL� FRQVW � vQ� VWXGLHUHD� OLPEDMXOXL� HL�� vQ�GHFRGDUHD� DFHVWXL� WH[W� úL� WUDGXFHUHD� OXL� vQWU-un limbaj accesibil RPXOXL��� >�@� 3RVWXODWXO� UD LRQDOLW LL� LQWHJUDOH� D� H[LVWHQ HL� H�SUH]HQW� FKLDU� DWXQFL� FkQG� VH� DFFHSW � FDUDFWHUXO� SUREOHPDWLF� DO�UHOD LLORU� RPXOXL� FX� OXPHD�� 'H� SLOG �� (VFKLO�� �vQ� FHQWUXO�XQLYHUVXOXL�QX�J VLP�ILUDYXO�QRQ-VHQV��FL�HQLJPD��DGLF �XQ�VHQV�SH�FDUH� vO�GHVFLIU P�SURVW��SHQWUX�F �VWU OXFLUHD� OXL�RUEHúWH���$QXPH�VLWXD LL� LVWRULFH� vQGHDPQ � OD�FRQFHSHUHD� OXPLL�FD�QRQ-text, lipsite de sens, omul suferind de incapacitatea acesteia de "a-L�U VSXQGH��la solicitari prin mesaje. Citez din Camus: "Tot ce se poate spune HVWH� F � OXPHD� QX-L� vQ� HD� vQV úL� UD LRQDO �� $EVXUG � vQV � HVWH�FRQIUXQWDUHD� GLQWUH� DFHVW� LUD LRQDO� úL� DFHDVW � QHP UJLQLW � GRULQ �de claULWDWHD�D�F UHL�FKHPDUH�U VXQ �vQ�VWU IXQGXULOH�RPXOXL���,DW �úL� FRQVHFLQ HOH� YDORULFH� SHQWUX� FRQGL LD� XPDQ �� �$EVXUGXO� QX�HOLEHUHD] �� FL� OHDJ �� (O� QX� DXWRUL]HD] � WRDWH� DFWHOH�� 7RWXO� H�vQJ GXLW��QX�vQVHDPQ �F �QLPLF�QX�H�RSULW��$EVXUGXO�IDFH�QXPDL�FD�toate� FRQVHFLQ HOH� DFWHORU� QRDVWUH� V � ILH� HFKLYDOHQWH��� ÌQ� DOWH�vQVHPQ UL�� &DPXV� SUHFL]HD] � F � RPXO� HVWH� �VLQJXUD� I SWXU � FDUH�YUHD�XQ�VHQV���>�@�GDU�SRVWXODWXO�LUD LRQDOLW LL�QX�vQWHPHLD] �GHFkW�SH�R�FRQFOX]LH��� HOXO�IL[DW�DO�YLH LL�SDUH�V �ILH�LQVLJQLILDQ D". [9] &XQRDúWHUHD�QX� UHXúHúWH� V � ILH�R� LPDJLQH�GH]LQWHUHVDW �D�H[LVWHQ HL��$�WU L�vQVHDPQ �D�LQWHUSUHWD�GLQWU-un punct de vedere XPDQ��D�GD�VHQV�OXFUXULORU�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�QRL�vQúLQH��'H�DFHHD��RULFH�raport subiect-RELHFW��LQFOXVLY�FHO�FRJQLWLY��LPSOLF �HOementul de YDORDUH�� 6ROX LLOH� RQWRORJLFH� FULWLFDWH� GH� '�'�5RúFD� SUHFXP� úL�FHOH� PHQ LRQDWH� GH� QRL� PDL� VXV� DX�� GHFL�� VXELDFHQWD� vQWUHEDUH���&XP�VXQW�SRVLELOH�YDORULOH"��9DORDUHD��DUDW �7XGRU�9LDQX��HVWH��H[SUHVLD�SRVLELOLW LL�XQHL�DGDSW UL�VDWLVI F WRDUH�vQWUH�OXFUXUL�úL�FRQúWLLQ ��� �H[SUHVLD� LGHDO � D� XQXL� DFRUG� vQWUH� HX� úL� OXPH� FDUH�SRDWH� IL� RULFkQG� UHDOL]DW ��� >��@�&HOH�GRX � VROX LL� XQLODWHUDOH�GH�PDL�VXV�GHFUHWHD] �ILH�QHFHVLWDWHD�YDORULORU�úL�FXOWXULL�FD�LQFOXV �vQ� vQV úL� VWUXFWXUD� UD LRQDO � D� OXPLL� - sHQVXO� YLH LL� XPDQH� ILLQG�

Page 7: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

GHMD�GDW��GHFL�QX�LQWURGXV�úL�FRQVWUXLW�GH�RP�-��ILH�F �OH�VLWXHD] �H[FOXVLY� vQ� SODQXO� VXELHFWLYLW LL� LQGLYLGXDOH�� QHJkQGX-le orice FRQVLVWHQ �� VHQVXO� DXWHQWLF� ILLQG� LPSRVLELO�� GDWRULW � OLSVHL� GH�FRPXQLFDUH� GLQWUH� RP� úL� OXPH�� '�'�5RúFD�� vQ� SDJLQLOH� GH�FRQVWUXF LH� úL� UHFRQVWUXF LH� ILORVRILF �� HYLW � SR]L LLOH� H[WUHPH��QHFRQWURODWH� úL� LQFRQWURODELOH�� DWXQFL� FkQG� FRQWXUHD] � DWULEXWHOH�SH� FDUH� H[LVWHQ D� - ca - totalitate le are în raport cu statutul H[LVWHQ LDO� úL� FXOWXUDO� DO� RPXOXL�� )DSW� GH� H[SHULHQ � H� GRDU�FRQVWDWDUHD� F � OXPHD� HVWH�� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� QRL�� úL� UD LRQDO �� úL�LUD LRQDO �� &DWHJRULLOH� �UD LRQDO�� úL� �LUD LRQDO�� DX� R� DPELJXLWDWH�VHPDQWLF �FXOWLYDW �VLVWHPDWLF�úL�IHUWLO�GH�F WUH�DXWRU�OD�LQWHUVHF LD�úL�� XQHRUL�� VXSUDSXQHUHD� D� WUHL planuri: ontologic, epistemologic úL�D[LRORJLF��&RQMXQF LD�ORU�DUH��PDL�vQWkL��R�UHOHYDQ �RQWRORJLF ��UHFXQRDúWH� RELHFWLYLWDWHD� GHYHQLULL� XQLYHUVDOH� úL�� vQ� FRQVHFLQ ��autonomia structural-IXQF LRQDO � D� PDQLIHVW ULORU� H[LVWHQ HL� vQ�UDSRUW�FX�GRULQ HOH�XPDQH�GH�D�R�FRQFHSWXDOL]D�úL�VXSXQH�SUDFWLF��UD LXQHD� úL� vQWkPSODUHD� VWXSLG �� QHFHVDUXO� úL� FRQWLQJHQ D�FRH[LVW ��QX�H[LVW �QLFL�XQ�GHWHUPLQLVP�LPSODFDELO��QLFL�KDRV��FL�XQLWDWH�D�RUGLQLL�úL�GH]RUGLQLL��GHYHQLUHD�FUHDWRDUH��VXQW�SUH]HQWH��chiar în aceste tezH� DOH� WHRULHL� JHQHUDOH� D� H[LVWHQ HL�� VXSR]L LL�DIHFWLYH�� �QHOLQLúWHD� PHWDIL]LF � ������ QH� G � FXUDMXO� EOHVWHPDW� V �SRVWXO P��FD�VLQJXU �DGHY UDW �OHJH�D�ILULL��HWHUQD�GHYHQLUH��ùL�FH�altceva este, într-un anume sens, filosofic vorbind, ideea devenirii eterne�� GDF � QX� úL� SURLHFWDUHD� SH� IRQG� FRVPLF� D�VHQWLPHQWXOXL� GH� SHUPDQHQW � LQVXILFLHQ � LQWHULRDU � DPLQWLW�PDL�VXV"��� >��@� 7H]D� �H[LVWHQ D� HVWH� úL� UD LRQDO � úL� LUD LRQDO ��DQJDMHD] �úL�VHQVXUL�ORJLFR-epistemologice: lumea se supune, dar úL� RSXQH� UH]LVWHQ � FRQFHSWXDOL] ULL�� HVWH� LQWHOLJLELO � úL�QHLQWHOLJLELO �� ORJLF � úL� OLSVLW � GH� ORJLF �� �LQWHOLJHQ D�� XUFDW � SH�QRLOH� SXQFWH� GH� SHUVSHFWLY �� D� GHVFRSHULW� LUD LRQDOH� SH� FDUH� OH�FUHGHD� FRPSOHW� UD LRQDOL]DWH� úL� DVLPLODWH��� >��@� GH� DFHHD�� ]RQD�QHUD LRQDOL]DW �HVWH�FDQWLWDWLY�PDL�PDUH�GHFkW�FHD�VXSXV �UD LRQDO��GDU� QX� H[LVW � IRUPXOH� SHUPDQHQWH� DOH� LUD LRQDOXOXL�� LQWHOLJHQ D��QX� U PkQH� vQ� WLPS� DEVROXW� LGHQWLF � vQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHúWH�

Page 8: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

SURFHGHHOH� HL� úL�� SRDWH�� FKLDU� vQ� FH� SULYHúWH� XQHOH� SLHVH� DOH�PHFDQLVPXOXL� HL� GH� IXQF LRQDUH� ��� >��@� &RQVHFLQ HOH� DVXSUD�PRGXOXL� GH� D� vQ HOHJH� FRQGL LD� XPDQ � DX� FD� QXFOHX� FkWHYD�GHULYDWH� D[LRORJLFH�� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� YDORULOH� úL� GRULQ HOH� RPXOXL��OXPHD� HVWH� úL� UH]RQDELO � úL� DEVXUG �� FX� VHQV� úL� I U � VHQV��IDPLOLDU ��GDU�úL�LQGLIHUHQW �VDX�LUHVSRQVDELO ��5H]XOW ��DúDGDU��R�WHQVLXQH�vQWUH�QDWXU �úL�FXOWXU ��vQWUH�RP�úL�H[LVWHQ D�GLQ�DIDUD�OXL��Valorile spirituale au un statut fragil; nu au doar o justificare ELRORJLF �� QLFL� QX� VXQW� IXQGDWH� SH� VWUXFWXUD� LQWLP-QHFHVDU � D�OXPLL�� �&LYLOL]D LD� QX� SRDWH� IL� FRQVLGHUDW � FD� UH]XOWDWXO� XQHL�DUPRQLL� SUHGHVWLQDWH� FDUH� DU� H[LVWD� vQWUH� WHQGLQ HOH� DGkQFL� DOH�OXPLL�PDWHULDOH�úL�DVSLUD LLOH�HVHQ LDOH�DOH�VSLULWXOXL���>��] $FHVWH�FRQFOX]LL�VROLFLW ��FD�SDV�ORJLF�XUP WRU��FODULILFDUHD�úL� FRQVWUXLUHD� XQHL� DWLWXGLQL�PRUDO-esWHWLFH� vQ� ID D� OXPLL� úL� YLH LL��1X� VH� LPSXQH� GH� OD� VLQH� WXWXURU� VSLULWHORU� R� VROX LH� VWDQGDUG��Atitudinile presupun totdeauna un adaos mintal, o interpretare a FRQFOX]LLORU� PHQ LRQDWH� SULQWU-R� SULVP � VXELHFWLY �� )DSWXO� F �H[LVWHQ D� HVWH�� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� QRL�� úL� UD LRQDO � úL� LUD LRQDO �� úL�UH]RQDELO �úL�DEVXUG �QX�MXVWLILF �QLFL�DWLWXGLQLOH�QDLY-optimiste, cu R� UREXVWH H� QHFRQWURODW �� GDU� QLFL� SHVLPLVPXO�� GH]Q GHMGHD�DQJRDVDQW ��$FHVWHD�VXQW�PDL�PXOW� UHDF LL�SVLKRORJLFH�GHFkW� OX UL�GH�SR]L LH�vQ�ID D�UHDOLW LL��ÌQ�SULPXO�FD]��WUDJLFXO�FRQGL LHL�XPDQH�HVWH� DQXODW� SULQ� GHFUHWDUHD� XQHL� UD LRQDOLW L� LQWHJUDOH� D� OXPLL� - RPXO�DS UkQG�FD�QHFHVDU�XQLYHUVXOXL��FXP�vO� vQGHDPQ ��GH�DOWIHO��ERYDU\VPXO�ILLQ HL�VDOH�-��LDU��vQ�DO�GRLOHD�FD]��GLOXHD] �WUDJLFXO�vQ�corsetul sfkúLHULORU� LQWHULRDUH� IUXVWUDWH� GH� UHSHUH� YDORULFH�� /D�'�'�5RúFD��VHQWLPHQWXO�WUDJLF�DO�H[LVWHQ HL�úL�QHOLQLúWHD�PHWDIL]LF �SUHVXSXQ� DVXPDUHD� SUHFDULW LORU� FH� LQ� GH� FRQGL LD� QRDVWU ��DQJDMHD] �WHQVLXQL�JHQHUDWRDUH�GH�HURLVP�LQWHOHFWXDO��FXUDM�PRUDO��înnobLOkQG�YLD D�FX�GHPQLWDWH�� Un sistem filosofic propune un model al lumii. Interpretarea WHPHLXULORU�H[LVWHQ HL�úL�D�RUGLQLL�XQLYHUVDOH�RIHU �� vQ�DFHODúL� WLPS��GHVFKLGHUL� WHRUHWLFH� vQ� GLUHF LD� vQ HOHJHULL� VSHFLILFXOXL� RUGLQLL�XPDQXOXL��'H�IDSW��FXQRVFkQG�úi explicându-úL�OXPHD��RPXO�FDS W �

Page 9: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FRQúWLLQ � GH� VLQH�� �,VWRULFHúWH� -� UHPDUF � &�1RLFD� -� QL� VH� SDUH� F �WRWXúL�RUL�GH�FkWH�RUL�úL-D�SXV�SUREOHPD�vQGUHSW LULL�SURSULL��ILORVRILD�s-D� ULGLFDW� OD� WUHL� WLSXUL�GH�FHUWLWXGLQH��FDUH� VXQW� WRW�DWkWHD� OX UL�GH��FRQúWLLQ �GH�VLQH���'H�OD�vQFHSXW�HD�LHVH�GHFL�GLQ�WHRUHWLF�SXU��F FL�OXDUHD�GH�FRQúWLLQ �GH�VLQH�QX�H�R�FRQúWLLQ �WHRUHWLF ��FL�XQ�GHPHUV�SUDFWLF�� IXQGDPHQWDO� FKLDU� SHQWUX� H[HUFL LXO� DFHVWHL� FXQRDúWHUL�� ,DU�certitudinile filosofiei se vor grupa în jurul a trei tipuri de GHPHUVXUL�� DGLF � WUHL� L]YRDUH�� FRQúWLLQ D� H[LVWHQ HL� VLQHOXL� FD� RP��FRQúWLLQ D�H[LVWHQ HL�vQJU GLWH�D�RPXOXL��FRQúWLLQ D�SRVLELOLW LL�GH-a LHúL�GLQ�VLWXD LD�GH�vQJU GLUH�D�RPXOXL���>��@�$úDGDU��SULQ�ILORVRILH��RPXO� vúL� FRQúWLHQWL]HD] � úL� DVXP � SURSULXO� V X� VWDWXW� GH� ILLQ �FRQúWLHQW �� OLEHU � úL� SUHFDU �� VXELHFWLY � úL� SUDFWLF �� UD LRQDO � úL�YDORUL]DWRDUH��&RQúWLLQ D�OLPLWHORU�FRQVWLWXWLYH�DOH�ILLQ HL�XPDQH�- în special, finitudinea -�HVWH�VXUV �GH�WUDJLF��ILORVRILD��vQV ��vQFHDUF �R�re-semnificDUH�D�DFHVWRUD��DVWIHO�vQFkW�YLD D�V �ILH�VXSRUWDELO �� &HOH� GRX � PRGHOH� RQWRORJLFH� UHOHYDWH� GH� DQDOL]HOH� OXL�'�'�5RúFD�-�UHVSHFWLY��PLWXO�UD LRQDOLW LL�LQWHJUDOH�D�H[LVWHQ HL�úL��OD� SROXO� RSXV�� FUHGLQ D� vQWU-R� GH]RUGLQH� WRWDO � D� OXPLL� - permit interpret UL� GH� DGkQFLPH� DOH� XQRU� VHFYHQ H� LVWRULFH� GLQ� ILORVRILD�HXURSHDQ �� $VWIHO�� FODVLFLWDWHD� JUHDF � WUDWHD] � OXPHD� úL� YLD D� FD�WH[WH�� FD� H[LVWHQ H� UD LRQDOH� úL� LQWHOLJLELOH�� )LORVRILD� JUHDF � HVWH�YHUWHEUDW �GH�FUHGLQ D� vQ�FDUDFWHUXO� LQIDLOLELO� DO� UD LXQLL��GH�altfel, VH�DFFHSW �XQ�/RJRV�FDUH�DUWLFXOHD] �DUPRQLF�H[LVWHQ D�XQLYHUVDO ��într-XQ� DOW� SODQ�� VH� FRQVLGHU � F � RPXO� vQVXúL� VH� GLIHUHQ LD] � GH�FHOHODOWH� VSHFLL� WRFPDL� SULQ� GLPHQVLXQHD� VSLULWXDO � FDUH� SRDWH�LPSXQH� YLH LL� VXIOHWHúWL� úL� WUXSXOXL� DQXPLWH� DXWRFRQVtrângeri care DVLJXU � GHYHQLUHD� VXE� VHPQXO� YLUWX LL�� $FHVW� FXOW� DO� UD LXQLL�XQLYHUVDOH� úL� RPHQHúWL� HVWH� SUH]HQW� OD� HOHD L�� SLWDJRUHLFL�� 3ODWRQ��Aristotel -� vQ� LQWHUSUHW UL� PHWDIL]LFH�� FRVPRJRQLFH� úL� PRUDOH��&LFOXO� HOHQLVWLF� Q UXLH� WRFPDL� PLWXO� UD LXQLL� DWRtputernice; VWRLFLVPXO�� HSLFXUHLVPXO� úL� VFHSWLFLVPXO� VXQW� vQFHUF UL� WkU]LL�GH�D�VDOYD� F GHULOH� vQWU-un relativism din ce în ce mai problematic; vQFUHGHUHD� vQ� UD LXQH� úL� LGHHD� GH� RUGLQH� XQLYHUVDO � VXQW� LQYRFDWH�GRDU� FD�PLMORF� GH� FRPSHQVDUH� úL� GH� VXVWUDJHUH� de la agresiunea

Page 10: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

XQXL� KDRV� H[WHUQ� VSUH� D� RE LQH� DXWRQRPLD� YRLQ HL� úL� YLH LL�SHUVRQDOH�� ,HúLUHD� GLQ� FUL] � VH� YD� IDFH� SULQ� ODQVDUHD� XQXL� QRX�PRGHO� FXOWXUDO�� VWUXFWXUDW� GH� FUHGLQ D� FUHúWLQ �� 'DF � UD LXQHD� VH�GRYHGHúWH� GLQ� FH� vQ� FH�PDL� QHSXWLQFLRDV � úL� LQFDSDELO � V � RIHUH�FHUWLWXGLQL�H[LVWHQ LDOH��DFHVWHD�YRU�IL�SURFXUDWH�SH�FDOHD�FUHGLQ HL�vQ�'XPQH]HX��ÌQ�WLPS��LQVWLWX LD�UHOLJLRDV �- respectiv, biserica în FDOLWDWH�GH�LQVWUXPHQW�DO�IL[ ULL�HILFLHQWH�SVLKR-VRFLDO�D�FUHGLQ HL�- YD� GHYHQL� LQIDLOLELO �� 5HQDúWHUHD� LGHDOL]HD] � DQWLFKLWDWHD� JUHFR-URPDQ �� 3HUVSHFWLYD� WHRORJLF � DVXSUD� FRQGL LHL� XPDQH� vQFHSH� V �ILH�vQORFXLW �GH�R�DQWURSRORJLH�ODLF �GHVFKL] WRDUH�GH�QRL�úL�YDULDWH�RUL]RQWXUL� LQWHUSUHWDWLYH�� 3H� XQ� DVHPHQHD� ILORQ� YRU� DS UHD�FRQWULEX LL� FH� VH� LQWHJUHD] � XQHL� RQWRORJLL� D� VXELHFWLYLW LL�� ÌQ�JkQGLUHD� ILORVRILF �PRGHUQ � úL� FRQWHPSRUDQ � WHPD� VXELHFWLYLW LL�HVWH� SUHGRPLQDQW � vQ� HODERUDUHD� XPDQXOXL�� 3H� OkQJ � JkQGLUHD�SROLWLF � OLEHUDO � FDUH� DFRUG � XQ� VWDWXW� úL� XQ� URO� SULYLOHJLDW�LQGLYLGXDOLW LL��WUHEXLH�UH LQXWH�UHIOHF LLOH�OXL�%ODLVH�3DVFDO�SULYLQG�IUDJLOLWDWHD� ILLQ HL� XPDQH�� vQGRLDOD� PHWRGLF � D� OXL� 5�'HVFDUWHV��DQDOL]D�NDQWLDQ �D�VWUXFWXULORU�D�SULRUL�DOH�VHQVLELOLW LL��LQWHOHFWXOXL�úL� UD LXQLL� FDUH� IDF� SRVLELO � FXQRDúWHUHD� ú�D�P�G�� )HQRPHQRORJLD�lui Husserl caUDFWHUL]HD] �RPXO�FD�ILLQ D�G W WRDUH�GH�VHQV��'H�OD�6�.LHUNHJDDUG� OD� H[LVWHQ LDOLúWL� úL� ILORVRILD� H[LVWHQ HL��VXELHFWLYLWDWHD�HVWH�DERUGDW � vQ� WHUPHQLL� vQGRLHOLL� H[LVWHQ LDOH��'H�DOWIHO�RULHQWDUHD�H[LVWHQ LDOLVW �H[SULP �DQJRDVHOH�úL�LQFHUWLWXGLQLOH�omuluL� FRQWHPSRUDQ�� GXS � GLDJQRVWLFXO� OXL� 1LHW]VFKH� SULYLQG�"moartea lui Dumnezeu" -� vQ� VHQVXO� HUR]LXQLL� FXOWXUDOH� D� IRU HL�VLPEROLFH� RIHULWH� GH� FUHGLQ D� UHOLJLRDV �� úL� FD� UHIX]� DO� RULF UHL�metafizici-��RPXO�VH�GHVSDUWH�GH�SDUDGLJPHOH�DEVROXWXOXL�úL�LQWU �vQ�crL] �vQ�UDSRUW�FX�VLQH�vQVXúL�� ���([LVWHQ LDOLVPXO )LORVRILD� H[LVWHQ LDOLVW � -� SUHILJXUDW � vQ� RSHUD� OXL�6�.LHUNHJDDUG� úL� vPSOLQLW � FD� RULHQWDUH� GLVWLQFW � GH� F WUH�

Page 11: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

-�3�6DUWUH��*�0DUFHO�� $�&DPXV�� 6�� GH�%HDXYRLU� ú�D�� -�� SUHFXP� úL��ILORVRILD�H[LVWHQ HL��-��GH]YROWDW �SH�WHUPHQXO�FXOWXULL�JHUPDQH�GH�0�+HLGHJJHU�� .�-DVSHUV� ú�D�� -� � UHDOL]HD] � R� WUHFHUH� GH� OD�SUREOHPDWLFD�WUDGL LRQDO �D�ILORVRILHL�OD�vQWUHE UL�DFWXDOH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�FRQGL LD�XPDQ ��0XWD LD� LQL LDW �GH�DFHDVW �RULHQWDUH�ILORVRILF �FRQVW � vQ� VDOWul de la filosofia naturii la cea a omului, de la ILORVRILD� FRQFHSWXOXL� OD� FHD� D� VXELHFWLYLW LL�� GH� OD� VLVWHPHOH�VSHFXODWLYH� OD� R� ILORVRIDUH� FDUH� vúL� DVXP � WUDJLFXO� H[LVWHQ LDO���2ULJLQDOLWDWHD�H[LVWHQ LDOLVPXOXL�-�DILUP �1LFRODV�+HUSLQ�- este de D� IL� DU WDW� F � U VSXQVXULOH� OD� vQWUHE ULOH�� FH� HVWH� RPXO"�� FH� HVWH�OXPHD"�� FH� HVWH� 'XPQH]HX"� VDX� vQ� IRUPXODUHD� ORU� NDQWLDQ �� FH�WUHEXLH�V �IDF"��FH�SRW�V �úWLX"��FH-PL�HVWH�SHUPLV�V �VSHU"�GHSLQG�vQWRWGHDXQD�GH�LGHHD�SH�FDUH�R�DYHP�GHVSUH�H[LVWHQ D�XPDQ ���>��@�OmXO�� FRQVLGHU � DFHúWL� ILORVRIL�� RFXS � XQ� ORF� SULYLOHJLDW� vQ�XQLYHUV�� ([LVWHQ D� QDWXUDO � ��H[LVWHQ D-în-sine" în limbajul VDUWULDQ�� HVWH� LQHUW �� LPXDELO �� OLSVLW � GH� FRQWUDGLF LL� úL� GHYHQLUH��Omul nu are modul de a fi al lucrurilor, ci el este ceea ce se face; H[LVWHQ D-pentru-VLQH� �SURSULH� XPDQXOXL�� VH� GHILQHúWH� FD� �ILLQG�FHHD�FH�HD�QX�HVWH�úL�FD�QHILLQG�FHHD�FH�HVWH���>��@�8PDQLWDWHD�VH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] � SULQ� SURLHFW�� SXWHUHD� GHSULQGHULL� GH� UHDO�� VFKL DUHD�XQHL�RUGLQL�YLLWRDUH��UHIX]XO�XQHL�VLWXD LL�GDWH��(VWH�DVWIHO�GHS úLW �LPDJLQHD�WUDGL LRQDO �D�XQHL�HVHQ H�XPDQH�LPXDELOH��DEVROXWH��GDW �RGDW �SHQWUX�WRWGHDXQD��)LORVRILD�H[LVWHQ LDOLVW �VLWXHD] �RPXO�VXE�VHPQXO� SRVLELOXOXL�� DO� FUHD LHL� GH� VLQH�� FRQFHSkQG� OLEHUWDWHD� FD�dimensiunea definitorie prin care omul, operând alegeri succesive, vúL�PRGHOHD] �SURSULD�HVHQ ��1L�VH�SDUH�F �QX�vQWkPSO WRU�R�DVWIHO�GH� UHIOHF LH� LUDGLD] � GLQ� úL� VH� FRQFHQWUHD] � VSUH� H[LVWHQ D� XPDQ �WU LW ��vúL�DFRPRGHD] �RELHFWLYXO�SHQWUX�D�GLVWLQJH�vQ�PDVD�DPRUI �a omenirii individul concreW�úL� -�GXS �FXP�DILUP �6DUWUH� -� UHIX] �LGHDOLVPXO�RILFLDO�vQ�QXPHOH��WUDJLFXOXL�YLH LL���5HDOLWDWHD�XPDQ �- DILUP �+HLGHJJHU�-�DUH��SRVLELOLWDWHD�GH�D�IL�HD�vQV úL�VDX�GH�D�QX�IL�HD� vQV úL��� >��@� $FHDVWD� vQVHDPQ � F � HVHQ D� RPXOXL� FRQVW � vQ�istoricitate, deYHQLUH�� FUHD LH�� SURLHFW�� GDU�YLD D� FRQFUHW � SRDWH� V �DILUPH� DFHVWH� WU V WXUL� DOH� VSHFLHL�� GXS � FXP� SRDWH� úL� V � QX� OH�

Page 12: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

DILUPH��3XWHP�WU L�DXWHQWLF��GDU�úL�LQDXWHQWLF�� /LSVD� GH� XQLWDWH� D� RULHQW ULL� H[LVWHQ LDOLVWH� VH� GDWRUHD] �GLIHUHQ HORU� GLQWUH� FXOWXULOH� QD LRQDOH� vQ� FDUH� V-D� GH]YROWDW�� úL�registrelor personale -�FD�SUREOHPDWL]DUH�úL�VWLO�-�DOH�DXWRULORU�V L��XQLILFDWRDUH�VXQW�WHPHOH�úL�WLSXO�VROX LLORU��([LVWHQ LDOLVPXO�UHIX] �V � YRUEHDVF � GHVSUH� R� HVHQ � XPDQ � DEVROXW �� LQYHVWLJKHD] �WUDJLFXO� H[LVWHQ LDO� úL� FRQVLGHU � RPXO� FD� ILLQG� R� ILLQ � DPELJX ��VWUXFWXUDW �GH�WHQGLQ H�FRQWUDULL��&DOLWDWHD�GH�RP��LUHGXFWLELO ��HVWH�R� SRYDU � XPDQ � úL� HVWH� VXUSULQV � vQ� GLIHUHQ LHUHD� VD� ID � GH�H[LVWHQ D� QDWXUDO �� RELHFWXDO �� �)LLQ D>UHD@-în-VLQH�� VH� UHIHU � OD�lucruri, oELHFWH��QDWXU �- toate inerte, lipsite de tensiuni interioare, I U � GHYHQLUH�� HVWH� R� H[LVWHQ � RSDF ��PDVLY ��PHUHX� LGHQWLF � FX�VLQH� vQV úL�� /XFUXULOH� VXQW� FHHD� FH� VXQW� úL� QLPLF� DOWFHYD�� 6IHUD�RPHQHVFXOXL� HVWH� GHVHPQDW � SULQ� �)LLQ D>UHD@-pentru-sine". AceaVW �H[LVWHQ �SRDWH�IL�DXWHQWLF �VDX�QX��2PXO�LQDXWHQWLF�H[LVW �DLGRPD� OXFUXULORU�� UHDF LRQHD] � QHPLMORFLW�� FRQIRUP� QHYRLORU� úL�intereselor momentane, la mediul socio-uman. Este depersonalizat úL�SUDFWLF �UXWLQD��ÌúL�IRORVHúWH�FDSDFLW LOH�RPHQHúWL�QXPDL�Sentru DGDSWDUH�FRQIRUWDELO �úL�RE LQHUHD�D�FkW�PDL�PXOWH�VDWLVIDF LL��(VWH�un anonim masifiat. Trecerea spre autenticitate presupune DVXPDUHD�XQHL� UXSWXUL� ID �GH�RUL]RQWXO�YLH LL� FRWLGLHQH�� UHVSHFWLY�PRGLILFDUHD�UDGLFDO �D�PRGXOXL�GH�D�IL�� Termenii "autHQWLF�LQDXWHQWLF��QX�DX�VHQV�YDORULF��FL�VH�UHIHU �QXPDL�OD�IDSWXO�F �RPXO�vúL�DVXP �OD�PRGXO�JUDY�VDX�QX�DGHY UDWHOH�FDOLW L� GH� RP�� &kúWLJDUHD� DXWHQWLFLW LL� VH� IDFH� SULQ� �VDOW��� SULQ�VFKLPEDUHD� QHSURJUDPDW � D�PRGXOXL� GH� D� SHUFHSH�� SULFHSH� úL� WUDWD�proprLD� YLD �� ,PSXOVXO� F WUH� DXWHQWLFLWDWH�SRDWH� IL�GDW� ILH�GH�PDULOH�RERVHOL�DOH�VXIOHWXOXL�FDUH�VH�VLPWH�VWULYLW�GH�XQLIRUPLWDWH��UXWLQ ��GH�DVSHFWXO�PHFDQLF�DO�YLH LL�� ILH�SULQ�DQJRDV �� vQ�VLWXD LLOH� OLPLW � �EROL�LQFXUDELOH�� FDWDVWURIH� QDWXUDOH� úL� LVWRULFH�� FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD� SURSULHL�PRU L�ú�D�P�G����$VWIHO�GH��vPSUHMXU UL�REOLJ �RPXO�OD�UHIOHF LD�GH�VLQH��$QJRDVD�FXSULQGH�WU LUL��DIHFWH��HPR LL��VHQWLPHQWH��LQWHQVH��WUDJLFH��SH�IRQGXO�XQHL�KLSHUOXFLGLW L�OD�FDUH�VH�DMXQJH�SULQWU-o iluminare de moment, fie daWRULW � VLWXD LLORU� OLPLW ��$QJRDVD� HVWH�GH� IDSW�R� VWDUH�

Page 13: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VXIOHWHDVF � úL� VSLULWXDO � FRPSOH[ �� FRQIX] �� YHUWHEUDW � GH� R� VSDLP �I U � RELHFW� SUHFLV�� 7U LULOH� GH� WLSXO� DQJRDVHL� SURGXF� VFKLPEDUHD� GH�UHJLP� H[LVWHQ LDO�� RPXO� vúL� SXQH� IRDUWH� OXFLG�� I U � FLUFXPVWDQ H DWHQXDQWH� VDX� DXWRLOX]LRQ UL�� vQWUHE ULOH� FUXFLDOH� DOH� SURSULHL� YLH L��FLQH��FH�� FkW� VXQW�� FH�SRW� V � VSHU� úL� FH�SRW� V � IDF��DUH� VDX�QX�YLD D�YUHXQ�URVW"��ÌQ�PRPHQWXO�vQ�FDUH�DFHVWH�vQWUHE UL�VXQW�FRQúWLHQWL]DWH��VH�SURGXFH�R�UXSWXU �LQWHUQ �FDUH�PDUFKHD] definitiv spiritul omului FDUH�QX�PDL�SRDWH�UHYHQL�OD�YHFKLXO�VWLO�GH�YLD �FD�úL�FXP�QLPLF�QX�V-ar fi întâmplat. Din astfel de motive, majoritatea oamenilor ocolesc OXFLGLWDWHD�� HYLW � V � WU LDVF � FRQVHFLQ HOH� DQJRDVHL�� $MXQJ� OD�autenticitate numai cei caSDELOL�GH�SHUIRUPDQ �vQ�VHQVXO�OXFLGLW LL�úL�FDUH� DX� R� YRLQ � SXWHUQLF �� $QJRDVD� HVWH� RFROLW � GLQ� VSLULW� GH�FRQVHUYDUH�� SULQ� VXSUDOLFLWDUHD� UHVXUVHORU� DFHVWXLD�� FDUH� vPSLHGLF �RPXO� V � U PkQ � ID � vQ� ID � FX� HO� vQVXúL�� ([LVWHQ D� LQDXWHQWLF �DSDU LQH� FHOXL care nu percepe ceea ce îi este specific ca om, VXSUDYLH XLHúWH� FD� XQ� �RELHFW��� VH� SLHUGH� vQ� OXPHD� �DQRQLPDWXOXL����LPSHUVRQDOXOXL��� �IDFWXDOXOXL��� XWLOXOXL� úL� VFRSXULORU� OLSVLWH� GH�SHUVSHFWLY �� 9LD D� FRWLGLDQ � SUHGLVSXQH� RDPHQLL� OD� OLSVD� GH�personalitatH��DQRQLPDW��WHQWHD] �OD�IULYROLWDWH��IDFLOLWDWH��FRQIRUPLVP��,QL LDO��RPXO�HVWH��DUXQFDW� vQ� OXPH���F ]XW� vQ� LQDXWHQWLF��DVLPLODW�GH�XQLYHUVXO� FRPRG� DO� FRWLGLDQXOXL�� S WUXQV� GH� FRQIRUPLVP� SODW� úL�GLFWDWXUD� LQWHUHVHORU�P UXQWH�� ÌQV �DFHDVW � VWDUH�QX�HVWH�R� fatalitate. 3XV� vQ� VLWXD LL� OLPLW � �PRDUWHD�� FDWDVWURIHOH� HWF���� RPXO� DUH� WU LUL�H[LVWHQ LDOH� GH� WLSXO� DQJRDVHL� SULQ� FDUH� LD� FXQRúWLQ � GH� SURSULD� OXL�FRQGL LH�� FX� OLEHUWDWHD� DEVROXW � GH� D-úL� FRQVWUXL� YLD D�� �$QJRDVD� - DILUP � .LHUNHJDDUG� - este posibilitatHD� OLEHUW LL�� QXPDL� DFHDVW �DQJRDV � - în (lume -� Q�Q��� IRUPHD] � ������ RPXO� vQ� PRG� DEVROXW��devorându-L� WRDWH� OLPLWHOH�� >��@��'DU� FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD� D� FHHD� FH� HVWH�DXWHQWLF�XPDQ�VH� UHIHU � -�DO WXUL�GH�SURLHFW�� OLEHUWDWH� - la finitudine, inutilitate, absurd, lLSV � GH� MXVWLILFDUH�� 2PXOXL� L� VH� UHOHY � R�PXOWLWXGLQH�GH�SRVLELOLW L�GH�DOHJHUH��GDU�WRDWH�DFHVWH�SRVLELOLW L�VXQW�HFKLYDOHQWH��$QJRDVD�vQVHDPQ �R�SLHUGHUH�vQ�LQWHULRULWDWHD�RULJLQDU �D�ILLQ HL�QRDVWUH�SHQWUX�FD�- sub orizontul "grijii", "fricii", "nelinLúWLL��- V � QH� LQYHQW P� YLD D� FD� R� IDWDO � H[LVWHQ -întru-PRDUWH�� 'LIHUL L�

Page 14: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

ILORVRIL�DERUGHD] �vQ�PDQLHUH�GLVWLQFWH�VDOWXO�VSUH�DXWHQWLFLWDWH�� 6�.LHUNHJDDUG�� ILORVRI� GH� IRUPD LH� SURWHVWDQW �� YHGH�DGHY UDWXO�VLPERO�DO�RPHQHVFXOXL�vQ�LPDJLQHD�&UXFLILF ULL��Astfel, PDMRULWDWHD� RDPHQLORU� �VXQW��� GDU� QX� �H[LVW ��� DX� SUH]HQ �FRQFUHW �� YLD �� vQV � H[LVWHQ D� SUHVXSXQH� PDL� PXOW� - FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD� SURSULHL� SHUVRDQH�� WU LUL� VXIOHWHúWL� LQWHQVH��VWUXFWXUDWH�vQ�MXUXO� WUDJLFXOXL�úL�GLVSHU ULL��.LHUNHJDDUG�VXJHUHD] �F �DU�H[LVWD� WUHL�VWLOXUL�GH�YLD �� WUHL�WLSXUL�XPDQH�-�VWDGLL�SH�F LOH�YLH LL�� YkUVWH� VXIOHWHúWL�� 2PXO� HVWHWLF� HVWH� FHO� FDUH� WU LHúWH� FOLSD��GHJXVW � úDQVHOH� GH� IHULFLUH� SH� FDUH� YLD D� L� OH� SXQH� OD� vQGHPkQ ��F XWkQG� V � HSXL]H]H� SRVLELOXO� vQ� JRDQD� GXS � SO FHUL� úL confort VXIOHWHVF��1X� VH� DWDúHD] � GH� QLPLF�� LDU� YLD D� OXL� QX� DUH� FRHUHQ ��ILLQG� R� VLPSO � VXP �GH� VDWLVIDF LL�PRPHQWDQH�� ÌQ� UHDOLWDWH�� HO� QX�WU LHúWH� FOLSD�� FL� VH� ULVLSHúWH� vQ� HD�� 3ULQ� LURQLH� SRDWH� DMXQJH��HYHQWXDO�� OD� GHWDúDUHD� GH� VLQH�� REVHUYkQG� LQFRQVLVWHQ D� SURSULLORU�FDSULFLL��8QHRUL� DFHODúL� HIHFW� vO� SRDWH� DYHD� VXSUDVDWXUDUHD��2PXO�PRUDO� �VWDGLXO� HWLF�� HVWH� JUDY�� vúL� G � LPSRUWDQ �� SUDFWLF � QRUPH��YDORUL�� FRQYHQ LL� FROHFWLYH�� DYkQG� VHQWLPHQWXO� GDWRULHL� ID � GH�FHLODO L�úL�FUHGLQ D�F �YLD D�VD�FDS W �Dstfel un rost. De fapt, el este GHSHUVRQDOL]DW�� YLD D� OXL� HVWH� UXWLQLHU �� GL]ROYDW � vQ� LPSHUDWLYH�abstracte. De multe ori, sentimentul datoriei este invocat pentru a DYHD� FRQúWLLQ D� FXUDW � úL� SHQWUX� D� WUDQVIHUD� DVXSUD� DOWRU� LQVWDQ H�responsabilitatea actelor proprii. Umorul poate duce la o asemenea GLVWDQ DUH�ID �GH�FRQIRUPLVPXO�RPXOXL�HWLF�vQFkW�V �VH�IDF �VDOWXO�FDOLWDWLY�VSUH�RPXO�UHOLJLRV�FDUH�vúL�DVXP �DXWHQWLFLWDWHD�� )OX[XULOH� FRQúWLLQ HL� úL� GLYHUVLWDWHD� H[SHULHQ HORU� YLH LL�FDS W � FRHUHQ � SULQ� FUHGLQ D� vQ�'XPQH]HX��$GHY UDWD� FUHGLQ �HVWH�vQV �LQFRQIRUWDELO ��GHRDUHFH�RPXO��QHDYkQG�vQGRLHOL�GRDU�vQ�SULYLQ D� H[LVWHQ HL� OXL�'XPQH]HX�� SXQH� VXE� VHPQXO� vQGRLHOLL� WRW�FHHD� FH� vO� SULYHúWH� FD� SHUVRDQ � XQLF �� ÌQWUH� RP� úL� 'XPQH]HX�H[LVW � R� GLIHUHQ � FDOLWDWLY � LQILQLW � -� FHOH� GRX � UHJLPXUL�H[LVWHQ LDOH��SURIDQ�úL�GLYLQ��VXQW�VHSDUDWH�GH�R�JUDQL �DEVROXW ��$�UHGXFH�'XPQH]HLUHD�OD�vQVXúLUL�RPHQHúWL�HVWH�EODVIHPLH��LDU�D-l erija pe om în Dumnezeu, atribuindu-L� FDOLW L� VDFUH�� HVWH�

Page 15: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

nebunie. Din aceste motive, DuPQH]HX�U PkQH�XQ�PLVWHU�SHQWUX�FUHGLQFLRV�� R� YHúQLF � SURYRFDUH� FDUH� XPLOHúWH� UD LXQHD� XPDQ ��,QWHOHFWXO� RPHQHVF� QX� SRDWH� V -úL� H[SOLFH� QLPLF� vQ� SULYLQ D� OXL�'XPQH]HX��FkQG� vQFHDUF �� DMXQJH� OD�SDUDGR[XUL�FDUH� vL�P VRDU �QHYROQLFLD��5D LRQDO��'XPQH]HX�HVWH� R� UHDOLWDWH� LQILQLW � FDUH� QX�SRDWH�IL�FRQFHSWXDOL]DW ��GRYHGLQGX-VH�FRSOHúLWRDUH�SHQWUX�RP�vQ�WRDWH�SULYLQ HOH��&XQRDúWHUHD�OXL�'XPQH]HX�VIkUúHúWH�vQ��VFDQGDO�logic". De aceea, în raport cu Dumnezeu se pune numai SUREOHPD� FUHGLQ HL�� FUH]L� VDX� QX� FUH]L�� I U argumente SUHOLPLQDUH�� 'LQ� DFHVW�PRWLY� FUHGLQ D� DXWHQWLF � HVWH� vQVR LW � GH�GLVFRQIRUW�� 2PXO� VH� DIO � vQWU-R� WRWDO � LQFHUWLWXGLQH� vQ� UDSRUW� FX�VLQH� vQVXúL�� GLQ� DFHVW� PRWLY�� WLQGH� VSUH� LQGLYLGXDOL]DUH�� VSUH� D�GHYHQL�XQ�XQLFDW� vQ�úL�SULQ�FDUH�FDOLWDWHD�GH�RP�HVWH�DVXPDW �FD�proces. Prin urmare, omul nu este un dat imediat, definitiv, ci HVWH�FHHD�FH�HO�vQVXúL�IDFH�GLQ�VLQH��UDSRUWkQGX-VH�OD�'XPQH]HX�úL�OD� VLPEROXULOH� VDFUH�� 2PXO� HVWH� R� SUH]HQ � DPELJX �� PHUHX� vQ�FUL] �� 'DF � vQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHúWH� WUXSXO� SXWHP� YRUEL� GH� VW UL� GH��V Q WDWH�� úL� �ERDO ��� QX� H[LVW � V Q WDWH� GHILQLWLY � D� VXIOHWXOXL��$QJRDVD� VH� GDWRUHD] � UHIOH[XOXL� SVLKRORJLF� DO� DFWLYLW LL�VSLULWXOXL�� 6SLULWXO� LQWURGXFH� vQWRWGHDXQD� GH]ELQDUHD� úL�incertitudinea, angoasa -� DGLF � VSDLPD� H[LVWHQ LDO � -, vertijul, DPH HDOD�SH�FDUH�LQVXO�R�UHVLPWH�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�VSLULWXOXL�FkQG�VH�DSOHDF �DVXSUD�SU SDVWLHL�GLQWUH�HO�úL�'XPQH]HX��FkQG�YUHD�V �vQ HOHDJ � LQILQLWXO�� $QJRDVD� HVWH� OHJDW � GH� SRVLELOLWDWHD� úL�SUDFWLFD� OLEHUW LL�� /LEHUWDWHD� SXQH� RPXO� vQ� ID D� QHDQWXOXi (a posibilului) care produce spaime. 2PXO� HVWH� R� VLQWH] � WUXS-suflet, finit-infinit, vremelnic-YHúQLF�� QHFHVLWDWH-libertate. Între termenii acestor cupluri FDWHJRULDOH� H[LVW � WHQVLXQL� úL� FRQWUDGLF LL� SHUPDQHQWH�� WLQ]kQG� VSUH�H[FOXGHUHD�UHFLSURF ��VSLULtul uman nu-i poate armoniza. Disperarea FRQVW � WRFPDL� vQ� FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD� OXFLG � D� QHSXWLQ HL� VSLULWXOXL�RPHQHVF�GH�D�RE LQH�XQLWDWHD��'LVSHUDUHD�HVWH�R�ERDO �PRUWDO �GLQ�FDUH�RPXO�QX�VH�SRDWH�VDOYD�GHFkW�SULQ�FUHGLQ ��0DODGLD�GLVSHU ULL�VH�GDWRUHD] �IDSWXOXL�F �RPXO�QX�SRDWH�DMXQJH�OD�FHUWLWXGLQL�XOWLPH�

Page 16: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

vQ� SULYLQ D� D� FHHD� FH� HVWH� HWHUQ� vQ� HO� vQVXúL�� &RQIRUP� GRJPHORU�FUHúWLQH�� PRDUWHD� QX� HVWH� GHILQLWLY �� FL� GRDU� R� WUHFHUH� F WUH� YLD ��YH]L� vQYLHUHD� OXL� /D] U��� 'LQ� DFHVW� XQJKL�� PRDUWHD� QX� H[LVW �� ÌQ�mod obiúQXLW� HVWH� FRQVLGHUDW � �PDODGLH� IDWDO ��DFHD� VXIHULQ �FDUH�GLVSDUH�SULQ�PRDUWH��'LVSHUDUHD�HVWH�R�ERDO �D�VSLULWXOXL�vQWU-un sens PDL� SURIXQG�� vQWUXFkW� SHQWUX� FUHúWLQ� PRDUWHD� QX� HVWH� GHILQLWLY ��GLVSHUDUHD�QX�DUH�VIkUúLW��HVWH�I U �GH�FDS W��LQILQLW ��'H�aceea, omul GLVSHUDW�QX�DUH� OHDF��$OWIHO�VSXV��GLVSHUDUHD�QX�SRDWH�IL�VXSULPDW ��LDU� PRDUWHD� QX� SRDWH� IL� R� UH]ROYDUH� D� GLVSHU ULL� FDUH� UH]XOW � GLQ�LPRUWDOLWDWH�� &KLQXO� RPHQHVF� UH]XOWDW� GLQ� IDSWXO� F � DVSLUD LD� F WUH�DEVROXW�QX�SRDWH�V �GLVSDU . KierkegaarG� FRQVWUXLHúWH� R� WLSRORJLH� D� GLVSHU ULL�� R�WLSRORJLH� JHQHUDO� XPDQ �� vQWUXFkW�� FRQIRUP� HL�� QX� QXPDL� FHL�GLVSHUD L� vQ� PRG� PDQLIHVW� VXQW� DVWIHO�� FL� WR L� RDPHQLL�� ([LVW � R�GLVSHUDUH� IL[DW � vQ� PDUJLQLOH� ILQLWXOXL�� RPXO� VH� P UJLQHúWH� V �WU LDVF � vQWUH� OLPLWHOH� VDOH�� I U � D� OXD� vQ� VHDP � SRVLELOLWDWHD� úL�SURYRF ULOH�LQILQLWXOXL��(O�vúL�UHGXFH�YLD D�OD�DGDSWDUHD�HILFLHQW �OD�PHGLX�� DVWIHO� vQFkW� YLD D� VD� HVWH� OHJDW � GH� IUXVWU UL� úL� GH� DEVHQ D�XQRU� OXFUXUL�P UXQWH��2�DOW � IRUP �GH�GLVSHUDUH�YLQH�GLQ�PLUDMXO�posibiluluL��DO� LQILQLWXOXL��SULQ� LPDJLQD LH��RPXO�SORQMHD] � vQWU-un YLLWRU�FDUH�vO�VDWLVIDFH��DGLF �VH�GL]ROY �vQ�SURLHFWH�DEVWUDFWH��DVWIHO�vQFkW� GLVSHUDUHD� SURYLQH� GLQ� OLSVD� GH� IL[DUH� DVXSUD� UHDOLW LL��&RQGL LLOH�FRQFUHWH�VXQW�SHUFHSXWH�FD�ILLQG�vQJU GLUL�WUDJLFe pentru VSHUDQ D�XPDQ ��2�IRUP �GH�GLVSHUDUH�HVWH�D�FHOXL�FDUH�UHIX] �V �ILH� HO� vQVXúL�� YUHD� V � GHYLQ � DOWFHYD� VDX� DOWFLQHYD� GHFkW� HVWH��$FHVWD�HVWH�RPXO�FDUH�IXJH�GH�HO�vQVXúL��I U �D�VH�OXD�vQ�VHDP �OD�PRGXO�VHULRV��2�GLVSHUDUH�PDL�LQWHQV �R�WU LHúWH�FHO�FDUH�YUHD�V �ILH�QXPDL� FHO� FH� SRDWH� IL�� DGLF � VH� DFFHSW � QX� DúD� FXP�HVWH�� FL� FXP�FUHGH�F �DU�SXWHD�V �ILH��$FHVWXLD�GLVSHUDUHD�vL�HVWH�GDW �GH�VHWHD�GH�DEVROXW��0DL�PXOW��GHVFRSHU �SLHGLFL�úL� vQ�IDSWXO�F �QX�DUH�UHSHUH�H[WHULRDUH� vQ� IXQF LH�GH�FDUH� V � VH modeleze. De aceea ajunge la VILGDUHD� OXL�'XPQH]HX��/D� OLPLW ��RPXO�GHPRQLF�HVWH�FHO�FDUH�VH�UHWUDJH�� GDWRULW � GH]DP JLULL�� vQ� HO� vQVXúL�� UHVHPQkQGX-se în ceea FH� SULYHúWH� LGHQWLILFDUHD� XQXL� VSULMLQ� SRVLELO� vQ� VDWLVIDFHUHD� VHWHL�

Page 17: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

sale de absolut; este mascDW � VXIHULQ D� SULQ� UHDF LL� RELúQXLWH�� vQ�IRUXO� V X� LQWHULRU�� vQV �� HO� vQIUXQW � SH�'XPQH]HX� úL� VH� FRQVLGHU �GH]DP JLW�GH�(O�� 7RDWH� IRUPHOH� GH� GLVSHUDUH� VH� GDWRUHD] � LJQRUDQ HL�� RPXO�nu-úL�FXQRDúWH�-�úL�GH�DFHHD�vúL�GLVSUH XLHúWH�-�DGHY UDWD�QDWXU ��/D�disSHUDUH� RPXO� DMXQJH� FkQG� VH� MXGHF � GXS � P VXUD� RPHQHDVF ��0 VXUD�DGHY UDW �D�RPXOXL�HVWH�GDW �� vQV ��QXPDL�SULQ�UDSRUWDUHD�OD�VDFUX��FUHGLQ D�HVWH�RSXVXO�úL�VLQJXUXO�OHDF�DO�GLVSHU ULL��)LQLWXO�GLQ� RP� HVWH� FHO� FDUH� vO� OLPLWHD] � úL� GHOLPLWHD] �� LDU� LQILQLWXO îl QHOLPLWHD] ��3ULQ�UDSRUWDUH�OD�VDFUX��RPXO�GHVFRSHU �F �SRVHG �vQ�VLQH� XQ� JU XQWH� GH� LQILQLW� úL� GH� HWHUQLWDWH� FDUH� URGHúWH� HYROX LD��devenirea sa ca individ. Calitatea de om se distribuie egal tuturor RDPHQLORU��vQV �QX�VH�vPSDUWH��3HQWUX�ILHFDUH��QDWXUD�XPDQ �HVWH�R�REOLJD LH� ID �GH� VLQH� vQVXúL��3ULQ� UDSRUWDUH� OD�'XPQH]HX�� ILHFDUH�VH� FRQVWUXLHúWH� SH� VLQH�� vúL� FO GHúWH� RPHQHVFXO� FRQIRUP� XQHL�P VXUL� GLYLQH�� DGLF � VH� vQGXPQH]HLHúWH� FD� RP�� $QJRDVD� úL�disperarea sunt atribute specific umane prin care omul VH�FDXW �SH�VLQH� vQVXúL� vQ� OLPLWHOH� QDWXULL� VDOH�� GDU� R� IDFH� GXS � FULWHULL� FDUH�GHS úHVF�RPHQHVFXO�GLQ�WRDWH�SXQFWHOH�GH�YHGHUH�� -HDQ� 3DXO� 6DUWUH� FRQVLGHU � F � DQJRDVD� vQFHSH� FX�FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD�IDFWLFLW LL�ILLQ HL�XPDQH��IDFWLWDWH�FRQVWLWXLW �GLQWU-un coPSOH[�GH� WU V WXUL� úL� DSWLWXGLQL� VWUXFWXUDWH� DQWLQRPLF��FH� VH�DIO �vQ�RSR]L LH�SHUPDQHQW �úL�DX�WHQGLQ D�GH�H[FOXGHUH�UHFLSURF ��Sunt vizate mai ales acele componente prin care omul se LQWHJUHD] � vQ� RUGLQHD� RELHFWXDO �� ILLQG� R� H[LVWHQ -în-sine ca oricare DOWD��$VWIHO�� SH� GH� R� SDUWH�� RPXO� HVWH� WUXS�� úL�� SH� GH� DOW �SDUWH�� VSLULW�� (O� DUH� XQ� WUHFXW� GHILQLWLY� DúH]DW�� GLQ� FDUH� QLPLF� QX�SRDWH� IL�PRGLILFDW�� WU LHúWH� vQWU-XQ�SUH]HQW�SURWHLF�úL� LQFRQVLVWHQW��GDU�HVWH�GHRSRWULY �GHVFKLGHUH�F WUH�YLLWRU��WU LHúWH�úL�DF LRQHD] �vQ�vPSUHMXU UL� GDWH� DVXSUD� F URUD� DUDUHRUL� úL� QXPDL� vQWU-R� P VXU �QHVHPQLILFDWLY � SRDWH� V � GHFLG �� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� RPXO� DUH�WRWGHDXQD� OD� vQGHPkQ � H[HUFL LXO� OLEHUW LL� �REOLJD LD� GH� D� DOHJH�vQWUH� DOWHUQDWLYH��� 2PXO� vúL� FRQVWUXLHúWH� YLD D� SULQ� Dlegeri VXFFHVLYH�� GXS � FULWHULL� VWULFW� SHUVRQDOH�� WUHEXLQG� V -úL� DVXPH� R�

Page 18: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH� DEVROXW �� I U � D� DYHD� YUHR� FHUWLWXGLQH� DVXSUD�YDORULL�YLH LL��GLVSXQH��WRWXúL��GH�R�FXQRúWLQ �VLJXU ��PRDUWHD�FDUH�YLQH�FX�SUHFL]LH�PDWHPDWLF ��$FHVWH�RSR]L LL�QX�VXnt rezolvabile. (OH� WHQVLRQHD] � SHUPDQHQW� VXELHFWLYLWDWHD� LQGLYLGXDO ��LPSXOVLRQkQG�FUHD LD��UHIX]XO�YLH LL�YHJHWDWLYH��6H�REVHUY �F �SULQ�DQXPLWH�vQVXúLUL��FRUS��WUHFXW��FRQFUHW��PRDUWH��RPXO�SRDWH�IL�WUDWDW�ca obiect, prin urmare este integrat în sfera cXSULQ] WRDUH�D�ILLQ HL-în-sine. Astfel, omul "este ce este". Prin caracteristicile opuse DFHVWRUD��VXELHFWLYLWDWH��YRFD LD�DOHJHULL��YLLWRU���RPXO�VH�GHVSULQGH�GH� ILLQ D-în-VLQH�� ILLQG� FDOLWDWLY� DOWFHYD�� 'HFL�� IDFWLFLWDWHD� XPDQ �este un complex de antinomiL� FRQVWLWXWLYH� SULQ� FDUH� VH� UHOHY � F �RPXO�QX�HVWH�FHHD�FH�HVWH��FL�HVWH�FHHD�FH�QX�HVWH��)LLQ D�XPDQ �QX�HVWH�UHGXFWLELO �OD�H[LVWHQ D�VD�RELHFWXDO ��$VWIHO�VSXV��RPHQHVFXO�GLQ�RP�HVWH�R�H[LVWHQ �QHvQFKHLDW ��R�LSRWH] �úL�XQ�ULVF��2PXO�vúL�are marginile VDOH� GH� VXV� úL� GH� MRV�� DPEHOH� ILLQG� IURQWLHUH� ODELOH��&DOLWDWHD� GH� RP� VH� H[SHULPHQWHD] � SHUVRQDO� GH� F WUH� ILHFDUH� vQ�SDUWH��HD�HVWH�R�VDUFLQ �LQGLYLGXDO ��0DL�PXOW��RPXO�vQVXúL�HVWH�R�ILLQ �SURYL]RULH�FH�vúL�FRQVWUXLHúWH�YLD D�VXE�IRUPD�XQXL�SURYL]RUDW�deILQLWLY��2PXO� QX� HVWH� R� H[LVWHQ �PDVLY �� FRPSDFW �� vQFKHLDW ��&DOLWDWHD� GH� RP� FRQVW �PDL� DOHV� vQ� SXWLQ D� GH� D� IL�� 2PXO� HVWH� R�ILLQ �FDUH�HYROXHD] �SHUPDQHQW�� vQWUXFkW� VWDUHD� VD� LQWHULRDU �HVWH�LQVXILFLHQ D��2PXO� QX� úWLH� GH� FH�� SHQWUX� FH� VDX� vQ� YLUWXWHD� F UXL�URVW�VH�QDúWH��WU LHúWH�úL�PRDUH��&kQG�vQFHDUF �V �U VSXQG �DFHVWRU�vQWUHE UL��GHVFRSHU �F ��GH�IDSW��HVWH�QHDQW��3ULQ�FRQúWLLQ D�VD��FDUH�HVWH� FDOLWDWLY� DOWFHYD� GHFkW� H[LVWHQ D-în-sine), omul introduce, DPSOLILF �� SUROLIHUHD] � QHDQWXO� vQ� OXPH� úL� vQ� SURSULD� VD� YLD ��/LEHUWDWHD�HVWH�WRFPDL�XQ�DVWIHO�GH�H[HUFL LX�DO�QHDQWL] ULL�GH�VLQH��vQ� VHQVXO� F � SULQ� HD� RPXO� VH� VLWXHD] � VXE� VHPQXO� SRVLELOHL�deveniri. "Omul este condamnat (osândit - n.n.) la libertate", spune Sartre, întrucât omul este chiar libertatH��(O�QX�SRDWH�V �QX�ILH� OLEHU�� GHRDUHFH� WRWGHDXQD� VH� DIO � vQ� ID D� DOWHUQDWLYHORU�� ILH� F �YUHD��ILH�F �QX��ILH�F �úWLH�DFHDVWD��ILH�F �QX��LPSOLFLW�VDX�H[SOLFLW��într-R�PXOWLWXGLQH� GH� IRUPH�� RPXO� HVWH� SHUPDQHQW� SXV� vQ� VLWXD LD�de a alege. De aceea, libertaWHD�HVWH�R�SRYDU ��ÌQWUXFkW�'XPQH]HX�

Page 19: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

QX� H[LVW �� GXS � 6DUWUH�� QX� H[LVW � QLFL� R� HVHQ � XPDQ � DEVROXW ��FXP�QX�H[LVW �QLFL�YDORUL�GHILQLWLYH��7RWXO�HVWH�SRVLELO�úL�WRWXO�SDUH�D� IL� SHUPLV�� 2PXO� HVWH� FHHD� FH� HO� vQVXúL� IDFH� GLQ� VLQH�� ÌQWUXFkW�criteriile valorice� VXQW� VWULFW� VXELHFWLYH� úL� SURYL]RULL�� RPXO� HVWH� R��SDVLXQH� LQXWLO ��� 7RWXúL�� WUHEXLH� V -úL� DVXPH� R� UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH�DEVROXW �ID �GH�FHHD�FH�IDFH�VDX�QX�IDFH��GHúL�PHUHX�YD�IL�IUXVWUDW�GH�FRQVHFLQ HOH�DFWHORU�VDOH�FDUH�VXQW�LPSUHYL]LELOH��LQFRQWURODELOH�úL�GHVHRUL�FRQWUDUH�DQWLFLS ULORU��&D�DWDUH��LPSRUWDQW �HVWH�DOHJHUHD�úL�QX�FRQ LQXWXO�DOHJHULL��3ULQ�RS LXQL�VXFFHVLYH�úL�UHVSRQVDELOH�GH�VLQH�� LQGLYLGXO� vúL� LQYHQWHD] � SURSULD� HVHQ �� 0RDUWHD� HVWH�H[SHULHQ D�OLPLW ��GLQFROR�GH�FDUH�QX�PDL�XUPHD] �QLPLF��LDU�YLD D�VH�WUDQVIRUP �vQ�GHVWLQ�� 5HDF LD�� vQ� SULQFLSLX� MXVWLILFDW �� ID � GH� vQ HOHJHUHD�WUDGL LRQDO �D�QDWXULL�XPDQH��HVWH� ORFDOL]DW � OD�QLYHOXO� LQGLYLGXOXL�XPDQ�� LDU� OLEHUWDWHD� HVWH� FRQFHSXW � FD� DEVROXW � úL� LGHQWLILFDW � FX�arbitrariul subiectiv. PersoaQD� XPDQ � VH� SUH]LQW � FD� XQ� FHQWUX�LUHGXFWLELO� GH� LQGHWHUPLQDUH�� GH� QHSUHY ]XW�� 2ULFH� DOHJHUH�DQWUHQHD] � SURIXQG� UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD� LQGLYLGXDO �� ùL� WRFPDL� SULQ�HYLGHQ LHUHD�DFHVWRU�DVSHFWH�H[LVWHQ LDOLVPXO�D�MXFDW�XQ�URO�SR]LWLY�în demistificarea moralei: împotriva unui dogmatism al datoriei, DEVROXWL]HD] �U VSXQGHUHD�LQGLYLGXOXL�SHQWUX�FHHD�FH�HVWH�úL�YD�IL��([LVWHQ LDOLVPXO� vQ HOHJH�RPXO� FD�R�SHUPDQHQHQW � FUHDUH�GH� VLQH�SULQ� DFWH� OLEHUH�� VFRSXUL� úL� DVXPDUH� WRWDO � D� DOHJHULORU�� GDU� QX�UHXúHúWH� V � RIHUH� WHPHLXUL� YDORULFH�� FL� PDL� PXOW� LQYHVWLJKHD] �GUDPD� DOHJHULORU�� /LEHUWDWHD�� FD� GLPHQVLXQH� HVHQ LDO � D�omenescului, este negativitate, puterea desprinderii de QHPLMORFLUHD�YLH LL�� SURLHFW�� VFKL DUHD�XQHL�RUGLQL�YLLWRDUH�� UHIX]XO�XQHL�VLWXD LL�GDWH�ú�D�P�G��&X�DOWH�FXYLQWH��HVWH�FRQWLQX �SURLHF LH�GH� VLQH�� GHVFKLGHUH� VSUH� VW UL� SRVLELOH�� GHYHQLUH�� OLEHUWDWH� GH�DOHJHUH��/LEHUWDWHD�HVWH�DVWIHO�HFKLYDOHQW �FX�GUHSWXO�RPXOXL�GH�D�VSXQH� �QX�� RULF UHL� VLWXD LL� FRQFUHWH� úL� GH� D� vQFHUFD� SULQ� DOHJHUL�subiective, responsabilH�� GHS úLUHD� UHDOLW LL� SUH]HQWH�� /LSVD� XQRU�FULWHULL�YDORULFH��PRUDOH�FRQGXFH�LQHYLWDELO�VSUH�FRQFOX]LD�F �WRDWH�DFWHOH�VXQW�HFKLYDOHQWH�� ,QGLYLGXO� vúL�SURSXQH�QRUPH�úL�PRWLYH�GH�

Page 20: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

DF LXQH�SRUQLQG�GRDU�GH�OD�HO�vQVXúL��LDU�UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD�DUH�VHQV�doar în� UDSRUW� FX� VLQH�� /LEHUWDWHD� �HVWH� SXU� úL� VLPSOXO� IDSWXO� F �DFHDVW � DOHJHUH� HVWH� WRWGHDXQD� QHFRQGL LRQDW ��� >��@� )LHFDUH� RP�HVWH�� vQ� IRQG�� FHHD� FH� HO� vQVXúL� IDFH� GLQ� VLQH�� 3ULQ� DFHDVWD�� vQV ��OLEHUWDWHD�HVWH�UHGXV �OD�XQ�IDSW�GH�FRQúWLLQ ��GHúL�SRDWH�V �QX fie în afara istoriei. $OEHUW� &DPXV� FRQGL LRQHD] � DXWHQWLFLWDWHD� GH�FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD� úL� DVXPDUHD� DEVXUGXOXL�� $FHVW� DEVXUG� QX� VH� DIO �QLFL� vQ�OXPH��QLFL� vQ�RP��FL� vQ�UDSRUWXULOH�GLQWUH�RP�úL� OXPH��(VWH�GHFL�XQ�IHQRPHQ�GH�UHOD LH�úL�FRQVW �vQ�LQFRQJUXHQ D�dintre ordinea VXELHFWLYLW LL� �GRULQ H�� SURLHFWH�� DVSLUD LL� SHUVRQDOH�� úL� RUGLQHD�UHDOLW LL� RELHFWLYH�� QDWXUDOH� VDX� VRFLDOH�� $EVXUGXO� FRQVW � vQ�GLYRU XO�GLQWUH�RP�úL�OXPH��vQ�IDSWXO�F �OXPHD�QX�VDWLVIDFH�vQ�QLFL�XQ�IHO�VHWHD�XPDQ �GH�DEVROXW��ILLQG�VWUXFWXUDO�LQGLIHUHQW ��QHXWU ��FKLDU� SRWULYQLF � RPXOXL�� $EVXUGXO� UHOHY � WRFPDL� OLSVD� GH� VHQV� D�YLH LL�-�FDUH�SRDWH�IL�RELHFW�DO�H[SHULHQ HL�FXUHQWH��FD�VHQWLPHQW�DO�DEVXUGXOXL� VDX� RELHFW� DO� FRQúWLHQWL] ULL�� 6LQXFLGHUHD� GLQ� PRWLYXO�OLSVHL�GH�VHQV�DO�YLH LL�QX�HVWH�R�VROX LH��vQWUXFkW�QX�UH]ROY ��FL�GRDU�GLVWUXJH� DEVXUGXO� SULQ� GLVSDUL LD� XQXLD� GLQWUH� WHUPHQLL� UHOD LHL��6LQXFLGHUHD�HVWH�R�ODúLWDWH��QX�H[LVW �QLFL�R�ORJLF �GLVSXV �V �GXF �SkQ � OD�PRWLYDUHD� VLQXFLGHULL��'LQ� IDSWXO�F �YLD D�QX�DUH� VHQV�QX�decurge în QLFL�XQ�IHO�IDSWXO�F �HD�QX�DU�PHULWD�V �ILH�WU LW ��7RFPDL�SHQWUX� F � QX� DUH� QLFL� XQ� VHQV� SUHVWDELOLW�� YLD D� VH� SUHWHD] � OD�SULPLUHD� RULF UXL� VHQV�� LDU� H[SHULHQ D� VHQVXOXL� SURSULHL� YLH L� HVWH�REOLJD LD� úL� U VSXQGHUHD� SHUVRDQHL� vQ� FDX] �� ÌQDLQWH� GH� D�FRQúWLHQWL]D�DEVXUGXO��QRL�vQY P�V �WU LP��([LVW �R�vQ HOHSFLXQH�D�FRUSXOXL�FDUH�VH�RSXQH�SURSULHL�VDOH�GLVSDUL LL��vQF S kQkQGX-se V �WU LDVF �FKLDU�GDF �QX�H[LVW �PRWLYH�SHQWUX�D�R�IDFH��3ULQ�DFHVWH�FRQVLGHUD LL�� &DPXV�� FKLDU� GDF � DILUP � vQ� DOWH� FRQWH[WH� F toate alternativele alegerii sunt echivalente (printr-R��FRQVHFLQ �D�vQVXúL�DEVXUGXOXL��� GHVHPQHD] � YLD D� FD� ILLQG� SULQ� HD� vQV úL� R� YDORDUH�VLWXDW �PDL�SUHVXV�GH�úL�LQGHSHQGHQW �GH�WRDWH�FRQFHS LLOH�úL�LGHLOH�QRDVWUH�FH�R�SULYHVF��'HFL�YLD D�PHULW �V �ILH�WU LW ��7RWXúL�VSHUDQ D�úL�FUHGLQ D�VXQW�IRUPH�ODLFH�VDX�UHOLJLRDVH�GH�HYDGDUH�úL�GH�ODúLWDWH�

Page 21: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

XPDQ �� GHRDUHFH� SULQ� HOH� RPXO� DFFHSW � VXEWHUIXJLL�� ULFRúHD] � vQ�ID D� XQLFHL� HYLGHQ H� D� DEVXUGXOXL� úL� D� OLSVHL� GH� VHQV� DO� YLH LL��6ROX LD� VXJHUDW � GH� &DPXV� SUHVXSXQH� SHUPDQHQWL]DUHD� úL�DPSOLILFDUHD� FRQúWLLQ HL� DEVXUGXOXL�� UHIX]XO� FLUFXPVWDQ HORU�DWHQXDQWH� FDUH� DU� GLPLQXD� OXFLGLWDWHD�� ÌQ� FRQVHFLQ �� UHFRPDQG �UHYROWD�LQWHULRDU �FD�H[SHULHQ �H[LVWHQ LDO �úL�FD�IRUP �GH�VILGDUH�a unui destin potrivnic. De aceea, CamXV�FRQFKLGH���WUHEXLH�V �QL-l închipuim pe Sisif fericit". ÌQ� JHQHUDO�� vQWUHJXO� � H[LVWHQ LDOLVP� SURSXQH� vQ HOHJHUHD�RPHQHVFXOXL� GLQ� QRL� vQúLQH� FD� R� VDUFLQ � SHUPDQHQW � FH� WUHEXLH�DVXPDW �LQGLYLGXDO��)LHFDUH�LQV�VH�J VHúWH�WRWGHDXQD�VLQJXU��ID �vQ�ID �FX�SURSULD� VD�YLD �úL� FX�SURSULD� VD�PRDUWH��DFHDVW �HYLGHQ �WUHEXLQG� DVXPDW � vQWRFPDL�� HD� vPELH� OD� UHIX]XO� DXWRLOX]LRQ ULORU��DEVXUGXO� IDFH�FD� WRDWH�SRVLELOLW LOH�GH�DOHJHUH� V � ILH�HFKLYDOHQWH��vQV �VSUH�GHRVHELUH�GH�6DUWUH��&DPXV�SUHFL]HD] �F ��GLQ�IDSWXO�F �WRWXO�HVWH�SRVLELO��QX�GHFXUJH�vQ�QLFL�XQ�IHO�FRQFOX]LD�F �WRWXO�HVWH�SHUPLV��'LQ�FKLDU�FDOLWDWHD�VD�GH�RP��ILHFDUH�WUHEXLH�V �GHVSULQG �DQXPLWH� FRQVHFLQ H�PRUDOH��'LQFROR� GH� FRQYHQ LRQDOLVPXO�PRUDO�GLQ� YLD D� VRFLDO �� VD� DIO � DGHY UDWD� PRUDOLWDWH�� H[SHULHQ D� úL�H[SHULPHQWDUHD�SHUVRQDO �D�RPHQHVFXOXL�GLQ�QRL�vQúLQH�� 3. Pragmatismul (VWH�HYLGHQW�IDSWXO�F �vQ�OXPHD�FRQWHPSRUDQ �V-a impus un SULPDW� DO� YDORULORU� XWLOLW LL� vQ� VLVWHPXO� YDORULORU� YLH LL��Pragmatismul -� RULHQWDUH� ILORVRILF � DILUPDW � SH� Werenul gândirii DPHULFDQH�� FX� UHSUH]HQWDQ L� FD� &K�6�3HLUFH�� -�'HZH\�� :�-DPHV�ú�D�� -� vQFHDUF � V � OHJLWLPH]H� LQWHUHVXO� SHQWUX� XWLOLWDWH�� ILLQG� R�PHWRG � úL� R� YL]LXQH� DVXSUD� OXPLL� FDUH� GHS úHúWH� VSHFXODWLYLVPXO�ILORVRILHL� WUDGL LRQDOH�� SURSXQkQG� VROX LL� FH�YRU� V �SXQ �GH� DFRUG�VSLULWXO�XPDQ�FX�GLILFXOW LOH�H[SHULHQ HL�FRWLGLHQH��ÌQ�DGDSWDUHD�VD�OD�PHGLXO� QDWXUDO� úL� VRFLDO� -� DUDW � SUDJPDWLúWLL� -�� RPXO� VH� DIO � vQ�ID D� XQRU� VLWXD LL� SUREOHPDWLFH�� 6LWXD LD� SUREOHPDWLF � HVWH� DFHD�

Page 22: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VWDUH� RELHFWLY � D� DFWLYLW LORU� XPDQH� vQF UFDW � FX� GHUXW ��QHVLJXUDQ �� FRQIX]LH�� F XW UL� ú�D�P�G��� FDUH� VROLFLW � GLQ� SDUWHD�RPXOXL� MXGHF L�� DOHJHUL�� GHFL]LL� vQ� YHGHUHD� vQO WXU ULL� ORU�� 9LD D�HVWH� R� FRQWLQX � WUDQVIRUPDUH� D� VLWXD LLORU� SUREOHPDWLFH� vQ� VLWXD LL�neproblematice, rezolvate. [21@�3UREOHPD�DGHY UXOXL�FXQRúWLQ HORU�QRDVWUH� úL� D� YDORULORU� HVWH�� GHFL�� OHJDW � H[FOXVLY� GH� vQFHUF ULOH�RPXOXL� vQ� D� U VSXQGH� FX� VXFFHV� DFHVWRU� VLWXD LL� GLILFLOH� SH� FDUH�YLD D�GH�ILHFDUH�]L� L� OH�SXQH� vQ� ID ��&RQFHSWXO�GH�DGHY U�QX�PDL�GHVHPQHD] � FRUHVSRQGHQ D� GLQWUH� FRQ LQXWXO� FRJQLWLY-LQIRUPD LRQDO�DO�HQXQ XULORU�QRDVWUH� úL� VW ULOH�GH� IDSW�RELHFWLYH� OD�FDUH�VH�UHIHU ��FL�VHPQLILF �R�FRUHVSRQGHQ �vQWUH�LGHLOH�QRDVWUH�úL�FRQVHFLQ HOH�� VXFFHVXO�� HILFLHQ D� SH� FDUH� QL� OH� SURFXU � SULQ�DSOLFDUHD� ORU� vQ� DF LXQH�� $GHY UXO� XQHL� WHRULL�� DO� XQHL� SURSR]L LL�FRQVW � vQ�XWLOLWDWHD�OD�FDUH�DFHVWHD�QH�FRQGXF��HO� �QX�HVWH�DQWHULRU�YHULILF ULL��FL�HVWH�SURGXV�GH�vQVXúL�SURFHVXO�H[SHULHQ HL��XQ�HQXQ �QX�DUH�FDOLWDWHD�QLFL�GH�DGHY U��QLFL�GH�IDOV�vQDLQWHD�YHULILF ULL�VDOH��ci adeY UXO� VDX� IDOVXO� VXQW� FDOLW L� SH� FDUH� QRL� L� OH� FRQIHULP� vQ�IXQF LH�GH�UH]XOWDWHOH��HIHFWHOH�RE LQXWH�vQ�DF LXQH�� 0HWRGD� SUDJPDWLF �� VXEOLQLD] � :�-DPHV�� FRQVW � vQ� �D�deturna privirile noastre de la lucrurile prime, principii prime, FDWHJRULL�� QHFHVLW L� presupuse pentru a ne orienta spre lucrurile XOWLPH�� VSUH� UH]XOWDWH�� FRQVHFLQ H�� IDSWH��� >��@� $FHVW� SULQFLSLX�PHWRGRORJLF� VH� FO GHúWH� SH� R� YL]LXQH� SOXUDOLVW � D� H[LVWHQ HL��vQWHPHLDW � SH� IDSWXO� F � DFWLYLWDWHD� VSLULWXDO � QX� UHIOHFW � VW UL� GH�fapt obiective; LGHLOH�� FRQFHS LLOH�� YDORULOH� VXQW� �LQYHQ LL���LQVWUXPHQWH�HILFLHQWH�JHQHUDWH�GH�YRLQ D�GH�D�WU L�úL�SXVH�vQ�VOXMED�DFHVWHLD���$GHY UXO�-�FRQWLQX �-DPHV�-�FRQVW �SXU�úL�VLPSOX�vQ�FHHD�FH� HVWH� DYDQWDMRV� SHQWUX� JkQGLUHD� QRDVWU �� DúD� FXP� MXVWXO� FRQVW �SXU� úL� VLPSOX� vQ� FHHD�FH� HVWH�DYDQWDMRV�SHQWUX�FRQGXLWD�QRDVWU ���>��@� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� UHDOLWDWHD� HVWH� UHGXV � OD� FkPSXO� H[SHULHQ HL�VXELHFWLYH�� SH� IRQGXO� XQHL� YL]LXQL� SOXUDOLVWH� DVXSUD� OXPLL� úL�DGHY UXOXL�� GDF � DGHY UXO� HVWH� HFKLYDOHQW� FX� XWLOXO�� IRORVLQ D��UH]XOW �F �QX�H[LVW �XQ�DGHY U��FL�DGHY UXUL��vQ�IXQF LH�GH�VXELHF LL�XPDQL�FDUH�OH�FRQVWDW ��3UDJPDWLúWLL�DILUP �F �QX�H[LVW �XQ�DGHY U�

Page 23: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

HVHQ LDO�� FL� DGHY UXUL� H[LVWHQ LDOH�� GHSHQGHQWH� GH� PXOWLSOLFLWDWHD�H[SHULHQ HORU� vQ� FDUH� HVWH� DQWUHQDW� VSLULWXO� XPDQ�� SUDFWLFD� este UHGXV � OD� HIHFWHOH� IDYRUDELOH� SH� FDUH� OH� SURFXU � RPXOXL�� úL�� GH�aceea, presupune doar o confruntarea a ideilor cu modul concret în FDUH� DFHVWHD� VDWLVIDF� DúWHSW ULOH� úL� GRULQ HOH� XPDQH�� &D� DWDUH��SUDJPDWLVPXO�� vQ� YDULDQWD� FRQVWUXLW � vQ� VSHFLDO� GH� -DPHV, pare a VXV LQH� FRPXQD� FRQYLQJHUH�� �Fk L� RDPHQL�� DWkWHD� DGHY UXUL��� ÌQ�DFHODúL�PRG�HVWH�JkQGLW �úL�GLPHQVLXQHD�IDSWXOXL�PRUDO��R�FRQGXLW �HVWH� EXQ � QX� SULQ� PRWLYD LH� úL� VXEVWDQ D� VRFLDO � SH� FDUH� OH�DFWLYHD] ��FL�IXQF LH�GH�XWLOLWDWHD�FRQVHFLQ HORU�SHQWUX�individul în FDX] �� (VWH� DILUPDW� DLFL� XQ� UHODWLYLVP� DO� DGHY UXOXL� úL� YDORULORU�PRUDOH�� -RKQ� 'HZH\� HVWH� PDL� QXDQ DW�� 8WLOLWDWHD� QX� PDL� HVWH�MXGHFDW � vQ� VIHUD� DUELWUDULXOXL� VXELHFWLY�� FL� vQ� SODQXO� PDL� ODUJ� DO�YLH LL� VRFLDOH��0DL�PXOW� FKLDU�� 'HZH\� vQFHDUF � R� omogenizare a XQRU� HOHPHQWH� RDUHFXP� GLVWLQFWH�� FXQRDúWHULL�� IDSWH�� YDORUL�� ùL��DLFL�� UHODWLYLVPXO� OXL� -DPHV� HVWH� GHS úLW�� �%LQHOH�� QX� PDL� HVWH�HFKLYDOHQW�FX�GRULQ D�XQXL�RP�VDX�D�DOWXLD�� FL� FX� FHHD�FH� WUHEXLH�GRULW��QX�FRQVW �vQ�FHHD�FH�QH�SUHRFXS �SHQWUX�F �QH�VDWLVIDFH��FL�vQ�FHHD�FH�WUHEXLH�V �DYHP�vQ�YHGHUH�SHQWUX�F �SURFXU �VDWLVIDF LL�FH�GHS úHVF� VWULFWD�HILFLHQ �SHUVRQDO ��9DORDUHD�HVWH� LGHQWLILFDW �QX�FX� GRULQ D�� FL� FX� FHHD� FH� HVWH� GH]LUDELO�� ,PSUHVLLOH� úL� RS LXQLOH�VSRQWDQH�QX�DILUP �SULQ�HOH�vQVHOH�YDORDUHD�PRUDO ��WRFPDL�SHQWUX�F � VXQW�SURSXOVDWH�GH� LQVWLQFWH��GHSULQGHUL��RELúQXLQ H��(OH� LQGLF �GRDU� R� VLWXD LH� SUREOHPDWLF �� úL�� GHVLJXU�� SRW� IL� R� UH]ROYDUH� D�DFHVWHLD��GDU�R�PDL�DWHQW �GLVHFDUH�D�VLWXD LHL�SUREOHPDWLFH�UHOHY �F � DFHDVWD� QHFHVLW � R� desprindere a variantelor de alegere, DQWLFLSDUHD� FRQVHFLQ HORU�� JkQGLUHD� DOHJHULL� HIHFWXDWH� úL� SRVWXODWH�FD� PLMORF�� vQ� SHUVSHFWLY �� SHQWUX� XQ� VFRS� YLLWRU�� 'HFL� HD� FHUH� R�VDWLVIDFHUH� SULQ� HPLWHUHD� XQHL� MXGHF L� GH� YDORDUH� vQ� FDUH�aprecierea modului optim dH� DWLQJHUH� D� XQXL� VFRS� VH� vPELQ � FX�FDOLILFDUHD�UHVSHFWLYXOXL�VFRS�FD�EXQ�VDX�U X��YDORURV�VDX�OLSVLW�GH�YDORDUH��vQ�VWULFW �GHSHQGHQ �GH�P VXUD�vQ�FDUH�DFHVWD�HVWH�FDSDELO�V � GHVFKLG � SHUVSHFWLYH� VSUH� VROX LRQDUHD� XQRU� YLLWRDUH� VW UL�problematice, marcânG� DVWIHO� R� RULHQWDUH� FRQVWDQW � D� FRQGXLWHL��

Page 24: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

6LJXU�� R� DVHPHQHD� SHUVSHFWLY � RSHUHD] � GH� OD� VLQH� R� XQLILFDUH� D�proceselor cognitive cu judecata de valoare în faptele întreprinse. 6LWXDUHD�vQWUHJLL�FRQVWUXF LL�WHRUHWLFH�VXE�RUL]RQWXO�XWLOXOXL�vúL� ODV �SXWHUQLF�DPSUHQWD�DVXSUD� VROX LLORU�SUHILJXUDWH�� ÌQ�SULPXO�UkQG��IDFH�SRVLELO �UHGXF LD�VLPSOLILFDWRDUH�D�MXGHF LORU�GH�YDORDUH�OD�MXGHF LOH�GH��H[LVWHQ ��$GHY UXO�úL�YDORULOH�VXQW��LQVWUXPHQWH��GH� DGDSWDUH� D� ILLQ HL� XPDQH� OD� PHGLX�� $úD� FXP� FXQRDúWHUHD�úWLLQ LILF �XUP UHúWH�UH]ROYDUHD��DFHORU��FD]XUL��GH�FDUH�QH�ORYLP�]L�de zi, iar când apar probleme concrete neîncadrabile în vechiul VLVWHP�GH�JkQGLUH�HODERU P�DOWH�OHJL� WHRUHWLFH��úL�YDORULOH�DX�GRDU�VWDWXWXO� XQRU� LQVWUXPHQWH� LQGLVSHQVDELOH� YLH LL� vQ� FRPXQ��pHUIHF LRQDELOH� vQ� IXQF LH� GH� XWLOLWDWHD� FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH� WUHSWHL� GH�HYROX LH� VRFLDO ��/RFDOL]DWH� VXE� DFHHDúL� XQLF � úL�XQLODWHUDO � EROW ��DGDSWDUHD�OD�PHGLXO�QDWXUDO�úL�VRFLDO���SURSR]L LLOH�SUHVFULSWLYH�úL�HVWLPDWLYH��GHFL�YDORULFH��VH�LGHQWLILF �FX�FHOH�GHscriptive întâlnite vQ� RULFH� úWLLQ ��'HFL� DPEHOH� DX� GRDU� FRQ LQXW� FRJQLWLY�� UD LRQDO��'LIHU �GRDU�RELHFWXO��-XGHF LOH�PRUDOH�VH�UHIHU �GRDU�OD�IDSWH�FDUH�DX� XQ� DQXPH� VSHFLILF�� GDU�� SULYLWRU� OD� PHWRGD� GH� FHUFHWDUH� úL�verificare, nu se deosebesc de orice aOW � úWLLQ �SDUWLFXODU ��'DF �YL] P�PDWHULDOXO�DSDUWH�OD�FDUH�VH�UHIHU �WHRULD�PRUDOHL��VXEOLQLD] �'HZH\��GLQ�DFHVW�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�úL�FHUFHWDUHD�úL�MXGHF LOH�GHVSUH�FDUWRIL�� SLVLFL� úL� PROHFXOH� � VH� GHRVHEHVF� vQWUH� HOH�� 'HRVHELUHD�FRQVW � QXPDL� vQ� IDSWXO� F � MXGHF LOH� PRUDOH� SRVHG � YDOHQ H�QRUPDWLYH�� SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO� ORU� VI WXLP�� SOHG P�� UHFRPDQG P��convingem, introducem reguli imperative actelor individuale. Ele VXQW�FHULQ H�UHIHULWRDUH�OD�FHHD�FH�WUHEXLH�XUPDW��GRULW�vQ�DF LXQLOH�SUH]HQWH� úL� YLLWRDUH�� FRQIHULQG� XQXL� DFW� vQWUHSULQV� DXWRULWDWH� úL�GUHSWXO� GH� D� H[LVWD� vQWRFPDL�� $FHVWH� YDOHQ H� QRUPDWLYH��LPSHUDWLYH�� VXQW� DFRUGDWH� MXGHF LORU� GH� YDORDUH� GH� VLWXD LD�SUREOHPDWLF � H[LVWHQW �� DX� LPSOLFDW� XQ� �WUHEXLH�� �V � IDFL� DVWIHO��FDUH��GH�DOWIHO��OH�H[SOLFLWHD] �úL�FRQ LQXWXO��&X�DOWH�FXYLQWH��IDF�DúD�SHQWUX� F � WUHEXLH� V �SURFHGH]� DVWIHO�� úL� SURFHGH]� DVWIHO� SHQWUX� F �VLWXD LD�P �REOLJ ��'XS �FXP�VH�REVHUY ��'HZH\�HVWH�FRQúWLHQW�F �vQ�PRUDO �VXQW�SUH]HQWH�SULQFLSLL��YDORUL��LGHDOXUL��GDU�DSUHFLD] �F �

Page 25: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

toate acestea SRW�IL�HSXL]DWH�vQ�DFHODúL�IHO�vQ�FDUH�VH�UDSRUWHD] �OD�RELHFWXO�ORU�úWLLQ HOH�QDWXULL��'HZH\�D�SROHPL]DW�FX�vQFHUF ULOH�GH�FRQFHSHUH� D� XQRU� SULQFLSLL� XQLYHUVDOH�� FkW� úL� FX� PRUDOD� SXU�O XQWULF � D� EXQHL� LQWHQ LL�� >��@� YL]kQG� RPXO� vQ� FRQIUXQWDUHD� VD�GLILFLO � FX� VLWXD LLOH� GH� YLD �� 'DU�� OHJDUHD� VWUkQV � D� YDORULL� XQHL�RS LXQL�PRUDOH�GH�H[LJHQ HOH�DF LXQLL� vO� IDF�SH� ILORVRIXO�DPHULFDQ�V � DMXQJ � OD� FRQFHSHUHD� YDORULL� PRUDOH� GRDU� FD� U VSXQV� OD� XQ�VWLPXO�� úL� FDOLWDWLY� SH� FDUH� vO� G P� XQRU� MXGHF L� SHQWUX� VLPSOXO�moWLY�F �DFHVWHD�VH�GRYHGHVF�XWLOH��GXF�OD�FHYD�FDUH�QH�VDWLVIDFH�� &RQIXQGDUHD� ELQHOXL� FX� UHXúLWD� GHS úLULL� XQHL� VLWXD LL�conflictuale pare a reduce morala motivelor la morala FRQVHFLQ HORU�� ÌQV � DVHPHQHD� GLILFXOW L� VXQW� VHVL]DWH� GH�SUDJPDWLúWL��FHHD�FH�HVWH�YL]LELO�vQ�QXDQ HOH�SH�FDUH�OH�LQWURGXF�vQ�vQ HOHJHUHD� �XWLOLW LL��� $VWIHO�� &K�6�3HLUFH�� DWXQFL� FkQG� OHDJ �SUREOHPD� DGHY UXOXL� GH� HIHFWHOH� SUDFWLFH� SHUFHSWLELOH� SH� FDUH� OH�SURYRDF � DQXPLWH� FXQRúWLQ H�� SUHFL]HD] � F � H� YRUED� GH�UHSHUFXVLXQL� SUDFWLFH� UD LRQDO� DQWLFLSDWH�� UHFXQRVFXWH� GH� F WUH��FRPXQLWDWHD�� GH� FXQRDúWHUH� úL� FDSDELOH� V � GHYLQ � XQ� VLPERO� GH�FRPSRUWDPHQW�� 'HFL� QX� LQWU � vQ� GLVFX LH� R� XWLOLWDWH� VWULFW�LQGLYLGXDOLVW �� :�-DPHV� vQVXúL� DUDW � F � XWLOLWDWHD� DSDU LQH�FRQVHFLQ HORU� LPSOLFDWH� vQ� FKLDU� QDWXUD� XQHL� WHRULL� úL�� PDL� PXOW��DGHY UXO�FXQRúWLQ HORU�FRQVW �vQ�GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD��FDSDFLWDWHD�ORU�GH�D� SURGXFH� HIHFWH�� vQ� WLPS� FH� XWLOLWDWHD� VH� FRQIXQG � FX� IXQF LLOH�QHPLMORFLWH�vQGHSOLQLWH�GH�DFHD�FXQRúWLQ �vQ�H[SHULHQ ��ÌQ�DFHODúL�sens, J.Dewey aprecia] �F �YDORULOH�YL]HD] �QX�FHHD�FH�GRULP��FL�FHHD�FH�HVWH�GH]LUDELO��QX�FHHD�FH�SUH XLP��FL�FHHD�FH�PHULW � D� IL�SUH XLW�� QX� FHHD� FH� QH� VDWLVIDFH�� FL� FHHD� FH� HVWH� VDWLVI F WRU�� QX�FHHD�FH�QH�LQWHUHVHD] ��FL�FHHD�FH�WUHEXLH�V �QH�LQWHUHVH]H��0HWRGD�SUDJPDWLF � VW � OD� ED]D� XQHL� FRQFHS LL� ILORVRILFH� SOXUDOLVWH� SHQWUX�FDUH� UHDOLWDWHD� QX� HVWH� FHYD� GDW� RGDW � SHQWUX� WRWGHDXQD�� VWDWLF��vQFKLV��FL�SURFHV��GHYHQLUH��FUHD LH�FRQWLQX ��GHFL��XQ�FXUV�GH�IDSWH�vQ�SOLQ �GHVI úXUDUH��'H�DFHHD�� VROX LLOH�PRQLVWH�VXQW�FRQVLGHUDte FD� LQH[DFWH�� FRQWUDGLFWRULL� úL� VWHULOH�� vQWUXFkW� VLPSOLILF � úL�VFKHPDWL]HD] �SOHQLWXGLQHD�UHDOLW LL��IDOVLILF �úL�V U FHVF�VWUXFWXUD�

Page 26: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

HWHURJHQ � D� H[LVWHQ HL�� QHSXWkQG� V -úL� LQWHJUH]H� VSRQWDQHLWDWHD� úL�LPSUHYL]LELOXO� YLH LL�� ÌQ� YL]LXQHD� OXL� -DPHV�� XQLYHUsul are o LPSHUIHF LH� SURFHVXDO �� LDU� YLLWRUXO� HVWH� LQGHWHUPLQDW�� GH� DFHHD��FUHD LD�XPDQ �HVWH�SRVLELO ��ILLQG�R�DYHQWXU �WUDJLF ��R�DVXPDUH�GH�ULVFXUL��WHQVLXQL�úL�HIRUWXUL�SULQ�FDUH�VH�UHIX] �GH]HUWDUHD�� ���&RQúWLLQ ��LQFRQúWLHQW�úL�DFWH�GH�OLPEDM 3HQWUX�FD�R�DQDOL] �D�DFWLYLW LL�SVLKLFH�úL�D�YLH LL�VSLULWXDOH�SURSULL� RPXOXL� V � ILH� FRQFOXGHQW �� WUHEXLH� GHS úLW � PHWRGD�SVLKDQDOL]HL�� OXkQG� vQ� FDOFXO� úL� DFKL]L LLOH� PDL� QRL� DOH� úWLLQ HORU�FRJQLWLYH�VDX�WHRULD�DFWHORU�GH�OLPEDM��'H�DFHHD��YRP�XUP UL�PDi vQWkL� PRGXO� FODVLF� GH� D� DERUGD� FRQúWLLQ D� XPDQ �� DSRL� WHRULD�LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL� SURSXV � GH� )UHXG�� úL�� vQ�� VIkUúLW�� VLQWH]D� OXL� -RKQ�5�6HDUOH�FO GLW �SH�DFKL]L LLOH�UHFHQWH�DOH�úWLLQ HL�úL�ILORVRILHL�� A.�2PXO� HVWH� FRQúWLHQW�QX�QXPDL�GH� UHDOLWDWHD�H[WHULRDU ��FL�� vQ� DFHODúL� WLPS�� úL� GH� SURSULD� VD� H[LVWHQ �� GH� OXPHD� OXL�LQWHULRDU � �VXELHFWLY ���&RQúWLLQ D� UHSUH]LQW ��GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�VWUXFWXUDO��XQLWDWHD�FRPSOH[ �D�XQRU�SURFHVH�FRJQLWLYH��DIHFWLYH�úL�YROLWLYH��2ULFH� GLVFXUV� ILORVRILF� SUHRFXSDW� V � RIHUH� XQ mod de a vQ HOHJH� úL� H[SOLFD� FH� HVWH� FRQúWLLQ D� vúL� FRQWXUHD] � VROX LD� SULQ�OXDUHD�vQ�FRQVLGHUDUH�D�SUREOHPHORU�UHODWLY�GLVWLQFWH�DOH�JHQH]HL�úL�QDWXULL�FRQúWLLQ HL��,PSOLFLW�VDX�H[SOLFLW��XQ�ILORVRI�UH]ROY �vQWU-un anume mod aceste laturi ale problemei, iar în istoria filosofiei H[LVW �R�SDOHW � ODUJ �GH�VROX LL��3HUVSHFWLYD�JHQHWLF �HVWH�PkQXLW �GH� DFHL� JkQGLWRUL� FDUH� vúL� SURSXQ� V � DUDWH� FXP� DSDUH� FRQúWLLQ D�XPDQ � SH� VFDUD� HYROX LHL� XQLYHUVDOH��'LQ� DFHVW� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH��deosebim mai multe variante: a) reGXF LRQLVPXO��FDUDFWHUL]DW�SULQ�DEVROXWL]DUHD� DQDOL]HL� JHQHWLFH� úL�� FD� XUPDUH�� HFKLYDOHQW� FX� R�QHSHUPLV �LGHQWLILFDUH�D�FRQúWLLQ HL�FX�DQXPLWH�IRUPH�GH�PDWHULH��GH� SLOG �� � LQWHUSUHW ULOH� FDUH� UHGXF� SVLKRORJLFXO� OD� IL]LRORJLF��VXV LQkQG� F � UHOD LD� GLQWUH� � FUHLHU� úL� JkQGLUH� HVWH� DQDORJ � � FHOHL�GLQWUH� R� JODQG � úL� VHFUH LD� VD� �%XFKQHU�� 0ROHVFKRWW�� 9RJW��� E��

Page 27: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

naturalismul hilozoist -� DILUPDW� GH� DQWLFL� úL�� SUHJQDQW�� GH� XQLL�gânditori ai secolului XVII-XVIII -� F UXLD� vL� HVWH� SURSULX�� vQ�primul rând, înzestrarea întUHJLL� QDWXUL� FX� R� SURSULHWDWH� DQDORJ �FRQúWLLQ HL� úL� YLH LL� XPDQH�� LDU�� vQ� DO� GRLOHD� UkQG�� H[SOLFDUHD�DSDUL LHL� SVLKLFXOXL� XPDQ� H[FOXVLY� SH� ED]D� XQRU� FDX]H� QDWXUDOH��3ULPD�VROX LH�UHGXFH�VWUXFWXUD��VSHFLILFXO�FRQúWLLQ HL�OD�JHQH]D�VD��Gânditorii care propuQ�VROX LL�KLOR]RLVWH�VHVL]HD] �VWDWXWXO�GLVWLQFW�DO� FRQúWLLQ HL�� GDU� QX-O� SRW� H[SOLFD� GHFkW� WUDQVIHUkQG� WU V WXULOH�acesteia asupra întregului univers, iar geneza ei este astfel �FRQVWUXLW �� vQFkW� VH� UHGXFH� OD� WUDQVIRUP UL� FDQWLWDWLYH�� I U � D�include diferHQ LHULOH�FDOLWDWLYH�úL�VDOWXULOH�GH�OD�R�WUHDSW �OD�DOWD�� 3HUVSHFWLYD�VWUXFWXUDO ��FDUH�XUP UHúWH�HOXFLGDUHD�D�FHHD�FH�HIHFWLY�FRQVWLWXLH�FRQúWLLQ D� úL� vL� HVWH� VSHFLILF��D�FRQGXV� OD� VROX LL�SH� FDUH�� FRQYHQ LRQDO�� OH� YRP� VLVWHPDWL]D� DVWIHO�� D�� GXDOLVPXO� - atunci când s-D�DEVROXWL]DW�DFHVW�XQJKL�GH�DQDOL] ��DMXQJkQGX-se la DILUPDUHD� XQHL� UXSWXUL� vQWUH� H[LVWHQ D� VXEVWDQ LDO � úL� FRQúWLLQ ��FRQVLGHUDWH�FD�PRGXUL�DXWRQRPH�GH�H[LVWHQ ��I U �QLFL�R�OHJ WXU �vQWUH� HOH�� SHQWUX� 'HVFDUWHV�� vQ� WLPS� FH� VXEVWDQ D� DUH ca atribut IXQGDPHQWDO� �vQWLQGHUHD��� FRQúWLLQ HL� vL� HVWH� SURSULH� �JkQGLUHD����FXJHWDUHD���DFHODúL�SRVWXODW�HVWH�SUH]HQW�vQ�WHRULLOH�SDUDOHOLVPXOXL�psihico-IL]LF� �6KHUULQJWRQ��.ODUFN�� vQ�YL]LXQHD�F URUD�QX�H[LVW �R�OHJ WXU � vQWUH� SURFHVHOH� SVLKLFH� úL� FHOH� fiziologice; b) filosofiile SHQWUX� FDUH� VSLULWXO� HVWH� R� HQWLWDWH� GH� VLQH� VW W WRDUH�� WHPHL� DO�vQWUHJLL� H[LVWHQ H� ú�D�P�G��� F�� HPSLULVPXO� - întâlnit la filosofii SHQWUX�FDUH�FRQúWLLQ D�DUH�GRDU�VLPSOXO�URO�GH�D�LQWURGXFH�RUGLQH�vQ�datele senzorial-perceptivH�� vQ� YHGHUHD� RE LQHULL� XQHL� LPDJLQL�"fotografice" a obiectului real; d) constructivismul - specific RULHQW ULORU� JQRVHRORJLFH� UD LRQDOLVWH� -� FDUH� DEVROXWL]HD] �FDUDFWHUXO� FUHDWRU� DO� FRQúWLLQ HL� XPDQH�� FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWHD�FXQRDúWHULL�� IDSWXO� F � DFHDVWD� QX� UHproduce întocmai obiectele UHDOH�� FL� FRQVWUXLHúWH� PRGHOH� VXELHFWLYH� DOH� OXPLL�� ÌQ� WLPS� FH�SULPHOH�GRX �VROX LL��SRUQLQG�GH� OD�QDWXUD� VSHFLILF �D�FRQúWLLQ HL��DQJDMHD] � WH]H� RQWRORJLFH�� YDULDQWHOH� XOWLPH� VXQW� FRQIUXQW UL� úL�puncte de vedere cu privire la modul de raportare a gândirii umane

Page 28: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

OD�RELHFWXO�FXQRDúWHULL�� �$IHFWLYLWDWHD��H[SHULHQ D�UHDOXOXL��UHIOHF LD��SHUVRQDOLWDWHD�úL� YRLQ D� VXQW� FLQFL� DWULEXWH� F WUH� FDUH� FRQYHUJ� VDX� FDUH� LPSOLF �VHPQLILFD LLOH�SH�FDUH�OH�YL]HD] �DQDOL]D�ILLQ HL�XPDQH�FRQúWLHQWH, DúD� FXP� VH� PDQLIHVW � HD� vQ� FDGUXO� �FRQúWLHQWL] ULL�� (X-OXL� úL� D�lumii". [25] Contactul permanent cu realitatea, cu mediul extern, UHSUH]LQW � VXUVD� LQHSXL]DELO � D� DFWLYLW LL� SVLKLFXOXL� XPDQ�� D� UH-SURGXFHULL� SULQ� SURFHVH� FRJQLWLYH� D� UHDOLW LL�� D� WU LULL� acesteia printr-R� GLYHUVLWDWH� GH� SURFHVH� DIHFWLYH� úL� D� UHDF LLORU�FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH� ID � GH� HD� SULQ� SURFHVH� YROLWLYH�� 9LD D� SVLKLF �DSDUH�� VH� UHDOL]HD] � úL� VH� GH]YROW � vQ� SURFHVXO� LQWHUDF LXQLORU� FX�PHGLXO��(D�HVWH�XQ�FkPS�VXELHFWLY�GH�H[SHULHQ ��ILLQG��vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS�� XQ�PRGHO� DO� OXPLL�� )HQRPHQHOH� GH� FRQúWLLQ � VXQW� LPDJLQL�VXELHFWLYH�DOH�UHDOLW LL��,GHLOH�GHVSUH�RELHFWH�VH�GLVWLQJ�FDOLWDWLY�GH�RELHFWHOH�OD�FDUH�VH�UHIHU ��FRQVWLWXLQG�GRDU�LPDJLQHD�VXELHFWLY �D�DFHVWRUD�� H[SUHVLD� LQIRUPD LRQDO-FRJQLWLY � D� ORU�� 1DWXUD� LGHDO � D�FRQúWLLQ HL�D�IRVW�VXJHVWLY�H[SULPDW �GH�.DQW�FkQG�DU WD�F �QX�HVWH�WRWXQD�V �DL�R�VXW �GH�WDOHUL�vQ�PLQWH�VDX�V -i ai în buzunar, iar la 6SLQR]D� SULQ� DILUPD LD� F � QR LXQHD� GH� FkLQH� QX� ODWU �� ÌQV �FDUDFWHUXO�LGHDO�DO�FRQúWLLQ HL�QX�FRQVW �GRDU�vQ�IDSWXO�F �LPDJLQHD�QX� HVWH� WRWXQD� FX� RELHFWXO�� FL� úL� vQ� IDSWXO� F � RULFH� FRQ LQXW�senzorial-SHUFHSWLY��RE LQXW�SULQ�FRQWDFWXO�QHPLMORFLW�FX�UHDOLWDWHD�vQFRQMXU WRDUH��HVWH�SUHOXFUDW�SULQ�LQWHUYHQ LD�VWUXFWXULORU�UD LRQDOH�úL�ULGLFDW�OD�UDQJXO�GH�JHQHUDOLWDWH��GH�LGHH�WUDQVPLVLELO �SULQWU-un OLPEDM�FX�YDORDUH�LQWHUVXELHFWLY ��6IHUD�ORJLF �D�QR LXQLL�GH��SVLKLF�XPDQ��HVWH�PDL� ODUJ �GHFkW�D�QR LXQLL� GH��FRQúWLLQ ���&RQúWLLQ D�QX� UHSUH]LQW � GHFkW� GLPHQVLXQHD� FHD� PDL� HYROXDW � D� SVLKLFXOXL�uman, definitorie pentru specificul acestuia. Din acest punct de YHGHUH�� FRQúWLLQ D� LQWHJUHD] � FHOHODOWH� IRUPH� GH� PDQLIHVWDUH�SVLKLF �� OH� GHS úHúWH� FDOLWDWLY�� FRUHOkQGX-le cu procese mai complexe - cum ar fi gândirea -�� OH� LPSULP � FDUDFWHULVWLFL� QRL��7RWRGDW �� FRQúWLLQ D� RULHQWHD] �� SULQ� GRPLQDQWHOH� VDOH�� úL�VWUXFWXULOH�LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL�� *kQGLUHD�� FD� DFWLYLWDWH� PHQWDO �� VH� IRUPHD] � SULQ�

Page 29: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

LQWHULRUL]DUHD�� VXE� IRUPD� XQXL� VLVWHP� GH� LPDJLQL� QR LRQDOH� úL�scheme logico-YHUEDOH�� D� XQRU� SURFHGHH� úL� RSHUD LL� GLQ� SODQXO�activit LORU� XPDQH�� 2GDW � FRQVWLWXLW �� JkQGLUHD� ULGLF �GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD� GH� FXQRDúWHUH� D� VXELHFWXOXL� SH� XQ� SODQ� VXSHULRU��DWkW� GLQ� SXQFWXO� GH� YHGHUH� DO� VIHUHL� GH� FXSULQGHUH�� FkW� úL� DO�S WUXQGHULL�WRW�PDL�DGkQFL�vQ�VWUDWXULOH�UHDOH��/D�XQ�QLYHO�PDL�vQDOW��structurLOH� UD LRQDOH� QX� JHQHUDOL]HD] � SXU� úL� VLPSOX� GDWHOH�senzorial-perceptive, ci construiesc modele ideale în care se VXUSULQG� vQ� VWDUH� SXU � LQYDULDQ LL� XQRU� WUDQVIRUP UL� UHDOH�� &D�SURFHV� GH� FXQRDúWHUH�� JkQGLUHD�� DVRFLDW � FX� DOWH� SURFHVH� SVLKLFH�(memorie, imagLQD LH�� DWHQ LH� HWF���� VH� GHVI úRDU � vQ� WUHL�FRRUGRQDWH�WHPSRUDOH��WUHFXW��SUH]HQW�úL�YLLWRU���FHHD�FH�vL�LPSULP �XQ� FDUDFWHU� H[SORUDWRU�� LQYHVWLJDWLY�� SHUPL kQGX-L� FRUHODUHD� úL�integrarea datelor anterioare cu cele actuale. Din aceasta decurge IXQF LD� DQWLFLSD LHL� úL� SUHGLF LHL�� $úD� FXP� DUDW � HSLVWHPRORJXO�HOYH LDQ� -�3LDJHW�� XQXO� GLQ� DVSHFWHOH� VSHFLILFH� DOH� DFWLYLW LL�FRJQLWLYH�HVWH��GHVI úXUDUHD�VD�GLVFXUVLY �SH�WUDLHFWRULL�FX�FLUFXLWH�IRDUWH� ODUJL�� vQ� FDUH� VH� S VWUHD] � SHUPDQHQW� UHYHUVLELOLWDWHD�RSHUD LLORU���>��@�3ULQ�DFHDVWD��HO�VXEOLQLD] �SRVLELOLWDWHD�SH�FDUH�R�DUH�JkQGLUHD�GH�D�UHIDFH��vQ�RUGLQH�LQYHUV ��SURFHVXO�GH�DQDOL] �úL�VLQWH] ��2� DOW � GLPHQVLXQH� GHRVHELW� GH� vQVHPQDW � D� JkQGLULL� HVWH�creativitatea. Structurile imaginarului sunt semnificative în acest sens. (YROX LD� LVWRULF � D� JkQGLULL�� FRQFRPLWHQW� FX� HYROX LD�FLYLOL]D LHL� XPDQH� úL� D� FXQRDúWHULL� vQ� JHQHUDO�� D� GHWHUPLQDW�FRQVROLGDUHD� IXQF LHL� GH� VLPEROL]DUH�� 0RGDOLWDWH� VSHFLILF � SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO� F UHLD� VH� UHDOL]HD] � FRPXQLFDUHD� LQWHUVXELHFWLY , JkQGLUHD� HVWH� LPSRVLELO � I U � OLPEDM�� 3UHFL]kQG� GLIHUHQ D� GLQWUH�OLPE �úL� OLPEDM��)�6DXVVXUH�GHILQHúWH� OLPED�VXE�GXEOXO�DVSHFW�� D��FD� LQVWLWX LH� VRFLDO � �FXSULQ]kQG� XQ� DQVDPEOX� GH� FRQYHQ LL��S VWUDW �SULQ�X]��GDU�VXSXV �PRGLILF ULORU�úL�E��FD�VLVWHP�VHPDntic ��FRG���IRUPDW�GLQ� LQYHQWDUXO�GH�VHPQH�úL�GH� UHJXOL�GXS �FDUH�VH�UHDOL]HD] � FRPELQ ULOH� GH� VHPQH�� /LPED� LQFOXGH� DQVDPEOXO�VHPQHORU�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�F URUD�VH�FXQRDúWH�úL�VH�FRPXQLF �vQWU-o

Page 30: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FRPXQLWDWH� XPDQ �� SUHFXP� úL� WRWDOLWDWHD� QRUPHORU� JUDPDWLFDOH� - VLQWDFWLFH�úL�VHPDQWLFH�–�GH�IRUPDUH�D�SURSR]L LLORU�úL� IUD]HORU�FX�VHQV��/LPEDMXO�HVWH�DFHO�IHQRPHQ�OLQJYLVWLF�SULQ�FDUH�OLPED�H[LVW �úL� IXQF LRQHD] � UHDOPHQWH�� FXSULQ]kQG� DVWIHO� LQILQLWDWHD�SURSR]L LLORU�FRQFUHWH�HQXQ DWH�GH� LQGLYL]L�SRUQLQG�GH� OD�VLVWHmul GH� FXYLQWH� úL� UHJXOL� JUDPDWLFDOH� VSHFLILFH� OLPELL�� /LPED� DUH� XQ�FRQ LQXW� VHPDQWLF� FH� QX� VH� PRGLILF � FX� ILHFDUH� DFW� GH� JkQGLUH�LQGLYLGXDO ��FL�IRUPHD] �R�ED] �VWDELO �GH�OD�FDUH�RPXO�SRUQHúWH�úL�SULQ�FDUH�vúL�UHDOL]HD] �DFWLYLWDWHD�VD�GH�JkQGLUH��(D�VH�UHOHY ��VXE�DVSHFW� VHPDQWLF�� FD� VLVWHP� GH� DQDOL] �� VLQWH] � úL� JHQHUDOL]DUH� D�IHQRPHQHORU�� HODERUDW� vQ� GH]YROWDUHD� LVWRULF � D� VRFLHW LORU��LQFOX]kQG� H[SHULHQ D� FRJQLWLY � DQWHULRDU �� 6HPQXO� OLQJYLVWLF� VH�SUH]LQW � FD� XQ� FRPSOH[� GH� VXQHWH� FDUH� DX� YDORDUH� GH�"semnificant", referindu-VH� QX� OD� RELHFWXO� UHDO�� FL� OD� QR LXQH�� OD�FODVD�GH�RELHFWH�úL�OD�QRWHOH�VDOH�GHILQLWRULL��7RWRGDW ��HO�LQFOXGH�úL�DFHHD� F � &KDUOHV� %DOO\� QXPHD� �JkQGLUHD� DIHFWLY ��� FD� HQWLWDWH�SVLKLF �� FXSULQGH� úL� YDOHQ H� H[SUHVLYH�� DWLWXGLQDOH�� HPR LRQDOH��Pentru om, semnele lingvistice -�FX�PXOWLSOH�IXQF LL�úL�GLPHQVLXQL�-� DX� YDORDUHD� XQXL� VWLPXO� IRDUWH� FRPSOH[�� vQ� VWDUH� V � GHFODQúH]H�DWLWXGLQL� úL� UHDF LL� VXELHFWLYH� YDULDWH�� $FHDVWD� VH� GDWRUHD] � úL�LQWHUDF LXQLORU� JkQGLULL� FX� FHOHODOWH� VXEVLVWHPH� DOH� FRQúWLLQ HL�umane. 'HúL�VWUXFWXULOH�FRJQLWLYH�FRQVWLWXLH�QXFOHXO�vQ�MXUXO�F UXLD�JUDYLWHD] � vQWUHDJD� DFWLYLWDWH� D� SVLKLFXOXL� XPDQ�� GHúL� JkQGLUHD�VFKLPE � FDOLWDWLY� vQWUHDJD� FRQILJXUD LH� D� SVLKLFXOXL�� QX� HVWH� PDL�SX LQ�DGHY UDW�F �DVXSUD�UD LXQLL�VH�H[HUFLW �úL�LQIOXHQ D�FHORUODOWH�IDFXOW L�XPDQH��LQFOXVLY�D�FHORU�DIHFWLYH�úL�YROL LRQDOH��'HVLJXU��vQ�FD]XO� VSHFLDOL] ULORU� FUHDWRDUH� DOH� FRQúWLLQ HL� vQ� GLIHULWH� GLUHF LL��DFWLYLWDWHD� JkQGLULL� XUPHD] � UHJO UL� IXQF LRQDOH� GH� GLIHULWH� WLSXUL��'H�SLOG ��vQ�FXQRDúWHUHD�úWLLQ LILF �VH�SXQ�vQWUH�SDUDQWH]H�FHOHODOWH�IDFXOW L� XPDQH�� VROLFLWkQGX-VH� LQWHQV� � FDSDFLWDWHD� UD LRQDO-FRQVWUXFWLY �� 'DU�� vQ� JHQHUDO�� FDUDFWHUXO� VLVWHPDWLF� DO� FRQúWLLQ HL�XPDQH� DVLJXU � LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D� vQWUH� VXEVLVWHPH� FH� SHUPLW�angajarea comple[ �-�FRJQLWLY �úL�YDORULF �- a omului în raport cu

Page 31: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

UHDOLWDWHD� úL� FX� VLQH� vQVXVL�� 3ULQ� FRQúWLLQ �� RPXO�� GHúL� QX� SRDWH�HOXGD� IXQF LLOH� DXWRFRQVHUY ULL�� OH� GHS úHúWH�� LQVWLWXLQG� R� OXPH�SURSULH�� FX� VFRSXUL�� YDORUL� úL� LGHDOXUL� SULQ� FDUH� VH� SURGXFH� R�UXSWXU ��XQ�VDOW�FDOLWDWLY�ID �GH�WRW�FHHD�FH�vO�vQFRQMRDU � B. Psihanaliza -�LQL LDW �GH�6�)UHXG�-�vúL�SURSXQH�VWXGLHUHD�XQXL�QRX�FRQWLQHQW�WHRUHWLF��FHO�DO�LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL��)UHXG�vQVXúL�vúL�FRQVLGHUD�FRQFHS LD�FD�ILLQG�D�WUHLD�PDUH�XPLOLUH�D�RPXOXL��GXS �FH�teorLD�KHOLRFHQWULF �D� H[LODW� ILLQ D�XPDQ � OD�SHULIHULD�XQLYHUVXOXL��LDU� WHRULD� OXL� 'DUZLQ� vL� GHPRQVWUD� HYROX LD� SULQ� OXSWD� SHQWUX�H[LVWHQ � úL� VHOHF LD� QDWXUDO � D� XQRU� DQWURSRLGH� VXSHULRDUH��SVLKDQDOL]D� UHOHY � IXQF LD� FUXFLDO � D� LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL� vQ� GLQDPLFD�viH LL�SVLKLFH��IDSWXO�F �RPXO�QX�HVWH�DWkW�GH�UD LRQDO�SH�FkW�vL�SODFH�V � FUHDG �� 3VLKDQDOL]D� QX� HVWH� vQ� SULPXO� UkQG� R� ILORVRILH�� GDU� D�LQIOXHQ DW�SXWHUQLF�PRGXO�GH�D�JkQGL�ILORVRILF�DVXSUD�RPXOXL��>��@�0HWRGD� OXL� )UHXG� HVWH� LQL LDO� R� WHUDSHXWLF � úL� R� SVLKRlogie, dar FRQ LQH�PLH]XO�XQHL�LQWHUSUHW UL�ILORVRILFH�D�RPXOXL��D�FXOWXULL�úL�D�LVWRULHL�� SURSXQkQG� R� WHPDWLF � QRX �� QHFXQRVFXW � SkQ � DWXQFL��Impulsul a venit dinspre psihopatologie, respectiv stabilirea psihodiagnosticului în cazul nevrozei isterice de c WUH� &KDUFRW� - fapt care a condus la constituirea unei noi metode de tratament. ÎQFHUFkQG� R� VLQWH] � DVXSUD� FRQWULEX LLORU� OXL� )UHXG� vQ�DQDOL]D�PRGXOXL�GH�IXQF LRQDUH�VSHFLILF �D�SVLKLFXOXL�XPDQ��SXWHP�GHVSULQGH�DQXPLWH�SUHVXSR]L LL�VDX�HQXQ XUL�GH�ED] ��6H�SRUQHúWH�GH�OD�SUHPLVD�F � vQWUH��QRUPDO��úL��SDWRORJLF��QX�H[LVW �GLIHUHQ H�calitative, ci doar cantitative, legate de anumite grade de LQWHQVLWDWH�� SULQ� XUPDUH�� FHUFHW ULOH� DVXSUD� FD]XULORU� FOLQLFH�GH]Y OXLH� DGHY UXUL� YDODELOH� úL� SHQWUX� �OD�� RPXO� V Q Wos; QRUPDOLWDWHD�SVLKLFXOXL�HVWH�PDL�PXOW�R�FRQYHQ LH�FXOWXUDO �� ÌQ�DO�GRLOHD�UkQG��VH�FRQVLGHU �F �WRDWH�PDQLIHVW ULOH�SVLKLFH�DOH�RPXOXL�VXQW�LQWHQ LRQDOH��DYkQG�XQ�VHQV�FDUH�OH�RULHQWHD] �VSUH�XQ�DQXPH�FRQ LQXW�� VFRS�� RULFH� GRULQ � DQWLFLS � LGHDO� RELHFWul care o VDWLVIDFH�� 2ULFH� PDQLIHVWDUH� SVLKLF � DUH� XQ� VHQV�� ÌQ� YL]LXQHD� OXL�)UHXG��QX�QXPDL�DF LXQLOH�UD LRQDOH�DX�VHQV��FL�úL�FHOH�FODVDWH�SkQ �DWXQFL� FD� QHUD LRQDOH�� QRQ-ORJLFH�� DGLF � QHYUR]HOH� LVWHULFH�� DFWHOH�

Page 32: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

UDWDWH� úL� YLVHOH�� 6HQVXO� DFHVWRUD� QX� HVWH� HYLGHQW� QLFL� P FDU� vQ�YL]LXQHD� SVLKDQDOLWLF �� GDU�� FRQIRUP� DFHVWHLD�� SRW� IL� úL� WUHEXLH� V �ILH� W OP FLWH�� ÌQ� DO� WUHLOHD� UkQG�� )UHXG� FRQVLGHU � F � vQWUHDJD�QRDVWU � YLD � SVLKLF � IXQF LRQHD] � GXS � SULQFLSLXO� SO FHULL� úL�HYROXHD] � VSUH� DILUPDUHD� QHVWLQJKHULW � GH sine, ceea ce HFKLYDOHD] �FX�RE LQHUHD�PD[LPHL�SO FHUL�úL�UHFXQRDúWHUHD�ILHF UHL�H[LVWHQ H�XPDQH�FD�XQLFH��LUHSHWDELOH��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��DVXSUD�YLH LL�psihice a individului, în mediul istoric dat, se produc presiuni permanente dinspre sfera instinctelor. Individul natural (opus LQGLYLGXOXL�FXOWXUDO��vúL�FHUH�GUHSWXO�OD�DILUPDUH��2PXO�VRFLDO�WLQGH�V -úL� UHSULPH� LQVWLQFWHOH�GXS �FULWHULL�PRUDOH�� FHHD�FH� FRQGXFH� OD�L]EXFQLUHD� SHULRGLF � D� ]HVWUHL� HUHGLWDU-ELRORJLFH� LQFRQúWLHQW� VDX�FRQúWLHQW� UHSULPDWH�� 3ULQFLSLXOXL� SO FHULL� L� VH� RSXQH� SULQFLSLXO�UHDOLW LL��FRPSXV�GLQ�WRWDOLWDWHD� LQWHUGLF LLORU�VRFLDOH�� vQ�VSHFLDO�D�FHORU� GH� RUGLQ� PRUDO�� SUHFXP� úL� LSRVWD]D� ORU� LQWHULRUL]DW �(autocenzura). Uneori, efectul comportamental sau fiziologic nu-úL�PDL�UHYHQGLF �FRQúWLHQt cauza. )UHXG�QX�VH�LQWHUHVHD] �GH�DQDOL]D�DFWHORU�SVLKLFH�FDUH�VXQW�VDWLVI FXWH� úL� FDUH� QX� PDUFKHD] � VHULRV� LQGLYLGXO� - deoarece o GRULQ � VDWLVI FXW � GLVSDUH� GLQ� VIHUD� SVLKLFXOXL� I U � D� O VD� XUPH��UHYHQLQG�QHSUREOHPDWLF�RUL�GH�FkWH�RUL�H[LVW �LQWHUHVXl de a repeta VDWLVIDF LD�FH�GHFXUJH�GLQ�HD��6XQW�VXSXVH�DQDOL]HL�IUHXGLHQH�DFHOH�DFWLYLW L�SVLKLFH�FDUH�QX�VXQW�ILQDOL]DWH�úL�FDUH�VXQW�VWRFDWH�SHQWUX�a fi apoi reafirmate. Interiorizarea actelor reprimate este rezultatul LQWHUGLF LLORU�PRUDOH��'RULQ HOH interzise sunt refulate, depozitate, H[LODWH�vQ�LQFRQúWLHQW��HOH�GLVSDU�GLQ�FRQúWLLQ ��GDU�QX�úL�GLQ�YLD D�SVLKLF �� ÌQ� FRQWH[WXO� WHRULHL� OXL� )UHXG�� LQFRQúWLHQWXO� DUH� WUHL�ipostaze: 1) "cenzurant" -� DXWRFHQ]XUD�� GHRDUHFH� UHIXO ULOH� VH�produc spontan, reflH[��I U �GHOLEHUDUH�UD LRQDO ������GHVFULSWLY��- LQFRQúWLHQWXO� FD� WHULWRULXO� GH� OHJ WXU �� I U � JUDQL H� SUHFLVH�� vQWUH�FRQúWLHQWXO� SURSULX-]LV� úL� FRQúWLLQ �� ��� �GLQDPLF�� -� R� VWUXFWXU �SVLKLF �GLVWLQFW �FDUDFWHUL]DW �GH�SHUPDQHQWH� WUDQVIRUP UL�FH� WLQG�spre XQ� HFKLOLEUX� LGHDO�� I U � vQV � D-O� DWLQJH�� ,QFRQúWLHQWXO�IXQF LRQHD] � GXS � DOWH� OHJL� GHFkW� FHOH� DOH� ORJLFLL�� ,QFRQúWLHQWXO�

Page 33: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

GLQDPLF� HVWH� R� VWUXFWXUD� SVLKLF � GHRVHELW � GH� JkQGLUHD� SURSULX-]LV �� SULQ� XUPDUH� HVWH� R� ]RQ � �DFRQúWLHQW �� úL� GLQ� SULQFLSLX�QHFRQúWLHQWL]DELO �� ,QFRQúWLHQWXO� QX� SRDWH� IL� DQDOL]DW� GLUHFW�� FL��SOHFkQG� GH� OD� PDQLIHVW ULOH� VDOH� �YLVH�� QHYUR]H�� DFWH� UDWDWH��� VH�IRUPXOHD] � LSRWH]H� SULYLQG� PRGXO� IXQF LRQ ULL� VDOH�� $FHDVW �IXQF LRQDUH� FXSULQGH� SURFHVH� FD�� DPDOJDPDUHD�� DPHVWHFXO��fuziunea; substiWXLUHD� úL� WUDQVIHUXO�� VLPEROL]DUHD�� DGLF �UHVHPQLILFDUHD� XQXL� DQXPLW� FRQ LQXW� SULQ� LQYHVWLUHD� VD� FX� DOWH�vQ HOHVXUL��QDUDWLYLWDWHD��DGLF �UHJL]DUHD��UH-organizarea sub forma XQRU� DQHFGRWH�� SRYHVWLUL� D� FRQ LQXWXULORU� UHIXODWH�� ,QFRQúWLHQWXO�GLQDPLF� PRGLILF � WRWDO� FRQ LQXWXO� úL� VHPQLILFD LD� GRULQ HORU�UHIXODWH��DFHVWHD�VXQW��GHJKL]DWH��SHQWUX�FD�VDWLVIDFHUHD� ORU�V �QX�ILH�GLQ�QRX�vPSLHGLFDW �GH�DXWRFHQ]XU ��$FHVWH�LPDJLQL�GHIRUPDWH�re-LQWU � vQ�YLD D�SVLKLF �SULQ�DFWH� UDWDWH��QHYUR]H�ú�D�P�G�� ÌQWUXFkW�anumite GRULQ H� DX� IRVW� UHIXODWH� úL� QX�DX�SULPLW� VDWLVIDF LL�� QX� DX�IRVW� ILQDOL]DWH�� HOH� SULPHVF� VROX LL� ILFWLYH�� VLPEROLFH� FDUH� DSDUHQW�QX� DX� QLFL� R� OHJ WXU � FX� RELHFWXO� LQL LDO� DO� GRULQ HL�� $FHVWH�PDQLIHVW UL� DOH� LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL� DX� DVWIHO� XQ� GXEOX� FRQ LQXW�� FHO�PDQLIHVW� úL� FHO� ODWHQW� �QHHYLGHQW�� FDUH� WUHEXLH� GHVFRSHULW� SULQ�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�FHOXL�PDQLIHVWDW���&RQ LQXWXO�ODWHQW�HVWH�FKLDU�GRULQ D�FDUH� D� IRVW� UHIXODW � vQ� LQFRQúWLHQW� vQ� XUPD� LQWHU]LFHULL� GH� F WUH�DXWRFHQ]XU �D�UH]ROY ULL�HL�� )UHXG� GH]YROW � WHRULD� SVLKDQDOLWLF � vQ� GLUHF LD� XQHL� QRL�YL]LXQL�GHVSUH�SHUVRDQD�XPDQ ��2PXO�HVWH�FRQFHSXW��VWUDWLILFDW��SH�WUHL�QLYHOXUL��6LQHOH��(XO�úL�6XSUDHXO��6LQHOH�VH�RUJDQL]HD] �vQ�MXUXO�LQVWLQFWHORU� �WHQGLQ H�� vQFOLQD LL�� GRULQ H� REVFXUH�� DSWLWXGLQL��SUHIHULQ H��� $FHVWH� Hnergii instinctuale tind spre satisfacere LPHGLDW ��PDMRULWDWHD�PDQLIHVW ULORU�LQVWLQFWXDOH�VXQW�vQV �UHSULPDWH�VDX�DPkQDWH��3ULQ�DFHDVW �DPkQDUH�VH�IL[HD] �RELHFWXO�GRULQ HORU�úL�HVWH� LPSXOVLRQDW � HYROX LD� SVLKLF � QRUPDO �� ÌQV �� vQ� DFHODúL� WLPS��prin acesW� SURFHV� GH� UHIXODUH� VH� DFXPXOHD] � WHQVLXQL� LQWHULRDUH��HQHUJLL� UHEHOH� vQ� ID D� WHQWDWLYHORU� GH� GLVFLSOLQDUH�� FDUH� SURGXF�GLVFRQIRUW�� 6XSUDHXO� FRQ LQH� LSRVWD]HOH� SULQFLSLXOXL� UHDOLW LL��LGHDOXO� VRFLDO� úL� LGHDOXO� PRUDO�� LGHDOXO� SULYLQG� SURSULD� SHUVRDQ ��

Page 34: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

ÎntUH�6LQH�úL�6XSUDHX�H[LVW �R�WHQVLXQH�SHUPDQHQW ��FX�WHQGLQ �GH�H[FOXGHUH� UHFLSURF ��(XO�HVWH� UH]XOWDWXO�HFKLOLEUXOXL�GLQDPLF�GLQWUH�6XSUDHX� úL� 6LQH�� XQ� FRPSURPLV� vQWUH� SXOVLXQLOH� LUD LRQDOH� DOH�6LQHOXL�úL�FRQYHQ LLOH�VRFLDOH��PRUDOH��UHOLJLRDVH��FXOWXUDOH, etc. ale 6XSUDHXOXL��3ULQ�XUPDUH��(XO�DSDUH�FD�R�LQVWDQW �DGDSWDWLY ��RSHUkQG�FX�WHVWH�GH�UHDOLWDWH��(XO�HVWH�VIkúLDW�GH�R�GXEO �WHDP ��ID �GH�6LQH�úL� ID �GH�6XSUDHX��5XSHULOH�DFHVWXL�HFKLOLEUX� IUDJLO� UHSUH]HQWDW�GH�Eu sunt totdeauna în favoarea SineluL�� ,QVWLQFWHOH� DPkQDWH� úL�QHVDWLVI FXWH� VH� RUJDQL]HD] � FRPSDFW� úL� LQYDGHD] � KDRWLF�� YLROHQW��PDQLIHVW ULOH� SVLKLFH� DOH�RPXOXL��$VWIHO� UH]XOW � DQXODUHD� IXQF LLORU�6XSUDHXOXL�úL�VXVSHQGDUHD�(XOXL�-�DGLF �PDQLIHVWDUHD�QHYUR]HL�� )UHXG� DSOLF � DQDOL]D� SVLKDQDOLWLF � WXWXURU� FUHD LLORU�culturale, considerându-OH� FD� PDQLIHVW UL� D� UHIXO ULORU� SHUVRQDOH�DOH� FUHDWRULORU�� &XOWXUD� úL� FLYLOL]D LD� DX� IXQF LL� UHSUHVLYH� ID � GH�PDQLIHVW UL�LQVWLQFWXDOH��(YROX LD�LVWRULF �D�FLYLOL]D LHL�QX�SDUH�D�IL�GXEODW � GH� XQ� SURJUHV� XPDQ� HFKLYDOHQW�� 2GDW � FX� GH]YROWDUHD�VRFLHW LORU� VH� UHXúHúWH� DPSOLILFDUHD� úL� GLYHUVLILFDUHD� IRUPHORU� GH�UHSUHVLXQH�H[HUFLWDWH�DVXSUD�6LQHOXL��$VWIHO��)UHXG�DILUPD�F �VWDUHD��QRUPDO �� �DGLF � SUHGRPLQDQW �� D� RPXOXL� FLYLOL]DW� HVWH� DQJRDVD��LQGLVSR]L LD�� FDUH� H[WLUS � DQXPLWH� SRWHQ H� FUHDWRDUH� vQ� RP�� ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��DFHDVW �FRQGL LH�D�LQVXOXL�FLYLOL]DW��DGLF �PRGHODW�GH�FLYLOL]D LH� úL� GH� FXOWXU �� UHRULHQWHD] � úL� VHGLPHQWHD] � HQHUJLLOH�SULPLWLYH�DOH� ILLQ HL�XPDQH��) U � vQGRLDO ��)UHXG�vQVXúL�FRQVLGHU �F �YLD D�vQ�PHGLXO�FXOWXUDO�DVLJXU �LQGLYLGXOXL�DYDQWDMH�DGDSWDWLYH��FLYLOL]DWRULL�úL�XQ�VHQWLPHQW�GH�VLJXUDQ ��'H�DFHHD��vQWUH�DQXPLWH�OLPLWH�� FRQWUROXO� LQVWLQFWHORU� HVWH� QHFHVDU� úL� GH]LUDELO�� ÌQ� DFHODúL�WLPS�� FKLDU� HQHUJLLOH� LQVWLQFWXDOH� SRVHG � R� PDUH� SODVWLFLWDWe, putând fi re-RULHQWDWH�úL�UH-VHPQLILFDWH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�RELHFWLYH�FDUH�GHS úHVF�vQWUX-WRWXO�VIHUD�WUHEXLQ HORU�SULPDUH�� $O LL�DXWRUL�-�SUHFXP�$�$GOHU�úL�&�*�-XQJ�-��GHWDúkQGX-se GH�)UHXG��DSUHFLD] �F ��GLQFROR�GH�UHIXO ULOH�LQVWLQFWXDOH��PXOW�PDL�imporWDQWH� úL� VHPQLILFDWLYH� VXQW� UHIXO ULOH� GH� RUGLQ� VRFLDO��&�*�-XQJ�GH]YROW � LGHHD�GH��LQFRQúWLHQW�FROHFWLY���FH�VH�UHIHU � OD�arhetipuri, modele simbolice, scheme imaginative, structuri de

Page 35: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

sensibilitate, pattern-XUL� FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH� ú�D�P�G�� - o zestre ereditaU � PRúWHQLW � LVWRULF� úL� DVLPLODW � FXOWXUDO� FH� FRQGL LRQHD] �psihicul individual. În contexte teoretice mai largi - de abordare ILORVRILF �D�FXOWXULL�úL�GH�RQWRORJLH�D�XPDQXOXL�-, L.Blaga propune SULQ��PDWULFHD�VWLOLVWLF ��XQ�PRGHO�SULQ�FDUH�DFRUG �LQFRQúWLentului IXQF LL� FDWHJRULDOH� FDUH� IDF� SRVLELO� VSHFLILFXO� LUHGXFWLELO��neconfundabil, original (= stilul) al unei culturi; este vorba de PRGXUL� GH� D� SHUFHSH�� SULFHSH� úL� YDORUL]D� VSRQWDQ� OXPHD�� YLD D��LVWRULD�� VSD LXO�� WLPSXO�� GHVWLQXO�� úL�� WRWRGDW �� GH� D� FUHa universul YDORULORU�FXOWXUDOH�SULQ�FDUH�RPXO�VH�DILUP �FD�ILLQ ��vQWUX�PLVWHU�úL�UHYHODUH��� C.�'LKRWRPLD�FRQúWLHQW�-�LQFRQúWLHQW�-�DFFHQWXDW �PDL�DOHV�de psihanaliza lui S.Freud -�QX�PDL�SRDWH�IL�VXV LQXW ��SH�P VXU �FH�úWLLQ HOH�FRJQLWLYH�DX�YDORULILFDW�FHUFHW ULOH�PDL�QRL� UHIHULWRDUH�OD�LQWHUDF LXQLOH�GLQWUH�SURFHVHOH�QHXURQDOH�úL�DFWLYLWDWHD�SVLKLF �D�RPXOXL��$ERUGDUHD�FRPSOH[ �D�VLVWHPXOXL�VSLULW�FUHLHU��SHUPLWH�OXL�-RKQ� 5�6HDUOH� V � vQ HOHDJ � FRQúWLLQ D� GUHSW� IHQRPHQXO� PHQWDO�FHQWUDO�� VXEOLQLLQG�F �QRL�DYHP�WRDWH�VW ULOH�GH�FRQúWLLQ � LQWHUQH��VXELHFWLYH� úL� FDOLWDWLYH�� VW UL� PHQWDOH� LQWULQVHF� LQWHQ LRQDOH��FUHGLQ H� úL� GRULQ H�� LQWHQ LL� úL� SHUFHS LL�� &RQúWLLQ D� úL�LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD�VXQW� LQWHUSUHWDWH�FD�SURFHVH�ELRORJLFH�FDX]DWH�GH�F WUH�SURFHVH�QHXURQDOH�GH�QLYHO�LQIHULRU�FH�VH�GHVI úRDU �vQ�FUHLHU��úL�QLFL�XQHOH�QLFL�DOWHOH�QX�VXQW�UHGXFWLELOH�OD�FHHD�FH�VXQW�FHOHODOWH��vQ�SOXV��FRQúWLLQ D�úL� LQWHQ LRQDOLDWWHD�VXQW� OHJDWH�vQWUH�HOH� vQ�PRG�HVHQ LDO�� DVWIHO� vQFkW� QX� vQ HOHJHP� QR LXQHD� GH� VWDUH� LQWHQ LRQDW �GHFkW� vQ� WHUPHQLL� DFFHVLELOLW LL� VDOH� OD� FRQúWLLQ �� 6HDUOH� GLVWLQJH�vQWUH�DFHOH�FDUDFWHULVWLFL�DOH�OXPLL�FDUH�VXQW�LQWULQVHFL��vQ�VHQVXO�F �H[LVW �LQGHSHQGHQW�GH�RULFH�REVHUYDWRU��úL�FHOH�FDUH�VXQW�UHODWLYH�OD�observator (sau un utilizator oarecare GLQ�DIDU ���)RORVLQG�DFHDVW �GLVWLQF LH� SHQWUX� FODULILFDUHD� XQRU� WHPH� GH� ILORVRILH� D� VSLULWXOXL��SUHFL]HD] �� �FRQúWLLQ D� úL� LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� VXQW� LQWULQVHFL� úL�ineliminabile, iar calculul (computation) - exceptând rarele cazuri vQ� FDUH�HVWH� IUXPRV� úL� ELQH� HIHFWXDW�GH�F WUH�XQ� VSLULW� FRQúWLHQW� - este relativ la observator". [28] Dintr-un asemenea unghi,

Page 36: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

GHVFULHUHD� FRQúWLLQ HL� QRUPDOH� � � DFXP� VH� PDQLIHVW � vQ� YLD D� GH�toate zilele) surprinde anumite caracteristici structurale. 1) &RQúWLLQ D� XPDQ � vúL� DIO � H[Sresia într-XQ� QXP U� OLPLWDW� GH�PRGDOLW L��GLQFROR�GH�FHOH�FLQFL�VLP XUL�-�Y ]�� WDFWLO��PLURV��JXVW��auz -� úL� DO� úDVHOHD� ��VLP XO� HFKLOLEUXOXL���� PDL� DYHP� VHQ]D LL�FRUSRUDUH� ��VHQVLELOLWDWHD� SURSULRFHSWLY ��� úL� IOX[XO� PLúF WRU� DO�gândirii - compus din cuviQWHOH�úL� LPDJLQL��HOHPHQWH�GH�WLS�IODVK��HPR LL��VHQWLPHQWH��GHVLJXU��QX�H[LVW �QLFL�XQ�WHPHL�D�SULRUL�SHQWUX�FDUH� FRQúWLLQ D� V � ILH� OLPLWDW � OD� DFHVWH� IRUPH�� DFHVWH� PRGDOLW L�ILQLWH�DX�IRVW�GH]YROWDWH�úL�DX�F S WDW�SUHJQDQ �vQ�HYROX LD�VSHFLHL��vQV � HPSLULF� VH� SRDWH� FRQVWDWD� F � RPXO� SRVHG � úL� DOWH�PRGDOLW L�VHQ]RULDOH�� FKLDU� GDF � DWURILDWH� �YL]LXQL�� YHGHQLL� ú�D���� vQ� JHQHUDO�ILHFDUH� PRGDOLWDWH� VH� SRDWH� SUH]HQWD� VXE� R� IRUP � SO FXW � VDX�GH]DJUHDELO �����6W ULOH�FRQúWLHQWH�QRQ-SDWRORJLFH�QX�QL�VH�SUH]LQW �GHFkW�vQ�FDGUXO�XQHL�VHFYHQ H�XQLILFDWH��XQLWDWHD�RUL]RQWDO �FRQVW �vQ� RUJDQL]DUHD� H[SHULHQ HORU� FRQúWLHQWH� SH� XQ� IUDJPHQW� VFXUW� GH�WLPS��GH�SLOG ��PHPRULD�LFRQLF �DFWLYDW �vQ�GHVI úXUDUHD�RUDO �VDX�PHQWDO �D�XQHL�IUD]H���XQLWDWHD�SH�YHUWLFDO �VH�UHIHU �OD�FXQRDúWHUHD�VLPXOWDQ � SH� FDUH� R� SXWHP� DYHD� DVXSUD� GLIHULWHORU� FDUDFWHULVWLFL��GRPLQDQWH�� IL[ UL� HWF�� DOH� XQHL� VW UL� FRQúWLHQWH�� GH� IDSW� HVWH� DLFL�OXDW� vQ� GLVFX LH� IHQRPHQXO� SH� FDUH� .DQW� vO� QXPHD� �XQLWDWHD�WUDQVFHGHQWDO �D�DSHUFHS LHL��� ��� &RQV LLQ D� HVWe în mare parte, dar nu în totalitate, LQWHQ LRQDO �� �vQ� JHQHUDO�� vQ� RULFH� VWDUH� FRQúWLHQW �� VWDUHD� HVWH�GLULMDW � F WUH� XQ� OXFUX� VDX� DOWXO�� FKLDU� GDF � OXFUXO� F WUH� FDUH� HVWH�vQGUHSWDW�QX�H[LVW ���>��@�6HDUOH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD�vQ�termenii eviGHQ HL� HPSLULFH� -� vQ� P VXUD� vQ� FDUH� PDL� WRWGHDXQD�FRQúWLLQ D� HVWH� FRQúWLLQ � D� FHYD� -�� I U � D� YDORULILFD� vQWHPHLHULOH�IHQRPHQRORJLHL� KXVVHUOLHQH�� ÌQ� FRQVHFLQ �� FRQVLGHU � VXILFLHQW� V �VXEOLQLH]H�IDSWXO�F ��H[SHULHQ HOH�PHOH�FRQúWLHQWH��VSUH�GHRVHELUH�de obLHFWHOH� H[SHULHQ HORU�� VH� SURGXF� WRWGHDXQD� GXS � R� DQXPLW �SHUVSHFWLY ��VDX�XQ�DQXPLW�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH���FHHD�FH�vQVHDPQ �F �RULFH� LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH� HVWH� DVSHFWXDO �� RELHFWXO� ILLQG� Y ]XW� VXE�DQXPLWH� DVSHFWH� úL� QX� VXE� DOWHOH�� GHFL�� �RULFH� YHGHUH� HVWH� R� ��

Page 37: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

vederH� FD� �úL���� ��� 6W ULOH� GH� FRQúWLLQ � VXQW� vQVR LWH� GH� XQ�VHQWLPHQW� VXELHFWLY�� VXELHFWLYLWDWHD� LPSOLF � vQ� PRG� QHFHVDU�DVSHFWXO��FH�HIHFW�IDFH��GHWHUPLQ �-�Q�Q���DFHDVWD���SURSULX�VW ULORU�FRQúWLHQWH������ ÌQ�DFHVW�SXQFW��6HDUOH�DYDQVHD] �R� WH] �SXWHUQLF ��"sLQJXUD� ILLQ � FDSDELO � V � DLE � VW UL� LQWHQ LRQDOH� FRQúWLHQWH� HVWH�FDSDELO �V �DLE �VW UL�LQWHQ LRQDOH�úL�QLPLF�PDL�PXOW��úL�RULFH�VWDUH�LQWHQ LRQDO � LQFRQúWLHQW � HVWH� FHO� SX LQ� SRWHQ LDO� FRQúWLHQW ���&RQVHFLQ D� WHRUHWLF � LPHGLDW � SRVWXOHD] � F � R� GLVFX LH� Dsupra LQWHQ LRQDOLW LL�QX�HVWH�FRPSOHW �GHFkW�GDF �DQJDMHD] �úL�SUREOHPD�FRQúWLLQ HL�� ��� 6HDUOH� JHQHUDOL]HD] � VWUXFWXUD� ILJXU -fond (cu DMXWRUXO� F UHLD� SVLKRORJLD� IRUPHL� DQDOL]HD] � H[SHULHQ HOH�SHUFHSWLYH�� SHQWUX� vQWUHDJD� VIHU � D� FRQúWLLQ HL�� �WRW� FHHD� FH FRQVWLWXLH�FRQ LQXWXO�SH�FDUH�vPL�FRQFHQWUH]�DWHQ LD�VH�YD�SURGXFH�pe fondul unui Arierplan (Backround, Arriére-plan) care nu este �vQ��FHQWUXO�DWHQ LHL�PHOH��úL�FX�FkW�FkPSXO�DWHQ LHL�PHOH�HVWH�PDL�vQWLQV�� FX� DWkW� DWLQJHP� OLPLWHOH� FRQúWLLQ HL� PHOH� DFROR� unde $ULHUSODQXO� YD� IL� WRWXQD� FX� FRQGL LLOH� OLPLW ��� 'HFL�� VW ULOH�FRQúWLHQWH� VXQW� VWUXFWXUDWH� SH� FRQWH[WH� SRVLELOH�� ��� �)LLQG� GDW�FDUDFWHUXO� WHPSRUDO�� VRFLDO�� XQLILFDW�� LQWHQ LRQDO�� VXELHFWLY� DO�FRQúWLLQ HL�� PL� VH� SDUH� F � FHD� PDL� U VSkQGLW � FDUDFDWHULVWLF � D�VW ULORU�RELúQXLWH� úL�QRUPDOH�GH�FXQRDúWHUH� LPHGLDW � úL�FRQúWLHQW �este ceea ce voi numi "aspectul de familiaritate �� ´� >��@� 3ULQ�DFHDVW �IRUPXO ��6HDUOH�YL]HD] ��GH�IDSW���DFWHOH�GH�UHFXQRDúWHUH��� LGHQWLILFDUH�� DVXSUD� F URUD� LQVLVW � GLIHULWH� YDULDQWH ale epistemologiei empirice. Ca fenomen scalar, "aspectul de IDPLOLDULWDWH��� I U � D� DYHD� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� XQXL� VHQWLPHQW� GLVWLQFW��IDFH� SRVLELO � FHD� PDL� PDUH� SDUWH� D� RUJDQL] ULL� úL� RUGLQLL� FDUH�DIHFWHD] �H[SHULHQ HOH�FRQúWLHQWH��FDWHJRULLOH�SUHH[LVWHQWH�LPSOLF �R� DVLPLODUH� IDPLOLDU � D� H[SHULHQ HORU� úL�� HYHQWXDO�� D� XQRU� QRL�structuri conceptuale. ���6W ULORU�FRQúWLHQWH�OH�HVWH�VSHFLILF ��UHY UVDUHD���vQWUXFkW�DX�R�UHIHULQ �FDUH�VH�DIO �GLQFROR�GH�FRQ LQXWXO�ORU�LPHGLDW�úL��SULQ�XUPDUH��DFHVWH�FRQ LQXWXUL� WLQG�V � VH� U VSkQGHDVF �� V � VH� UHYHUVH��V � VH� SURSDJH�� FRQHFWkQGX-se cu alte gânduri care în parte le

Page 38: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

DSDU LQ�úL��vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��vQWU-un alt sens, nu fac parte din ele. 9) ÌQ� LQWHULRUXO� FkPSXOXL� FRQúWLLQ HL� WUHEXLH� -� WRFPDL� F � HVWH� R�HYLGHQ �FDUH�QL� VH impune -� V � VH�GLVWLQJ � OXFUXULOH�FDUH� VXQW� vQ�FHQWUXO� DWHQ LHL� GH� FHOH� FDUH� VH� VLWXHD] � OD� SHULIHULH�� DFHDVW �deosebire (centru-SHULIHULH�� QX� SRDWH� IL� VXSUDSXV � GLVWLQF LHL�FRQúWLHQW-LQFRQúWLHQW��6HDUOH�FRQVLGHU �F �HVWH�IDOV�V �VH�SUHVXSXQ �F �OD�SHULIHULH�DU�IL�GLVSXVH�FRQ LQXWXULOH�LQFRQúWLHQWH�� ����3ULQWUH�DWULEXWHOH�VWUXFWXUDOH�DOH�VW ULORU�FRQúWLHQWH�VXQW�úL�FRQGL LL�FX�YDORUL�GH�OLPLWH��GHúL�vQ�PRPHQWXO�UHIOHF LHL�QX�DYHP�JkQGXUL� UHODWLYH� OD� YDULDELOH� GH� ORFDOL]DUH� VSHFLILF �� WRWXúL� QL� VH�SDUH� F � WRDWH� DFHVWH� OXFUXUL� FDUH� VXQW� YL]DWH� DSDU LQ� FDUDFWHUXOXL�VLWXDW�� ORFDOL] ULL� VSD LR-WHPSRUDOH� úL� VRFLRELRORJLFH� D� VW ULORU�FRQúWLHQWH�SUH]HQWDWH��GDU� ORFDOL]DUHD�SRDWH�HD� vQV úL�V �QX�H[LVWH�SHQWUX�RULFH�RELHFW�DO�FRQúWLLQ HL��QLFL�FKLDU�OD�SHULIHULH��,PSRUWDQ D�IHQRPHQXOXL�GH�OLPLW �D�FRQúWLLQ HL�SRDWH�IL�HYDOXDW �vQ�FD]XULOH�GH�GHSUHVLH�� VHQWLPHQWXO� GH� GH]RULHQWDUH� GHYLQH� FRSOHúLWRU� DWXQFL�FkQG�VXQW�DIHFWDWH�SRVLELOLW LOH�úL�VDX�FKLDU�GRULQ HOH�GH�ORFDOL]DUH�VSD LR-WHPSRUDO �� ����'LVSR]L LLOH�HPR LRnal-afective nu sunt prin ele însele LQWHQ LRQDOH�� PDL� PXOW�� HOH� QX� FRQVWLWXLH� QLFLRGDW � FRQ LQXWXO�FRPSOHW� DO� XQHL� VW UL� PHQWDOH�� FL�� PDL� FXUkQG� GDX� WRQXO� VDX�FXORDUHD�FH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �DQVDPEOXO�XQHL�VW UL�GH�FRQúWLLQ �VDX�DO�unei� vQO Q XLUL� GH� VW UL�� ([SOLFDELOH� SH� ED]H� QHXURELRORJLFH��GLVSR]L LLOH�� WRDQHOH��VXQW�FRQVWDQWH�VLPSOH��PDL�DOHV�SHQWUX�F �QX�DX�R�LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH�HVHQ LDO ������ÌQ�VIkUúLW��R�XOWLP �GLPHQVLXQH�VH� UHIHU � OD� SO FHUH�QHSO FHUH�� ILHFDUH� SDUH� H[WUDV � GLQ� IOXxul FRQúWLLQ HL�� úL� FDSDELO � V � DLE � R� DQXPLW � XQLWDWH� úL� FRHUHQ ��FRPSRUW � HOHPHQWH� GH� SO FHUH�� GXUHUH� VDX� VXEGLYL]LXQL� DOH�acestora. -RKQ� 5�6HDUOH� HQXPHU � DQXPLWH� SUHVXSR]L LL� GH� RULJLQH�FDUWH]LDQ � D� F URU� YDORDUH� úL� XWLOLWDWH� R� UHVSLQJH�� DFHVWH� �HURUi WUDGL LRQDOH�� >��@� vúL� vQFKLSXLH� F �� WRDWH� VW ULOH� FRQúWLHQWH� VXQW�FRQúWLHQWH� �FRQúWLHQ ��GH�VLQH��FRQúWLLQ D�SRDWH� IL�FXQRVFXW �SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO� XQHL� vQVXúLUL� VSHFLDOH�� SUHFXP� LQWURVSHF LD��

Page 39: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FXQRDúWHUHD� SURSULLORU� QRDVWUH� VW UL� FRQúWLHQWH� HVWH� LQFRULJLELO ��DVWIHO�vQFkW�QX�SXWHP�V �QH�vQúHO P�DVXSUD�DFHVWXL�VXELHFW��)DSWXO�F �6HDUOH�FRQVLGHU �DFHVWH�SUHVXSR]L LL�FD�ILLQG�OLSVLWH�GH�WHPHL�DUH�GUHSW�FRQVHFLQ �R�DQXPH�IOH[LELOLWDWH� vQ�WHRULD�DFWHORU�GH�OLPEDM��SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� SUHILJXUHD] � R� LQWHUSUHWDUH� D� LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL�UHEHO � ID � GH� PRGHOXO� IUHXGLDQ�� $VWIHO�� WH]D� SURSXV � GH� 6HDUOH�VXV LQH� F � �QR LXQH� GH� VWDUH� PHQWDO � LQFRQúWLHQW � LPSOLF �DFFHVLELOLWDWHD� OD� FRQúWLLQ ��� >��@� FHHD� FH� SUHVXSXQH� F �� R� VWDUH�LQWHQ LRQDO � LQFRQúWLHQW � WUHEXLH�WRWXúL�V �ILH� LQWULQVHF�PHQWDO ��úL�WUHEXLH� V � DLE � R� DQXPLW � IRUP � DVSHFWXDO �� &RQIRUP� DFHVWXL��SULQFLSLX�GH�FRQH[LXQH����QX�vQ HOHJHP�QR LXQHD�GH�VWDUH�PHQWDO �LQFRQúWLHQW �GHFkW�FD�ILLQG�FRQ LQXW�SRVLELO�DO�FRQúWLLQ HL��FD�JHQXO�GH�OXFUXUL�FDUH��FX�WRDWH�F �VXQW�QRQ-cRQúWLHQWH��úL�VH�SRDWH�V �OH�ILH�LPSRVLELO� V � DMXQJ � OD� FRQúWLLQ � SH� GLIHULWH� SRU LXQL�� HVWH� WRWXúL�JHQXO� GH� OXFUXUL� FDUH� DU� SXWHD� V � ILH� VDX� DU� IL� SXWXW� V � ILH�FRQúWLHQWH��� >��@� $[LRPHOH� FDUH� vQWHPHLD] � FUHGLELOLWDWHD� DFHVWHL�LQWHUSUHW UL� SRW� IL� H[SULPDWH� DVWIHO�� D�� H[LVW � R� GHRVHELUH� vQWUH�LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� LQWULQVHF � úL� LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� �FD� úL� FXP��� GRDU�LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� LQWULQVHF �HVWH� vQ�PRG�DXWHQWLF�PHQWDO ��E��VW ULOH�LQFRQúWLHQWH� VXQW� LQWULQVHFL�� F�� VW ULOH� LQWHQ LRQDOH�� FDUH� SRW� IL�FRQúWLHQWH� VDX� LQFRQúWLHQWH�� DX� WRWGHDXQD� IRUPH� DVSHFWXDOH�� G��WU V WXUD� DVSHFWXDO � QX� SRDWH� IL� FDUDFWHUL]DW � H[FOXVLY�� vQ� PRG�exhaustiv, complet în termeni de predicate psihologice la persoana a treia, comportamentale sau chiar neurofiziologice; nici una din aceste st UL�QX�HVWH�VXILFLHQW �SHQWUX�D�IXUQL]D�R�DQDOL] �H[KDXVWLY �D�IRUPHL� DVSHFWXDOH�� UH]XOW �� DúDGDU�� F � VH� PHQ LQH� R� ODFXQ �LQIHUHQ LDO � vQWUH�SRU LXQLOH� DWLWXGLQLORU� HSLVWHPRORJLFH� SHQWUX� FDUH�XQ�RDUHFDUH�DVSHFW�HVWH�SUH]HQW��úL�RQWRORJLD�DVSHFWXOXL�SURSULX-zis. 6HDUOH�QX�LQWURGXFH�vQ�GLVFX LH�DFFHS LXQHD�LQ-FRQúWLHQWXOXL�FD� VWUXFWXU � SVLKLF � D-FRQúWLHQW � úL� QH-FRQúWLHQWL]DELO �� FL� GRDU�WHUPHQXO�GH��QHFRQúWLHQW���GH�DFHHD��SOHGRDULD�VD�vQ�VHQVXO�XQLW LL�YLH LL� VSLULWXDOH� SUHVXSXQH� F � RQWRORJLD� VW ULORU� PHntale LQFRQúWLHQWH�� DWXQFL� FkQG� VXQW� LQFRQúWLHQWH�� VH� ED]HD] � vQ�vQWUHJLPH� SH� SURSULHW LOH� RELHFWLYH� DOH� FUHLHUXOXL� FDSDELOH� V �SURYRDFH�JkQGXUL��FRQúWLHQWH��VXELHFWLYH���$úDGDU��GLVWLQF LD�GLQWUH�

Page 40: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VW ULOH�PHQWDOH�FRQúWLHQWH� úL� FHOH� LQFRQúWLHQWH�QX�HVWH� vQtre specii GH� VW UL�PHQWDOH�� QLFL� vQWUH� GRX �PRGXUL� GH� H[LVWHQ �� FL� YL]HD] �GRDU� IHOXUL� GH� D� SHUFHSH� GLIHULW� DFHODúL� SURFHV�� �LPDJLQH� QDLY � D�VW ULORU� LQFRQúWLHQWH�FRQIXQG �FDSDFLWDWHD�FDX]DO �GH�D�SURYRFD�R�VWDUH� LQWHQ LRQDO � FRQúWLHQW � FX� VWDUHD� FRQúWLHQW � vQV úL�� DGLF �FRQIXQG � ODWHQ D� FX� PDQLIHVWDUHD��� 'HFL�� �RQWRORJLD�LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL� HVWH� RQWRORJLD� XQHL� QHXURIL]LRORJLL� FDSDELOH� V �JHQHUH]H�FRQúWLHQWXO��úL�FX�DVWD�SXQFW���>��@ 3H� OkQJ � DQDOL]D� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH� FRQúWLHQW� úL�LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH��6HDUOH�DUH�vQ�YHGHUH�úL�UDSRUWXULOH�GLQWUH�$ULHUSODQ�(Backround, Arriére-SODQ�� úL� 5H HD� �1HWZRUN�� 5pVHDX��� ÌQWU-o SULP � DFFHS LXQH�� $ULHUSODQXO� FXSULQGH� DQVDPEOXO� GH� FDSDFLW L��DSWLWXGLQL� úL� FXQRúWLQ H� SUDFWLFH� JHQHUDOH� FDUH�� GHúL� QX� VXQW� vQ� úL�prin ele însele intHQ LRQDOH��SHUPLW�V �IXQF LRQH]H�vQ�LQWHULRUXO�ORU�VW ULOH� QRDVWUH�PHQWDOH� �DGLF � IHQRPHQHOH� LQWHQ LRQDOH�� FXP�DU� IL�VHPQLILFD LLOH�� FRPSUHKHQVLXQLOH�� LQWHUSUHW ULOH�� GRULQ HOH��H[SHULHQ HOH��� >��@� 2� SULP � FRQVHFLQ �� RULFH� UHSUH]HQWDUH� �vQ�limbaj, gândire��H[SHULHQ ��QX�SDUYLQH�OD�UHSUH]HQWDUH�GHFkW�GDF �GLVSXQH�GH�XQ�DQVDPEOX�GH�FDSDFLW L�QRQ-UHSUH]HQWD LRQDOH��$OW �FRQVHFLQ �� IHQRPHQHOH� LQWHQ LRQDOH� QX-úL� VWDELOHVF� FRQGL LLOH� GH�VDWLVIDFHUH�GHFkW�UHODWLY�OD�XQ�DQVDPEOX�GH�FDSDFLW L�FDUH�QX�VXQW�ele îQVHOH� LQWHQ LRQDOH�� ÌQ� HODERUDUHD� VD� FRPSOHW �� �$ULHUSODQXO��LQFOXGH�úL��5H HDXD���UHVSHFWLY�VWUXFWXULOH�LQWHQ LRQDOH���/LQLLOH�GH�VHQV�DOH�FRQFHSWXOXL�GH��$ULHUSODQ��VXQW�SUHFL]DWH�DVWIHO�����VW ULOH�LQWHQ LRQDOH� QX� IXQF LRQHD] � vQ� PRG� DXWRQRP�� HOH� QX� GHWHUPLQ �(nu-úL� KRW U VF�� QX� VWDELOHVF�� FRQGL LLOH� GH� VDWLVIDFHUH� vQ� PRG�L]RODW�� ��� ILHFDUH� VWDUH� LQWHQ LRQDO �� SHQWUX� D� SXWHD� V -úL�vQGHSOLQHDVF � IXQF LD�� VROLFLW � R� 5H HD� GH� DOWH� VW UL� LQWHQ LRQDOH��FRQGL LLOH�GH�VDWLVIDFHUH�QX�VXQW�GHWHUPLQDWH�GHFkW�UHODWLY�OD�5H HD����� 5H HDXD� VLQJXU � QX-úL� HVWH� VXILFLHQW � VLHúL�� 5H HDXD� QX�IXQF LRQHD] �GHFkW�UHODWLY �OD�XQ�$ULHUSODQ�GH�FDSDFLW L�����DFHVWH�FDSDFLW L� QX� VXQW� úL� QX� SRW� IL� WUDWDWH� FD� VW UL� LQWHQ LRQDOH�VXSOLPHQWDUH� VDX� FD� I FkQG� SDUWH� GLQ� FRQ LQXWXO� XQHL� VW UL�LQWHQ LRQDOH� SDUWLFXODUH�� ��� DFHOHDúL� FRQ LQXWXUL� LQWHQ LRQDOH� SRW�

Page 41: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VWDELOL�GLIHULWH�FRQGL LL�GH�VDWLVIDFHUH� �SUHFXP�FRQGL LL�GH�DGHY U��UHODWLY�OD�GLIHULWH�$ULHUSODQXUL�úL��UHODWLY�OD�XQ�$ULHUSODQ�RDUHFDUH��HOH� QX� KRW U VF� vQ� PRG� DEVROXW� QLFL� XQD�� 6HDUOH� FRQVLGHU � F �H[DPLQDUHD�FRPSUHKHQVLXQLL�IUD]HORU�HVWH�PRGXO�FHO�PDL�VLPSOX�úL�HYLGHQW� GH� D� YHGHD� F � UHSUH]HQWDUHD� SURSXQH� XQ� $ULHUSODQ� GH�FDSDFLW L�� GH� SLOG �� DFHHDúL� H[SUHVLH� OLWHUDU � SRDWH� V � DGXF �DFHHDúL�FRQWULEX LH�vQ�HQXQ XO�OLWHUDO�D�WRW�IHOXO�GH�IUD]H�úL��FX�WRDWH�DFHVWHD��FKLDU�GDF �DFHVWH�IUD]H�DU�IL�vQ HOHVH�OLWHUDO��H[SUHVLD�YD�IL�LQWHUSUHWDW � GLIHULW�� SRWULYLW� FX� IUD]HOH�� SULQ� XUPDUH�� UHOD LD� GLQWUH�VHPQLILFD LD�IUD]HL�HQXQ DWH��FRQ LQXWXO�D�FHHD�FH�VSXQH� ORFXWRUXO�úL�FHHD�FH�ORFXWRUXO� ODV �V �VH�vQ HOHDJ �I FkQG�HQXQ XO�GH]Y OXLH�WRFPDL� IXQF LD� $ULHUSODQXOXL� vQ� FRQILJXUDUHD� HIHFWLY � D� VHQVXOXL��FD� VWDUH� PHQWDO � LQWHQ LRQDO �� FD� LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWH� VHPQLILFDQW � D�HQXQ XOXL�úL�FD�SXWHUH�GH�VHPQLILFDUH�DFWXDOL]DW �GH�DFHVWHD��� Pe scurt, se poDWH� VSXQH� F � GLVWLQF LD� FDWHJRULDO � GLQWUH��$ULHUSODQ�� úL� �5H HD�� DUH� vQ� YHGHUH� R� GRPLQDQW �� vQ� WLPS� FH�Arierplanul este constituit din fenomene (=ansamblul de FDSDFLW L�� FDUH� QX� VXQW� LQWHQ LRQDOH�� 5H HDXD� FXSULQGH� WRFPDL�IHQRPHQHOH� � VW UL�� LQWHQ LRQDOH� Caracteristicile sunt re-FRQFHQWUDWH�GH�6HDUOH�vQ�SDWUX�WH]H�FDUH�HYLW �FRQIX]LD�FDWHJRULDO ��>��@����VW ULOH�LQWHQ LRQDOH�QX�IXQF LRQHD] �vQ�PRG�DXWRQRP�úL�QX-úL� VWDELOHVF� � GHWHUPLQ �� vQ� PRG� LQGHSHQGHQW� FRQGL LLOH� GH�VDWLVIDFHUH�����ILHFDUH�VWDUH�LQWHQ LRQDO ��SHQWUX�D�SXWHD�IXQF LRQD��DUH�QHYRLH�GH�DQVDPEOXO�GH�FDSDFLW L�DOH�$ULHUSODQXOXL��FRQGL LLOH�de satisfacere nu sunt determinate decât relativ la un ansamblu de FDSDFLW L�� ��� SULQWUH� DFHVWH� FDSDFLW L�� H[LVW � XQHOH� FDUH� VXQW�FDSDELOH�V �JHQHUH]H�DOWH�VW UL�FRQúWLHQWH��DFHVWRUD�GLQ�XUP �OL�VH�DSOLF �FRQGL LLOH���úL�������DFHODúL�WLS�GH�FRQ LQXW�LQWHQ LRQDO�SRDWH�V � GHWHUPLQH� GLIHULWH� FRQGL LL� GH� VDWLVIDFHUH� DWXQFL� FkQG� VH�PDQLIHVW �vQ�GLIHULWH�WRNHQ�FRQúWLHQWH��UHODWLYH�OD�GLIHULWH�FDSDFLW L�ale ArLHUSODQXOXL��UHODWLY�OD�DQXPLWH�$ULHUSODQXUL��HO�QX�GHWHUPLQ �QLFL� R� FRQGL LH� GH� VDWLVIDFHUH� vQ� vQWUHJLPH�� ,QWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD�FRQúWLLQ HL�-�GHFL�VLPSOXO�IDSW�F �DFHDVWD�YL]HD] �WRWGHDXQD��FHYD��-� OHJLWLPHD] � LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD�GHULYDW �D�FRQVWUXF LLORU� OLQJYistice

Page 42: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

�HQXQ XUL�� GLVFXUVXUL� ú�D���� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� DFWHOH� GH�YRUELUH�FRPXQLFDUH� VXQW� vQ HOHVH� GUHSW� FRPSRUWDPHQWH�LQWHQ LRQDOH�� JXYHUQDWH� GH� UHJXOL� LQWULQVHFL�� $FHDVW � OHJ WXU �LQGLVROXELO � GLQWUH� LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� FRQúWLLQ HL� úL� LQWHQ LLOH�FRPXQLF ULL� OLQJYLVWLFH� HVWH� H[SOLFLWDW � GH� F WUH� 6HDUOH� SULQ�SULQFLSLXO�H[SULPDELOLW LL��DFHVWD�VWDELOHúWH�F �VH�SRDWH� WRWGHDXQD�V �ILH�VSXV�FHHD�FH�VH�YUHD�V �VH�VSXQ ��FHHD�FH�VH�LQWHQ LRQHD] �D�fi spus poate fi spus, sau, în formularea lui Searle: Whatever can be meanW�FDQ�EH�VDLG���2ULFH�OLPE �GLVSXQH�GH�XQ�DQVDPEOX�ILQLW�GH� FXYLQWH� úL� GH� FRQVWUXF LL� VLQWDFWLFH� SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO� F URUD� QH�SXWHP�H[SULPD��GDU�GDF �R�OLPE �GDW ��VDX�RULFH�OLPE �vQ�JHQHUH��RSXQH� H[SULPDELOXOXL�R� OLPLW � VXSHULRDU �� GDF �H[LVW � JkQGXUL� SH�caUH�HD�QX� vQJ GXLH�D� OH�H[SULPD��DFHVWD�HVWH�XQ� IDSW�FRQWLQJHQW��LDU�QX�XQ�DGHY U�QHFHVDU���>��@�3RWULYLW�DFHVWXL�SULQFLSLX��QX�H[LVW �U P úL �LQH[SULPDELO ��QX�SRW�IL�vQWkOQLWH�LQWHQ LL�FDUH��FHO�SX LQ�vQ�SULQFLSLX��V �UH]LVWH�OD�D�IL�FRPXQLFDWH��0HQ LRQ P��vQV ��F �6HDUOH�SURSXQH�V �QX�FRQIXQG P�FHHD�FH�XQ�ORFXWRU�YUHD�V �VHPQLILFH�FX�WLSXULOH� GH� HIHFWH� SH� FDUH� XUP UHúWH� V � OH� SURGXF � DVXSUD�DXGLWRULORU� V L�� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� SULQFLSLXO� GH� H[SULPDELOLWDWH� QX�SUHVXSXQH� vQ� QLFL� XQ� IHO� F � WRW� FHHD� FH� SRDWH� IL� VSXV� HVWH� úL�VDX�SRDWH� IL�� SULQ� FKLDU� DFHDVWD�� DFFHVLELO� vQ HOHJHULL� GH� F WUH� DO LL��$FHVW�SULQFLSLX�VWDELOHúWH�GRDU�F �RULFH�LQWHQ LH�VHPQLILFDQW �SRDWH�V -úL�J VHDVF �R�H[SULPDUH�H[DFW �vQ�OLPEDM��DOWIHO�VSXV��DILUP �F �VHQVXO�SH�FDUH�ORFXWRUXO�vO�G �HQXQ ULL�VDOH�SRDWH�V �ILH�WRWGHDXQD�H[SOLFLWDW�SULQ�FRQVWUXF LL�OLQJYLVWLFH��FKLDU�GDF �SHQWUX�DFHDVWD�YD�WUHEXL�FD�V �LQYHQWH]H��vPERJ LQG�DVWIHO�OLPED��GHFL��SHQWUX�RULFH�VHPQLILFD LH�;��úL�SHQWUX�RULFH�ORFXWRU�/��RUL�GH�FkWH�RUL�/�YUHD�V �semnifice (iQWHQ LRQHD] �V �WUDQVPLW ��GRUHúWH�V �FRPXQLFH�HWF���;��HVWH� SRVLELO� V � H[LVWH� R� H[SUHVLH� (�� DVWIHO� vQFkW�(� V � ILH� H[SUHVLD�H[DFW � VDX� IRUPXODUHD� H[DFW � D� OXL� ;�� ÌQ� GHVFKLGHUHD� DFHVWXL�SULQFLSLX��-RKQ�5�6HDUOH�DQDOL]HD] �FX�SUHGLOHF LH�DFWHOH�GH�OLPEDM�carH�SRVHG �XQ�VHQV�OLWHUDO��VHULRV��JUDY���vQ�DFHDVW �FDWHJRULH�LQWU �FD]XULOH� vQ� FDUH� ORFXWRUXO� �YUHD� V � VSXQ � FHHD� FH� VSXQH�� �+H�PHDQV�ZKDW�KH�VD\V���DYkQG��vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��LQWHQ LD�GH�D�SURGXFH�

Page 43: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

XQ�HIHFW�DVXSUD�DXGLWRULXOXL�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�UHFXQRDúWHULL�acestei LQWHQ LL� GH� F WUH� DXGLWRU�� ÌQ� SUHOXQJLUHD� �MRFXULORU� GH� OLPEDM��DQDOL]DW � GH� /�:LWWJHVWHQ� úL� D� WLSRORJLHL� SURSXVH� GH� -�/�$XVWLQ��-�5�6HDUOH� VXEOLQLD] � F �� �vQ� SULPXO� UkQG�� D� YRUEL� R� OLPE �vQVHDPQ � D� UHDOL]D� DFWH� GH� OLPEDM�� DFWH� SUHFXP�� D� IRUPXOD�afLUPD LL��D�GD�RUGLQH��D�SXQH�vQWUHE UL��D�IDFH�SURPLVLXQL��ú�D�P�G���úL�� vQWU-un plan mai abstract, acte ca: a se referi, a predica; în al GRLOHD� UkQG�� DFHVWH� DFWH� VXQW� vQ� JHQHUDO� I FXWH� SRVLELOH� SULQ�HYLGHQ D� DQXPLWRU� UHJXOL� FDUH� DGPLQLVWUHD] � vQWUHEXLQ Drea HOHPHQWHORU� OLQJYLVWLFH� úL� VH� UHDOL]HD] � FRQIRUP� DFHVWRU� UHJXOL�´��>��@�'LVFXUVXO�WHRUHWLF�DVXSUD�FRQúWLLQ HL�HVWH��DVWIHO��IRORVLW�SHQWUX�D� OHJLWLPD� DQDOL]D� WD[LQRPLF � D� FRPXQLF ULL� OLQJYLVWLFH�� LDU�LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD� DFWHORU� SVLKLFH� HVWH� H[SOLFLWDW � Srin investigarea WLSXULORU� GH� LQWHQ LL� FDUH� DUWLFXOHD] � XWLOL] ULOH� FRWLGLHQH� DOH�limbajului. 5. Noi strategii teoretico-metodologice -�+DEHUPDV�FRQVWDW �R�VFKLPEDUH�GH�SDUDGLJP �vQ�ILORVRILD�DFWXDO ��WUHFHUHD�GH�OD�R�ILORVRILH�D�FRQúWLLQ HL�úL�VXELHFWLYLW LL�OD�R�ILORVRILH�D�OLPEDMXOXL��'DF ��SULQ�WUDGL LH��VHPQHOH�OLQJYLVWLFH�HUDX�FRQVLGHUDWH�GRDU�FD� LQVWUXPHQWH� úL� DFFHVRULL� DL� UHSUH]HQW ULORU�� vQ�UHIOHF LD� PDL� QRX �� LPSXOVLRQDW � GH� XQ� HYLGHQW� LQWHUHV� úWLLQ LILF��aceste semne sunt privite drept componente ale unui univers DXWRQRP� DO� VHPQLILFD LLORU� �VHQVXOXL��� vQ� ORFXO� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH�VXELHFW� úL� RELHFW�� vQFHS� V � ILH� VWXGLDWH� UDSRUWXULOH� VLVWHPHORU� GH�VHPQH�FX�VW ULOH�IDFWXDOH��6WUXFWXUDOLVPXO�PHWRGRORJLF��VHPLRWLFD��hermeneutica sunt în acest context, deschideri teoretico-PHWRGRORJLFH� FX� YLUWX L� LQWHJUDWRDUH� DVXSUD� D� WRW� FHHD� FH� LQH� GH��DFWLYLWDWHD� VLPEROLF �� D� RPXOXL� �3�5LFRHXU� ú�D���� GH� DFHD�FUHDWLYLWDWH� FDUH� SRDWH� IL� QXPLW � �FRPSRUWDPHQW� VLPEROLF���1�&KRPVN\� ú�D��� VDX� �DWLWXGLQH� �IDFXOWDWH� - n.n.�� XPDQ � GH� D�VHPQLILFD�� �)�GH� 6DXVVXUH�� (�%HQYHQLVWH�� &O�+DJþJH� ú�D���� 3ULQ�DPSORDUHD�ORU��DFHVWH�FRQWULEX LL�VH�LQWHJUHD] �GLVFXUVXOXL�ILORVRILF�

Page 44: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

GHVSUH�FRQGL LD�XPDQ ��'H�IDSW��FXQRDúWHUHD�FRQWHPSRUDQ �GH�VLQH�D� RPXOXL� HVWH� PHGLDW � GH� OLPEDMH�VHPQH�VLPEROuri/texte care DOF WXLHVF�EROWD�YDORULF �D�FXOWXULL�úL�FLYLOL]D LHL� 5.1. Structuralismul 0HWRGD�VWUXFWXUDO �SURSXQH�VFKHPH�FRQFHSWXDOH�ULJXURDVH��FX�R�DSOLFD LH�ODUJ �úL�FX�YRFD LH�LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU ��(D�VH�SUHWHD] �OD� ULJRDUH� úWLLQ LILF � vQ� SURFHVXO� GHVFULHULL� úL� H[SOLF ULL� DQXPLWRU�GRPHQLL� GH� UHDOLWDWH�� ILLQG� SRVLELO � úL� FRQVWUXLUHD� GH� PRGHOH�IRUPDOH��0HWRGD�VWUXFWXUDO �VWXGLD] �DUKLWHFWXUD�úL�IXQF LRQDOLWDWHD�WRWDOLW LORU�RUJDQL]DWH��FDUH�VH�GHRVHEHVF�GH�WRWDOLW LOH�VXPDWLYH���3ULQ�VLVWHP�vQ HOHJHP�XQ�DQVDPEOX�GH�HOHPHQWH�DIODWH�LQWHUDF LXQH�úL� FX� SURSULHW L�� vQVXúLUL� úL� IXQF LL� VSHFLILFH�� LUHGXFWLELOH� OD�vQVXúLULOH� FRPSRQHQWHORU�� &KLDU� GDF � /XGZLJ� YRQ� %HUWDODQII\�FRQVLGHU � F � DSDUDWXO� FRQFHSWXDO� SURSULX� WHRULHL� JHQHUDOH� D�VLVWHPHORU� SRDWH� �V � vQORFXLDVF � WHRULD� ILORVRILF � D� FDWHJRULLORU��>��@�� HVWH� HYLGHQW� F � QH� DIO P� vQ� ID D� XQHL� SDUDGLJPH� úWLLQ LILFH�FDSDELOH� V � H[SOLFH� FRPSOH[LW LOH� �DXWR�RUJDQL]DWH� úL�izomorfismele. 6LVWHPXO� DUH� SURSULHWDWHD� LQWHJUDOLW LL� úL� D� DXWRUHJO ULL��H[LVW � úL� IXQF LRQHD] �FD�XQ� WRW�RPRJHQ��XQLWDU��3ULQ� VWUXFWXU � VH�vQ HOHJH��vQ�VHQV�WUDGL LRQDO��PRGXO�GH�FRQVWUXLUH��GH�FRPSXQHUH�úL�DUDQMDUH�D�HOHPHQWHORU�DVWIHO�vQFkW��V �UH]XOWH�VLVWHPXO��VH�YL]HD] �FRQILJXUD LD� VSD LDO � GLUHFW� SHUFHSWLELO �� HD� VH� VLWXHD] � vQ� SODQXO�UHDOLW LL�úL�HVWH�SUHH[LVWHQW �PRGHOXOXL�FRJQLWLY�FDUH�DSDUH�vQ�XUPD�unui proces de reflectare, re-producere. În sens modern, prin VWUXFWXU � VH� GHVHPQHD] � VFKHPD� IXQF LRQDO � D� VLVWHPXOXL�� DGLF �LQYDULDQ LL� FDUH� DVLJXU � VWDELOLWDWHD�� IXQF LRQDUHD� úL� DXWRUHglarea DFHVWXLD�� VWUXFWXUD� HVWH� UH]XOWDWXO� XQHL� UHFRQVWUXF LL� ORJLFH� D�UHDOXOXL��DGLF �XQ�PRGHO� WHRUHWLFR-H[SOLFDWLY�I U �FRUHVSRQGHQW� vQ�UHDOLWDWH��H[LVWHQW� vQ�SODQ�HSLVWHPLF��PHQLW�V � UHOHYH� vQ�VWDUH�SXU �UHOD LLOH�GH�VROLGDULWDWH�úL�GHSHQGHQ �vQWUH�S U LOH�VLVWHPXOXL�

Page 45: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

1R LXQHD� GH� �VWUXFWXU �� QX� SRDWH� IL� VXSXV � XQHL� GHILQL LL�LQGXFWLYH��ED]DWH�SH�FRPSDUDUHD�úL�DEVWUDJHUHD�vQúXúLULORU�FRPXQH�WXWXURU� DFFHS LXQLORU� SH� FDUH� WHUPHQXO� OH� DUH� vQ� vQWUHEXLQ DUHD� VD�X]XDO �� &KLDU� DWXQFL� FkQG� HVWH� IRORVLW � FX� LQWHQ LL� úWLLQ LILFH�H[SUHVH�� DFHDVW � QR LXQH�GRYHGHúWH� UH]RQDQ H� VHPDQWLFH�GLVWLQFWH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�FLUFXPVWDQ H��3HQWUX�D� vQO WXUD�HFKLYRFXO��5D\PRQG�%RXGRQ� VXJHUHD] � F � WHUPHQXO� �VWUXFWXU ��� DSDUH� GH� RELFHL�� vQ�GRX �FRQWH[WH�IXQGDPHQWDO�GLIHULWH���ÌQWU-un prim tip de contexte, FXYkQWXO� �VWUXFWXU �� HVWH� IRORVLW� ILH� SHQWUX� D� VXEOLQLD� FDUDFWHUXO�sistematic al unui obiect - astfel spus, pentru a indica un ansamblu de caractere interdependente -��ILH�SHQWUX�D�VXEOLQLD�F �PHWRGD�DUH�drept efect descrierea unui obieFW�FD�VLVWHP��ÌQ�DFHVW�FD]��QR LXQHD�de sistem apare, la drept vorbind, în cadrul unei teorii a VLVWHPHORU��9RP�VSXQH�DWXQFL��SHQWUX�D�IL[D�OLPEDMXO��F �DSDUH�vQ�FRQWH[WXO�XQHL�GHILQL LL�LQWHQ LRQDOH��$O�GRLOHD�WLS�GH�FRQWH[WH�HVWH�caracterizat de faptul c �QR LXQHD�GH�VWUXFWXU �HVWH� LQVHUDW � vQWU-o WHRULH� GHVWLQDW � V � GHD� VHDP � GH� FDUDFWHUXO� VLVWHPDWLF� DO� XQXL�RELHFW��9RP�VSXQH�F �vQ�DFHVW�FD]�WHUPHQXO�GH��VWUXFWXU ��DSDUH�vQ�FRQWH[WXO� XQHL� GHILQL LL� HIHFWLYH��� >��@� ÌQ� SULPXO� FD]�� WHUPHQXO�GRDU�PDUFKHD] � IDSWXO� F � XQ� RELHFW� HVWH� LGHQWLILFDW� FD� SRVHGkQG�SURSULHW LOH� XQXL� VLVWHP�� QR LXQHD� GH� VWUXFWXU � UHGXFkQGX-se la DVRFLD LLOH� HL� VLQRQLPLFH� SULQ� FDUH� VH� H[SOLFLWHD] � ��RUJDQL]DUH����GLIHUHQ LHUH��� ú�D���� YL]kQG� FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH� XQHL� WRWDOLW L�ireductibile OD� VXPD� S U LORU�� IXQF LD� VD� HVWH� SXU� WHUPLQRORJLF ��VHUYLQG�OD�IRUPXODUHD�GLVWLQF LLORU�FH�DU�SXWHD�IL�GHVFULVH�úL�vQ�DO L�WHUPHQL�� RELHFWXO� HVWH� LGHQWLILFDW� FD� VLVWHP� úL� L� VH� HYLGHQ LD] �vQVXúLULOH�SULQ�GLIHUHQ LHUHD�GH�RELHFWHOH-agregat. În al doilea caz, FXYkQWXO��VWUXFWXU ��QX�LQGLF �IDSWXO�F �RELHFWXO�HVWH�XQ�VLVWHP�úL�F � HO� WUHEXLH� FRQVLGHUDW� FD� DWDUH�� FL� HVWH� LQWHJUDW� vQWU-R� LSRWH] �WHRUHWLF ��ILLQG�YRUED�GH�R�FRQVWUXF LH�ORJLF �PHQLW �V �GHD�VHDPD�de caracteristicile aparente ale sistemului; deci, o teorie ipotetico-GHGXFWLY � YHULILFDELO � VH� DSOLF � XQXL� VLVWHP� FX� VFRSXO� GH� D-i GHWHUPLQD� úL� H[SOLFD� UHOD LLOH� LQWHUQH�� PRGHOXO� HVWH� RE LQXW� SULQ�

Page 46: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FRQVWUXFWLYLWDWH� ORJLF �� SHUPL kQG�DFFHVXO� OD�DQXPLWH� FRHUHQ H�GH�RUGLQXO�HVHQ HL�GLQFROR�GH� LQFRHUHQ D�IHQRPHQLF ��'DF �VWUXFWXUD�VH� UHIHU �� vQ� FRQWH[WXO� XQRU� GHILQL LL� LQWHQ LRQDOH�� OD� UHDOLW L��VLVWHPDWLFH� FDUH� SRW� IL� GHVFULVH� HPSLULF� SULQ� VLPSO � GLIHUHQ ��contextele efective impun o modificare a perspectivei, apelând la constructe ipotetico-deductive - descKLVH� YHULILF ULL� - cu ajutorul F URUD�GHPRQVWUHD] �H[LVWHQ D�XQHL�FRHUHQ H�LQWHUQH�QHHYLGHQWH��úL�WRWRGDW �� FLUFXPVFULH� PXO LPHD� GH� HOHPHQWH� SULQ� FDUH� RELHFWXO�SRDWH� IL� VXSXV� XQHL� GHVFULHUL� IHQRPHQLFH�� 7RWXúL�� GLQFROR� GH�DVHPHQHD�GLVWLQF LL� OHJLWLPH��SRW�Ii stabilite acele dominante care O PXUHVF�VHQVXO�RSHUD LRQDO��WHKQLF��DO�WHUPHQXOXL��VWUXFWXU ��� �/D�R�SULP �DSUR[LPDUH� -� DUDW � -HDQ�3LDJHW� -�� R� VWUXFWXU �HVWH� XQ� VLVWHP� GH� WUDQVIRUP UL� FDUH�� vQ� FDOLWDWHD� VD� GH� VLVWHP��FRPSRUW � H[LVWHQ D� XQRU� OHJL� �vQ� RSR]L LH� FX� SURSULHW LOH�HOHPHQWHORU� DFHVWXL� VLVWHP�� úL� FDUH� VH� FRQVHUY � VDX� VH� GH]YROW �SULQ� FKLDU� MRFXO� WUDQVIRUP ULORU� VDOH�� I U � FD� DFHVWHD� V � GXF � OD�GHS úLUHD� JUDQL HORU� VLVWHPXOXL� UHVSHFWLY� VDX� V � DSHOH]H� OD�elemente exterioare. Intr-un cuvânt, o strXFWXU � FXSULQGH� WUHL�vQVXúLUL�� GH� WRWDOLWDWH�� GH� WUDQVIRUPDUH� úL� GH� DXWRUHJODM�� /D� SULPD�DSUR[LPDUH��GDU�FDUH�SRDWH�IL�WRW�DWkW�GH�ELQH�R�ID] �XOWHULRDU ��FXP�SRDWH� IL� úL� XQD� FDUH� V � XUPH]H� QHPLMORFLW� GHVFRSHULULL� VWUXFWXULL��DFHDVWD� WUHEXLH� V � SRDW � IL� IRUPDOL]DW ��� >��@�$FHDVW � DFFHS LXQH�PRGHUQ � D� VWUXFWXULL�� SH� ED]D� F UHLD� VH� HODERUHD] � R� PHWRG � GH�cercetare, s-D� LPSXV� vQ� PRPHQWXO� vQ� FDUH� 6DXVVXUH� DUDW � F �SURFHVHOH� GH� VHPQLILFDUH� OLQJYLVWLF � QX� VH� UHGXF� OD� GLDFURQLH�� QX�SRW�IL�vQ HOHVH�SULQ�UHFXUV�OD�HPSLULH�úL�VDX�LVWRULH��FL�SUHVXSXQ�XQ�UDSRUW� IXQGDPHQWDO� vQWUH� VHPQ� úL� VHQV�� DQVDPEOXO� VHPQLILFD LLORU�IRUPkQG� R� UH HD� GH� UDSRUWXUL� ED]DWH� SH� GLVWLQF LL� úL� RSR]L LL��6FKLPEDUHD� GH� SHUVSHFWLY � HVWH� RSHUDW � SULQ� vQORFXLUHD� QR LXQLL�pozitiviste de fapt lingviVWLF� SULQ� FHD� GH� UHOD LH�� GH� OD� FHUFHWDUHD�DWRPDU � D� HOHPHQWHORU� L]RODWH� VH� WUHFH� OD� LGHQWLILFDUHD�LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU� FDUDFWHULVWLFH� DQVDPEOXULORU�� DFFHS LXQHD�HPSLULVW � D� FXQRDúWHULL� HVWH� GHS úLW � SULQ� FUHGLWDUHD� úWLLQ LILF � D�FRQVWUXFWLYLW LL� WHRUHWLFH�� 6HULHL� FRPSOH[H�� GLIX]H� úL� FRQIX]H� GH�

Page 47: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

evenimente verbale singulare, contingente, i se substituie GHVFULHUHD�UDSRUWXULORU��GLQWUH�XQLW LOH�OLPELL��vQ�SODQ�VLQWDJPDWLF�� � VXFFHVLXQHD� vQ XQWUXO� vQO Q XLULORU� YRUELWH�� úL� SDUDGLJPDWLF�(=raporturile de substitXLUH�SRVLELO ���HVWH��DVWIHO��YL]DW �DUWLFXODUHD��RUJDQL]DUHD�� IRUPDO � D� OLPELL�� GHVFULS LD� vQDLQWkQG� F WUH� R�UHGXFHUH�D�OLPELL�OD�FRPSRQHQWHOH�VHPQLILFDQWH��SH�ED]D�F URUD�VH�FRQVWLWXLH� úL� IXQF LRQHD] � FD� OLPE ��� LQL LLQG� GHILQLUHD� DFHVWRUD�SULQ� UHOHYDQ � PXWXDO �� VWUXFWXUD� FRQVW � vQ� UHSDUWL]DUHD� úL�FRPELQD LLOH� SRVLELOH� DOH� XQXL� QXP U� ILQLW� GH� DVHPHQHD� XQLW L�elementare. ,QWHUSUHWkQG�OLPED�FD�IRUP �SXU �úL�VLVWHP�GH�YDORUL�FH�QX�FXQRDúWH� GHFkW� RUGLQHD� VD� SURSULH�� 6DXVVXUH� LQL LD] �� GH� IDSW�� R�QRX � SHUVSHFWLY � WHRUHWLFR-PHWRGRORJLF �� SULPDWXO� vQWUHJXOXL�VROLGDU� FDUH� QX� SRDWH� IL� UHGXV� OD� FDUDFWHULVWLFL� VXPDWLYH�� 'HúL�DSHOHD] �OD�WHUPHQXO�GH��VLVWHP���6DXVVXUH�SUHILJXUHD] �SULQFLSLXO�"structurii" -� FDUH� YD� IL� DILUPDW� FD� DWDUH� GH� úFRDOD� IRQRORJLF �� vQ�fruntH� FX� 5�-DNREVRQ� ú�D��� vQ� GHFHQLXO� WUHL� DO� VHFROXOXL� QRVWUX��)RUPD� OLQJYLVWLF � HVWH� R� VWUXFWXU � vQWUXFkW�� LPSOLF � R� XQLWDWH�JOREDO �FDUH� vQFRUSRUHD] �S U LOH�� DFHVWH�S U L� VXQW� LQWHJUDWH� vQWU-un aranjament formal ce se supune anumitor principii constante; tRWRGDW �� UHVSHFWLYHOH� S U L� FRQVWLWXWLYH� vQGHSOLQHVF� IXQF LL�VSHFLILFH�� vQ� VIkUúLW�� S U LOH� VLVWHPXOXL� VXQW� XQLW L� OD� XQ� DQXPH�QLYHO�GHWHUPLQDW��SXWkQG�vQV �D�IL� WUDWDWH�úL�FD�VXEXQLW L�DOH�XQRU�VHJPHQW UL� GH� QLYHO� VXSHULRU�� $WULEXWXO� GLVFRQWLQXLW LL� OLmbii HYLGHQ LD] � MRFXO� XQLW LORU� GLVFUHWH�� GLVWLQF LL� OH[HPDWLFH� FDUH�SHUPLW� V � VH� vQWRFPHDVF � LQYHQWDUXO� QR LXQLORU� GHVHPQDWH��GHRVHELUL� GH� PRUIHPH� FH� vQWHPHLD] � VLVWHPDWL]DUHD� FODVHORU� úL�subclaselor formale; deosebirile fonemelor -�FD�ED] �D�GLVWLQF LLlor fonologice non-VHPQLILFDQWH�� GHRVHELULOH� GLQWUH� WU V WXUL���PHULVPH��� FDUH� RUGRQHD] � IHQRPHQHOH� vQ� FODVH�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH��OLPED�FD�VLVWHP�SUHVXSXQH�F �QLPLF��QLFL�XQ�VHPQ��QX�VHPQLILF �H[FOXVLY� SULQ� VLQH� vQVXúL�� FL� QXPDL� vQ� LQWHULRUXO� XQXL� DQVDPEOX�structXUDW�� $OWIHO� VSXV�� FRQYHQ LLOH� VRFLR-culturale - mai precis: regulile unui cod -�RUJDQL]HD] �VLVWHPDWLF�XQ�QXP U�ILQLW��GHILQLW��

Page 48: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

GH�HOHPHQWH�SH�ED]D�F URUD�VH�IRUPHD] �VHPQH��JUXSXUL�GH�VHPQH�úL�R�YDULHWDWH�QHGHILQLW �GH�HQXQ XUL��ILLQG�DVWIHO�SRVLELO �DILrmarea aptitudinii umane de a semnifica. 6SUH�GHRVHELUH�GH�LQYHVWLJD LLOH�SVLKR-sociologice care pot VXUSULQGH�� SH� ED]D� XQRU� JHQHUDOL] UL�� GRDU�PRGXO� HIHFWLY� vQ� FDUH�RPXO�FRPXQLF �vQWU-o colectivitate anume, analiza de tip structural SHUPLWH� V � VH� U VSXQG � OD� vQWUHEDUHD�� �FXP� HVWH� SRVLELO ��FRPXQLFDUHD� LQWHUXPDQ � vQWU-un anume mediu socio-cultural? Cu DOWH� FXYLQWH�� H� YRUED� GH� FRQGL LLOH� LQGLVSHQVDELOH� RULF UXL� DFW� GH�FRPXQLFDUH�YHUEDO �VDX�VFULV ��6DXVVXUH�LQWURGXFH��SHQWUX�DFHDVWD��R� GLVWLQF LH� vQWUH� /LPE � úL� 9RUELUH�� /LPED� HVWH� XQ� DQVDPEOX� GH�VHPQH�úL�UHJXOL�GH�RSHUDUH�FX�DFHVWHD��DVWIHO�vQFkW�SH�ED]D�ORU�V �VH�IRUPH]H�HQXQ XUL��IUD]H�úL�GLVFXUVXUL�FX�VHQV��LQWHOLJLELOH���(D�HVWH�XQ�PRGHO�FRQVWUXLW�GH� WHRUHWLFLDQ��YL]kQG�DFHOH�FRQGL LL�QHFHVDUH��de ordin� VLQWDFWLF� úL� VHPDQWLF�� SH� FDUH� OH� DSOLF � FRQúWLHQW� VDX� QX�RULFH�YRUELWRU�UHDO�VDX�SRVLELO�DWXQFL�FkQG�YUHD�V ��FRPXQLFH�úL�V �ILH�vQ HOHV��/LPED�HVWH�GHFL�R�VWUXFWXU ��XQ�FRG��(D�QX�DUH�UHDOLWDWH�HIHFWLY �� 9RUELUHD� �SURSULX-]LV � VDX� IL[DW � SULQ� VFULV�� HVWe o DFWXDOL]DUH�D�FRGXOXL�OLQJYLVWLF��GH�F WUH�RDPHQL�UHDOL��vQ�FRQWH[WH�FRQFUHWH�GH�FRPXQLFDUH�YDULLQG�GH�OD�LQGLYLG�OD�LQGLYLG�vQ�IXQF LH�GH� RUL]RQW� FXOWXUDO�� DVSLUD LL�� VWDUH� SVLKRORJLF �� LQWHQ LL� úL�vPSUHMXU UL� FRQFUHWH�� &D� �LQVWLWX LH� VRFLDO �� �6DXVVXre), limba VFDS � SUHPHGLW ULL� úL� YDULDELOHORU� FDSULFLRDVH� DOH� PXOWLSOHORU�FRQWH[WH� UHDOH�� DúD� vQFkW� LQGLYLGXO� QX� R� SRDWH� PRGLILFD� úL� QX-úL�SRDWH�H[SULPD�FUHDWLYLWDWHD�GHFkW� vQ�VSD LXO�GH�MRF�DO�FRQYHQ LLORU�colective de semnificare/comunicare: supunerea în bloc a PHPEULORU� JUXSXOXL� ID � GH� FRGXO� OLQJYLVWLF� FRQILUP � IDSWXO� F �OLPED� HVWH� DXWRQRP � úL� IXQF LRQHD] � DLGRPD� UHJXOLORU� XQXL� MRF��Studierea limbii deschide perspective metodologico-teoretice apte V � VXUSULQG � DQXPLWH� GRPLQDQWH� YDORULFR-atitudinale, specificul XQRU� FROHFWLYLW L� XPDQH�� FRQVWDQWHOH� JkQGLULL� úL� VXIOHWXOXL�RPHQHVF�OD�VFDU �WUDQVLQGLYLGXDO �� $úDGDU�� FKLDU� GDF � OLPED� HVWH� RELHFWXO� XQHL� FHUFHW UL�úWLLQ LILFH� ULJXURDVH�� FXQRDúWHUHD� VD� QX� HVWH� GHFkW� XQ� PLMORF� vQ�

Page 49: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

vederea aproprierii unui obiect�PXOW�PDL�FXSULQ] WRU��FDUH�QX�PDL�DSDU LQH� OLQJYLVWLFLL�� GHS úHúWH� LQWHUHVXO� VWULFW� VL� SRVLELOLW LOH�acesteia: universul sensului -� GHFL� FXOWXUD� úL� RPHQHVFXO� vQ� VHQV�larg. De altfel, F. de Saussure, luând în considerare evidenta GLVWLQF LH�GLQWUH�VIHUD�OLQJYLVWLFLL�úL�VIHUD�VHPQHORU�QRQ-lingvistice, DSUHFLD] � FD� QHFHVDU � GLVFXWDUHD� PRGXOXL� vQ� FDUH� VRFLHWDWHD�IRORVHúWH�PDL�PXOWH�WLSXUL�GH�FRGXUL��DFHDVW �QRX �úWLLQ �JHQHUDO �D�VLVWHPHORU�GH�VHPQH�HVWH�QXPLW �VHPLRORJLH��/LQJYLVWLFD�SRDWH�IL�FRQVLGHUDW � SLYRW� DO� XQHL� DVHPHQHD� GLUHF LL� GH� FHUFHWDUH� WRFPDL�SULQ� ULJRDUHD� GRYHGLW � vQ� DERUGDUHD� VHPQHORU� GLQWU-un punct de vedere structural. "Structura -� VXEOLQLD] � /�+MHOPVOHY� - este WU V WXUD�FRQVWLWXWLY �D�XQHL� OLPEL��DúD�FXP�vQWU-R�IRUP �JHQHUDO ��QHGHWHUPLQDW -�Q�Q���HVWH�D�XQXL�VLVWHP��6WUXFWXUD�FRQVW �vQ�IDSWXO��DSDU LQH� IDSWXOXL� -� Q�Q��� F � S U LOH� VLVWHPXOXL� GHSLQG� XQHOH� GH�DOWHOH� úL� QX� H[LVW � GHFkW� vQ� YLUWXWHD� DFHVWHL� GHSHQGHQ H�� úL� F �� vQ�DFHHDúL�P VXU ��GHSHQGHQ HOH��OD�UkQGXO�ORU��GHSLQG�XQHOH�GH�DOWHOH. &LQH�VSXQH�VWUXFWXU �VSXQH�GHSHQGHQ �vQWUH�LVSU YLOH�XQXL�VLVWHP��DGLF � vQWUH� S U LOH� XQXL� VLVWHP� úL� vQWUH� GHSHQGHQ HOH� SH� FDUH�DFHVWHD� OH� DQJDMHD] ��� $úDGDU�� D� VWXGLD� R� VWUXFWXU � vQVHDPQ � D�studia (inter -� Q�Q��� GHSHQGHQ HOH� ��� >��@� $FHDVW � DFFHS LXQH� a structurii -� VHGLPHQWDW � GH� OLQJYLVWLF � - are o valoare SDUDGLJPDWLF �SHQWUX�DOWH�úWLLQ H�VRFLR-umane. 3HQWUX� 6DXVVXUH�� VHPQXO� HVWH� R� HQWLWDWH� FX� GRX � ID HWH��VHPQLILFDQWXO� � úL� VHPQLILFDWXO�� UHVSHFWLY� �LPDJLQHD� DFXVWLF �� úL�conceptul. Dualitatea semnificant-VHPQLILFDW� HVWH� UHOXDW � GH�+MHOPVOHY� vQ� WHUPHQLL� GLVWLQF LHL� H[SUHVLH-FRQ LQXW�� ILHFDUH� GLQ�DFHVWH�SODQXUL�VH�GHVSLF � vQ� IRUP �úL�VXEVWDQ �� vQ� WLPS�FH�IRUPD�HVWH� DFFHVLELO � GHVFULHULL� VLPSOH� úL� H[KDXVWLYH� SULQ� FULWHULLOH� GH�FRHUHQ �HSLVWHPRORJLF �D�OLQJYLVWLFLL��VXEVWDQ D�VH�UHIHU �OD�DFHOH�aspecte ale fenomenelor lingvistice care nu pot fi descrise decât prin recurgerea la premise extralingvistice. Prin semn se va vQ HOHJH�� vQ� DFHVW� FD]�� �VROLGDULWDWHD� GLQWUH� IRUPD� H[SUHVLHL� úL�IRUPD�FRQ LQXWXOXL�FDUDFWHUL]DW �SULQ�IDSWXO�F �R�VXEVWLWX LH�vQWU-un SODQ� FHUH� XQD� úL� DFHHDúL� VFKLPEDUH� vQ� SODQXO� RSXV�� >��@� - deci,

Page 50: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

printr-R� UHOD LH� GH� GXEO � LPSOLFD LH�� 'DF � 6DXVVXUH� DWULEXLH�VHPQXOXL� R� QDWXU � SVLKLF �� +MHOPVOHY� HOLPLQ � LQWHUSUHW ULOH�psihologiste, analizâQG� VHPQXO� DWkW� FX� DMXWRUXO� IXQF LLORU� LQWHUQH��FDUH� vO� FRQVWLWXLH� FD� VHPQ�� FkW� úL� DO� IXQF LLORU� H[WHUQH� - ceea ce SHUPLWH�R�vQGHS UWDUH�GH�DFFHS LXQHD�VWULFW�OLQJYLVWLF �úL�úDQVD�XQHL�H[WHQVLL�vQ�GLUHF LD�LQWHUSHW ULL�IXQF LHL�VHPLRWLFH�� Modelul lingvistLF�DO�OXL�6DXVVXUH�D�J VLW�DSOLFD LL�vQ�IRDUWH�PXOWH� GRPHQLL�� 'H� SLOG �� &ODXGH-/pYL� 6WUDXVV� GHVFRSHU � F �� vQ�FLYLOL]D LLOH� DUKDLFH�� UHOD LLOH� GH� vQUXGLUH� VH� VWUXFWXUHD] � SRWULYLW�DQXPLWRU�UHJXOL�úL� LQWHUGLF LL�GH�FRPELQDUH�VLPLODU �UHJXOLORU�FDUH�permit sau interzic combinarea termenilor într-R� DQXPLW � OLPE ��6WUXFWXUD�H[SOLFLWHD] �VFKHPH�GH�LPDJLQD LH�úL�JkQGLUH��PRGHOH�GH�VHQVLELOLWDWH�HWF��SH�FDUH��GH�RELFHL�� OH�IRORVLP�úL�DSOLF P�vQ�PRG�intuitiv. Modelul lingvistic este în prezent extins în sensul unui VWUXFWXUDOLVP� GH� WLS� VHPLRWLF�� 6HPLRWLFD� VWXGLD] � WRWDOLWDWHD��SURFHVHORU� GH� VHPQLILFDUH� úL�VDX� FRPXQLFDUH� SH� FDUH� RPXO� OH�XWLOL]HD] � vQ� UDSRUWXULOH�VDOH�FX� UHDOLWDWHD�FXOWXUDO � úL�QDWXUDO �� ÌQ�VHPLRWLF ��VHPQXO�DUH�R�DFFHS LXQH�PXOW�PDL�JHQHUDO ��LDU�FRGXrile VXQW�JkQGLWH�SULQ�DQDORJLH�FX�FHOH� OLQJYLVWLFH�� I U �D�VH� UHGXFH� OD�DFHVWHD��2PXO� WUDQVPLWH� VHPQLILFD LL� SULQWU-R�PXOWLWXGLQH� GH� F L��VHPQH� OLQJYLVLWFH�� ROIDFWLYH�� YL]XDOH�� FXORUL�� H[SUHVLYLWDWHD� IH HL��JHVWLF ��VXQHWH�� vPEU F PLQWH��IRUPH�RELHFWXDOH� bunuri culturale, ú�D�P�G��([LVW ��GHFL��R�SOXUDOLWDWH�GH�OLPEDMH�FDUH�SRW�IL�LQYHVWLJDWH�úWLLQ LILF�� SUHJ WLQGX-VH� DVWIHO� WHUHQXO� XQHL� UHIOHF LL� XQLILFDWRDUH�DVXSUD�SOXUDOLVPXOXL�YDORULF�SH�FDUH�VH�vQWHPHLD] �RULFH�FXOWXU �úL�FLYLOL]D LH�XPDQ �� Dincolo� GH� PLWXO� OLPEDMXOXL�� OLQJYLVWLF� VWUXFWXUDO � D�SUHILJXUDW�PRGHOH�úWLLQ LILFH�H[HPSODUH�SH�WHUHQXO�úWLLQ HORU�VRFLR-XPDQH��vQ�FRQVHFLQ ��QXPHURDVH�úWLLQ H�YRU�IL�WHQWDWH�V �XUPH]H�- FKLDU� V � LPLWH� -� FDOHD� GHVFKLV � GH� OLQJYLVWLF �� SDUDGLJPHOH�úWLLQ HORU� QDWXULL� YRU� IL� vQORFXLWH� FX� XQ� DGHY UDW� LPSHULDOLVP�OLQJYLVLWF�� &RQFHSWXO� GH� VWUXFWXU � ODWHQW � -� vQ HOHDV � FD� QXFOHX�OHJLF�GH�FRPSR]L LH�D�XQXL�vQWUHJ�-�HVWH�vQVXúLW�GH�DQWURSRORJLH��&O��/pYL�6WUDXVV���ILORVRILH��0�)RXFDXOW��/�$OWKXVVHU��HWF���SVLKDQDOL] �

Page 51: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

(J./DFDQ���SRHWLF ��7]YHWDQ�7RGRURY��5RODQG�%DUWKHV��-�3�5LFDUGV�úL� PXO L� DO LL��� ÌQ� WLPS�� VH� FRQILJXUHD] � WRW� PDL� SUHFLV� XQ�VWUXFWXUDOLVP� PHWRGRORJLF� úL� XQ� VWUXFWXUDOLVP� FH� DVSLU � OD�LQWHUSUHW UL�JOREDOH��GH�RUGLQXO�YL]LXQLORU�ILORVRILFR-ideologice. Analiza de tip structural presupune practicarea anumitor ULJRUL� PHWRGRORJLFH�� ��� UHJXOD� LPDQHQ HL� - închiderea sistemului SHQWUX� D� IDFH� R� DQDOL] � D� HOHPHQWHORU� FRPSRQHQWH�� LQWHUQH��VLVWHPXO� HVWH� H[SOLFDW� SULQ� HO� vQVXúL� �SULQ� IDFWRUL� LPDQHQ L�� úL� QX�prin apel la IDFWRUL�H[WHULRUL��WUDQVFHQGHQ L������UHJXOD�FRPXW ULL�- inventarierea elementelor componente, punând accent pe deosebiri úL�QX�SH�DVHP Q UL��vQWUXFkW�FHHD�FH�VH�DVHDP Q �H�UHGXFWLELO�OD�XQ�DFHODúL� LQGLFH��� LPDJLQ P� R� VFKLPEDUH� GH� VHPQ�� úL�� GDF � DFHVWD�estH�HVHQ LDO��GHILQLWRULX��YD�DQWUHQD�PRGLILF UL�GH�VHPQLILFD LH� OD�nivelul întregului; 3. regula ierarhiei sistemelor -� QX� H[LVW � XQ�VLVWHP� DEVROXW� úL� QLFL� XQ� HOHPHQW� DEVROXW�� XQ� VLVWHP� SRDWH� IL�FRQVLGHUDW� VXEVLVWHP� úL� HOHPHQW� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� VLVWHPHOH�supraorGRQDWH�� ��� UHJXOD� YDULD LHL� GLDFURQLFH� - structurile nu sunt LQYDULDELOH��FL�DX�R�JHQH] ��R�HYROX LH�XOWHULRDU ��WUHF�SULQ�ID]H�GH�GHVWUXFWXUDUH� úL� UHVWUXFWXUDUH�� ÌQ� JHQHUDO�� PHWRGD� VWUXFWXUDO �DQJDMHD] �R�FXQRDúWHUH�GHVXELHFWLYL]DW �� vQWUXFkW�SULQ�FRQVWUXirea GH� PRGHOH� úL�� HYHQWXDO�� IRUPDOL]DUH� HOLPLQ � RULFH� FRQ LQXWXUL�VXELHFWLYH�úL�YDORUL] UL��� 1X� H[LVW � R� ILORVRILH� XQLWDU � GH� WLS� VWUXFWXUDOLVW�� FL� GRDU�HOHPHQWH� GH� ILORVRIDUH� VWUXFWXUDOLVW �� DFHVWHD� VH� RE LQ� SULQ�absolutizarea regulilor metodei structurale, atunci când sunt H[WLQVH� GLQFROR� GH� VLVWHPXO� GH� UHIHULQ � vQ� FDUH� VXQW� YDODELOH��FRQWXUkQG� DVWIHO� SRVWXODWHOH� XQHL� LQWHUSUHW UL� JOREDOH� D� OXPLL� úL�omului. E vorba nu de o filosofie propriu-]LV ��FL�GH�R� LGHRORJLH�VWUXFWXUDOLVW �� XQ� VHW� GH� FUHGLQ H�� WH]H� úL� LQWHUSUHW UL� FH� YLQ� vQ�SUHOXQJLUHD� ILUHDVF �D�SUDFWLFLL�úWLLQ LILFH��RPXO�GH�úWLLQ �H� WHQWDW�FD�� DWXQFL�FkQG�DMXQJH� OD� DQXPLWH�FHUWLWXGLQL� vQ�GRPHQLXO� V X�GH�VWXGLX��V �H[WLQG �úL�V �DSOLFH�UHVSHFWLYHOH�H[SOLFD LL�úL�DVXSUD�DOWRU�domenii. Este aici� XQ� VWLO� GH� ILORVRIDUH� QHVSHFLDOL]DW � OD� FDUH�RDPHQLL�GH�úWLLQ �VXQW�SUHGLVSXúL��$VHPHQHD�VLWXD LL�VXQW�DQRPDOLL�

Page 52: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

DOH� VSLULWXOXL� úWLLQ LILF�� UHVSHFWLY� úWLLQ D� VH� HULMHD] � vQ� FRQFHS LH�ILORVRILF � úL� WLQGH� V � VH� VXEVWLWXLH� ILORVRILHL�� )LORVRIDUHD�structuraliVW �HVWH�LQWHUHVDW �GH�GHWHFWDUHD�VWUXFWXULORU��LQYDULD LLORU�H[LVWHQ HL��� 'H� DVHPHQHD�� XQHRUL� SURSXQH� R� LPDJLQH� VWDWLF � D�universului, putând justifica în plan socio-cultural atitudini FRQVHUYDWLYH�úL�VDX�FRQVHUYDWRDUH�� Michel Foucault - entuziasmat de SHUIRUPDQ HOH�PHWRGHL�structurale -� DSUHFLD] � F � DQXPLWH� SUREOHPH� FD�� �VHQVXO� YLH LL����IHULFLUH����FRQGL LH�XPDQ ����OLEHUWDWH����XPDQLVP��ú�D��VXQW�LOX]LL�DOH� FXOWXULL� PRGHUQH� úL� WHULWRULL� FH� QX� VH� SUHWHD] � OD� DERUG UL�WHRUHWLFH��FL�DSDU LQ�VIHUHL�LGHRORJLLORU��ÌQVXúL�FRQFHSWXO�GH�RP�HVWH�R� LQYHQ LH� FXOWXUDO � UHFHQW � F UHLD� úWLLQ HOH� XPDQH� vL� DQXQ � GHMD�GLVSDUL LD�� $WLWXGLQHD� VD� HVWH� QXPLW � DQWLXPDQLVP� WHRUHWLF� �D-XPDQLVP� WHRUHWLF��� ÌQ� FXOWXU �� DUDW � )RXFDXOW�� LQWHUHVHD] � VWXGLXO�structurilor, al epistemHL�� 3ULQ� DFHDVWD� VH� FkúWLJ � XQ� VSRU� GH�ULJRDUH�� vQ� VRFLHWDWH� úL� LVWRULH� H[LVW � R� GLYHUVLWDWH� GH� FRGXUL� úL�SURFHVH�GH�VHPQLILFDUH��DQVDPEOXUL�GH�ULJRUL��QRUPH��LQWHUGLF LL�úL�SHUPLVLYLW L� SH�FDUH�RPXO� OH�SXQH� vQ� DF LXQH� DWXQFL�FkQG�DFRUG �VHPQLILFD LL�OXPLL�úL�SURSULHL�VDOH�FRQGL LL��) U �vQGRLDO ��FRGXULOH�VXQW� FRQVWUkQJ WRDUH�� (OH� FRQVWLWXLH� VWUDWXO� GH� SURIXQ]LPH� DO�FXOWXULL� úL� LVWRULHL� XPDQH�� 2� DVHPHQHD� LQWHUSUHWDUH� WUHEXLH�� vQV ��vPELQDW �FX�UHFXQRDúWHUHD�VXELHFWLYLW LL�úL�FUHDWLYLW LL�LQGLYLGXDOH�úL� FROHFWLYH�� vQWUXFkW� VWUXFWXULOH� FLUFXPVFULX� QLYHOXO� FRPSHWHQ HL��LDU� FUHD LLOH� FXOWXUDOH� LPSOLF � úL� QLYHOXO� SHUIRUPDQ HL� vQ�GHVFKLGHUHD�DQXPLWRU�FRGXUL��'H�IDSW�� LVWRULD� �úL�FXOWXUD�QX�SRW�IL�vQ HOHVH�OD�DGHY UDWD�ORU�GLPHQVLXQH�GHFkW�GDF �HVWH�OXDW�vQ�HFXD LH�IDFWRUXO� XPDQ�� VXELHFWLY�� FUHDWRU� GH� QRL� FRGXUL� H[LVWHQ LDOH� úL�valorice. 5.2. Semiotica $O WXUL� GH� VWUXFWXUDOLVP�� VHPLRWLFD� VWDELOHúWH� QRL� VWUDWHJLL�teoretico-PHWRGRORJLFH� PHQLWH� V � FRQWULEXLH� OD� FODULILFDUHD�orizonturilor valorice ale culturii�úL�FLYLOL]D LHL��3UHPLVD�GH�ED] �D�

Page 53: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VHPLRWLFLL� FRQVW � vQ� IDSWXO�� HYLGHQW� úL� SHQWUX� R� JkQGLUH�QHVSHFLDOL]DW ��F ��RPXO�WU LHúWH� vQWU-R�OXPH�VHPQLILFDQW ��3HQWUX�HO�� SUREOHPD� VHQVXOXL� QX� VH� SXQH�� VHQVXO� H[LVW �� VH� LPSXQH� FD�HYLGHQ ��FD��VHQWLPHQWXO�GH�D�vQ elege", în mod foarte firesc. Într-XQ�XQLYHUV��DOE���vQ�FDUH�OLPEDMXO�DU�IL�SXU �GHQRWD LH�D�OXFUXULORU�úL� D� JHVWXULORU�� Q-DU� IL� SRVLELO� V � QH� SXQH� vQWUHE UL� GHVSUH� VHQV��RULFH� vQWUHEDUH� HVWH� PHWDOLQJYLVWLF ��� >��@� $úDGDU�� LVFRGLUHD�sensului nu poate fi saWLVI FXW � GHFkW� SULQ� SDUDIUD]H� úL� ODQ XUL� GH�DSUR[LPD LL� WUDGXVH� vQ� HQXQ XUL� GH� GLIHULWH� WLSXUL�� $FHDVW �transpunere dintr-XQ� OLPEDM� vQ� DOWXO� UHOHY � FHUWLWXGLQHD� FRQIRUP�F UHLD� VHQVXO� QX� HVWH� DOWFHYD� GHFkW� vQV úL� SRVLELOLWDWHD� GH�transcodare. Universul socio-XPDQ� HVWH� LQYHVWLJDW� GH� VHPLRWLF �GLQ�SHUVSHFWLY � FRPSOHPHQWDU � FHORU�GH� WLS� D[LRORJLF�� VRFLRORJLF�VDX� ILORVRILF�� FKLDU� GDF � XQHRUL� FHUFHW WRULL�� GLQ� H[FHV� GH� ]HO� úL�GHIRUPD L� SURIHVLRQDO�� LQVWLWXLH� IDOVH� SROHPLFL� úL� QHDYHQLWH�exclusivisme. Aici se face�GHOLEHUDW�DEVWUDF LH�GH�QDWXUD�VSHFLILF �D� GRPHQLXOXL� YDORULF� VXSXV� FHUFHW ULL�� GHFXSkQGX-se un obiect al teoriei ce-úL� SURSXQH� XQ� DQXPH� WLS� GH� GHVFULHUH� vQ� YHGHUHD�construirii modelului de inteligibilitate. Pentru semiotician este OLSVLW�GH�LPSRUWDQ �-� LDW �R�WDFLW �VXSR]L LH�PHWRGRORJLF � �-�GDF �VWUXFWXUD�FDUH�RUJDQL]HD] �XQLYHUVXO�VHQVXOXL�H[LVW �FD�DWDUH��HVWH�LPDQHQW � VHPQHORU�� VDX�HVWH� VLPSOX�SRVWXODW� QHFHVDU� LQYHVWLJ ULL��LPSRUWDQW �H�FRQVWUXLUHD�XQXL�PRGHO�IRUPDO�FX�YDORDUH�H[SOLFDWLY �úL�WHVWDELO�HPSLULF��6HPLRWLFD�SURFHGHD] �FRQVWUXFWLY�OD�IRUPXODUHD�GH�OHJL��LQYDULDQ L��UHJXODULW L��HFOLSVkQG�SDU LDO�SUREOHPD�YDORULL��(D� DVSLU � OD� VWDWXWXO� GH� WHRULH� D� VLVWHPHORU� GH� VHPQLILFDQ L� úL� D�PHFDQLVPHORU�VHPQLILF ULL��'H�DFHHD��vQ�P VXUD�vQ�FDUH�DSURSLerea GH� VHQVXUL� úL� YDORUL� VH� IDFH� vQ� OLPLWHOH� SURSXVH� úL� SHUPLVH� GH�FRGXUL�� XQLYHUVXO� VHQVXOXL� HVWH� DWDFDW� GRDU� WDQJHQ LDO�� SHQWUX� D-i VXUSULQGH� FRQ LQXWXULOH� XPDQLVWH�� HVWH� QHFHVDU � úL� LQWHUYHQ LD�practicilor interpretative de tip hermeneutic. Ferdinand de Saussure concepea semiotica (semiologia) ca PHWDúWLLQ �D�YLH LL�VHPQHORU�vQ�FDGUXO�YLH LL�VRFLDOH��SRUQLQG�GH�OD�SUHPLVD� F � OXPHD� SRDWH� IL� FRQFHSXW � FD� XQ� XQLYHUV� GH� VHPQH�

Page 54: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

vQO XQWUXO�F URUD� OLPEDMXO�QDWXUDO�QX�HVWH�GHFkW�XQ�FD]�SDUWLFXODU��Desigur, pentru acest autor, pivotul îl constituie lingvistica, dincolo de aceasta circumscrierea domeniului semioticii fiind VXILFLHQW� GH� DPELJX �� ]RQD� GH� SUHRFXS ULL� ILLQGX-L� UHGXV � OD�HYHQWXDOH� DSOLF UL� DOH� SVLKRORJLHL� VRFLDOH�� 5RODQG� %DUWKHV� VH�H[SOLFLWHD] �� VHPLRORJLD� VWXGLD] � VLVWHPHOH� GH� VHPQH�� LQGLIHUHQW�GH�QDWXUD��FRQ LQXWXO�úL�OLPLWHOH�ORU��GH�OD�LPDJLQL��PX]LF ��JHVWXUL��OD�VSHFWDFROH��SURWRFRDOH��YHVWLPHQWD LH�ú�D�P�G��&X�WRDWH�DFHVWHD��5RODQG� %DUWKHV� UHFXQRDúWH� UROXO� SULYLOHJLDW� DO� OLPEDMXOXL� QDWXUDO�ca sXEVWDQ � vQ� FDUH�� SULQ� DQDOL] �� VH� FRQYHUWHVF� WRDWH� FHOHODOWH�sisteme de semne. 6H� LPSXQH�� FD� HYLGHQ � QHVSHFLDOL]DW �� F � VHQVXO� QX� HVWH�SUH]HQW� GRDU� vQ� OLPEDMHOH� QDWXUDOH�� FL� úL� vQ� FHOH� DUWLILFLDOH�� vQ�HODERU ULOH� YL]XDOH� úL� RELHFWXDOH� DOH� RPXOXL� FRQWHPSoran, în IRUPH�� SURFHVH�� HYHQLPHQWH��&KLDU� GDF � GHFRGDUHD� ORU� VH� IDFH� vQ�OLPEDM� QDWXUDO�� QX� H� SHUPLV�� WRWXúL�� WUDQVIHUXO� VWUXFWXULL� VHQVXOXL�OLQJYLVWLF� vQ� GRPHQLL� D� F URU� VSHFLILFLWDWH� HVWH� GLQFROR� GH� RULFH�vQGRLDO ��(VWH�VHPQLILFDWLY �vQ�DFHVW�VHQV�SOHGRDria lui Francastel SHQWUX� DXWRQRPLD� OLPEDMXOXL� SODVWLF� úL� LQVXILFLHQ HOH� UHGXF LHL�acestuia la calitatea de simplu complement sau substitut al OLPEDMXOXL� X]XDO�� ÌQV �� FKLDU� GDF � DFFHSWDUHD� OLPELL� FD� RELHFW�H[HPSODU� DO� VWXGLXOXL� VHPLRWLF� GRYHGHúWH� GLQ� FKLDU punctul de SRUQLUH� R� VHQVLELOLWDWH� YDORULF � DWURILDW �� SRDWH� IL�� FD� SUHPLV �PHWRGRORJLF �� SURILWDELO � vQ� DQXPLWH� SULYLQ H�� FD� UHIHUHQ LDO�comun feluritelor demersuri particulare sau ca impuls pentru JkQGLUHD�DQDORJLF ��'H�DOWIHO�)UDQFDVWHO� vQVXúL��DQDOL]knd ordinea LPDJLQDUXOXL� ILJXUDWLY�� H� QHYRLW� V � FRQVWDWH� F � V-DU� SXWHD� V � VH�GH]YROWH�� FDP� vQ� PDQLHUD� OLQJYLVWLFLL�� R� úWLLQ � D� RUGLQLORU� VDX� D�codurilor figurative. ÌQ� VSD LXO� FXOWXULL� - luat în sens larg, nu doar axiologic - totul are dimensiunea semnifLFDQW ���6HPLRWLFD�VWXGLD] �SURFHVHOH��FXOWXUDOH�FD�352&(6(�'(�&2081,&$5(��ùL�WRWXúL�ILHFDUH�GLQ�DFHVWH� SURFHVH� SDUH� V � VXE]LVWH� GRDU� SHQWUX� F � GLQFROR� GH� HOH� VH�VWDWRUQLFHúWH� XQ� 6,67(0� '(� 6(01,),&$5(��� �'HILQLP� ������

Page 55: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

proces de comunicare drept trecerea unui Semnal (ceea ce nu vQVHDPQ � vQ�PRG� QHFHVDU� �XQ� VHPQ��� GH� OD� R� 6XUV �� FX� DMXWRUXO�XQXL�7UDQVPL WRU� OD�XQ�'HVWLQDWDU� �VDX�XQ�SXQFW�GH�GHVWLQD LH����6HPQDOXO�IXQF LRQHD] �FD�VLPSOX�VWLPXO��DWkW�WLPS�FkW�QX�LQWHUYLQH�GHFRGDUHD�� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� GH� F WUH� GHVWLnatar. Or, "Procesul de VHPQLILFDUH� VH� YHULILF � GRDU� FkQG� H[LVW � XQ� FRG��8Q� FRG� HVWH� XQ�6,67(0� '(� 6(01,),&$5(� FDUH� FXSOHD] � HQWLW L� SUH]HQWH� úL�HQWLW L� DEVHQWH��2UL� GH� FkWH� RUL�� SH� ED]D� XQRU� UHJXOL� VXELDFHQWH��ceva MATERIALMENTE prezent în raza de percep LH� D�GHVWLQDWDUXOXL� ,1(� /2&8/� OD� DOWFHYD� VH� UHDOL]HD] � R�VHPQLILFDUH��� >��@� 'H� DLFL� UH]XOW � DXWRQRPLD� VLVWHPXOXL� GH�VHPQLILFDUH�� vQ� FDOLWDWH� GH� FRQVWUXFW� VHPLRWLF�� LQGHSHQGHQ D� OXL�ID � GH� RULFH� DFW� SRVLELO� VDX� UHDO� GH� FRPXQLFDUH� SULQ� FDUH� V � VH�actualizH]H��ÌQ�VFKLPE��RULFH�IRUP �GH�FRPXQLFDUH�IXQF LRQHD] �FD�emitere de semne cu mesaje subordonate unor coduri subiacente. 6HPQHOH�VH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �SULQ�WUHL�GLPHQVLXQL��VLQWDFWLF �- atunci când se are în vedere capacitatea de asociere, modul de combinare� D� H[SUHVLLORU�� UHOD LD� XQXL� VHPQ� FX� DOWXO�� VHPDQWLF � - UHIHULWRDUH� OD� UHOD LD� H[SUHVLHL� �VHPQXOXL�� FX� RELHFWXO� GHQRWDW��GHVHPQDW��VHPQLILFDW��SUDJPDWLF � -�DWXQFL�FkQG�VH�YL]HD] �UHOD LD�VHPQXOXL�FX�VHPQLILFD LD��LPSRUWDQ D��XWLOLWDWHD�VD�SHQWUX�VXELHFWXO�FDUH� vO� XWLOL]HD] �� 6HPQLILFD LD� XUP ULW � GH� DFWXO� FRPXQLFD LRQDO�QX� HVWH� LQWXLWLY � úL� VXSXV � FDSULFLLORU� UHFHSWRUXOXL�� FL� HVWH�DFFHVLELO � QXPDL� SULQ� LQWUDUHD� vQ� DF LXQH� D� UHJXOLORU� úL� FRGXULORU�SULQ�FDUH�VHPQHOH�DX�FRQ LQXWXO�FRQYHQ LHL�FXOWXUDOH�UHVSHFWLve. În FRQVHFLQ �� VH� SRDWH� VSXQH� F � VHPLRWLFD� vúL� DVXP � SUREOHPHOH�sensului în termenii descriptivi-explicativi ai teoriei codurilor, FHHD� FH� SHUPLWH� FODULILF UL� VXEVWDQ LDOH�� GDU� úL� OLPLWH� SH� P VXU ��& FL�� vQ� JHQHUDO�� VHQVXO� VH� FRQFUHWL]HD] � WRFPDL� vQ� VHPQLILFD LD�anume -�SUHFLV ��VDX� LPSUHFLV � vQ�FRQWXUXUL��GDU� ORFDOL]DELO � - pe FDUH� RELHFWLYD LLOH� FXOWXUDOH� úL�VDX� RELHFWH� �JHQHULF�� VSXV��LQWHJUDELOH� FXOWXUDO� OH� FDS W � vQ� IXQF LH� GH� XWLOLWDWHD� úL�� XQHRUL��XWLOL]DUHD� VSHFLILF � SH� FDUH� R� GRYHGHVF� vQ� DQXPLWe contexte; este YRUED�� GHFL�� GH� R� IXQF LRQDUH� FRQFUHW � D� VHQVXOXL�� 2U�� WHRULD�

Page 56: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FRGXULORU�RIHU �LQVWUXPHQWH�GRDU�SHQWUX�R�OXDUH�SDU LDO �vQ�SRVHVLH�a acestor dimensiuni. /D� WHPHOLD� DFWHORU� GH� FRPXQLFDUH� VH� DIO � GLIHULWH� SURFHVH�specifice de semnificare, inWUkQG�� DVWIHO�� vQ� DF LXQH� FRGXUL� FX�VWUXFWXUL�GLIHULWH��/XkQG� vQ�FRQVLGHUDUH�DFHVW� IDSW�úL�� vQ�VXEVLGLDU��DFKL]L LLOH�XQRU� úWLLQ H�SDUWLFXODUH��8�(FR� UHXúHúWH� V � LQYHQWDULH]H�diferitele domenii particulare ale practicilor sociale care se SUHWHD] � OD� DERUG UL� VHPLRWLFH� GLVWLQFWH�� /LPLWD� LQIHULRDU � D�VHPLRWLFLL�� ]RRVHPLRWLFD�� VWXGLD] � FRPSRUWDPHQWXO�� DQDORJ�FRPXQLF ULL�� SURSULX� DQLPDOHORU�� GHúL� QHFXOWXUDOH� vQ� FRQ LQXWXO� úL�VHPQLILFD LD�ORU��VHPQDOHOH�úL�FRGXULOH�FX�VHPQLILFD LH�ELRORJLF �D�diferitelor specii SRW� IL� VWXGLDWH� DVWIHO� vQFkW� V � ILH� UHOHYDQWH�FKLDU�pentru eventuale perspective teoretice asupra statutului mesajelor FXOWXUDOH��$YDQWDMXO�FRQVW �vQ�DFHHD�F �IXQGHD] �SRVLELOLWDWHD��GH�D�GHILQL� FRPSRQHQWHOH� ELRORJLFH� úL� QDWXUDOH� DOH� FRPXQLF ULL�RPHQHúWL� úL� ������ GH� D� YHULILFD� GDF �� OD� QLYHO� DQLPDO�� H[LVW �comportamente care, într-R� RDUHFDUH�P VXU �� V � SRDW � IL� GHILQLWH�GUHSW��FXOWXUDOH��úL��VRFLDOH���$ULD�VHPDQWLF �D�DFHVWRU�WHUPHQL�VH�DIO � DVWIHO� O UJLW � úL�� LPSOLFLW�� QR LXQHD� QRDVWU � GH� FXOWXU � úL� GH�socLHWDWH���>��@�&KLDU�GDF �VXUSULQ] WRDUH��DFHVWH�DILUPD LL�FRQ LQ�XQ�XQJKL�SURPL WRU��GHúL� LUHOHYDQW�VXE�UDSRUW�D[LRORJLF��2ULFXP��HOH� VXQW� SODX]LELOH�� vQ� P VXUD� vQ� FDUH� LQHP� FRQW� GH� IDSWXO� F �VHPLRWLFD�� DWXQFL� FkQG� VWXGLD] � IHQRPHQXO� FRPXQLF ULL�� QX�consLGHU �LQWHQ LRQDOLWDWHD�FD�R�FRQGL LH�VLQH�TXD�QRQ�D�DFHVWXLD�� 6HPQDOHOH�ROIDFWLYH�DX��SH� OkQJ �GLPHQVLXQLOH�FRQRWDWLYH��úL� IXQF LL� UHIHUHQ LDOH�� SRW� IL� LQGLFL� DL� FRPSR]L LHL� FKLPLFH�� LQGLFL�GH� FDOLWDWH�� FDQWLWDWH�� VHPQDOH� GH� DODUP � ú�D�P�G�� &RPXQLFDUHD�WDFWLO �-�VWXGLDW �GH�SVLKRORJL�-�SRDWH�IL�OLPEDM�FH�vQORFXLHúWH�SH�FHO�natural, sau tip de comportament social specific prin codificare �V UXWXO�� S OPXLWXO� HWF�� VXQW� VWUXFWXUL� VHPQLILFDWLYH� vQWU-XQ� VSD LX�social-LVWRULF��� &RPXQLFDUHD� SDUDOLQJYLVWLF � H� IXQdal semnificant SHQWUX�FHD� OLQJYLVWLF �� WLSXO�GH�YRFH�� LQWHQVLWDWHD�VXQHWXOXL�� UkVXO��6HPLRWLFD�PHGLFDO � -� VLPSWRPXO�� FD� GDW� RELHFWLY� úL� FD� UH]XOWDW� D�YHUEDOL] ULL� GH� F WUH� SDFLHQW�� DUH� XQ� VHPQLILFDW�� .LQHVLFD� úL�

Page 57: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

SUR[HPLFD� VWXGLD] �� vQ� SUHOXQJLUHD� DQWURSROogiei structurale, FRGXULOH� QDWXUDOH� úL� VRFLDOH� LPSOLFDWH� vQ� JHVWXUL�� VWLOXO� GH� PHUV��ULWXDOXUL��HWLFKHWH��H[SUHVLD�IH HL�ú�D�P�G��&RGXULOH�PX]LFDOH��FKLDU�GDF � VXELHFWLYH�� SRW� IL� LQWHJUDWH� vQ� FRGXUL� FXOWXUDOH� úL� GH�VHQVLELOLWDWH� HYLGHQWH�� VWLOXUL� úL� WLSXUL� GH� PX]LF �� GH� SLOG ��Limbajele formalizate, limbile scrise, alfabetele necunoscute, codurile secrete, limbile naturale sunt tot atâtea obiecte de studiu VHPLRWLF��'H�SLOG ��JUDPDWLFD�JHQHUDWLY �D� OXL�&KRPVN\�SRUQHúWH�de la un set minim de reguli prin care se poate explica producerea, generarea frazelor corecte gramatical într-R� OLPE � GDW �� /LPED� H�FRQVLGHUDW �FD�IRUPDW �GLQWU-XQ�QXP U�ILQLW�GH�XQLW L�úL�UHJXOL�FX�DMXWRUXO�F URUD�YRUELWRUXO�IRUPXOHD] ��LDU�GHVWLQDWDUXO�vQ HOHJH��XQ�QXP U� LQILQLW� GH� HQXQ XUL� YDULDWH�� &RGXO� FRPXQLF ULL� FRQVWLWXLH�QLYHOXO� FRPSHWHQ HL�� LDU� DFWXDOL]DUHD� OXL� vQ� HQXQ XUL� LQWHOLJLELOH��VDX�� vQ� RULFH� FD]�� FX� VHQV�� FRQVWLWXLH� SHUIRUPDQ D�� ÌQ� SUHOXQJLUHD�OXL� &KRPVN\�� VHPLRWLFD� DFWXDO � HVWH� SUHRFXSDW � QX� QXPDL� GH�studiul procesului de� FRPXQLFDUH� úL�VDX� VHPQLILFDUH�� FL� úL� GH�SURFHVXO� SURGXFHULL� GH� VHPQH� vQ� VSD LXO� XQHL� FXOWXUL�� ILH� SULQ�LQYHQ LL�GH�FRG��ILH�SULQ�FRPXW UL�GH�FRG� Sistemul obiectelor este parte a semioticii, întrucât obiectele sunt considerate ca fapte de comunicare. EstH�UHXúLW ��GH�SLOG �� DQDOL]D� SH� FDUH� 8�(FR� R� IDFH�� vQ� �6WUXFWXUD� DEVHQW ���DUKLWHFWXULL�� ÌQ� VHQV�PDL� ODUJ�� $EUDKDP�0ROHV� FRQVWDW �� �/XPHD�QRDVWU �VH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �SULQ�LQWHUYHQ LD�XQRU�PHGLDWRUL�GLQ�FH�vQ�FH�PDL�U VSkQGL L��vQWUH�RP�úL�VRFLHWDWH��PHGLDWRUL�FDUH�WUDQVIRUP �vQV úL� QDWXUD� UHOD LLORU� VRFLDOH��5DSRUWXULOH� LQGLYLGXOXL� FX�PHGLXO�VRFLDO� WUHF� FDWHJRULF�� GH� DFXP� vQFROR�� SULQ� RELHFWH� úL� SURGXVH��GHYHQLQG� H[SUHVLLOH� FHOH�PDL� WDQJLELOH� DOH� SUH]HQ HL� VRFLHW LL� vQ�preajma sa, din clipa în care ele au luat locul "lucrurilor naturale". 3VLKRORJLD� YLH LL� VRFLDOH� VH� YD� RULHQWD� VSUH� VWXGLXO� UHOD LLOH�LQGLYLGXOXL�FX�OXFUXULOH��SHQWUX�F �OXFUXULOH�VXQW�SURGXVHOH�VRFLDOH�PXOW� PDL� GHWHUPLQDWH� úL� PDL� DFWXDOH� GHFkW� ILLQ HOH� FDUH� OH-au UHDOL]DW� ������ (VWH� QRUPDO� V � VH� QXPHDVF � FXOWXU � DFHVW� PHGLX�vQFRQMXU WRU� DUWLILFLDO� SH� FDUH� RPXO� úL� O-a creat prin intermediul

Page 58: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

RUJDQLVPXOXL� VRFLDO�� V � IL[ P�� PDL� vQWkL�� H[WHQVLXQHD� DFHVWXL�WHUPHQ��0HGLXO� vQFRQMXU WRU� DUWLILFLDO� GHS úHúWH� HYLGHQW� FX� PXOW�FHHD� FH� IRúWLL� QRúWUL� SURIHVRUL� GH� LVWRULH� QXPHDX�$UW � úL� ùWLLQ ��SHQWUX� �HL��� FXOWXUD� vQVHDPQ �� vQ� HVHQ �� FHHD� FH� HUD� vQFKLV� vQ�%LEOLRWHFL�� vQ�0X]HH�úL� vQ�&RGXUL��'H�DFXP�vQFROR�VH�YD� vQJORED�XQ� vQWUHJ� LQYHQWDU� GH� RELHFWH� úL� GH� VHUYLFLL� SXUWkQG� DPSUHQWD�VRFLHW LL�� SURGXVH� DOH� RPXOXL�� vQ� FDUH� DFHVWD� VH� UHIOHFW �� IRUPD�XQHL�IDUIXULL�VDX�D�XQHL�PHVH�UHSUH]LQW �H[SUHVLD�VRFLHW LL� vQV úL��VXQW�� OD� IHO� FD� úL�FXYLQWHOH�GLQWU-R� OLPE � ��SXUW WRDUH�GH� VHPQH�úL�WUHEXLH�FRQVLGHUDWH�FD�DWDUH���>��@�&D�SXUW WRDUH�GH�YDORUL�DOH�YLH LL�cotidiene, RELHFWHOH� PRGLILF � VWUXFWXULOH� SVLKRORJLFH� DOH� RPXOXL�FRQWHPSRUDQ��DYkQG�LPSDFW�úL�DVXSUD�UHOD LLORU�LQWHUXPDQH��DVXSUD�VWLOXOXL�GH�YLD ��FRQGXLWHL�úL�PHQWDOLW LORU� 'XS � FXP� UHPDUF �8PEHUWR� (FR�� FRGXULOH� FXOWXUDOH� VXQW�mai mult fenomene de comportament�úL�GH�YDORUL�GHFkW�VLVWHPH�GH�semne sau de comunicare. Includem aici: viziunile, modelele DVXSUD�OXPLL�SURSULL�XQRU�FROHFWLYLW L�XPDQH��PRGXO� vQ�FDUH�VXQW�articulate valorile; codurile dominante ale unui model cultural - de SLOG �� PHQWDOLWDWHD� FDYDOHULORU� HYXOXL� PHGLX�� FHO� DO� FUHD LHL�URPDQHúWL� GLQ� HSRFD� OXPLQLORU� vQ� )UDQ D� HWF��� PRGHOHOH� GH�RUJDQL]DUH�VRFLDO �DQDOL]DWH�GH�/pYL�6WUDXVV��OHJ WXULOH�GH�UXGHQLH�vQ� FRPXQLW L� DUKDLFH��� WLSXUL� GH� vQY DUH� D� FXOWXULL� vQ� GLIHULWH�VRFLHW L�� �XQHOH� FXOWXUL� VH� FRQVLGHU � GUHSW� R� DQXPLW � VXP � GH�SURFHGHH�� XWLOL] UL�� WH[WH�� DOWHOH� GUHSW� XQ� DQVDPEOX� GH� QRUPH� úL�UHJXOL��ÌQ�SULPXO�FD]�H�MXGLFLRV�FHHD�FH�H[LVW ��vQ�FHO�GH-al doilea - H[LVW �FH�HVWH� MXGLFLRV���GHFL�DFFHQWXO� vQ�HGXFD LH�HVWH�SXV��ILH�SH�modelul exemplar, fiH� SH� UHJXOL� úL� FRGXUL�� ILH� SH� LPSXQHUHD�RELHFWXOXL�GHMD�YDOLGDW��ILH�SH�OHJH��7RW�vQ�FHUFHW ULOH�VHPLRWLFH�GH�DFHVW� JHQ� WUHEXLH� LQFOXVH� úL� VWXGLLOH� GH� WLSRORJLD� FXOWXULL��&XOWXUD�HVWH�GHILQLW �FD��VXPD�vQWUHJLL�LQIRUPD LL�QHHUHGLWDUH�vPSUHXQ �FX�mijloacele� GH� RUJDQL]DUH� úL� S VWUDUH� D� DFHVWHLD��� >��@�Culturalizarea lumii, respectiv ridicarea ei de la starea de stimul la FHD� GH� VHPQ� �vQ� VHQV� VHPLRWLF��� FRQGXFH� OD� GRX � PDUL� WLSXUL�FXOWXUDOH�����FXOWXUL� vQ�FDUH�OXPHD�HVWH�Y ]XW �FD�ILLQG�XQ�WH[W�����

Page 59: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

culturi în FDUH� OXPHD� QX� DUH� FDOLW LOH� XQXL� WH[W� -� DGLF � RPXO�LPSXQH�OXPLL�VWUXFWXUD�FXOWXULL��vL�FRQIHU �FDOLWDWHD�GH�WH[W��ÌQ�DFHVW�FRQWH[W�� YRP� vQ HOHJH� SULQ� �WH[W�� LQIRUPD LD� IL[DW � vQWU-un mod determinat - eventual prin semne -�DVWIHO� vQFkW�V �ILH� LQWURGXV �vQ�PHPRULD� FROHFWLY �� &XOWXUD� SRDWH� IL� FRQVLGHUDW �� DUDW � ,�/RWPDQ��FD�VXP �D�WH[WHORU�FH�SRW�IL�SULYLWH�OD�GRX �QLYHOXUL�GLIHULWH�����FD�PHVDMH�ELQH�GHILQLWH�����FD�UHDOL]DUH�D�FRGXULORU�FX�DMXWRUXO�F URUD�aceste mesaje sunt decodate într-un text. Codurile unei culturi pot IL�FODVLILFDWH�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�UDSRUWXO�ID �GH�VHPQ��(YHQLPHQWHOH�úL�fenomenele pot fi apreciate ca non-VHPQH��GDF �VXQW�IDSWH�SXU�úL�VLPSOX�DOH�YLH LL�PDWHULDOH��VDX�FD�VHPQH��GDF �DX��vQ�SOXV��XQ�VHQV�social). Ca atare, orice model social împarte realitatea vQFRQMXU WRDUH� vQWU-R� OXPH�D� IDSWHORU� úL� R� OXPH�D� VHPQHORU�� vQWUH�ele stabilindu-VH� UHOD LL� H[LVWHQ LDOH�� D[LRORJLFH� ú�D�P�G�� 8Q�IHQRPHQ��SHQWUX�D�F S WD�VHPQLILFD LH�FXOWXUDO ��GHFL�SHQWUX�D�DYHD�calitatea de semn, trebuie inclus în sistemul culturii respective; GDF �SULQ�DFHDVW �LQWHJUDUH�HVWH�DVRFLDW�FX�XQ�QRQVHPQ�F UXLD�L�VH�VXEVWLWXLH� úL��GHFL�� vO� vQORFXLHúWH��G �QDúWHUH�YDORULL� VHPDQWLFH�� LDU�GDF �VH�SXQH�vQ�UDSRUW��VH�DVRFLD] �FX�XQ�DOW�VHPQ��FXOWXUD�HVWH�GH�tip sintactic. Primul tip cultural are coduri bazate pe atribuirea de VHPQLILFD LH� vQWUHJLL� UHDOLW L�� vQ� WLPS�FH� vQ�FD]XO� WLSXOXL� VLQWDFWLF�HVWH� UHDELOLWDW � DFWLYLWDWHD� SUDFWLF �� LQWHUHVHOH� FRQFUHWH� QHILLQG�VDFULILFDWH�GH�GUDJXO�XQHL�VHPQLILFD LL�VLPEROLFH� $úD�FXP�DP�VSXV��VHmiotica permite o interpretare a lumii UHDOH� �FRQVWLWXLW � GLQ� IHQRPHQH�� SURFHVH�� DFWH� ú�D�P�G��� SULQ�DQDORJLH�FX�VHPQXO�OLQJYLVWLF��'H�SLOG ��DWXQFL�FkQG�VH�FRQVLGHU �F �XQ�IHQRPHQ�FRQFUHW�DUH�FDOLWDWHD�GH�VHPQ��HO�SRDWH�DYHD�ILH�R�GLPHQVLXQH�VHPDQWLF ��ILH�XQD�VLQWDFWLF ��9LUWX LOH�VDOH�VHPDQWLFH�FRQVW � vQ� VHPQLILFD LD� �FRJQLWLY � VDX� YDORULF �� FH� L� VH� DWDúHD] ��UHVSHFWLY�VH�SUHVXSXQH�F �HO�VH�VXEVWLWXLH�XQXL�vQ HOHV�QHHYLGHQW�SH�FDUH� vO� YHKLFXOHD] �� 'LPHQVLXQHD� VLQWDFWLF � FRQVW � vQ�disponibilitatea sa (a fenomenului respectiv) de a se asocia cu DOWHOH�� ÌQ� IXQF LH� GH� DFFHSWDUHD� VDX� UHIX]XO� GLPHQVLXQLORU�VLQWDFWLFH�VHPDQWLFH�� VXQW� SRVLELOH� SDWUX� WLSXUL� GH� FRPELQD LL��

Page 60: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

$FHVWHD� YL]HD] � PRGHOH� LGHDOH� SULQ� FDUH� VH� VXUSULQG� DQXPLWH�PRGXUL� GH� UDSRUWDUH� �SULQ� FXQRDúWHUH� úL� YDORUL]DUH�� D� RPXOXL� OD�SURSULD�VD�FRQGL LH�úL�OD�H[LVWHQ �vQ�JHQHUDO��$VWIHO��FXOWXULOH�GH�WLS�VHPDQWLF� �VLPEROLF�� DFRUG � SRU LXQLORU� GH� UHDOLWDWH� úL� vQWUHJLL�H[LVWHQ H� YLUWX L� úL� FDOLW L� VHPDQWLFH�� /XPHD� UHDO � DUH� vQ HOHVXUL��VHPQLILFD LL�� WkOFXri, fenomenele sunt indicii a ceva scuns, iar omul are menirea de a decodifica mesajul care îi este transmis. De SLOG ��FXOWXULOH�UHOLJLRDVH�SUHVXSXQ�F �WRDWH�FRPSRQHQWHOH�UHDOXOXL�QX� VXQW� DOWFHYD� GHFkW� VHPQH� DOH� GLYLQLW LL�� 2PXO� WUHEXLH� V �lectureze "carWHD�OXPLL��úL�V �vQYH H�GLQ�HD��ÌQ�ULWXDOXULOH�UHOLJLRDVH��GLYLQLWDWHD�VH�DUDW ��vQ�VW ULOH�GH�H[WD]��VDX�G �VHPQH��EHQHILFH�VDX�malefice) de iertare sau nu. Natura este o hierofanie (concretizare VDX�vQWUXFKLSDUH�D�GLYLQLW LL���ÌQ�FXOWXULOH�GH�WLS�IROFORric, anumite vQWkPSO UL� úL� IHQRPHQH� DVFXQG� DF LXQHD� XQRU� VSLULWH�� GXKXUL��$FHVWHD�GDX�RPXOXL�GH�úWLUH��vO�vQYD ��DMXW ��VI WXLHVF��ÌQWkPSO ULOH�YLH LL�úL�VLWXD LL�UHDOH�WUHEXLH�GHFRGLILFDWH�� vQWUXFkW�VXQW�VLPSWRPH�prin care i se transmite ceva omului. De exemplu, moartea este SUHVLP LW �úL�DQXQ DW �GLQ�WLPS��ÌQ�DFHVWH�FXOWXUL��QDWXUD�vQV úL�HVWH�SDUWLFLSDQW � OD� VW ULOH� VXIOHWHúWL� DOH� RPXOXL�� SOkQJH�� VXIHU �� VH�EXFXU �� &HL� LQL LD L� vQ� DFHVWH� FRGXUL� SRW� OHFWXUD�� GLQFROR� GH�DSDUHQ HOH�XQRU�PDQLIHVW UL�QDWXUDOe banale, mesaje prin care sunt vQGUXPD L� VDX� LQL LD L�� ÌQ� FXOWXULOH� GH� WLS� VHPDQWLF�� H[LVW � R�IDPLOLDULWDWH� IXQFLDU �D�RPXOXL�FX� OXPHD��DFHVWD�VH�VLPWH�FD� OD�HO��DFDV ��� HVWH� �DúWHSWDW��� VDX� UHIX]DW�� RPXO� VH� LQWHJUHD] �� SULQ�PRGXO� GH� D� FRQFHSH� YLD D�� PRDUWHD� úL� WHPSRUDOLWDWHD�� vQ� PDULOH�FLFOXUL�XQLYHUVDOH��FRVPLFH��$�DFRUGD� OXPLL�YLUWX L�VHPDQWLFH�HVWH�HFKLYDOHQW� FH� D� VSXQH� F � ILHFDUH� SRU LXQH� D� UHDOLW LL�� LQFOXVLY�RPXO�� DVFXQGH� úL� DQXQ � FHYD� PXOW� PDL� VHPQLILFDWLY� úL� YDORURV�GHFkW�VLPSOD�VD�SUH]HQ � CuOWXULOH�GH�WLS�VLQWDFWLF�VXQW�FHOH�FH�FRQVLGHU �H[LVWHQ D�FD�DYkQG� QXPDL� R� RUGLQH� VLQWDFWLF �� DLGRPD� UHJXOLORU� GH� FRPELQDUH�GLQ� VLQWD[D� OLQJYLVWLF �� )LLQG� DVHPDQWLF �� WUDWHD] � IHQRPHQHOH� úL�DFWHOH� FD� ILLQG� FHHD� FH� VXQW� úL� QLPLF� DOWFHYD�� 'DF � FXOWXULOH�semaQWLFH�SUHVXSXQ�vQ HOHVXUL�DVFXQVH��FXOWXULOH�VLQWDFWLFH�QX�Y G�

Page 61: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

IDSWHOH� GHFkW� FD� VLPSOH� IDSWH�� 'DF � vQ� FXOWXUD� PHGLHYDO �IXQF LRQHD] �� SH� OkQJ � VLPEROXULOH� UHOLJLRDVH� úL� DOWH� WLSXUL� GH�VLPEROXUL�� HPEOHPH�� WLWOXUL� HWF��� FD� VHPQH� DOH� QREOH HL�� UDQJXOXL��YL HL de neam etc., în cultura de tip sintactico-DVHPDQWLF�FRQWHD] �QX�HPEOHPD�� UDQJXO��FL�FHHD�FH�HIHFWLY�HúWL�úL�FHHD�FH�DL� LPHGLDW��'RPLQ ��GHFL�� VSLULWXO�SUDJPDWLF��6LQJXUD�YDORDUH�DGPLV �H�FHD�D�XWLOLW LL� úL� IRORVXOXL�SHUVRQDO��/XPHD�HVWH�GHVHPDQWL]DW � �Qu mai DUH�WkOFXUL�úL�VHQVXUL��FL�VH�FRQVWLWXLW �GLQ�SURFHVH�úL�IHQRPHQH�FDUH�WUHEXLH� FXQRVFXWH� vQWRFPDL� VSUH� D� SURFXUD� EXQ VWDUHD���([LVWHQ D�HVWH�GH]YU MLW �� DGLF � H�Y ]XW �QHXWUDO��'H�DLFL� GHFXUJ�R� VHULH�GH�FRQVHFLQ H�� VSLULWXO� LQGLYLGXDOLVW� úL� vQWUHSULQ] WRU� FH� QX� H� ODV �VHGXV�GH�vQ HOHVXUL��PDL�vQDOWH���QHHYLGHQWH���FL�VH�LPSOLF �HILFLHQW�într-R� UHDOLWDWH� FRQFUHW �� VWLPXODUHD� SURJUHVXOXL� úWLLQ LILF� úL�WHKQRORJLF�� vQFOLQD LD� PHQWDOLW LORU� VSUH� DJUHDELO� úL� UHIX]XO�SURGXF LLORU� VSLULWXDOH� FDUH� SUREOHPDWL]HD] � H[FHVLY�� &DOLW LOH��VLQWDFWLFH�� VH� FRQFUHWL]HD] � vQ� GLVFLSOLQDUHD� YLH LL� FROHFWLYH��FRQFHSHUHD�UHDOXOXL�FD��DYkQG�R�FRHUHQ �LQWHULRDU ��RUGLQHD�ILULL���UHFXQRDúWHUHD�WRWDOLW LORU�FD�DQDORJH�PHFDQLVPHORU�úL�WRWDOL] ULORU�sumative. Exemple: tipul de FXOWXU � HXURSHDQ � GLQ� SHULRDGD�FHQWUDOL] ULL�úL�FRQFHQWU ULL�SXWHULL�vQ��VWDWHOH�QD LRQDOH���VWDWHOH�GH�tip monarhic sunt aidoma unor agregate, între indivizi stabilindu-VH�UHJXOL��FX�GUHSWXUL�úL�vQGDWRULUL��VLPLODUH�FHORU�GLQO XQWUXO�XQXL�text. "Sintaxa sRFLDO �� VH� FRQIXQG � FX� RUJDQL]DUHD� úL� LQWHJUDUHD�LQGLYLGXOXL�vQ�FRQVRQDQ �FX�H[LJHQ H�GH�RUGLQ�VRFLR-SROLWLF��ILH�úL�în formule totalitare sau tiranice). $�DYHD�YDORDUH�VHPDQWLF �HVWH�HFKLYDOHQW�FX�D�WUDQVPLWH��D�purta, a fi vehicolul unui mesaj sau al uQHL� VHPQLILFD LL� FDUH�GHS úHúWH�VHPQXO�SH�FDUH�vO�DYHDP�vQ�YHGHUH��IHQRPHQ��DFW�XPDQ��JHVW�� LQGLFLX� HWF���$� DYHD� YDORDUH� VLQWDFWLF � HVWH� HFKLYDOHQW� FX� D�avea puteri ordonatoare, organizatorice; semnul face parte din FHYD� PXOW� PDL� � LPSRUWDQW� GHFkW� HO� vQVXúL, fiind, de aceea, subordonat; cultura asemantico-VLQWDFWLF �DUH�FD�GRPLQDQW �JXVWXO�SHQWUX�IDSWH�úL�HILFLHQ ��6HPQHOH�QDWXUDOH�IDF�SDUWH�GLQ�vQO Q XLUL�DOH� ILULL�� LDU� FHOH� XPDQH� �LQGLYLGXDO�� DFWHOH�� GRULQ HOH� HWF��� VXQW�

Page 62: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

integrabile într-o totalitate social-VWDWDO � ID � GH� FDUH� HVWH� WRWDO�VXERUGRQDW ��LQGLYLGXO�HVWH�SDUWH�D�FODVHL��VWDWXOXL��IDPLOLHL�HWF���LDU�DFHVWHD�H[HUFLW �DVXSUD�OXL�SUHVLXQL��7LSXO�GH�FXOWXU �DVHPDQWLF�úL�DVLQWDFWLF� UHIX] �� VSUH�GHRVHELUH�GH�PRGHOXO� DQWHULRU�� úL� LGHHD�GH�ordine, organL]DUH�� FRHUHQ � FRPELQDWRULH�� 'H� DFHHD�� SURSDJ �LQGHWHUPLQLVPXO�� LGHHD� KDRVXOXL�� VRFLHWDWHD� ILLQG� FRQFHSXW � FD�DQWLQDWXU �úL�VLPSOX�PHGLX�DUWLILFLDO�FUHDW�GH�RP��/LSVD�FDOLW LORU�VHPDQWLFH� �DWkW� SHQWUX� OXPH� FkW� úL� SHQWUX� DFWLYLW LOH� XPDQH��vQGHDPQ � VSUH� DWLWXGLQL� GH� WLS� VFHSWLF� �UHODWLYLWDWHD� DEVROXW � D�YDORULORU� úL� FXQRúWLQ HORU��� SUDJPDWLF� �LQWHUHVHD] � XWLOLWDWHD�QHPLMORFLW �úL�QX�vQ HOHVXULOH�PDL�DGkQFL���LQGLYLGXDOLVW��UHWUDJHUHD�vQ� VLQH� VDX�� OD�SROXO�RSXV��H[SDQVLXQHD�QHVWLQJKHULW � D�GRULQ HORU�stricW� SHUVRQDOH��� (VWH� R� FXOWXU � FDUDFWHULVWLF � HSRFLORU� úL�VRFLHW LORU�GH�FUL] ��DQWLFKLWDWHD�HOHQLVWLF �úL�FHD�GH�GXS �DO��-lea U ]ERL� PRQGLDO�� ÌQWU-R� IRUP � LQFLSLHQW �� DFHDVW � FXOWXU � FH�GHVHPQHD] �UHDOXO�úL� OXPHD�RPXOXL�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �úL� LOXPLQLVPXO�europHDQ�� VRFLHWDWHD� DOLHQHD] � RPXO� FDUH� HVWH� EXQ� GH� OD� QDWXU ��FLYLOL]D LD� HVWH� DUWLILFLDO � úL� VFKLPE � vQ� U X� ILLQ D� XPDQ �� LOX]LD�V OEDWLFXOXL�EXQ�úL�D�vQWRDUFHULL�OD�QDWXU ��6RFLHWDWHD�HVWH�UH]XOWDWXO�XQXL� FRQWUDFW� vQWUH� LQGLYL]L�� HD� HVWH� QHQDWXUDO �� QHILUHDVF � úL�QHIDYRUDELO � vPSOLULL� ILUHúWL� D� RPXOXL�� &XQRDúWHUHD� VRFLHW LL� úL� D�QDWXULL� VH� ED]HD] �� vQ� DFHVW� PRGHO� FXOWXUDO�� SH� LGHHD� úWLLQ HL� FD�VLPSO � FRQYHQ LH�� 'H� SLOG �� DFHDVW � LGHH� �D� úWLLQ HL� FD� DUWLILFLX��FRQVWUXF LH�DUELWUDU �FX�XWLOLWDWH�SUDFWLF ��HVWH�FDUDFWHULVWLF �úL�XQRU�RULHQW UL�GLQ�ILORVRILD�DFWXDO �D�úWLLQ HL� Culturile sintactico-VHPDQWLFH�WUDWHD] �OXPHD�FD�SH�XQ�WH[W�DQDORJ�FHOXL� OLQJYLVWLF��GRPLQ �UD LRQDOLWDWHD��DWkW� vQ�IXQF LRQDUHD�QDWXULL��FkW�úL�D�VRFLHW LL� 2� FXOWXU � FRQFUHW � DUH� DQXmite dominante, caracteristici specifice care sunt încadrabile în unul sau altul din cele patru PRGHOH��ÌQV ��FXOWXULOH��GH�RELFHL��QX�VXQW�RPRJHQH��PDL�DOHV�FHOH�PRGHUQH�� úL�� GH� DFHHD�� SRW� IL� SUDFWLFDWH� PDL� PXOWH� PRGHOH�FXOWXUDOH��vQ�IXQF LH�GH�PHQWDOLW L��JUDG�GH�FXOWXU ��VWLOXUL�GH�YLD ��RUL]RQWXUL� VLPEROLFH�� VWUDWLILFDUH� VRFLDO � ú�D�P�G�� $FHVWH� PRGHOH�

Page 63: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

SRW� H[SOLFD� úL� YL]LXQLOH� SHUVRQDOH� DVXSUD� OXPLL� úL� YLH LL�� úL�� PDL�PXOW�� FKLDU� VWLOXULOH� DUWLVWLFH�� 'H� SLOG �� SLFWXUD� UHOLJLRDV � GXS �canoane bizantine VDX� IROFORULFH� DSDU LQH� XQXL� PRGHO� VHPDQWLF��SRH]LD�PRGHUQLVW �� vQ�FDUH�HVWH� UHVSHFWDW �VLQWD[D��GDU� OD�R�SULP �impresie textul este ininteligibil, dificil, abscons, obscur, se LQWHJUHD] �vQ�PRGHOXO�DVHPDQWLFR-VLQWDFWLF��6WLOXO�DUWHL�GDGDLVWH�úL�stilul cubLVW� VXQW� H[HPSOLILF UL� SHQWUX� PRGHOXO� DVHPDQWLFR-DVLQWDFWLF�� $UWD� FODVLF �� LQWHOLJLELO � vQ� VWUDWXUL� VXFFHVLYH� GH�UHFHSWDUH��DSDU LQH�PRGHOXOXL�VLQWDFWLFR-semantic. 8Q�DOW�GRPHQLX�GLVSXV�OD�R�DERUGDUH�VHPLRWLF �vO�UHSUH]LQW �DUWD��ÌQV ��SDUDGR[DO���SHQWUX�VHPLRWLF ��OLWHUDWXUD�QX�H[LVW ���>��@�- FRQVWDW � -XOLD�.ULVWHYD��'HVLJXU�� �QX� H[LVW �� FD� RELHFW� HVWHWLF�� GDU�H[LVW � FD� SUDFWLF � VHPQLILFDQW �� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� OLWHUDWXUD� - arta în general -� QX� H� SULYLW � VXE� DVSHFWXO� UHDOLW LL� YDORULFH� D� SURGXVHORU�creatoare,�FL�FD�RELHFW�DO�FXQRDúWHULL��GHFL�FD�OLPEDM��WH[W�úL�VFULLWXU �FH� GLVSXQ�� VXE� UDSRUWXO� SURGXFWLYLW LL� VHPDQWLFH�� GH� IXQF LD�DUWLVWLFLW LL�� $FHVW� RELHFW� DUH�� WRWXúL�� XQ� VWDWXW� SULYLOHJLDW�� vQWUXFkW�HVWH� H[HPSODU� vQ� GLUHF LD� VWXGLHULL� �FUHDWLYLW LL� FDUH� VFKLPE �UHJXOLOH���FRGXO���vQ�RSR]L LH�FX��FUHDWLYLWDWHD�JXYHUQDW �GH�UHJXOL���1X�vQWkPSO WRU��WH[WXO�HVWHWLF��SULQ�PRGXO�VSHFLDO�vQ�FDUH�PkQXLHúWH�FRGXULOH�úL�YHKLFXOHD] �PHVDMH��HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW�GH�8PEHUWR�(FR�FD�WLS� H[HPSODU� GH� LQYHQ LH� VHPLRWLF �� (O� LPSOLF � R� PDQLSXODUH� D�H[SUHVLHL� FDUH� SURYRDF � �úL� HVWH� SURYRFDW � GH�� R� UHRUGRQDUH� D�FRQ LQXWXOXL�� SURGXFkQG� XQ� GLVFXUV� UH]LVWHQW� OD� WUDGXFHUHD� vQ�OLPEDMXO� RELúQXLW�� RULJLQDO� SULQ� YL]LXQHD� DVXSUD� OXPLL�� DVWIHO� vQFkW�VROLFLW �LQWHQV�DFWLYLWDWHD�LQWHUSUHWDWLY �a receptorului. "Codurile -� UHPDUF � 8PEHUWR� (FR� - sunt sisteme de DúWHSW UL���>��@�ÌQV ��FRQVWDW �*DGDPHU���H[SHULHQ D�RSHUHL�GH�DUW �GHS úHúWH�vQWRWGHDXQD�vQ�PRG�IXQGDPHQWDO�RULFH�RUL]RQW�VXELHFWLY�GH�LQWHUSUHWDUH���>��@�'H�DFHHD��JXVWXO�GHS úHúWH�FRGXULOH��GHúL�OH�SUHVXSXQH� úL� vQJOREHD] �� LDU� URVWXO� HVWHWLFLL� ILORVRILFH�� FDUH�SOHGHD] �SHQWUX�R�KHUPHQHXWLF � LQWHJUDWRDUH�D�DUWHL��HVWH� úL�DFHOD�de a desconspira imposibilitatea reducerii gustului la cod. Se poate OHVQH� REVHUYD� F � DILUPD LLOH� OXL�(FR� WUDGXF� Qote valorice pe care HVWHWLFD� ILORVRILF � OH� DUH� GLQWRWGHDXQD� vQ� DWHQ LH�� 0RGXO� GH�

Page 64: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

RUJDQL]DUH� úL� FRQVWUXF LH�� WHKQLFLOH� IRUPDOH� SURILOHD] � XQ� WLS�DSDUWH��VSHFLDO�úL�VSHFLILF��GH�DSDUL LH�D�VHQVXOXL��$FHVW�LUHGXFWLELO�HVWH�� vQV �� SXV� vQ� WHUPHQLL� RSHUD LRQDOL, discriptivi-explicativi, ai IXQF LHL� SRHWLFH� úL� OLWHUDULW LL�� ùWLLQ D� OLWHUDWXULL� QX� WUHEXLH� V �VWXGLH]H� OLWHUDWXUD�� FL� �OLWHUDULWDWHD��� DGLF � FHHD� FH� IDFH� GLQWU-o RSHU � GDW � RSHU � OLWHUDU �� SURFHGHHOH� DUWLVWLFH�� IRUPDOH��$FFHQWXO�FDGH�SH�vQ HOHJHUHD�DUWHL�FD�IRUP ��LDU�DQDOL]D�IRUPHL�HVWH�UHGXV �OD�DQDOL]D� UHOD LLORU� GLQWUH� HOHPHQWHOH� GH� OLPEDM�� 6WXGLXO� ULJXURV� DO�SROLVHPLHL�� LQWUDGXFWLELOLW LL� úL� YDORULL� VHPDQWLFH� SURSULL�VLPEROXOXL� HVWHWLF� HVWH� FRQVHFLQ D� ILUHDVF � D� DXWRQRPLHL�fenomenelor estetice. ASOHFDUHD�DVXSUD�SURFHGHHORU� OLQJYLVWLFH� úL�D�UHOD LLORU�GLQWUH�VHPQH�vQ�LQWHULRUXO�WH[WXOXL�DUH�FDSDFLWDWHD�GH�D�UHOHYD�PHFDQLVPXO� SULQ� FDUH� DXWRUXO� FUHD] � YDORDUHD� HVWHWLF �� úL��HYLGHQW��DGXFH�vQ�GLVFX LH�SUREOHPD�IXQF LHL�VSHFLILFH�D�OLPEDMXOXL�vQ�DUW �� 0HQ LRQ P��vQV ��F �DQDOL]D�PRGXOXL�GH�VWUXFWXUDUH�D� OLPEDMXOXL� vQ� WH[WHOH� DUWLVWLFH� QX� HSXL]HD] � VSHFLILFXO� YDORULL�HVWHWLFH�� 7H[WXO� OLWHUDU�� FRPSR]L LD� SODVWLF � HWF�� VXQW� HOHPHQWH�IRDUWH� LPSRUWDQWH� DOH� RSHUHL� DUWLVWLFH� GDU� QX� VH� FRQIXQG � FX�aceasta; efeFWXO�DUWLVWLF�UH]XOW �GLQ�FRUHODUHD�WH[WXOXL�FX�DQVDPEOXO�FRPSOH[� DO� FRQFHS LHL� GHVSUH� YLD � úL� LGHDWLF-etice. Procedeele DUWLVWLFH� SURLHFWHD] � R� OXPH� GH� PRWLYH�� SHUVRQDMH� úL� LQWULJL��XQLWDWHD� GH� VHQV� D� RSHUHL� HVWH� HIHFWXO� FRQVWUXF LHL� XQLILFDWH� SULQ�comunLWDWHD� LGHLL� VDX� WHPHL�� ,QYHQ LD� IRUPDO � O UJHúWH�FkPSXO�GH�SRVLELOLW L� H[SUHVLYH�� ILLQG� VXERUGRQDW � WUDQVPLWHULL� XQXL� PHVDM�XPDQ�WUDQVILJXUDW�DIHFWLY��ÌQWUXFkW�VLPEROXO�vQ�DUW �QX�HVWH�QHXWUX�din punct de vedere axiologic, perspectiva structuralist-semioWLF �DUH� DYDQWDMXO� GH� D� HYLGHQ LD� SUHJQDQW� WHKQLFLOH� IRUPDOH� úL� ORJLFD�LQWHUQ �D�VHPQHORU�SULQ�FDUH�DUWLVWXO�FRPXQLF ��0DL�DOHV�vQ�UDSRUW�FX� DUWD� FRQWHPSRUDQ �� FHUFHW ULOH� GH� DFHVW� JHQ� LQL LD] � R� QRX �pedagogie a lecturii, circumscriu un orizont de sensibilitate a OXPLL� RSHUHL� GH� DUW � vQ� FDUH� WUHEXLH� V � VH� vQVFULH� FDSDFLW LOH�intelectual-afective ale receptorului valorii estetice. Tocmai de aceea integrarea lor în planul mai general al esteticii filosofice HVWH� QX� QXPDL� SRVLELO �� FL� úL� QHFHVDU �� 'HúL� DXWRQom, limbajul

Page 65: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

DUWLVWLF�YHKLFXOHD] � VHPQLILFD LL� XPDQH�� VRFLDO-istorice complexe, LDU�GHVFLIUDUHD� ORU� VROLFLW ��GHVLJXU��FRQFHQWUDUHD�DVXSUD�VWUXFWXULL�RSHUHL��GDU��vQ�HJDO �P VXU ��úL�VLWXDUHD�VD�vQ�FRQWH[WH�H[SOLFDWLYH�PDL� ODUJL� �LGHRORJLFH�� PRUDOH� ú�D�P�G���� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� DGHY UDWD�utilitate a demersului semiotic apare atunci când nu i se DEVROXWL]HD] �SXWHUHD�H[SOLFDWLY ��FkQG�QX�HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW�XQ�VFRS�vQ�VLQH��FL�DSHOHD] �OD�R�IUXFWXRDV �MRQF LXQH�FX�HVWHWLFD�ILORVRILF �úL� DOWH� PRGXUL� GH� DERUGDUH� D� VLPEROXOXL� DUWLVWLF� �SVLKDQDOL] ��psihologie, sociologie etc.). 6HPLRWLFD� SRDWH� IL� WUDWDW �� vQ� SULPXO� UkQG�� FD� úWLLQ ��DLGRPD�RULF UHL�úWLLQ H��FX�XQ�JUDG�GH�JHQHUDOLWDWH�FH-L�SHUPLWH�V �SRDW � DWLQJH� VWDGLXO� GH� IXQGDPHQW�� ED]D� WHRUHWLF �� SHQWUX�disciplinele cDUH�VWXGLD] �GRPHQLL�SDUWLFXODUH�GH�VHPQH��QXWUHúWH��GH� IDSW�� DPEL LD� GH� D� UHXúL� R� XQLILFDUH�� PXOW� GRULW �� D� úWLLQ HORU��3ULYLW �GLQWU-XQ�DOW�SXQFW��VHPLRWLFD�VH�GRYHGHúWH�D�IL� LQVWUXPHQW��VHW� GH� SULQFLSLL� úL� FRQFHSWH� PHQLWH� V � LQWURGXF � ULJRDUH� vQ�FHUFHW ULOH� úWLLQ LILFH�SDUWLFXODUH�DOH�GRPHQLLORU� FXOWXULL��2VFLOD LD�vQWUH� FHOH� GRX � LSRVWD]H� QL� VH� SDU� D� IL� IUXFWXRDV �� (D� DVLJXU �GHVFULS LD� úL� DQDOL]D� GLIHULWHORU� SUDFWLFL� VHPQLILFDQWH�� UHXúLQG�SURSXQHUHD� XQHL� WLSRORJLL� D� VHPQHORU�� 'XS � FXP� DILUP � -XOLD�KrisWHYD�� JHVWXO� GH� ED] � DO� VHPLRWLFLL� HVWH� GH� D� IRUPDOL]D� úL�produce modele, izomorfe sau analoge structurii unui alt sistem VWXGLDW�� ÌQV �� FXQRDúWHUHD� YDORULORU� QX� SRDWH� IL� HSXL]DW � SULQ�GHWHFWDUHD� VWUXFWXULORU� FDUH� OH� YHKLFXOHD] � úL� D� FRGXULORU� FDUH� OH�fundHD] � RUL]RQWXULOH� GH� VHPQLILFD LH��$úD� FXP� UHPDUF � /XGZLJ�*U�QEHUJ�� VHPLRWLFD� úL�PHWRGD� VWUXFWXUDO � DX� SXQFWH� FRPXQH� FX�D[LRORJLD� úL�� GH� DFHHD�� SRW� FRQOXFUD� IHUWLO�� FHO� SX LQ� GLQ� FkWHYD�PRWLYH�� YDORULOH�� FD� VHPQLILFD LL� XPDQH�� VXQW� vQFRUSRUDWH� vQ�VHPQH�� DúD� FXP� YDORDUHD� QX� HVWH� UHGXFWLELO � OD� EXQXUL�� QLFL�VHPQLILFD LLOH� QX� VXQW� UHGXFWLELOH� OD� VHPQLILFDQ L�� VXQW�GHVFRQVSLUDWH� DQDOLWLF� úL� FRQVWUXFWLY� PRGHOH� FDUH�� vQ� UHDOLWDWHD�FXOWXUDO ��DX�R�IXQF LRQDOLWDWH�ODWHQW �úL�QHHYLGHQW ��VH�SXQH�DFFHQWXO�SH� WRWDOLW L� SXUW WRDUH� GH� VHQV� ú�D�� ÌQ�P VXUD� vQ� FDUH� VHPLRWLFD� úL�VWUXFWXUDOLVPXO� DQXOHD] � VLVWHPDWLF� LVWRULFLWDWHD� úL� SUREOHPD�

Page 66: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VXELHFWLYLW LL�� DSDUH� XQ� ULVF�� �WUDQVIRUPDUHD� XQHL� UHGXF LL�RSHUD LRQDOH� vQWU-R� UHGXF LH� RQWRORJLF � úL� D� XQXL� SRVWXODW�metodologic (sepDUDUHD�VLQFURQLFXOXL�GH�GLDFURQLF�úL�D�FRQFHSWXOXL�GH� H[SHULHQ � WU LW �� vQWU-XQ� SRVWXODW� PHWDIL]LF� �FRQIRUP� F UXLD�VWUXFWXUD� H[FOXGH� GHILQLWLY� úL� DEVROXW� SULQFLSLXO� LVWRULVPXOXL� úL�UDSRUWDUHD�OD�VXELHFWLYLWDWHD�XPDQ ����>��@� (VWH� HYLGHQW� F �� vQWU-o anumLW � P VXU �� GHPHUVXULOH�VHPLRWLFH� DX� PHULWH� LQFRQWHVWDELOH� vQ� vQO WXUDUHD� WHQGLQ HORU� GH�SVLKRORJL]DUH� D� YDORULORU�� úL� D� XQRU� PLWXUL�� �DXWRU��� �FUHD LH����RSHU ����UHFHSWRU���6SRUXO�GH�ULJRDUH�RE LQXW�QX�WUHEXLH��vQV ��QLFL�HO�PLVWLILFDW��'H�SLOG ��GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�VHPLRWLF��RSHUD�OLWHUDU �HVWH�PDL�YDORURDV �FkQG�H[SULP �XQ�PHVDM�PDL�FRPSOH[�úL�ERJDW��IDSW� FH� SRDWH� IL� FLUFXPVFULV� SULQ� UHOHYDUHD� DUWLFXO ULL�VHPQLILFD LLORU� vQ� WH[W��2� DVHPHQHD� FRQVWDWDUH� HVWH� IHUWLO � vQWU-un SODQ��FHO�DO�GHFRGLILF ULORU���GDU�I U �FRQVLVWHQ �SHQWUX�MXGHF LOH�GH�YDORDUH��F FL�GRDU�HVWHWLFD�YLQH�FX�FULWHULL�D[LRORJLFH��'H�DFHHD��WUDYDOLXO�VHPLRWLF�HVWH�DYDQWDMRV� vQ� UDSRUW�FX�YDORULOH�QXPDL�GDF �HVWH� FRQWLQXDW� úL� FRQWURODW� SULQ� WHKQLFL� KHUPHQHXWLFH�� 6HQVXO� QX�poate fi aproprLDW� GHFkW� SULQ� OXDUHD� vQ� HFXD LH� D� VXELHFWLYLW LL�(ocolind, desigur, pericolul subiectivismului!). Studiul universului VHPQLILFD LHL� - mai ales prin teoria codurilor -� OXPLQHD] ��DGkQFHúWH��GH]Y OXLH�DVSHFWH�FH� LQ�GH�SURGXFHUHD��IXQF LRQDOLWDWHD�úL� UHFHStarea valorilor, dar nu poate înlocui demersul axiologic. 7RFPDL�SHQWUX�F �� vQ� VHPLRWLF ��GLVSDUH�RPXO��6DX��PDL�ELQH�]LV��doar transpare în constructe descriptiv-explicative. Subiectivitatea H�SULYLW ��QXPDL�DúD�FXP�WUDQVSDUH�GLQ�VWUDWHJLD�WH[WXDO ��$XWRUul, FD�HQWLWDWH�ELRJUDILF �úL�VXELHFW�DO�HQXQ ULL��UHFHSWRUXO�HPSLULF�úL�OXPHD� RSHUHL� VH� VXVWUDJ� VHPLRWLFLL�� vQ� DFHHDúL� P VXU � vQ� FDUH�VHQVXO� WU LW� QX� VH� ODV � H[SOLFDW� GRDU� SULQ� FRQGL LLOH� VHPDQWLFH�generale care îl fac posibil. Domeniul valorilor constiWXLH�XQD�GLQ�JUDQL HOH�QDWXUDOH�DOH�VHPLRWLFLL��XQ�SUDJ�SH�FDUH��VH�SDUH��GHRFDPGDW �QX-O�SRDWH�GHS úL��1X� vQWkPSO WRU� 8PEHUWR� (FR� SUHFL]HD] � F � vQ� WHRULD� UDSRUWXOXL�HPL WRU-UHFHSWRU� RPXO� H� R� ILF LXQH�PHWRGRORJLF �� QX� XQ� VXELHFW�

Page 67: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FRQFUHW���VXELHFWXO�RULF UHL�DFWLYLW L�VHPLRWLFH�QX�HVWH�DOWXO�GHFkW�UH]XOWDWXO�VHJPHQW ULL�LVWRULFH�úL�VRFLDOH�D�XQLYHUVXOXL��FKLDU�DFHOD�pe care cercetarea naturii Sistemului Semantic Global l-a pus în HYLGHQ ��$FHVW�VXELHFW�VH�SUH]LQW � vQ� WHRULD�FRGXULORU�FD�XQ�PRG�de a privi OXPHD��>��@�ùL�FRQWLQX ���ÌQ�DFHDVW �FDUWH��VHPLRWLFD�D�DYXW� VXELHFWXO� V X� �vQ�GXEOX� VHQV�� GH��WHP �� úL� �SURWDJRQLVW���� úL�acesta este SEMIOZA. Semioza este procesul prin care indivizii HPSLULFL�FRPXQLF ��LDU�SURFHVHOH�GHYLQ�SRVLELOH�GDWRULW �VLVWHPHORU�de semnificare. Din punct de vedere semiotic, subiectele empirice SRW� IL� GRDU� LGHQWLILFDWH� FD� PDQLIHVW UL� DOH� DFHVWXL� GXEOX� DVSHFW��VLVWHPDWLF�úL�SURFHVXDO��DO�VHPLR]HL��$FHDVWD�QX�HVWH�R�DVHU LXQH�PHWDIL]LF �� HVWH� R� RS LXQH� PHWRGRORJLF ��� (VWH�� DLFL�� GHVFKLV �LQYLWD LD� SHQWUX� UHIOHF LD� ILORVRILF ��'HVLJXU�� FHQWUDUHD� LQWHUHVXOXL�SH� VLVWHPHOH� VHPQLILFDQWH� QX� FODULILF � FLQH� úL� GH� FH� VHPQLILF � úL�FRPXQLF ��SUREOHPD�RPXOXL�GLVSDUH��GDU��V �QX�XLW P�F �DFHDVWD�H�GRDU� R� SUHPLV � PHWRGRORJLF �� HD� GHYLQH� SHULFXORDV � Sentru ILORVRILH� GRDU� GDF � VH� HULMHD] � vQ� WH] � ILORVRILF � úL� DUH� SUHWHQ LD�XQHL� UHOHYDQ H� RQWRORJLFH�� ÌQV �� vQ� LQWHULRUXO� DFHVWHL� VXSR]L LL� - SUH]HQWH�� UHSHW P�� GRDU� vQ� VIHUD�PHWRGHL� -� H� SRVLELO � R� H[SOLFDUH�ULJXURDV �D�SUD[LV-ului uman ca fiind, prin natura lui, semnificant, SURGXF WRU�DO�XQXL�XQLYHUV�FRJQLWLY�úL�YDORULF�DXWRQRP��PXOW�PDL�bogat decât cel cu care ne-D�RELúQXLW�WUDGL LD�ILORVRILF ��XQ�XQLYHUV�FX� R� IXQF LRQDOLWDWH� FH� QRUPHD] � LQFRQúWLHQW� úL� DXWRUHJOHD] �LQL LDWLYHOH� FUHDWRDUH� LQGLYLGXDOH�� 0HGLul valoric este, dar, nu QXPDL� FUHDW� GH� RP�� FL� úL� FRQVWUkQJ WRU� vQ� UDSRUW� FX� RPXO��6HPLRWLFD�ULGLF �Y OXO�LOX]LHL��H[SOLFkQG�PRGHOHOH�FX�FDUH�RDPHQLL��vQ�LVWRULH��RSHUHD] �GLIX]��LQWXLWLY�

5.3. Hermeneutica

6WUXFWXUDOLVPXO� úL� KHUPHQHXWLFD� VXQW� PHWRGH� úL strategii WHRUHWLFH�RSXVH��FX� WHQGLQ H�GH�H[FOXGHUH� UHFLSURF �� vQV � vQ�XOWLPD�LQVWDQ �� FRPSOHPHQWDUH�� (OH� DX� vQ� FRPXQ� IDSWXO� F � VH� UHIHU � OD�WRWDOLW L�� DPEHOH� SXQ� DFFHQW� SH� LGHQWLILFDUHD� VHQVXOXL�� ILLQG�SUHIHUDWH�FRQFUHWL] ULOH� WH[WXDOH�� ÌQV �� vQ�WLPS�FH�VWUXFWXUDOLVPXO�úL�

Page 68: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VHPLRWLFD� vúL� SURSXQ� V � GHVFULH� úL� V � H[SOLFH�� SULQ� HODERUDUHD� GH�PRGHOH�� PRGXO� vQ� FDUH� VH� DUWLFXOHD] � VHQVXO� �DGLF � UH HDXD� GH�UDSRUWXUL�VWDELOH�FDUH�IDF�SRVLELO �H[LVWHQ D�VHQVXOXL���KHUPHQHXWLFD�VH�SUHRFXS �GH�DSDUL LD�HIHFWLY �D�VHPQLILFD LHL��SULQ�FRQFUHWL]DUHD�sensului). Tocmai în virtutea acestui specific, hermeneutica [54] UHFXSHUHD] �WHPD�VXELHFWLYLW LL�XPDQH��'H�DOWIHO��XQXO�GLQ�FUHDWRULL�KHUPHQHXWLFLL�PRGHUQH��:LOKHOP�'LWKOH\��DILUP �F �HVHQ D�RPXOXL�FRQVW � vQ� VXELHFWLYLWDWH� úL� VSLULWXDOLWDWH�� YLD D� VSLULWXOXL� VH�FRQFUHWL]HD] � vQ� RSHUH� �úWLLQ LILFH�� PRUDOH�� UHOLJLRDVH�� ILORVRILFH��DUWLVWLFH������3HQWUX�D�FXQRDúWH�RPXO��WUHEXLH�DúDGDU�DYXW �vQ�YHGHUH�DQDOL]D�RSHUHORU�VDOH�vQ�FDUH�SXOVHD] �YLD D�VSLULWXOXL��DúD�FXP�HVWH�el condL LRQDW� LVWRULF��� 'LWKOH\� DILUP � XQ� GXDOLVP� WHRUHWLFR-PHWRGRORJLF�vQWUH�úWLLQ HOH�QDWXULL�úL�úWLLQ HOH�VSLULWXOXL��$FHVWHD�V-ar GHRVHEL�UDGLFDO�VXE�UDSRUWXO�PHWRGHL�úL�DO�WLSXOXL�GH�FXQRDúWHUH��ÌQ�úWLLQ HOH� QDWXULL� RELHFWXO� QH� HVWH� úL� U PkQH� H[WHULRU�� GH� Dceea, îl FXQRDúWHP� GLQ� DIDU �� FD� SH� FHYD� VWU LQ�� ILLQG� VROLFLWDWH� LQWHQV�� vQ�DFHDVW �FXQRDúWHUH��GRDU�VWUXFWXULOH� ORJLFH��3H�ED]D�H[SHULPHQWXOXL�UHDO� VDX� PLQWDO�� FRQVWDW P�� GHVFULHP� úL� H[SOLF P� LQYDULDQ LL� XQXL�domeniu de realitate; miza este identificarea legilor naturale. Aceste OHJL� VXQW� DFHOH� UDSRUWXUL� QHFHVDUH�� HVHQ LDOH�� JHQHUDOH�� VWDELOH� úL�UHSHWDELOH�vQ�DQXPLWH�FRQGL LL��SHQWUX�WRDWH�RELHFWHOH�GLQWU-R�FODV �GH�RELHFWH�� ÌQ� VWXGLXO� QDWXULL�� FD]XULOH� LQGLYLGXDOH� QX� FRQWHD] �� ILLQG�privite ca simple conFUHWL] UL� VDX� H[HPSOLILF UL� DOH� XQHL� OHJL�JHQHUDOH�� $VSLUD LD� H[SOLFD LHL� FRQVW � vQ� LGHQWLILFDUHD� UDSRUWXULORU�FDX]DOH�SURSULL�RELHFWXOXL�VWXGLDW��&XQRúWLQ HOH�RE LQXWH�VXQW�QHXWUH�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�DIHFWLY��QX�QH�DQJDMHD] �YLD D� LQWHULRDU ��PDL�mult, obLHFWXO�úWLLQ HORU�QDWXULL�QL�VH�GH]Y OXLH�SURJUHVLY� ÌQ� GRPHQLXO� úWLLQ HORU� VSLULWXOXL�� RELHFWXO� YRUEHúWH� GHVSUH�QRL�vQúLQH�vQWU-XQ�IHO�RDUHFDUH��HO�QL�VH�DGUHVHD] ��VROLFLW �LPSOLFDUH��transmite expres sau latent un anumit mesaj pentru simplul motiv F � vQ� HO� VH� DIO � vQFRUSRUDW � �FRGLILFDW �� YLD D� XQXL� VSLULW�� 3ULQ�XUPDUH�� RELHFWXO� úWLLQ HORU� VSLULWXOXL� HVWH� vQWRWGHDXQD� LQGLYLGXDO��unic -�GLQ�DFHVW�PRWLY�QX�VH�SUHWHD] �OD�RSHUDUHD�GH�JHQHUDOL] UL��ÌQ�DFHVW� GRPHQLX� QX� H[LVW � OHJL�� &XQRDúWHUHD� HVWH� SHUVRQDOL]DW ��

Page 69: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

LQGLYLGXDOL]DW �� QX� SRDWH� DWLQJH� PD[LPD� RELHFWLYLWDWH� SHQWUX�VLPSOXO�PRWLY�F �HVWH�PDUFDW �GHILQLWLY�GH�SURSULXO�QRVWUX�PRG�GH�D�VLP L�úL�JkQGL�� ÌQ�UDSRUW�FX�RELHFWXO�úWLLQ HORU�VSLULWXOXL�DYHP�WU LUL�HJRFHQWULFH�� SHUVRQDOH�� FH� H[SULP � PRGXO� QRVWUX� Vpontan de a UHDF LRQD�vQ�ID D�VWLPXOLORU�H[WHUQL��7U LULOH�QH�H[SULP �FD�VWUXFWXU �WHPSHUDPHQWDO �� VXQW� IL[DWH� SH� SURSULD� SHUVRDQ �� PDL� PXOW��DQJDMHD] �LQVWLQFWXO�GH�FRQVHUYDUH��ÌQ�DFHVW�FD]��SULQ��WU LUL��VH�YD�vQ HOHJH��HPR LL��LQWXL LL��VHQWLPHQWH��VHQ]D LL�SO FXWH�VDX�QHSO FXWH��VW UL� DIHFWLYH� GLIX]H� OHJDWH� GH� DF LXQHD� QHPLMORFLW � D� RELHFWXOXL�DVXSUD�SURSULHL�QRDVWUH�ILLQ H� 3URFHVXO� GH� FXQRDúWHUH� vQFHSH� FX� vQ HOHJHUHD�� $FHDVWD� VH�PDQLIHVW � WRW� OD� QLYHO� SVLKRORJLF� úL� SUHVXSXQH�� VSUH� GHRVHELUH� GH�simplHOH� WU LUL�� GLVWDQ DUHD� GH� QRL� vQúLQH�� GH� LQWHUHVH� úL� HJRLVPH�SHQWUX�D�RE LQH�GHVFHQWUDUHD�VXELHFWLYLW LL�úL�FRPXQLFDUHD�GLUHFW �FX� RELHFWXO�� ÌQ� SUHOXQJLUH�� vQ HOHJHUHD� FXSULQGH� WUDQVSXQHUH�vQO XQWUXO�RELHFWXOXL��FKLDU�GDF �RELHFWXO�HVWH�VXELHFWLYLWDWHD�Xnei SHUVRDQH� VDX� R� RSHU � GH� DUW ��� 7UDQVSXQHUHD� vQFHSH� FX�acomodarea la noul univers spiritual pentru a putea reconstitui SULQ� SURSULLOH� WU LUL� VW ULOH� VSLULWXDOH� DOH� DOWXLD�� DúD� FXP� VXQW� HOH�IL[DWH� GH� RELHFWXO� UHVSHFWLY�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� vQ HOHJHUHD� FRQVW � vQ UHWU LUHD� FRQFUHWH HL� VHPQLILFDQWH� D� RELHFWXOXL�� 9LD D� VSLULWXDO �FDUH� VWUXFWXUHD] � RELHFWXO� vúL� UHGREkQGHúWH�� SULQ� vQ HOHJHUH��FRQFUHWH HD�� 3URFHVXO� SUHVXSXQH� vQV � DELOLWDWHD� � FHOXL� FDUH� vO�vQWUHSULQGH�GH�D�IX]LRQD�FX�DOW�VSLULW�LQGLYLGXDO��SUHFXP�úL�SXWerea LPDJLQD LHL� GH� D� vQYLD� DWPRVIHUD� SVLKRORJLF � úL� VSLULWXDO � D�RELHFWXOXL�� 6H� REVHUY �� F � VSUH� GHRVHELUH� GH� úWLLQ HOH� QDWXULL�� vQ�DFHVW�FD]��FXQRDúWHUHD�QX�HVWH�SXU�UD LRQDO ��RELHFWXO�HVWH�UHFHSWDW�ca fiindu-QH� DSURSLDW�� LDU� FXQRDúWHUHD� OXL� QX� SRDWH� IL decât SDUWLFLSDWLY ��SUHVXSXQH�FRPSOLFLWDWHD�DIHFWLY �FX�RELHFWXO��� ,QWHUSUHWDUHD� HVWH� XOWLPD� ID] � D� FXQRDúWHULL� KHUPHQHXWLFH��FH�vQFKHLH�úL�GHV YkUúHúWH�DFWHOH�GH�vQ HOHJHUH��PDQLIHVWkQGX-se la QLYHO� VSLULWXDO�� (D� FRQVW � vQ� FRGLILFDUHD� vQ� úL� SULQ� OLPEDj a FRQ LQXWXULORU�GH�VHQV�FDUH�DX�IRVW�UHWU LWH��FHHD�FH�SRDWH�IL�GHVFULV�FD� R� FRQúWLHQWL]DUH� YHUEDOL]DW � D� PHVDMXOXL� SH� FDUH� R� DOW �

Page 70: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

VXELHFWLYLWDWH��SHUVRDQ ��QL-l transmite prin intermediul obiectului. Interpretarea presupune elaborarea unui model subiecWLY�PHQLW�V �UHFRQVWLWXLH�DWPRVIHUD�VSLULWXDO �úL�VHQVXO�RSHUHL��'DF �H[SOLFD LLOH�VXQW�JHQHUDOH��LQWHUSUHW ULOH�YL]HD] �QXPDL�RELHFWH�LQGLYLGXDOH��ÌQ�WLPS�FH�H[SOLFD LLOH�GHPRQVWUHD] ��LQWHUSUHWDUHD�PRQVWUHD] ��DUDW ��GH]Y OXLH� VHQVXO� LQGLYLGXDO�� ([SOLFD iile sunt universal valabile, ILLQG�VXSXVH�GLVWLQF LHL�DGHY U-IDOV�úL�GHFL�VXSXQkQGX-VH�YHULILF ULL�H[SHULPHQWDOH� úL� ORJLFH�� LQWHUSUHW ULOH� VXQW� SOXUDOH�� PDUFDWH� GH�VXELHFWLYLWDWHD� FHOXL� FDUH� vQ HOHJH�� ÌQWUXFkW� VXQW� VXELHFWLYH��LQWHUSUHW ULOH�SRW�IL�PDL�H[presive, adecvate sau nu obiectului real, GDU� QLFLRGDW � QX� SRW� IL� VWULFW� DGHY UDWH� VDX� IDOVH�� 9HULILFDUHD�LQWHUSUHW ULORU� HVWH�� GH� DFHHD�� QHVHPQLILFDWLY �� VH� SRDWH� YRUEL�QXPDL� GH� �WHPHLQLFLH��� GH� �FRPSOHWLWXGLQH��� DPEHOH� FDOLW L�vizând gradul de supunere DO�VXELHFWLYLW LL�QRDVWUH�OD�RELHFW��'XS �WUDLHFWXO� LQWHUSUHW ULL�� SXWHP� FODVLILFD� SUDFWLFLOH� KHUPHQHXWLFH� vQ��KHUPHQHXWLFL� UHFRQVWLWXWLYH� �VDX� UHVWLWXWLYH�� FH� XUP UHVF�UHFRQVWLWXLUHD�VHQVXOXL�RULJLQDU�DO�XQXL�RELHFW��UHSURGXFHUHD�ILGHO �a ceea ce obiectuO� HVWH� úL� FHHD� FH� YUHD� V � ILH��� KHUPHQHXWLFL�WHOHRORJLFH�� vQ� FDGUXO� F URUD� vQ HOHJHUHD� úL� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� VXQW�RSHUDWH� GLQ� SHUVSHFWLYD� XQRU� SUHVXSR]L LL�� LSRWH]H� úL� VLVWHPH� GH�DúWHSW UL� LQL LDOH�� VH� UHDOL]HD] � GHFXSDMH� vQ� RELHFW� SHQWUX� D�confirma o viziune pUHDODELO �� ÌQ� DPEHOH� FD]XUL�� S VWUDUHD�LQGLYLGXDOLW LL� SH� SDUFXUVXO� �HPSDWLHL�� ID � GH� RELHFW�� VH�UHDOL]HD] � SULQ� FRUHF LD� FX� DMXWRUXO� PRGHOXOXL� KHUPHQHXWLF� DO�GHVXELHFWLYL] ULL�� DWkW� FRQWUROXO� FkW� úL� IHQRPHQXO� FRQWURODW� VXQW�S U L�LQGLVSHQVDELOH�vQ�FRPSR]L LD�vQ HOHJHULL� +�*�*DGDPHU� FRQVLGHU � F � KHUPHQHXWLFD� QX� HVWH� R� VLPSO �PHWRG ��FL�R�ILORVRILH��DGLF �R�YL]LXQH�JOREDO �GHVSUH�OXPHD�RPXOXL��)HQRPHQHOH� vQ HOHJHULL� úL� LQWHUSUHW ULL� VXQW� UHDOLW L� VRFLR-umane efective, iar hermeneutica nu este doar o sum � GH� WHKQLFL� GH�FXQRDúWHUH��úL�VXUSULQGH�R�GHWHUPLQD LH�HVHQ LDO �D�H[LVWHQ HL�XPDQH��2ULFH� FXQRDúWHUH� GH� VLQH� D�RPXOXL� LQFOXGH� FX�QHFHVLWDWH�XQ� DQXPLW�PRG�GH�DFFHSWDUH��vQ HOHJHUH�úL�LQWHUSUHWDUH�D�OXPLL��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��interpretarea lumii exterioare esWH� UHDOL]DW � vQWRWGHDXQD� GLQWU-un SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�RPHQHVF��FHHD�FH�SUHVXSXQH�F �VH�DFWLYHD] �SHQWUX�

Page 71: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FXQRDúWHUH� XQ� DQXPLW� PRG� GH� vQ HOHJHUH� úL� DVXPDUH� D� FRQGL LHL�XPDQH�� 'H� DFHHD�� RULFH� FXQRúWLQ � úWLLQ LILF � DUH� XQ� SUHDPEXO�KHUPHQHXWLF��&XQRDúWHUHD�úWLLQ LILF � UD LRQDO �DUH�LOX]LD�F ��DSOLFkQG�UHJXOL�PHWRGRORJLFH��SRDWH�V �H[SOLFH�OXPHD�DúD�FXP�HVWH�HD�HIHFWLY��vQV � WRWGHDXQD� DFHDVW � FXQRDúWHUH� XWLOL]HD] � SUHVXSR]L LL� VXELHFWLYH�SH�FDUH�QX�úL�OH�H[SOLFLWHD] ��ÌQDLQWHD�úWLLQ HL�UD LRQDOH��DO WXUL�GH�HD��în pUHOXQJLUHD� WHRULHL� VH� DIO � PHUHX� XQ� FRQWH[W� GH� FXQRDúWHUH�VXELHFWLY � DOF WXLW �GLQ� MXGHF L� úL�SUHMXGHF L��PHQWDOLW L�� FUHGLQ H��VW UL� GH� VSLULW�� DWLWXGLQL�� DVSLUD LL� úL� LOX]LL� DSDU LQkQG� XQHL� DQXPH�YL]LXQL� JOREDOH� WU LWH� GHVSUH� OXPH� úL� RP�� $FHVWH� FRQ LQuturi VXELHFWLYH� VXQW� UH]XOWDWXO� vQ HOHJHULL� úL� LQWHUSUHW ULL� QHPLMORFLWH� D�OXPLL� vQFRQMXU WRDUH�SUHFXP�úL�D�SURSULHL�VDOH�FRQGL LL�úL�PLVLXQL� vQ�lume. ÌQ HOHJHUHD�úL�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�QX�DSDU LQ�SODQXOXL�HSLVWHPLF�úL�metodologic, ci nivelului nemijlocit, exiVWHQ LDO��$FHVW� QLYHO� HVWH�SXUW WRU�GH�VHQV��SULQ�XUPDUH��úWLLQ D�HVWH�FRQGL LRQDW �GH�XQLYHUVXO�SVLKLF� úL� VSLULWXDO� VSHFLILF� XQHL� VRFLHW L�� IRUPDW� GLQ� FRQ LQXWXUL�VXELHFWLYH�SUHH[LVWHQWH�úL�QHFRQGL LRQDWH�GH�FXQRDúWHUHD�UD LRQDO ��FRQ LQXWXUL� FDUH� DSDU Ln sferei prereflexivului. De fapt, +�*�*DGDPHU� YDORULILF � DQXPLWH� GHVFKLGHUL� SUH]HQWH� vQ�KHUPHQHXWLFD�ILORVRILF �D�OXL�+HLGHJJHU��$FHVW�JkQGLWRU�XUP UHúWH�V � GHVFULH�� V � H[SOLFLWH]H� GHWHUPLQDQWHOH� ILLQ HL� XPDQH� vQ� VFRSXO�GHVFRSHULULL� VHQVXOXL� H[LVWHQ HL� HL�� 3ULQ� vQ HOHJHUH� úL� LQWHUSUHWDUH��punând între paranteze aspectele nesemnificative, provizorii, vQWkPSO WRDUH�� VH� GHVFRSHU � F � ILLQ DUHD� XPDQ � >'DVHLQ@� HVWH�FDUDFWHUL]DW �SULQ��IDSWXO-de-a-fi-în-OXPH���QX�vQ�VHQVXO�F �RPXO�DU�fi asimilabil lumii, precum oELHFWHOH�� QLFL� vQ� VHQVXO� F � RPXO� VH�LGHQWLILF �FX�OXPHD���FL�vQ�VHQVXO�F �RPXO�HVWH�FRUHODW�OXPLL��VH�DIOD�în lume ca parte a ei, punându-úL� vQWUHE UL� GHVSUH� VLQH� úL� OXPH��3ULQ� XUPDUH�� OLPEDMXO� HVWH� úL�VDX� LQVWLWXLH� XQ� UDSRUW� RQWRORJLF� FX�OXPHD�� ÌQWUH�RP�úL� OXPH�H[LVW � R�SUHVXSXQHUH� UHFLSURF �� GDU� úL� R�DQWLQRPLH��WHQVLXQH��FRQWUDGLF LH���SHQWUX�F �RPXO� ILLQ HD] �DOWIHO�GHFkW� UHVWXO� ILULL�� 2� DOW � GHWHUPLQD LH� D� ILLQ ULL� XPDQH� FRQVW � vQ�"faptul-de-a-fi-vPSUHXQ ��� DGLF � ILLQ D� XPDQ �� GHúL� HVWH� XQLF ��niciodat � QX�HVWH� VLQJXU � vQ� OXPH��&RPXQLFDUHD�� YLD D�GH� UHOD LH��

Page 72: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

HVWH�R�FRQGL LH�HVHQ LDO �D�ILLQ ULL�XPDQH��'LQ��D-fi-vPSUHXQ ��úL�din "a-ILLQ D-vPSUHXQ �� GHFXUJH� FX� QHFHVLWDWH� F � vQ HOHJHUHD� úL�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�DSDU LQ�PHGLXOXL�H[LVWHQ HL�XPDQH�FD�IDSWH�GH�YLD � ,QVXO� XPDQ� DSHOHD] � OD� vQ HOHJHUH� úL� LQWHUSUHWDUH� SHQWUX� F �$OWXO��VHPHQXO���&HO ODOW��VXQW�SUH]HQ L�vQ�RULFH�]RQ �D�H[LVWHQ HL�FDUH�QL�VH� SUH]LQW � VSUH� FXQRDúWHUH� úL� FRPXQLFDUH�� �)DSWXO-de-a-fi" RULHQWHD] � VSUH� �GHVFKLGHUH-vQWUX�� �VSUH�� FHO ODOW�� vQWU-un anumit VHQV��'HVFKLGHUHD� VH�PDQLIHVW � FD� IULF �� VHQ]D LD� RPXOXL� GH� D� IL�aruncat într-R� OXPH� FDUH� vL� HVWH� VWU LQ � úL� FDUH� QX� vO� GRUHúWH�� GDU�SULQ� vQ HOHJHUH� �FRPSUHKHQVLXQH�� úL� LQWHUSUHWDUH� RPXO�FRQúWLHQWL]HD] �F � HVWH�XQ��IDSW-de-a-IL��� UHVSHFWLY� F � VH� DIO � VXE�RUL]RQWXO�SRVLELOXOXL�úL�HVWH�VXSXV�GHYHQLULL� Într-R� SULP � LQVWDQ �� FXQRDúWHUHD� GH� VLQH� D� RPXOXL�OLPSH]HúWH� HYLGHQ D� F � �D-fi-în-OXPH�� úL� �D-ILLQ D-vPSUHXQ �� VH�SUH]LQW � VXE� IRUPD�QHDXWHQWLFLW LL�� UHVSHFWLY��RPXO�SRDWH� V � ILH�HO�vQVXúL� VDX�QX�� Ìn orizontul cotidian omul este acaparat de obiecte, OLPEDMXO� LD� IRUPD� YRUE ULHL�� LDU� FRPXQLFDUHD� FX� $OWXO� vPEUDF �IRUPH� LPSHUVRQDOH�� ILHFDUH� VH� GHVFRSHU � FD� XQ� $QRQLP��,QWHUSUHWDUHD� ILLQ HL� XPDQH�� SUREOHPDWL]DUHD� HL�� SHUPLWH�desprinderea de impersonal prin�DQJRDV ��6SUH�GHRVHELUH�GH�VLPSOD�IULF �� DQJRDVD� SURGXFH� UXSWXUL� LQWHULRDUH�� 3ULQ� DQJRDV �� ILLQ DUHD�XPDQ �vúL�DVXP �WHPSRUDOLWDWHD�GH�FDUH�VH�DWDúHD] �IDSWXO�GH��D-fi-în-lume-întru-moarte" -�DGLF �GHVFRSHULUHD�ILQLWXGLQLL��'DF �OD�QLYHO�inautentic (imperVRQDO�� RPXO� WU LHúWH� FD� úL� FXP� QX� DU� PXUL�QLFLRGDW �� DQJRDVD� H[LVWHQ LDO � vL� UHOHYHD] � PRDUWHD� FD� SUH]HQ �vQWRWGHDXQD� DFWLY � �PRDUWHD� FD� SUH]HQ � vQF � DEVHQW ��� $VWIHO��WHPSRUDOLWDWHD� XPDQ � HVWH� FDUDFWHUL]DW � SULQ� �JULMD-de-a-IL��� DGLF �incertitudinea proIXQG �FH�vQVR HúWH�ILLQ DUHD�DXWHQWLF � 0HWRGD� úL� ILORVRILD� KHUPHQHXWLF � VXQW� DSWH� V � VXUSULQG �GHWHUPLQD LLOH� LUHGXFWLELOH� DOH� FRQGL LHL� XPDQH�� PDL� DOHV� SULQ�UHVWLWXLUHD� XQXL� XQLYHUV� DO� VHQVXOXL� VXUSULQV� vQ� SOXULYDOHQ D� VD�FUHDW �úL�WU LW �LVWRULF�úL�VRFial. Demersul filosofic asupra valorilor HVWH��P UWXULVLW� VDX�QX��GH�QDWXU �KHUPHQHXWLF �� vQWUXFkW� DFFHQWXO�FDGH� SH� WU LUH�� vQ HOHJHUH� úL� LQWHUSUHWDUH��0HWRGHOH� VWUXFWXUDOLVWH��VHPLRWLFH��LQL LD] ��ID �GH�IHQRPHQXO�UHVSHFWLY��XQ�FRPSRUWDPHQW�

Page 73: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

de tip explicativ, sau, mai bine zis, descriptiv-explicativ. Cele GRX � DWLWXGLQL� WHRUHWLFR-PHWRGRORJLFH� VXQW�� vQV �� FRPSOHPHQWDUH��$úD� FXP� UHPDUF � 3DXO�5LFRHXU�� H[SOLFD LD� úL� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� SRW� IL�VLWXDWH�SH�XQ�DUF�KHUPHQHXWLF�XQLWDU��0DL�vQWkL��SHQWUX�F �DPEHOH�SUHIHU �WH[WHOH�DGLF �GLVFXUVXULOH�IL[DWH�SULQ�VFULLWXU ��$FHVWHD�VXQW�SRVWHULRDUH� DFWHORU� HIHFWLYH� GH� VHPQLILFDUH� úL� FRPXQLFDUH�� PDL�PXOW��OH�FRQVHUY �vQ�úL�FX�PLMORDFHOH�VLVWHPHORU�GH�VHPQH��'HVLJXU��VHPLRWLFD�DSHOHD] �vQWU-R�PDL�PDUH�P VXU �OD�FRQVWUXFWH�WHRUHtice, DVWIHO� vQFkW�FRQFUHWH HD� VHPQLILFDWLY � D� WH[WXOXL�GLVSDUH��PDL�DOHV�GDWRULW � RFXOW ULL� DXWRUXOXL�� UHFHSWRUXOXL� úL� D� PHGLXOXL��FLUFXPVWDQ HL�FH�FRQGL LRQHD] �RUL]RQWXO�GH�VHPQLILFD LL�úL�LQWHQ LL�SURSULL�GLVFXUVXOXL�IL[DW� vQ�úL�SULQ� WH[W��7UHEXLH�� vQV ��REVHUYDW�F �XQ� ULVF� DQDORJ� H� SRVLELO� úL� SHQWUX� RSWLFD� KHUPHQHXWLF �� DFRUGkQG�SUHD�PDUH�FUHGLW�GLPHQVLXQLORU�PHQ LRQDWH��SRDWH�HúXD� vQ� LSRWH]H�FDUH� VXELHFWLYHD] � vQ� H[FHV� PHVDMXO�� 'HFL�� VXSUDOLFLWDUHD�XQLYHUVXOXL� GH� VHPQLILFD LL� vQWUH LQXW� GH� RSHU �� H[FHsul de FUHDWLYLWDWH�úL�LQWHUYHQ LH�vQ�FDSWDUHD�VHQVXOXL�HVWH�XQ�SHULFRO�FDUH�SkQGHúWH� DWkW� SR]L LLOH� VHPLRWLFH� FkW� úL� SH� FHOH� KHUPHQHXWLFH��7RFPDL� GH� DFHHD�� LPSRUWDQW� HVWH� FD� WHQWDWLYHOH� H[SOLFDWLYH� úL�VDX�FRPSUHKHQVLYH� GH� DSURSLHUH� D� VHQVXOXL� V � UHVWLWXLH orizontul de VHPQLILFD LL� DO� WH[WXOXL�� úL� QX� SH� FHO� SURLHFWDW� DVXSUD� WH[WXOXL��ÌQWUXFkW� GRPLQDQW � HVWH� RSHUD LD� GH� WUDQVFRGDM�� DGLF � WUHFHUHD�dintr-R� UH HD� GH� VHPQLILFD LL� vQ� DOWD�� H[SOLFD LD� úL� vQ HOHJHUHD��LQWHUSUHWDUHD�SRW�FRQOXFUD�SH�GLUHF LL�FDUH�GXF�OD�FRULM UL�UHFLSURFH��'H�DOWIHO��vQV úL�SUREOHPD�LQWHUSUHW ULL�WUHEXLH�SXV �vQ�DO L�WHUPHQL�decât la Wilhelm Dilthey. Antinomia pe care acesta o ipostazia vQWUH�H[SOLFD LH��SH�GH�R�SDUWH���vQ HOHJHUH�úL�LQWHUSUHWDUH��SH�GH�DOWD��QX�PDL�IXQF LRQHD] ��GHSODVDUHD�H[SOLFD LHL�GLQ�úWLLQ HOH�QDWXULL�vQ�SODQXO� PRGHOHORU� OLQJYLVWLFH� VROLFLW � WUDQVIRUP UL� SURIXQGH� vQ�PRGXO� GH� D� FRQFHSH� DFWXO� LQWHUSUHWDWLY�� $FHVWD� HVWH�� DúDGDU��FRQIUXQWDW� FX� XQ� PRGHO� GH� LQWHOLJLELOLWDWH� FH� DSDU LQH� úWLLQ HORU�umane. Chiar la Dilthe\�RSR]L LD�SXWHUQLF �VH�DIO �vQWUH�H[SOLFD LH�úL� vQ HOHJHUH�� GLQ� GRULQ D� GH� D� VHSDUD�� VXE� UDSRUWXO� RELHFWXOXL� úL�PHWRGRORJLHL��GRX �VIHUH�GH� UHDOLWDWH� -�QDWXUD� úL� VSLULWXO� -� ID �GH�

Page 74: ,, ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI - · PDF fileontologia umanului olehuwdwhdvdvrfldo œlsrolwlf œlshqwuxds uduhdghpqlw llvdoh fl vqhohjhp pdl fx vhdp frqglld rpxoxl illq vslulwxdo fuhdwru gh

ONTOLOGIA UMANULUI

FDUH� WUHEXLH� OXDWH� DWLWXGLQL� GLIHULWH� GH� F WUH� VXELHFWXO� FXQRVF WRU��Spre GHRVHELUH� GH� DFHDVW � RSR]L LH�� FHD� GLQWUH� H[SOLFD LH� úL�LQWHUSUHWDUH�HVWH�PXOW�DWHQXDW ��& FL��GDF � vQ HOHJHUHD�SUHVXSXQH��printr-XQ� VRL� GH� FRPSOLFLWDWH� DIHFWLY �� WUDQVSXQHUHD� vQ� SVLKLFXO�FHOXLODOW�� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� VH� DSOLF �� FRQIRUP� XQRU� ULJRUL� FH� QX�anihilHD] � WRWXúL� LQWHUYHQ LD� VXELHFWLYLW LL�� DFHORU� PDQLIHVW UL� FH�VXQW� IL[DWH� vQ� RSHUH�� GRFXPHQWH� ú�D�P�G�� 2U�� SXWHUHD� GH�VHPQLILFDUH� D� DFHVWRUD� HVWH� RDUHFXP� LQGHSHQGHQW � GH� LQWHQ LLOH�VXELHFWXOXL�FH�VH�IL[HD] �vQ�úL�SULQ�HOH��'DF ��GH�RELFHL��SURFHGHHOH�hermHQHXWLFH�SRUQHDX�GH�OD�WH[WXO�WU LW��PDUFDW��vQ�RULFH�FD]��GH�R�subiectivitate, cele structuralist-VHPLRWLFH� YL]HD] � SUHSRQGHUHQW�UHOD LLOH�LQWHULRDUH�WH[WXOXL�FDUH�IDF�SRVLELO �DSDUL LD�VHQVXOXL��'DU��vQWUXFkW� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� XUP UHúWH� DFWXDOL]DUHD� GLVSRQLELOLW LORU�VHPDQWLFH� DOH� WH[WXOXL�� WUDYDOLXO� H[SOLFDWLY� GH� WLS� VHPLRWLF� úL�VWUXFWXUDOLVW�SUHJ WHúWH�DFWXO�LQWHUSUHWDLY� 6HPLRWLFD�HVWH�FD]XO�DSDUWH�DO�PRGXOXL�vQ�FDUH�úWLLQ D�SRDWH�FRQWULEXL� OD�HOXFLGDUHD�XQRU�DVSHFWH�FH�DSDU LQ� ILORVRILHL� FXOWXULL� úL�ontRORJLHL� XPDQXOXL�� 5LVFXO� SHUPDQHQW� HVWH� FHO� DO� XQHL� UHGXF LL��'DF �RPXO�GH�úWLLQ �IDFH�ILORVRILH�GLQ XQWUXO�FHUWLWXGLQLORU�SH�FDUH�L�OH� RIHU � R� DQXPH� úWLLQ �� UH]XOWDWXO� HVWH� XQ� VFLHQWLVP� FDUH� vúL�PDVFKHD] � RS LXQLOH� LGHRORJLFH� VDX� VH� ODV �PDQLSXODW� GH� DFestea. ([WLQGHUHD� GH� H[SOLFD LH� OD� FDUH� H� WHQWDW � úL� GH� FDUH� VH� ODV �DGHPHQLW � R� úWLLQ � QX� HVWH� vQF � ILORVRILF �� FL� R� LGHRORJLH�� vQ� VHQV�ODUJ�� YHQLW � vQ� SUHOXQJLUHD� SUDFWLFL� úWLLQ LILFH�� $FHDVW � SUDFWLF �� vQ�P VXUD�vQ�FDUH�HVWH�IHUWLO �VXE�UDSRUWXO�ULJRULL�úWLLQ LILFH��JHQHUHD] �úL� VWDUHD� UHFRQIRUWDQW � FH� vQGHDPQ � OD� FRHUHQ H� FX� JUDG� VSRULW� GH�JHQHUDOLWDWH��'LQFROR�GH� DFHVWH� H[HVH�� vQ� úWLLQ � VXQW�FHUWLWXGLQL�GH�FDUH� ILORVRILD� DUH� QHYRLH�� ÌQ� DFHúWL� WHUPHQL� QL� VH� SDUH� F � SRDWH� IL�SXV �úL�UHOD LD�GLQWUH�DERUGDUHD�ILORVRILF �úL�FHD�VHPLRWLF �D�FXOWXULL��ÌQ� WLPS� FH� SULPD� HVWH�� GHVHRUL�� QHUHFHSWLY � OD� vQQRLUL� úL� DS U � FX�JHOR]LH�XQLYHUVXO�YDORULORU��VHPLRWLFD�vúL�UHYHQGLF �GUHSWXUL�SH�FDUH�vQF � QX� OH� DUH� úL� SH� FDUH� ULJRDUHD� LQVWUXPHQWHORU� VDOH� QX� OH� SRDWH�înlocuL��$GHY UXO�FRQVW �QXPDL�vQ�FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHD�SHUVSHFWLYHL�VHPLRWLFH�FX�SHUVSHFWLYD�D[LRORJLF �


Recommended