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GÂNDIRE, LIMBAJCOMUNICARE
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Hipocrate- 460 î.c.
“Creierul- cel mai puternic organ
al corpului...”
-Inima sediul mişcării si
vieţii psihice
-T.inexcitabilităţii cerebrale
Aristotel 384-322 î.c.
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- Medicul regelui Filip cel frumos
după 1300 scrie: “creierul este...rece şi umed pt. a diminua
extrema căldură şi uscăciune a
inimii, alb pt. a fi ca o tabularasa şi a primi orice imagine, lax
şi moderat de vâscos pt. ca
lucrurile percepute să-l străbată
uşor...
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”O imagine știin ț ifică asupralumii care nu înglobează
problemele con știin ț ei nu poateavea preten ț ii serioase de
completitudine. Con știin ț a este
parte a Universului nostru și deci
orice teorie fizică care nu -i face
loc, e șuează în încercarea de ada o descriere fidelă a lumii” Încertitudinile ra ț iunii. Umbrele min ț ii.
R. Penrose . Ed. Tehnică. 1999
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- amprentă a identită ț ii
Gândirea
- for ț ă transformatoare- factor de sănătate
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The effects of laughter on post-
prandial glucose levels and gene
expression in type 2 diabeticpatients .Takashi Hayashi , Kazuo Murakami. Life
Sciences 85
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In transgenerational epigenetic inheritance,phenotypic information not encoded in
DNA sequence is transmitted acrossgenerations. In germline-dependent mode,memory of environmental exposure in
parental generation is transmitted throughgametes, leading to appearance ofphenotypes in the unexposed future
generations. The memory is considered tobe encoded in epigenetic factors like DNAmethylation, histone modifications and
regulatory RNAs
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Environmental exposure may causeepigenetic modifications in the germline
either directly or indirectly throughprimarily affecting the soma. The latter possibility is most intriguing because it
contradicts the established dogma thathereditary information flows only fromgermline to soma, not in reverse. As such,
identification of the factor(s) mediatingsoma to germline information transfer intransgenerational epigenetic inheritance
would be pathbreaking
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Factors such as RNAs and hormones,including neurohormones and europeptides,
have previously been considered topotentially mediate soma to germlinecommunication in epigenetic inheritance
In last decade, small non-coding RNAs(sncRNAs) such as small interfering RNAs(siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and
piwiinteracting RNAs (piRNAs) haveemerged as master regulators of geneexpression in eukaryotes
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It is in this context that we would liketo consider the genomic “darkmatter,” one of the major mysteries of the post-
genome era. Perhaps no other topic in
contemporary genomics has inspiredsuch diverse viewpoints as the 95% of the genome,previously known as “junk
DNA,” that does not code for proteins.Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on soma to germline informationtransfer. A. Sharma Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology (2012)
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E.O. Wilson has learned a great deal about humanbehavior by studying ants, termites, and bee
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.htmlhttp://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html
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Language defines the very
structure of information.This is more than an empirical
truth; it is a rational and
scientific necessity; the laws ofnature are a language.
The Cognitive-Theoretic Model of the
Universe: A New Kind of Reality Theory.
Christopher Michael Langan. 2002.
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Maintenance of cognitive control is amajor concern for many human diseasecondition, therefore a major goal ofhuman neuroprosthetics is to facilitate
and/or recover cognitive function whensuch circumstances impair appropriatedecision making.
Robert E. Hampson et al l . Faci l i tat ion and Restorat ion o f Cognit ive
Funct io n in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuropro sthesis that
Uti l izes Minicolum n- Specif ic Neural Fir ing . J Neural Eng.2012
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A brain-to-brain interface (BTBI)
enabled a real-time transfer of
behaviorally meaningful
sensorimotor information between
the brains of two rats.
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real-Time Sharing of Sensorimotor
Information. Scientific reports.2013
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•Snsibilitate odoranta
•Insecte- o mol/ feromon /receptor
•Vertebrate 0,1 picoM- micromolar-
câteva mii-10.000 de mirosuri/
molecule sau grupari chimice•Suportul genetic pentru receptori:
de la cateva sute la cca 2000 gene
pseudogene
Kaupp U.B. Olfactory signalling in vertebrates and insects: differences
and commonalities Nature Review Neuroscience 2010
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The studies show that the onset of
the neural events associated with freedecisions precede the reported onsetof the awareness of intention, and
suggest that conscious intentioncannot be a causal factor for free
decisions. Filevich E. Brain correlates of subjective freedom of choice.Consciousness and cognition. 22. 2013
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Katrin Amunts of the Research Centre
Jülich in Germany and her team
announced that they had done it lastmonth, when they published a three-
dimensional reconstruction of a human
brain in unprecedented detail. To build it,they painstakingly sliced the brain of a 65-
year-old woman into 7,400 layers 20
micrometres thick, stained them, imaged
them with a light microscope and then
used 1,000 hours on two supercomputers
to piece the terabyte of data together.
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…Jeff Lichtman and Winfried Denk
are working with the German optics
company Carl Zeiss on a newelectron microscope that would
image even thinner slices- 25 nm“Then you get to see every little
damn thing in the brain, from every
neuron to every subcellularorganelle, from every synapse to
every spine neck.
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•The new machines will have 61
scanning beams operating inparallel and will shrink this time
down to months. Denk estimates
that this will allow them to make a
computational reconstruction- “a
mouse brain in a box”
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Denk’s lab scanned minuscule volumes of
mouse retina, one of the simplest parts of
the mammalian brain. But computing alone
was not able to reconstruct the 300
gigabytes of image data the effort
generated, so the lab enrolled 230 people
to help to trace, by eye, the neurons as they
meander through the slices. “We’ll have todevelop algorithms to get machines to do
the job as well as the human eye.”Abbott A. Solving the brain. NATURE, 499. 2013.. “The human brain produces in
30 seconds as much data as the Hubble Space Telescope has produced in its lifetime.”
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Neuroscience research provides
basic discoveries about how thebrain works and about how the
brain controls behavior.These discoveries are then appliedfor the good of humankind.
Donald W. Pfaff. Neuroscience in the 21st Century.
From Basic to Clinical. Springer. 2013
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Comunicarea este liantul
Universului holistic
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Using MRI scans, scientist can now
read thoughts circulating in our
brains. Scientist can also insert achip into the brain of patient who
is totally paralyzed and connect it
to a computer, so that throughthought alone that patient can surf
the web, read, and write e-mails,
play video games, control theirwheel chair, operate housholde
appliance, and manipulate
mechanical arms.
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”Thequestion of all questions forhumanity, the problem which lies
behind all other and is more
interesting than any of them, is ofdetermination of man's place inNature and his relation to the
Cosmos”. Th. Huxley
C t f l
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Computers are now powerful
enough to record the
electrical signals emanating from the brain and partially
decode them into a familiardigital language. This makes
it possible for the brain to
directly interface withcomputers to control any
object around it.
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Centuries from now, one can
imagine placing our entireneural blueprint on a laser
beams, which will then sentinto deep space, perhaps the
most convenient way for our
consciousness to explore thestars.
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Scientists are going even
furthure, by connecting the brain
directly to exoskeleton thatthese patient can wear around
their paralyzed limbs. One day,
our astronauts may even explore
the planets by mentally
controling mechanicalsurrogates from the comfort of
their living rooms.
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Part of this rapid progress
has occured becausephysicists today have a good
understending of
electromagnetism, which
governs the electrical signal
racing through our neurons.
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Maintenance of cognitive control is amajor concern for many human diseasecondition, therefore a major goal ofhuman neuroprosthetics is to facilitate
and/or recover cognitive function whensuch circumstances impair appropriatedecision making.
Robert E. Hampson et all. Facilitation and Restoration of Cognitive Function in Primate Prefrontal Cortex by a Neuroprosthesis that Utilizes
Minicolumn- Specific Neural Firing. J Neural Eng.2012
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Neuroscience is awaiting for a
breakthrough: An essay bridging the
concepts of Descartes, Einstein,
Heisenberg, Hebb and Hayek with the
explanatory formulations in this special
issue. E. Başar, Karakaş . Intern. J.
Psychophysiology. 60 (2006) 194 –201
... understanding the brain/body – mind
complex is possible only when thesethree are considered as a holistic
entity and not as discrete structures
or functions.
Câmpul electromagnetic este realitatea
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Câmpul electromagnetic este realitateaizică cu care suntem în contact permanent
şi nemijlocit, deşi nu avem simţuri pentru ao percepe. În odaia în care stăm, în parcurileîn care ne plimbăm, în noi înşine, totul este
lin de câmp electromagnetic, în fiecaremoment, datorită câmpului electromagnetic,iecare cută a fiinţei noastre este pătrunsă de
toate melodiile care se cântă pe Pământ, başi de şoapte din afara lui, rostite poate cumiliarde de ani în urmă.
A.Ţugulea- Câmpul electromagnetic? Ed. Agir, 2011
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- Canale ionice
- Pompe ionice
- Transportori ionici
Sistemul de transport ionic
membranar (STIM)
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Molecule
hidrofobeSubst.
steroidice
O2CO2N2
Apă
Glicerol
Uree
ZaharozăGlucoză
Na+, H+, K+
Ca2+, Mg2+
HCO3-, Cl-
Molecule
mici
nepolare
Molecule
mari
nepolare
Ioni
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Bacteriorodopsina (Alberts
B. 2008)
Extracelular
Citosol
Bistratlipidic
(3nm)
Retinal
legat de
lizina
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transport pasiv
transport membranar
difuzie
simpla
mediată
de canale
mediată de
transportori
mediată de
pompetransport activ
bistratlipidic
canal
proteic transportori
Gradient deconcentraţie
adaptat după MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL. 2008
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Distribuţia sarcinilor electrice
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Concentraţia intra- extracelulară a
principalilor ioni în celula mamiferelor(mMol)
Ion Extracelular IntracelularNa+ 145 12
K+ 4 155
Ca2+ 1.8 0.001(rep) – 0.1(activ.)
Cl – 123 4.2Mg2+ 1.5 0.8
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Potenţial de acţiune
5 0
0
m V PA
Na+
K +
Transmiterea şi procesarea
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Transmiterea şi procesarea
semnalului în sistemul nervos
II. Transmiterea nonsinaptică
Transmiterea efaptică
Transmiterea auto- paracrinăTransmiterea hormonală
I.Transmiterea sinaptică
Transmiterea sinaptică electrică
Transmiterea sinaptică chimică
Transmiterea şi procesarea
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I. Date generaleSNC - 1011 neuroni;
Transmiterea şi procesareasemnalului în sistemul nervos
- 1000 sinapse/neuron
- alte mecanisme de comunicare
- neuron=microprocesor ?
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Sinapsa chimică
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Sinapsa chimică
Segment
presinaptic
E
AGONIŞTI
ANTAGONIŞTI
Sinapsă excitatorie
Sinapsă inhibitorie
Celulă
glială
Segment
postsinaptic
Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor de
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Neurotransmiţători cu moleculă mică şi enzimele lor debiosinteză
Neurotransmiţător Enzime Activitate
ACETIL COLINĂ Colin acetiltransferază Specifică AMINE BIOGENE
Dopamină Tirozin hidroxilază Specifică
Epinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şidopamin b hidroxilază
Norepinefrină Tirozin hidroxilază şidopamin b hidroxilază
Specifică
Serotonină Triptofan hidroxilază Specifică
Histamină Histidin decarboxilază Specificitate incertă
AMINOACIZI
GABA Glutamat decarboxilază Specificitate probabilă
Glutamat Enzime dinmetabolismul general
Cale specificănedeterminată
Glicină Enzime dinmetabolismul general
Cale specificănedeterminată
Peptide cerebrale neuroactive
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Peptide cerebrale neuroactiveclasificate după localizarea tisulară
Categoria Peptide
HORMONI ELIBERATORIHIPOTALAMICI
TRH, GnRH, Somatostatin, CRH, GH-RH
HORMONI NEUROHIPOFIZARI Vasopresină, Oxitocină
PEPTIDE HIPOFIZARE ACTH, B-endorfină, A-MSH, Prolactină,LH, GH, TSH
PEPTIDE GASTROINTESTINALE
VIP, CCK, Gastrină, Neurotensină, Met-Enkefalină, Leu-Enkefalină, SP,Insulină, Glucagon, Bombezină,Secretină, SST, TRH, Motilină
PEPTIDE CARDIACE PAN
ALTELE
Angiotensina II, Bradikinină,Calcitonină, CGRP, NPYY, Galanină,Substanţa K (Neurokinina A), Peptidede somn
Sinapsa Colinergica
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Transportorde colina
Transportor
Transportor
vezicular de ACh
Muscarinici
carbachol
edrofoniu
Muscarinici
atropina
Sinapsa Colinergica
M.Gravis ?...
ACh
ACh
fizostigmina
vesamicol
hemicolinium
AChAch
AChE
Colina + Ac-Colina + Ac-
ACh
Colina
AcCoA
ChAT
Nicotinici nn.
lobelina
Nicotinici musc.
suxametoniu
Nicotinici nn.hexametoniu
Nicotinici musc.
D-tubocurarina
BNCh 188
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La nivelul
cel maielementar,noi nu
suntem oreacţie
chimică cio sarcinăelectrică...
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Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Itzhak Fried and Christof Koch. Brain Cells for
Grandmother Scientific American. 2013
Membrane ATPases are capable
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Membrane ATPases are capable
of absorbing energy from
oscillating electric fields ofdefined frequency and amplitude
and using it to perform chemical
work. The concept of the
'electroconformational coupling'
is used to explain how anelectric signal can modulate the
activity of a membrane protein.Tsong TY. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem.Sci 1989
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A brilliant new scientific
landscape that will reshapehuman destiny is now trully
opening up. We are now
entering a new golden age ofneuroscience.
Consciuosness is just another stateof matter, likea solid, liquid or gas
Max Tegmark. Solid. Liquid. Consciousness. New Scientist. 2014
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Suntem
ale Pământului,
Vlăstare
de Puterea
însufleţite
Gândului
Tinere
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