17
Ximena‐Iulia BARBU VERBA DICENDI, DE LA LATINĂ
LA LIMBILE ROMANICE: PROBLEME SEMANTICE
VERBA DICENDI, DE LA LATINĂ LA LIMBILE ROMANICE: PROBLEME SEMANTICE
Autor: Ximena‐Iulia BARBU Conducător ştiințific: Acad. Grigore BRÂNCUȘ
Lucrare realizată în cadrul proiectului „Valorificarea identităților culturale în procesele globale”, cofinanțat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013, contractul de finanțare nr. POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59758. Titlurile şi drepturile de proprietate intelectuală şi industrială asupra rezul‐tatelor obținute în cadrul stagiului de cercetare postdoctorală aparțin Academiei Române.
Punctele de vedere exprimate în lucrare aparțin autorului şi nu angajează Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului.
Exemplar gratuit. Comercializarea în țară şi străinătate este interzisă.
Reproducerea, fie şi parțială şi pe orice suport, este posibilă numai cu acordul prealabil al Academiei Române.
ISBN 978‐973‐167‐122‐2 Depozit legal: Trim. II 2013
Ximena‐Iulia BARBU
Verba dicendi, de la latină
la limbile romanice probleme semantice
ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂ
5
CUPRINS
INTRODUCERE..................................................................................................... 7 ABREVIERI .....................................................................................................10
1. PRINCIPII TEORETICE ȘI METODOLOGICE............................................ 13 1.1. Precizări terminologice...........................................................................13 1.2. Contribuții la studiul verbelor dicendi..................................................15
1.2.1. Verba dicendi – regente ale construcției „acuzativ cu infinitiv” și ale subordonatelor cu ut ....................................................................................15
1.2.2. Verba dicendi în latina vulgară; evoluția spre limbile romanice .................21 1.2.3. Alte studii.....................................................................................................24 1.2.4. Propuneri de clasificare a verbelor dicendi ..................................................26 1.2.5. Verba dicendi – din perspectivă semantico-pragmatică ...............................38
2. DEFINIREA VERBELOR DICENDI ȘI CRITERII DE DELIMITARE A CLASEI.......................................................................................................... 43 2.1. Conceptul de „câmp lexical” .................................................................43 2.2. Verba dicendi – definire și criterii de delimitare a clasei .....................44
3. VERBA DICENDI ÎN LIMBA LATINĂ ......................................................... 53 3.1. Precizări terminologice...........................................................................53
3.1.1. Latina vulgară (populară).............................................................................53 3.1.1.1. Teza unității latinei vulgare............................................................55 3.1.1.2. Izvoarele latinei populare. ..............................................................58 3.1.1.3. Tendințe de evoluție a construcțiilor cu verba dicendi. .................63
3.1.2. Latina târzie .................................................................................................69 3.1.3. Latina creștină..............................................................................................69 3.1.4. Latina medievală ..........................................................................................69
3.2. Inventarul verbelor dicendi din limba latină........................................70 3.2.1. Verbe care admit discurs raportat (DR) .......................................................73 3.2.2. Verbe care nu admit discurs raportat (DR) ..................................................86 3.2.3. Productivitatea tiparelor morfosemantice în alcătuirea seriilor
lexicale de verba dicendi .............................................................................96 3.2.3.1. Compunerea cu preverbe................................................................96 3.2.3.2. Semnificația preverbelor cu ajutorul cărora s-au format
unele verba dicendi........................................................................99 3.2.3.3. Verbe dicendi compuse din cuvinte întregi. .................................106 3.2.3.4. Derivarea ......................................................................................107
3.3. Clasificarea semantică a verbelor dicendi din limba latină. .............111
6
3.3.2. Clasificarea verbelor dicendi care admit discurs raportat ..........................117 3.3.2.1. Unele considerații despre discursul direct....................................126
3.3.3. Verbe care nu admit discurs raportat (prezentare generală) .......................131 3.3.4. Sensuri secundare „dicendi” ......................................................................133 3.3.5. Serii sinonimice .........................................................................................137
4. VERBA DICENDI LATINE MOȘTENITE ÎN LIMBILE ROMANICE (ROMÂNĂ, ITALIANĂ, FRANCEZĂ, SPANIOLĂ)............................... 143 4.1. Inventarul elementelor moștenite în cele patru limbi romanice ....143
4.1.1. Verba dicendi care admit discurs raportat..................................................148 4.1.2. Verba dicendi care nu admit discurs raportat.............................................154
4.2. Analiza semantică a elementului moștenit în limbile romanice ....158 4.2.1. Verba dicendi care admit discurs raportat..................................................158 4.2.2. Verba dicendi care nu admit discurs raportat.............................................181
4.3. Verbe dicendi secundare .......................................................................192 4.3.1. Verbe cu valori semantice generale, care au dezvoltat și sensuri
„dicendi” contextuale ................................................................................192 4.3.2. Verbe cu dezvoltare figurată a sensului „dicendi” .....................................197
4.4. Comparație Romania Orientală – Romania Occidentală ................201 4.4.1. Clasificarea limbilor romanice...................................................................201 4.4.2. Semantica elementului romanic moștenit ..................................................203
4.4.2.1. Verbe dicendi latine moștenite în aria romanică (grupate pe baza sensurilor din latină)............................................................206
4.4.2.2. Verbe romanice moștenite din verba dicendi latine (grupate pe baza sensurilor „dicendi” din limbile romanice).....................214
4.4.3. Concluzii ....................................................................................................223 CONCLUZII ....................................................................................................... 228 BIBLIOGRAFIE .................................................................................................. 235 ADDENDA ......................................................................................................... 249
Research Paper Overview...........................................................................249 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................256
249
ADDENDA
Research Paper Overview
The research accomplished in VALORIFICAREA IDENTITĂȚILOR CULTURALE ÎN PROCESELE GLOBALE Project (ʺThe Valorization of Cultural Identities within Global Processesʺ – contract number POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59758, contractor: Romanian Academy) has the title Verba Dicendi, from Latin to Romance Languages: Semantic Issues and was coordonated by Professor Grigore Brâncuș, member of Romanian Academy.
The main objective of the research was the semantic analysis of the lexical class of verba dicendi in Latin, compared with their descendants in four Romance languages: Romanian, Italian, French, and Spanish, with the purpose of revealing interesting aspects for the distinction Western Romance – Eastern Romance.
The main objectives established according to the initial research plan were: 1. creating the Latin verba dicendi inventory; 2. classification of the Latin verba dicendi inventory; 3. identifying the Latin verbs inherited in four Romance languages:
Romanian, Italian, Spanish, and French; 4. the comparative analysis of the semantic structure of the Romance
element inherited in languages mentioned above, the analysis being permanently related to Latin. The elements of novelty brought by our research are: a complete
inventory of Latin verba dicendi, using precise selection criteria; the semantic analysis of the established inventory and the comparative analysis of the Romance descendants compared to their Latin etymons.
In this paper, we considered verba dicendi to be those verbs that designate oral enunciation, understood as transmitting a message by the means of oral utterance.
250
We selected verba dicendi used in pre‐classical, classical, post‐classical and late Latin, lexical units attested in Latin, having dicendi meaning (primary or secondary). We did not include in our research verbs that were not dicendi in Latin, but developed in Romance languages meanings related to oral communication (e.g., baptizare).
The inventory was realised on the basis of three Latin dictionaries: GEORGES‐CALONGHI ‐ Calonghi, F., 1962. Dizionario della lingua
latina, vol. I: Dizionario latino‐italiano, 3a edizione, interamente rifusa ed aggiornata del dizionario Georges‐Calonghi, 6a tiratura. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier;
LEWIS & SHORT ‐ A Latin Dictionary, founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short, 1966. Oxford: Clarendon Press;
OLD – Oxford Latin Dictionary. The inventory consists of 440 verbs, distributed in two large
categories: verbs that can introduce reported speech (231 verbs) and verbs that cannot introduce reported speech (209 verbs). The first list of verbs was realised during the internship in Italy (Torino), at Università degli Studi di Torino (Istituto dell′Atlante Linguistico Italiano). The internship in Italy was very useful mainly due to the access to sources regarding the Italian verba dicendi inherited from Latin. Moreover, the internship contributed to enlarging the scientific horizon, through the contact with specialists and access to information sources necessary to accomplish the goals of the postdoctoral project.
As a work method for creating the inventory, we used two selection parameters, based on the pattern proposed by M. Bolkestein (see “The Relation between Form and Meaning of Latin Subordinate Clauses Governed by Verba Dicendi” (1976), in Mnemosyne, vol. XXIX, fasc. 2, pp. 155–175, 265–300): • an obligatory parameter for all the verbs: designating oral utterance
(which implies the existence of the semantic feature [+ Human] regarding the Speaker);
• an optional parameter: the capacity of introducing reported speech, especially direct speech.
251
The sintactic parameter was validated with attested contexts, registered in dictionaries, in various Latin text corpora, etc.
Generally, the classifications proposed so far for the class of verba dicendi were based on the semantic criterion, thus allowing the delimitation of two large classes: prototypical verbs of saying (e.g., Rom. a spune, a zice ‘to say, to tell’) and secondary verbs of saying, which present secondary meanings subordinated to the general one of emitting an utterance (e.g., Rom. a bombăni ‘to grumble’, a striga ‘to shout’).
In our research, we proposed a semantic classification of Latin verba dicendi inventory, with special attention to those compatible with reported speech. In establishing the semantic classes, we took into consideration the discursive aspects the verbs refer to. Therefore, we grouped the verbs according to: • communicative rapports (the relationship between Speaker,
Addressee and the Message (Discourse)): Speaker → Addressee:
negative attitude: e.g., accusare, blasphemare, damnare ‘to blame’; positive attitude: e.g., congratulari ‘to congratulate’, laudare ‘to praise’;
Speaker → Discourse: “denial” verbs (the denial of the truth of a clause or sentence): e.g., negare, negitare ‘to say no, to deny’; “confession” verbs: e.g., confiteri, fateri ‘to confess, to admit’; verbs denoting a false discourse: e.g., mentiri ‘to lie’, periurare ‘to swear falsely’;
• different types of speech acts: assertive or representative (dicere ‘to say’, declarare ‘to affirm’, loqui ‘to speak’); commissive (verbs that express a promise, an engagement: e.g., iurare ‘to swear’, polliceri ‘to promise’, or a threat: e.g., minare ‘to threaten’); directive: request: petere, precari ‘to ask’, advice: hortari, monere, suadere ‘to advise’, order:
252
imperare, iubere, mandare ‘to order’; expressive: excusare ‘to excuse, to apologize’;
• features of the utterance: voice intensity – high (clamare, quiritare ‘to shout, to scream’), or low (murmurare ‘to murmur’); emotion during speaking: sadness, discontent (conqueri, lamentari ‘to lament’), anger (fremere ‘to rage, to complain loudly’), etc.;
• discursive forms: narrare ‘to relate, to narrate’, recitare ‘to recite’; • organization of discourse: interruption of speaking: interpellare ‘to
interrupt by speaking, to disturb a person speaking’, completing of speaking: addere ‘to add (in speaking)’, ending a speech: ratiocinari ‘to conclude’, repetition: iterare ‘to repeat’, reaction to a previous discourse: respondere ‘to answer, to reply’. We must point out that some verbs that have more meanings,
allowing different sintactic structures of indirect discourse (Accusative‐with‐Infinitive clause or subordinate Ut‐clause), have been placed in more categories within the classification we proposed: e.g., edicere ‘to order’ (directive speech act), ‘to declare, to announce’ (assertive speech act).
Although sometimes placing the verbs in one category or other was difficult because of the existence of many secondary semantic features, we chose one group, based on the “strongest” of all the secondary semantic features (e.g., quiritare – placed in the group of verbs characterized by [+ High Intensity]).
Not all the verbs designating oral utterance allow coocurrence with reported speech. Verbs that cannot report the words of a speaker in direct or indirect manner form a distinct group and they can designate: a dialogue (confabulari, consermonari, sermocinari ‘to talk, to discuss with someone’); phatic communication (“small talk”, a type of communication lacking in information and ideas, seen more like establishing a mood of sociability): blatire, garrire ‘to chat, to prate’; discursive forms: legere ‘to read (aloud)’, numerare ‘to count’, etc.
The process of creating the inventory allowed us to identify a series of verbs formed by the means of composition with pre‐verbs, particles placed before verbs; this was a very common phenomenon in Latin. The
253
pre‐verbs bring a semantic nuance to the main verb or even change it’s meaning: e.g., clamare ‘to shout aloud’, acclamare ‘to shout at’, conclamare ‘to call out, to cry out’, declamare ‘to recite; to pronounce’, exclamare ‘to shout, to call out, to cry aloud’, inclamare ‘to cry out’, proclamare ‘to cry out, to vociferate’, reclamare ‘to cry out against’, succlamare ‘to shout back, to answer shouting’. We dedicated a small part of the research to the analysis of the semantic values of each pre‐verb (e.g., ad‐, de‐, inter‐, pre‐, re‐, sub‐).
The most important part of the research is the semantic analysis of the verbs inherited in four Romance languages considered to be representative for the two Romance areas: Italian, French, and Spanish – as Western Romance languages – and Romanian – as Eastern Romance language.
Each Latin verb inherited in one or more Romance languages was described in detail and the diachronical semantic analysis is preceded by a chart containing the correspondents in Romance languages we have mentioned above.
We have insisted on two aspects: the differences in lexical selection in Romance languages and the types of semantic developments undergone in historical evolution of each language.
In the evolution of Latin, the vocabulary was simplified and expressive verbs, used in spoken language (e.g., fabulare, parabolare; mandare, demandare), substituted defective verbs, used in the period of classical Latin (e.g., loqui, imperare, iubere).
In order to designate some aspects of oral communication, Romance languages selected different Latin synonyms (e.g., parabolare – fabulare, rogare – precari, quiritare – ululare, interrogare – percontari), or reduced in particular ways some polysemy cases: the distribution of the meanings of demandare in Romance area (in Eastern area: in Aromanian dialect – dimându ‘to order’ and ‘to announce, to inform someone’; in Western area: in Italian, French, Spanish – ‘to ask a question; to make a request’. Some verbs have been preserved only in some areas: Lat. diffamare > Rom. defăima ‘to denigrate, to defame’, Lat. percontari > Sp. preguntar ‘to ask a question’, Lat. garrulare > Sp. garlar ‘to chatter’.
254
Another important scientific part is the research of the types of the semantic developments undergone by the Romance verbs inherited from Latin verba dicendi. These are: • narrowing of meaning: Rom. comânda ‘to perform funeral rites’ (<
Lat. commandare ‘to give in charge, to intrust’), Rom. defăima ‘to calumniate, to denigrate’ (< Lat. *diffamiare ‘to spread news (especially negative), to accuse’), Rom. mustra ‘to reprehend, to reprimand’ (< Lat. monstrare ‘to show’), Rom. peți ‘to propose marriage’ (< Lat. petere ‘to ask, to make a request’), Rom. ura ‘to address good wishes to someone’ (< Lat. orare ‘to speak’), etc.
• widening of meaning: Rom. blestema ‘to swear, to curse’ (< Lat. *blastemare ‘to mock at holy things’); It. minare, Fr. mener ‘to drive’ (< Lat. minare ‘to drive animals’, meaning preserved in Romanian mâna); It. pregare, Fr. prier ‘to ask (for)’ (< Lat. precari ‘to ask, especially gods’);
• transfer of meaning (metonymies): Old Rom. încânta ‘to practise magic’ (< Lat. incantare ‘to murmur a spell’), Rom. săruta ‘to kiss’ (< Lat. salutare ‘to greet, to say hello’), Sp. rezar ‘to pray’ (< Lat. recitare ‘to recite’), Sp. lastimar ‘to harm (someone)’ (< Lat. blasphemare, *blastemare ‘to calumniate’), etc. A series of meanings were preserved from Late Latin: e.g., Rom. cere
‘to ask (for)’, certa ‘to reprehend’, chema ‘to call someone’, mâna ‘to drive animals’, etc. Some verbs lost their dicendi value in evolution to Romance languages: e.g., Lat. iocare ‘to make jokes’ – in Romance languages: ‘to play’.
Romanian language stands out from other Romance languages due to developing of meanings more or less divergent from one or all the Western Romance languages analysed: e.g., comânda ‘to perform funeral rites’ (in Western Romance languages: ‘to condemn, to accuse’), mustra – first ‘to show mistakes’, then ‘to reprehend, to reprimand’ (in Western Romance languages: ‘to show’), peți ‘to propose marriage’ (in Western Romance languages: ‘to ask (for)’), săruta – in old language: ‘to greet’, in actual language: ‘to kiss’ (in Western Romance languages: ‘to salute, to greet’), ura ‘to address good wishes to someone’ (in Western Romance languages: ‘to pray’). Romanian also preserved the late meaning of Latin
255
minare ‘to drive animals’, while in Western languages the verb widened it’s meaning: ‘to drive (in general)’.
Despite the differences regarding lexical selection and semantic structure between Romanian and the other three Romance languages, they do not justify the existence of a particular behaviour of Romanian language as far as concerns the class of verbs we studied. There are some semantic similarities between Romanian and other Romance areas: for example, between Romanian and the Gallo‐Romance area, the meaning ‘to address wishes’ (in Romanian and Old French) of the descendants of Latin orare; between Romanian and Ibero‐Romance area (Spanish), the meaning ‘to propose marriage’ of the descendants of Latin petere (Rom. peți, Sp. pedir), the meaning ‘to kiss’ (Rom. săruta, Old Spanish saludar).
The main goal of our research was to describe from a semantic point of view the class of verba dicendi in Latin and also diachronically, related to Romance descendants. Many verbs that survived in Romance languages preserved their originary meanings, others underwent semantic changes, sometimes unitarily in the Romance area. Our research, nowise exhaustive, may be a useful starting point for other posible researches of interesting aspects of the class of verbs of saying in Latin or in any other language.
256
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 7
ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................................10 1. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES..................... 13
1.1. Terminological clarification...................................................................13 1.2. Contributions to the study of verba dicendi ..........................................15
1.2.1. Verba dicendi – governors of Accusative-with-Infinitive construction and Ut-clauses..............................................................15
1.2.2. Verba dicendi in Vulgar Latin; evolution to Romance languages..........................................................................................21
1.2.3. Other studies ....................................................................................24 1.2.4. Proposals for classification of verba dicendi ...................................26 1.2.5. Verba dicendi – from semantic-pragmatic perspective....................38
2. DEFINITION OF VERBA DICENDI AND CRITERIA FOR DELIMITING THE CLASS............................................................................. 43 2.1. The concept of “lexical field” ................................................................43 2.2. Verba dicendi – definition and criteria for delimiting the class..........44
3. VERBA DICENDI IN LATIN .......................................................................... 53 3.1. Terminological clarification...................................................................53
3.1.1. Vulgar Latin .....................................................................................53 3.1.1.1. The unity of Vulgar Latin thesis. ........................................55 3.1.1.2. The sources of Vulgar Latin................................................58 3.1.1.3. Tendencies of evolution of the constructions with
verba dicendi. ......................................................................63 3.1.2. Late Latin .........................................................................................69 3.1.3. Christian Latin .................................................................................69 3.1.4. Medieval Latin .................................................................................69
3.2. The inventory of Latin verba dicendi......................................................70 3.2.1. Verbs that can introduce reported speech ........................................73 3.2.2. Verbe that cannot introduce reported speech ...................................86 3.2.3. The productivity of the morpho-semantic patterns in creating
the lexical series of verba dicendi. ...................................................96 3.2.3.1. Composition with pre-verbs. ...............................................96 3.2.3.2. The significance of the pre-verbs used to form verba
dicendi .................................................................................99
257
3.2.3.3. Verba dicendi composed of whole words. ........................106 3.2.3.4. Derivation..........................................................................107
3.3. The semantic classification of Latin verba dicendi .............................111 3.3.2. The classification of verba dicendi that introduce reported
speech .............................................................................................117 3.3.2.1. Some considerations over reported speech. ......................126
3.3.3. Verbs that cannot introduce reported speech (overview)...............131 3.3.4. Secondary “dicendi” meanings ......................................................133 3.3.5. Synonymic series ...........................................................................137
4. LATIN VERBA DICENDI INHERITED IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES (ROMANIAN, ITALIAN, FRENCH, SPANISH) ........... 143 4.1. The inventory of the elements inherited in the four Romance languages.......................................................................................................143
4.1.1. Verba dicendi that can introduce reported speech .........................148 4.1.2. Verba dicendi that cannot introduce reported speech ....................154
4.2. The semantic analysis of the element inherited in Romance languages.......................................................................................................158
4.2.1. Verba dicendi that can introduce reported speech .........................158 4.2.2. Verba dicendi that cannot introduce reported speech ....................181
4.3. Secondary verba dicendi.........................................................................192 4.3.1. Verbs with general semantic values, that developed contextual
“dicendi” meanings ........................................................................192 4.3.2. Verbs with figurative developing of “dicendi” meaning. ..............197
4.4. Comparison between Eastern Romance and Western Romance ...201 4.4.1. Classification of Romance languages ............................................201 4.4.2. The semantic description of the Romance inherited element ........203
4.4.2.1. Latin verba dicendi inherited in Romance area (grouped according to the Latin meanings) .......................206
4.4.2.2. Romance verbs inherited from Latin verba dicendi (grouped according to the “dicendi” meanings in Romance languages)..........................................................214
4.4.3. Conclusions....................................................................................223 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................. 228 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 235
Research Paper Overview ........................................................................249 Table of contents......................................................................................256
Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române
CNCS PN ‐ II ‐ ACRED ‐ ED ‐ 2012 – 0374 Coperta colecției: AULA MAGNA
Machetare, tehnoredactare şi prezentare grafică: Victor PREDA, Nicolae LOGIN Logistică editorială şi diseminare: Ovidiu SÎRBU, Radu AMAN
Traducerea sumarului şi sintezei, corectură şi bun de tipar
asigurate de autor
ISBN 978‐973‐167‐122‐2 Apărut trim. II 2013
![Georges Simenon - Maigret Si Crima Din Ziar [v.blankCd]](https://static.documente.net/doc/80x56/577cd8e41a28ab9e78a23bba/georges-simenon-maigret-si-crima-din-ziar-vblankcd.jpg)
