qarTvelTa winaprebis bibliuri istoria adamidan iesomde

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mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qarTvelTa winaprebis

bibliuri istoria

adamidan iesomde

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samyaros Seqmna

WeSmaritebisa da sicocxlis gzaze Tanaxmad `qarT-

lis cxovrebisa~, qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebs win waruZR-

va sityva RmrTisa, TviT RmerTi macxovari Cveni ieso

qriste:

ori aTasi wlis win, amaRlebis Semdgom, yovladwmida

RvTismSobels eCvena ufali da qarTveli eris momavali

cxovrebis Sesaxeb amcno:

`hoi dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro

ufrois yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis~

(q.c. I, gv. 38), rac Tanamedrove qarTuliT ase gamoiTqmis

_ ̀ hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof xalxTa Soris

didebul qarTvels ers, maTTvis Seni meoxebiT~. yovlad-

wmida dedam mis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi, misi Zisa da

Cveni macxovris ieso qristes davalebiT, gamoagzavna

mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli, romelmac daafuZna

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia.

da, ai, ori aTasi welia Cveni mama-papani erTgulad

msaxureben RmerTs _ `romelman qmna cani gulisxmisy-

ofiT, rameTu ukunisamdea wyaloba misi~ (fs. 135,5),

`romelman qmna cani da qveyana, zRva da yoveli rai ars

mas Sina~ (fs. 145,6), ̀ romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa mis

mieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa~

(rusTv.), ̀ romelman gardasul TaobebSi neba uboZa yve-

la xalxs, evloT TavianTi gziT~ (saqme, 14,16).

igi isaa, romelic ar ugulebelyofs mis gzaze myof

Cvens ers, rameTu mis mier Seiqmna yoveli xalxi da eri _

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`yovelive mis mier Seiqmna da Tvinier misa arca erTi ra

iqmna, raodeni ra iqmna~ (ioan. 1.3).

Cveni mamebis yovlad keTilma, yovlad wmida, yovlism-

codne, yovlisSemZlebelma, saxierma, sulgrZelma da

mravalmowyale RmerTma eqvs dReSi Seqmna xiluli qvey-

ana uxilavis Semdgom ̀ rameTu man Tqva da iqmnes, amcno

da daebadnes~ (fs. 32,9).

`Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa. miwa iyo

usaxo da udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTi-

sa iZvroda wylebs zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da

iqmna naTeli (dab. 1. 1-3).

meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes

misi brZanebiT cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali,

gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe

dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi, mexuTe dRes _ wylis suldg-

mulebi, cis frinvelebi.

meeqvse dRes Tav Tavis gvarisda mixedviT cxovelTa

Seqmnis Semdgom _ `Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens

xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi

frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms,

rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis

xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.

akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da im-

ravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT zR-

vaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki dedami-

waze daxoxavs~ (dab. 1.26-28).

meSvide dRes, samyaros Seqmnis Semdeg ganisvena man,

romlis saqmeni ̀ didad Svenier arian, da simarTle misi

hgies ukuniTi ukunisamde~ (fs. 110, 3).

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Semoqmedma dasabamidan kacad da qalad Seqmna adami-

anebi (maTe, 19,4).

àiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis

baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. gaafrTxila

ufalma RmerTma adami da uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWme-

va am baRSi, mxolod keTilis da borotis Secnobis xis

nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam, mokvdebio~

(dab. 2, 15-17), magram gvelis mier Secdenilma evam akrZa-

luli nayofi Wama da qmarsac aWama.

aexilaT Tvali orives (dab. 3,7).

`Tqva ufalma RmerTma, aha, gaxda adami, rogorc erTi

CvenTagani, Semcnobeli keTilisa da borotisa. ar gaiwo-

dos axla xeli da ar mowyvitos sicocxlis xis nayofic,

ar SeWamos da maradiulad ar icocxlos. gauSva igi

ufalma RmerTma edemis baRidan, rom daemuSavebina miwa,

saidanac iyo aRebuli. gandevna adami. edems ki aRmo-

savleTiT qerubimebi da cecxlovani, mbrunavi maxvili

dauyena, raTa sicocxlis xesTan misasvleli daecvaT~

(dab. 3. 22-24).

madlierebis nacvlad pirvelma adamianma ufali Rm-

erTisagan micemuli pirveli mcneba daarRvia Tavisi

urCobiT da pirveli codva Caidina.

èrTi kacis urCobiT mravali gaxda codvili~ (rom. 5, 19).

èrTis Secodebisagan yvela kacis Tavze moiwia sasje-

li~ (rom. 5, 18).

èrTis SecodebiT mravalni mokvdebian~ (5, 15).

Taobidan Taobas gadaecema adamis codva da codvis

gamo _ sikvdili (rom. 5, 12).

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ganidevna adami edemis baRidan, dawyevlili miwa unda

daemuSavebina, romlisganac tanjviT miiRebda sazrdos.

ZeZvsa da ekals aRmoucenebda miwa, pirofliani Wamda

purs, sanam miwadve gadaiqceoda, saidanac iyo aRebuli,

radgan mtveri iyo da mtvrad gadaiqceoda (dab. 3, 17-19).

edemidan gandevnis Semdeg `Seicno adamma eva, Tavisi

dedakaci, daorsulda eva da Sva kaeni da Tqva: kaci Se-

meZina uflisagan. mere Sva misi Zma abeli. abeli mecxvare

iyo, kaeni miwis muSaki. gamoxda xani da miarTva kaenma

ufals ZRveni _ miwis nayofi~ (dab. 4,1-3). abelmac Seswira

ufals msxverpli _ gamoarCia Tavisi faris rCeuli piru-

tyvidan pirvelSobilni, misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasni. ̀ mo-

hxeda ufalma abels da mis ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis

ZRvens ar mohxeda~ (dab. 4. 4-5), rameTu ̀ rwmeniT Seswira

abelma RmerTs kaenisaze ukeTesi msxverpli, romliTac

miiRo mowmoba, rom marTalia igi, rogorc RmerTma

daamowma mis ZRvenTa Sesaxeb~ (ebr. 11,4). Zmis sikeTiT

gamwarebulma kaenma Tavi CaRuna. codva gabatonda masze

_ gaiyvana abeli velad da mokla.

ùTxra RmerTma _ es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli mi-

widan SemomRaRadebs. daiwyevla kaeni, devnili da miusa-

fari Seiqmna qveynad. amuSavebda miwas. uflis pirisagan

gadaxvewili kaeni gamravlda da misgan boroti STamo-

mavloba warmosdga _ daiviwyes Semoqmedi RmerTi da

keTili saqmeni, ewodaT maT `kacTa Svilebi~.

mwuxare adamsa da evas RmerTma momadla sxva naSieri

nacvlad abelisa _ SeTi. `SeTsa SeeZina vaJi da uwoda

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saxelad enoSi, maSin daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab.

4.26). ewoda mis STamomavlebs `RvTis Svilebi~. maTgan

warmosdga noe _ Svili lameqisa.

iwyes gamravleba adamianebma dedamiwaze. Seerivnen

`kacTa Svilebs~ ̀ RvTis Svilebi~ da SeiZines maTgan yove-

live ukeTuri Cveuleba.

`dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa uke-

Turebam am qveynad, rom ukeTuri iyo mudamJams maTi

yoveli gulisTqma. inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani

amqveynad da Sewuxda. Tqva ufalma _ miwis pirisagan aRvgvi

adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan dawyebuli piru-

tyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob,

rom gavaCine. mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi.

es aris ambavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis

TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe. Sva noem sami vaJi: semi,

qami da iafeTi~ (dab. 6. 5-10).

ufalma RmerTma ineba miwis pirisagan adamianisa da

yoveli xorcielis aRgva wylis warRvniT. noes ki ubrZa-

na kidobnis gakeTeba. aswavla misi momzadeba. Seiyvana

noem kidobanSi yovelgvari cxoveli, yovelgvari xor-

cieli, rasac ki sicocxlis suli edga, yvela wyvil-

wyvilad, wmida pirutyvisagan Svid-Svidi waiyvana, uwmin-

durisagan or-ori. Sevidnen kidobanSi noe da misi Svile-

bi, colebi, raTa ganridebodnen warRvnas, meSvide dRes

movida warRvna qveynad (dab. 7. 7-10).

as ormocdameaTe dRis bolos dadga wyali da Sewyda

wvima. araratis mTebs miadga kidobani. TandaTan ikleb-

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da wyali da gamoCnda mTis mwvervalebi. jer kidev idga

wyali miwis pirze da ver ipoves brWyalis mosaWidi noes

mier kidobnidan gaSvebulma frinvelebma. meSvide dRes

xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan, ̀ dabrunda mtredi

saRamoJams da aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskar-

tiT. mixvda noe, rom damwdariyo wyali dedamiwaze~ (dab.

8. 11).

gadmovida noe Tavisi col-SviliT da kidobans Se-

farebuli yoveli arseba. augo noem samsxverplo ufals

da miiyvana yovladdasawvel Sesawirad TiTo-TiTo yove-

li wmida pirutyvidan da frinvelidan.

iynosa ufalma keTilsurneleba da Tqva Tavis gulSi:

aRar davwyveli miwas adamianis gamo, aRar gavanadgureb

cocxal arsebas.

àkurTxa RmerTma noe da misi Svilebi da uTxra: inay-

ofiereT, imravleT da aavseT qveyana: (dab. 9, 1). Tqveni

SiSi hqondes yovel suldgmuls, rac ki iZvris dedami-

waze, Tqvens xelT arian isini, saWmelad gaZlevT. mis

sulTan _ mis sisxlTan erTad nu SeWamT, me ki Tqvens

sisxls Tqveni sicocxlis wil movikiTxav. `vinc adami-

anis sisxls daRvris, adamianis mierve daiRvreba misi

sisxli, radgan RvTis xatad Seiqmna adami, inayofiereT

da imravleT, moefineT qveyanas da gamravldiT masze~

(dab. 9. 6-7).

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babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa

da tomTa warmoqmna

noes Svilebi gamravldnen, ̀ maTgan mTeli dedamiwa iqna

dasaxlebuli~, kacobrioba am droisaTvis erTiani iyo,

erTi enis mqone, eTnikurad erTgvari. jer kidev ar iyvnen

erebi _ ̀ erTpiri iyo mTeli dedamiwa da erT enaze metyve-

li. roca daiZrnen aRmosavleTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris

qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen. uTxres erTmaneTs: modi,

movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT, qvis magivrad aguri hqon-

daT, kiris magivrad fisi. Tqves: aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da

godoli da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSan-

sveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedamiwis zurgze, Camovida

ufali, rom enaxa qalaqi da godoli, romelsac adamiane-

bi aSenebdnen, Tqva ufalma: aha, erTi xalxia es da erTi

ena aqvs yvelas. raki es saqme wamouwyiaT, amieridan

daubrkolebliv gaakeTeben yvelafers, rasac ki ganizrax-

aven. aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi gaage-

binon erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels

dedamiwis zurgze da maTac Sewyvites qalaqisa da god-

olis Seneba. amitomac ewoda saxelad babiloni, radgan

swored aq aRria ufalma mTeli dedamiwis ena da aqedan

gafanta isini ufalma dedamiwis zurgze~ (dab. 11. 1-9).

noes Ze _ `qami iyo qanaanis mamamTavari~, _ weria da-

badebaSi. semma _ ebraul da sxva semitur tomebs daudo

safuZveli. iafetma ki _ evropasa da aziaSi gavrcele-

bul mraval xalxs. TviTon sityva ̀ iafeti~ niSnavs ̀ gavr-

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celebas~. sxvadasxva xalxis mamamTavarTa Soris bibliis

Zveli, gansakuTrebiT ki qristiani komentatorebi

qarTvelTa mamamTavarsac asaxeleben _ zogierTi cno-

biT, is yofila iafetis Ze Tubali. saerTod iafetis

STamomavlebi, noes dalocvis Sesabamisad, raodenobi-

Tac da RirsebiTac upiratesni iyvnen sxva mamamTavarTa

STamomavlebze. noem iafeti ase daloca _ ganufarTos

RmerTma iafets, semis karvebSi daemkvidros, daemorCil-

os mas qanaani (dab. 9. 27).

iafetis STamomavloba aseTia:

_ ̀ iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali,

meSeqi da Tirasi.

gomeris Zeni: aSqenazi, rifaTi da Togarma.

iavanis Zeni: eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTimi da dodanimi. amaT-

gan ganifantnen zRvispira xalxebi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi,

TiToeuli Tavisi enis mixedviT, Tavisi tomis mixedviT,

Tav-Tavis xalxSi~ (dab. 10. 2-5).

bibliis komentatori ase ganmartavs am saxelebs:

`gomeri~ _ ...am xalxis saxels sxvaganac vxvdebiT bib-

liaSi _ winaswarmetyvel ezekielTan, romelic maT aRw-

ers, rogorc mezobels Tubalisa da mosoxisa (38, 6) da

sxva xalxebis rigSi, romelnic saxlobdnen Crdilo sir-

iaSi da mcire aziaSi.

`magogi~ ... ezekielTan es tomebi gamodian, rogorc

gamocdili da daxelovnebuli moisarni (38, 16. 39, 3).

isini cxovroben zemoT dasaxelebulebTan mezoblad,

odnav maT CrdiloeTiT. zogierTni maTSi xedaven skviTebs,

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romelnic cxovroben azovis zRvis piras. magogSi aseve

skviT-Turanelebs xedaven. skviTebis bediswera asrulda

ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, maTi ganadgure-

bis Sesaxeb samon-gogis dablobze, roca isini dabrund-

nen palestinaSi da daavaddnen, rogorc aRwers hero-

dote (1, 105-106).

`madai~... am saxeliT iwodebodnen arielebi, mcxovreb-

ni dasavleT aziaSi _ midielebi. maTi didi nawili Tan-

daTanobiT gadasaxlda aRmosavleTSi da miiRo induseb-

is saxeli. midielebis sparselebTan da, saerTod, ari-

elebTan naTesaobis Taobaze werda winaswarmetyveli

danieli (V, 28).

ìavani~ _ miuTiTebs berZnebze, upirvelesad ioniele-

bze.

`Tubal mesexi~... _ rogorc dabadebaSi, aseve wmida

werilis mraval adgilas es ori xalxi, rogorc wesi,

erTiandebian da erTad gamoisaxebian magogis moxarkee-

bad (ezek. 38, 2. 39, 1). erTxel sxvaTaSoris iavanTan er-

Tiandebian (e. 37, 13). da kidev or adgilas maTi sacx-

ovrisi ganisazRvreba palestinis CrdiloeTiT. asirie-

li mefeebis analebSi arcTu iSviaTad moixsenieba Muskida Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli xalxi, mcxovrebi kil-

ikiaSi. xolo herodote ambobs tibarekebsa da iberi-

anelTa (iberTa) da mosoxTa Sesaxeb, kolxidis mezoblad

mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirve-

lad orive xalxi cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis saT-

aveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da ibe-

riaSi (Tubal _ savaraudoa iberebi anu qarTvelebi).

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`gomeris Zeni~: aSqezani... `_ imaze dayrdnobiT, rom

Tanamedrove ebraelebi germanias àskenazs~ uwodeben,

iudevel ganmmartebelTa umravlesoba aq xedavs miTiTe-

bas germanelebze... advilad SesaZlebelia aseve is, rom

es erovneba Tavis Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad (igulisxme-

ba mcire azia) gasvlis Semdeg, droTa viTarebaSi

damkvidrda dasavleT evropaSi da aq daudo safuZveli

momavali germaniis cxovrebas.

`Togarma~ ... es saxeli kidev orjer gvxvdeba ezek-

ielTan, rogorc cxenebisa da virebis momwodebeli tire-

li vaWrebisaTvis (ezek. 27, 14. 38, 6). tradiciis Tanax-

mad, romelic Semonaxulia mose xorenacisTan, somxeTis

mcxovrebTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda Togarmas Svili~ (ix.

`Толковая Библия~, t. I, 1904. gv. 70).

msoflio enaTa ojaxebi

ramdenad Seefardeba mecnierul Tvalsazriss bibliaSi

gadmocemuli Txroba enaTa da xalxTa warmoqmnis Sesax-

eb? amasTan dakavSirebiT komentatori wers, rom gene-

alogiuri cxrilebi aRmosavleTis Zveli xalxebisaTvis

warmoadgendnen yvelaze mniSvnelovan da farTod gavr-

celebul movlenas, umTavres da TiTqmis erTaderT is-

torias warsulisas, is saimedod iyo daculi da Tao-

bidan Taobas gadaecemoda.

bibliis genealogiuri cxrilebi, ueWvelad uZvelesi,

warsulis Zeglebia, wamosuli abramis epoqidan, Cans, TviT

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noes ojaxidan. axal aRmoCenaTa wyalobiT, Tanamedrove

mecnierebi ufro da ufro rwmundebian xalxTa bibli-

uri cxrilebis sinamdvilesa da simarTleSi, magaliTad,

mas ̀ Zvel msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis gansakuTrebiT

Zveli, gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi da sruli istoriis~ do-

kuments uwodebs cnobili frangi orientalisti lenor-

mani da ambobs, rom `mis sinamdviles gasaocrad adas-

turebs SedarebiTi enaTmcodneoba da fiziologiuri

gamokvleva sxvadasxva erisa~. cxrili amtkicebs kaco-

briobis erTa erTobis WeSmaritebas, uCvenebs, rom mTe-

li kacobrioba warmoiSva mxolod am sami (semi, qami, iafe-

ti) Stosagan, romelnic Tavis mxriv gamovidnen erTi saer-

To Ziridan (ix. ̀ tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904,

gv. 68).

dabadeba meaTe TavSi CamoTvlis semitur, qamitur da

iafetur xalxebs, maT eTnarqebs da bolos ambobs: ès

aris noes ZeTa STamomavloba Tav-Tavisi modgmis mixed-

viT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi. maTgan ganStovdnen xalxebi qvey-

anaze warRvnis Semdeg~ (dab. 10, 32).

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebi semitur enaTa ojaxebs

akuTvneben asurul-babilonurs, anu aqadurs, Zvel

ebrauls (anu bibliis enas), finikurs, arameuls, siri-

uls, arabuls, eTiopurs.

qamitur enaTa ojaxs akuTvneben berberulsa da kuSi-

tur enebs, Zvel egvipturs, kopturs (S. ZiZiguri, saenaT-

mecniero saubrebi, 1982, gv. 98).

msoflios yvelaze farTod ganfenili enaTa ojaxia

indoevropuli, rogorc nabrZanebia _ ̀ ganufarTos Rmer-

14

Tma iafeTs~, masSi Sedis enaTa induri, iranuli, sla-

vuri, baltikuri, germanuli, romanuli, kelturi, berZnu-

li Stoebi, calkeuli enebi.

indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis 86-ze meti ena, gan-

fenilni atlantis okeanidan indoeTisa da wynar okeanemde.

am ojaxis enaTa calkeul StoebSic aTeulobiT ena Se-

dis, magaliTad, romanul (italikur) StoSi Sedis 13 ena,

germanuli Stos sxvadasxva jgufSi _ 11 ena, indur Sto-

Si _ 12 ena, aseve iranulsa da sxva StoebSi, miuxedavad

imisa, rom aRniSnuli enebi amJamad Zlier daSorebulni

arian erTmaneTs, mecnierebi gamokvlevebis Sedegad mivid-

nen daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli enebi warmoSobilni arian

erTi indoevropuli fuZe enis diferenciaciis, daSla-

danawevrebis Sedegad. isini aRniSnul monaTesave enaTa

SejerebiT da SedarebiT rwmundebian rom, miuxedavad

droTa viTarebiT gamowveuli cvlilebisa, maT Seinar-

Cunes saerTo struqturuli niSnebi. mecnierTa daskvniT,

fuZe indoevropul enas Tavdapirvelad gamoeyvnen wina-

reitalikebis, winarebaltielebis, winaregermanelebis,

indoiranelebis, xeTebisa da sxvaTa enebi, romelnic

Semdgom Tavis mxriv daiSalnen calkeul enebad. xalxTa

uzarmazari indoevropuli jgufi Tavdapirvelad war-

moadgenda mTlian, jer kidev dauSlel gaerTianebas,

romelic saerTo enaze metyvelebda. saerTo fuZe indo-

evropuli ena mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT daunawevrebeli

saxiT arsebobda `Cvens eramde IV aTaswleulSi~, unda

aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi RvTismetyvelis Tanaxmad, msof-

15

lio warRvna moxda 3246 wels qristeSobamde, qronolo-

gia faqtobrivad Tanmxvedria.

`msgavsadve yvela semitur enasa da yvela qamitur enas

amJamad erTmaneTisagan daSorebulsa da gantotvils,

warsulSi gaaCndaT saerTo fuZeena, romlisganac difer-

encirebis Sedegad warmodgnen isini~. aseTia azri

lingvistebisa. amas mowmobs enaTa da xalxTa warmoSobis

Sesaxeb wmida werilic.

`dabadeba~ sxva Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvel-

Ta winaprebs _ Tobels, mosoqsa da aseve Torgams, _ pirvel

rigSi CamoTvlis. Tobeli da mosoqi (mosoxi) iyvnen iafe-

tis Zeni, xolo Torgami iafetis Zis Ze iyo. SemTxveviT

ar uwodebda lenormani bibliis genealogiur sias msof-

lioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis srul istorias. arc isaa SemTx-

veviTi, rom kaenis _ pirveli adamianis Zis Zeebsac _ ia-

beli, iubeli, Tubal-kaeni ewodebodaT. yvela amaT

qarTvelur tomTa winaprebad gulisxmobdnen gamoCeni-

li istorikosebi. bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis safuZ-

velze mkvlevarebs ufleba eZlevaT ganacxadon, rom msof-

lios Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs

eWiraT mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi wili. Tavis mxriv,

am mosazrebas ganamtkicebs lingvist mecnierTa Teorie-

bi, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropul fuZeenaze gavlena

mouxdenia protoqarTvelur enas. marTlac, aTaswleulTa

win, kacobriobis gariJraJze, jer kidev dauyofel pro-

toindoevropul enaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda proqarTve-

luri, am enis matarebel eTnoss mniSvnelovani adgili

16

rom ar sWeroda mesopotamiasa da mcire aziaSi _ kaco-

briobis Tavdapirvel samSobloSi. protoqarTvelur enas,

rogorc aRiniSna, urTierToba hqonia proto-

semiturTanac, es kidev erTxel amtkicebs lenormanisa

da sxva mecnierTa azrs bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis

istoriulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve im azrsac, rom Tavda-

pirvel protoqarTvelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eWiraT

zemoaRniSnul regionSi.

winareindoevropul, winaresemitur da winareqarTve-

lur enaTa sistemebis qronologiuri da arealuri urT-

ierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb weren: ̀ indoevropul winare

enis arealuri kontaqtebi semitur da qarTvelur enebTan

gamovlenili leqsikur nasesxobaTa masalebiT kargad jde-

bian semitur da qarTvelur winare enaTa sistemebis qro-

nologiur da arealur ganawilebaTa CarCoebSi. saerTo

semituri enis arseboba unda mivakuTvnoT periods ara

ugvianes IV aTaswleulisa... rac qronologiurad emTxve-

va saerTo indoevropuli enis daTariRebas. winaresemi-

turis areali unda yofiliyo axlo aRmosavleTis gan-

sazRvruli olqi, sadac SeiZleboda hqonodaT kontaqtebi

semitur enebs, rogorc indoevropul winare enaTa siste-

mebTan, aseve samxreT kavkasiur (qarTvelur) winare enis

sistemasTan~ (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanov. ̀ indoevropeiskii

iazik i indoevropeici~ t. II. 1984. gv. 380).

17

protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli

eTnosis gansaxleba

babilonis godolis dacemis Semdeg enaTa aRrevis Sed-

egad warmoqmnili Tavdapirveli xalxebi ̀ gafanta ufalma

RmerTma dedamiwis zurgze~. Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris,

rogorc iTqva, dabadeba asaxelebs qarTvelTa winapreb-

ad miCneul Tobelsa da mosoxs. isini sxva xalxebTan erTad,

cxadia, unda wasuliyvnen yvela xalxis saerTo samSob-

lodan _ mesopotamiidan _ qveynierebis sxvadasxva kide-

Si, gafantuliyvnen dedamiwaze. SeZles Tu ara proto-

qarTvelebma gafantvis Semdeg TavianTi eTnikuri saxis

SenarCuneba, romel qveyanaSi Cans maTi kvali? es sakiTxi

yovelTvis ainteresebdaT eklesiis mamebs, aseve istori-

kosebs, lingvistebs, bibliis komentatorebs. Zvel sam-

yaroSi, jer kidev qristeSobamde, espanel da kavkasiel

iberebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad Tvlidnen. Rirsi mama

ioane mTawmideli espaneTs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebulad

miiCnevda.

XIII-XIV saukuneTa istorikoss nikifore qsantopuloss,

romelsac aqvs 18 wignisagan Semdgari ̀ saeklesio isto-

ria~, miaCnda, rom saqarTvelos iberebi ̀ ispaniis iberTa-

gan arian gadmosaxlebulni~ (georgika, VII, 1966), kidev

ufro adre qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb werdnen ek-

lesiis mamebi. iberTa, anu qarTvelTa sacxovrisis Sesax-

eb mogviTxroben eklesiis istorikosebi evsevi kesarie-

li (260-340), sokrati sqolastikosi, gelasi kesarieli,

rufinusi (IV-V ss.) da sxvebi.

18

amJamad sabolood damtkicebulia, rom qarTvelebi

wina aziis Zvel mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian, isini naTe-

saurad iyvnen dakavSirebulni msoflios uZveles kul-

turul mosaxleobasTan, ufro metic, ̀ cnobil mecnierebs

fr. homels, ed. maiers, kiperts, leman-haupts, lenor-

mans, akad. n. mars, akad. turaevs da sxvebs araerTxel

aRuniSnavT, rom qarTveli tomebi memkvidreni arian Sum-

erebis, xeTebis, mitanelebis, xaldebisa da sxva, rom-

lebic wina aziis uZvelesi xalxebi iyvnen da romlebmac

Seqmnes sakacobrio kulturis yvelaze adrindeli kere-

bi. amgvarive mosazreba ganaviTara da mravalmxrivi faq-

tiuri masalebis moSveliebiT kidev ufro daasabuTa Tavis

SromebSi akad. iv. javaxiSvilma~ (S. mesxia, simon janaSia,

1950, gv. 39).

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs

Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropuli fuZe enis

matarebeli eTnosi xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da wina aziaSi

Semovida romeliRac mxridan. manamde es mxareebi (e.i.

wina aziis, pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZu-

lebi) dasaxlebulni iyvnen araindoevropuli enis matare-

beli tomebiT. akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem, rogorc

aRniSnuli iyo, wamoayena axali Teoria, romlis Tanaxma-

dac indoevropelebi qristeSobamde IV aTaswleulSi wina

aziaSi cxovrobdnen, warmoadgendnen jer kidev aradifer-

encirebul, mTlian gaerTianebas, romelic metyvelebda

saerTo enaze. Semdgom maTgan warmosdgnen (dayofis Sed-

egad) winare italikebi, winare baltielebi, winare

19

germanelebi, indoiranelebi, xeTebi, momavali slavebi

da sxvebi. gansakuTrebiT isaa aRsaniSnavi, rom am winare

indoevropul enas urTierToba hqonia winare qarTve-

lur da winare semitur enebTan, amitomac qarTveluri

da semituri winare enebidan usesxebia bevri sityva. Tu

am Teorias SevadarebT n. maris Teorias, davinaxavT

garkveul msgavsebas. n. maris mixedviT, qarTvelur-kavka-

siur-mediteranuli enebi warmoadgendnen im substrats,

romelzedac aRmocendnen da gaiSalnen indoevropelebi

_ ̀ ...indoevropelebi arsaidan ar mosulan, aramed isini...

igive iafetelebi arian da indoevropuli enebi iafe-

turi enebis Semdgomi safexuri, maTi transformaciaa

axal stadiaze~. Tamaz gamyreliZis Tanaxmadac, indo-

evropelebi ̀ arsaidan ar mosulan~, maTi winare samSob-

lo wina aziaa, sadac maT urTierToba hqoniaT qarTve-

lurTan, anu n. maris mixedviT ̀ iafeturTan~.

indoevropul winareenas, Tanaxmad T. gamyreliZisa,

urTierToba hqonia ara marto winareqarTvelurTan,

aramed winaresemiturTanac. n. maris Tanaxmadac qarTve-

lurs urTierToba hqonia semiturTan. da radganac

qarTvelurs, anu iafeturs mWidro kavSiri hqonda indo-

evropulTan, semiturTan misi dakavSirebiT gamomzeur-

da enaTa ̀ msoflio kavSiris idea~. n. mari ̀ ...qarTuli da

semituri enebis~ naTesaobas cxadyofs da amiT ki msof-

lio kavSiris ideas amzeurebs~ (d. karbelaSvili, n. maris

saiubileo krebuli, 1934. gv. XVIII).

n. mari ar gamoricxavda kavkasiis iafeturi enebis kav-

SirurTierTobas qamitur enebTanac, is ambobda _

20

`CvenTvis, romlebic iafeturi enaTmecnierebis Teoriis

mTeli sistemis agebisas amovdivarT iafeturi enebis semi-

turTan naTesaobis faqtobrivi monacemebidan, gasage-

bia, gamoricxuli ar aris kavkasiis Zireuli enebis, e.i.

kavkasiis iafeturi enebis, kavSirurTierToba qamitur

enebTan...~. aqedan Cans, rom baskologiaSi adre gamoTqmu-

li hipoteza qamitur enebTan baskuris naTesaobisa n.

marisaTvis misaRebia (gavixsenoT magaliTad, hugo Sux-

ardtis debuleba: baskuri enaTesaveba erTsa da imave

dros qarTvelur-kavkasiurs da qamituri modgmis enebs)...

(S. ZiZiguri, baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 65).

n. maris ̀ msoflio kavSiris idea~ qarTulis meSveobiT

albaT aseTi saxiT gamoisaxeba (ix. sqema):

sem

semituri

qarTvelur-kavkasiur-mediteranistuli

i a f e t u r i

pelasguri

baskuri

etruskuli

qamituri

iafet qam

indoevropuli

21

iafetur enaTa ojaxi, n. maris Tanaxmad, moicavda

dedamiwis vrcel regions, xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, kavka-

sias, pamirs, afrikas (d. karbelaSvili, dasax. naSr. gv.

XXXVIII).

marTlac, enaTmecnierebis mniSvnelovani nawili

gamowvlilviTi gamokvlevebis Sedegad ar gamoricxavs

qarTulis, anda fuZe qarTveluri enis kavSirs wina aziis

uZveles xalxebTan, SumerebTan, protoxeTebTan, xu-

ritebTan, aseve pelasgur-etruskul-iberiul enobriv

samyarosTan. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom babilonis

godolis dacemis Semdgom protoqarTveluri enis matare-

beli eTnosis erTi nawili darCa wina aziaSi, xolo sxve-

bi gaifantnen dedamiwis zurgze, kerZod, dasaxldnen

kavkasiaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebSi, balkaneT-

Si, apeninisa Tu pirineis naxevarkunZulze. maT, rogorc

enaTmecnierTa monacemebidan Cans, SeunarCunebiaT Tavi-

anTi eTnikuri saxe da garkveul dromde enac.

simon janaSiam pirvelqarTuli eTnosis Sesaxeb Camo-

ayaliba Tavisi koncefcia _ ùZveles droSi, daaxloe-

biT eqvsi aTasi wlis winaT, wina aziis uzarmazar miwa-

wyalze da samxreT evropaSic (balkaneTi, apeninisa da

pirineis naxevarkunZulebi) erTi modgmis xalxebi cx-

ovrobdnen. Semdeg am modgmis xalxTa adgilsamyofeli

TandaTan izRudeboda. Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damde-

gisaTvis wina aziis mkvidri xalxebidan cnobili iyvnen

xeTebi da subarebi. xeTi subarebi qarTvel tomTa winapre-

bi arian. xeTebi mcire aziaSi mosaxleobdnen, subarebs

22

ki eWiraT teritoria CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan moyole-

buli kavkasionamde. am xeTa-miTanis samefoebis xanaSi

kavkasiis miwa-wyali xeTur-subaruli modgmis mosaxle-

obas ekava. ...xeTur-subaruli mosaxleoba mraval wvril

samTavrod daiqsaqsa. xeTur-subaruli tomebidan ufro

Zlierni yofilan muskebi, mermindeli mesxebi, IX sauku-

neSi ki yvelaze energiul brZolebs asurelebs Tubale-

bi umarTavdnen. Zv.w.aR-is IX-VII ss. xeTur-subarulma

tomebma axali Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes _ urartu.

aqve, mezoblad arsebobda xeTur-subaruli samefo mana...~

s. janaSias koncefciam Zlieri gavlena iqonia... samecni-

ero literaturaSi damkvidreba iwyo mis mier Semot-

anilma terminebma: `xeTur-iberiuli xalxebis jgufi~

(pireneis iberebi, etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze)

balkaneTis pelazgebi, Sumerebi, xeTebi da subarebi (xu-

ritebi), urartu, muSqebi da Tabali, qarTvelebi da sxva

kavkasieli xalxebi~ da a.S. (g. meliqiSvili, ̀ qarTvelebi,

maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi~, saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 327).

simon janaSias Teoria CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom

erTmaneTis monaTesave `xeTur-iberiuli~ xalxebi wina

aziidan, TavianT Tavdapirveli samSoblodan gavrcele-

bulan dasavleTisaken _ afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze

da samxreT evropaSi _ ̀ evropaSi am gvartomobis xalxebi

win uswrebdnen Semdeg mosul indoevropelebs, romelT-

ac damxvduri mosaxleobisa da misi kulturis Zlieri

gavlena ganicades. ase iyo pirineis, anu iberiis naxe-

varkunZulze, sadac Zveli iberiuli mosaxleobis STa-

23

momavalni, baskebad wodebulni, dRemde arian SemorCe-

nilni. aseve moxda apeninis naxevarkunZulze, sadac

etruskebma Seqmnes italiis uZvelesi civilizacia, romel-

mac Semdgom mZlavri zemoqmedeba iqonia romis kultur-

aze. dasasrul, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gvian mo-

sul indoevropel berZnebsac pelazgebis dawinaurebu-

li mosaxleoba daxvdaT.

am xalxTa mier Seqmnil maRali kulturis keraTagan

yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad winaaziuri kerebi unda

CaiTvalos. wina aziaSi ...adre Caisaxa saxelmwifoebrio-

ba. evfratisa da tigrosis auzTa qvemo nawilSi Sumer-

ebma (Semeberebma) jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV aTaswleulSi

ganaviTares saqalaqo cxovreba, safuZveli Cauyares sax-

elmwifos da gamoigones msoflioSi uZvelesi damwer-

loba _ jer ieroglifuri, xolo Semdgom lursmuli~ (s.

janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 20).

damoukideblad imisgan, namdvilad aqvs Tu ara qarTul

enas genetikuri kavSiri wina aziis uZveles enebTan, mec-

nierTa mier dadasturebulia, rom xuritebis, xeTebisa

da urartuelebis garkveuli nakadi Serwymia qarTvel

ers _ ̀ enobrivi monacemebi cxadyofs, rom qarTvel tomeb-

Si unda gaTqvefiliyo da qarTveli xalxis Semadgenlo-

baSi unda Sesuliyo ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis Sem-

qmneli, samxreTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis (xuritebis, xeTe-

bis, urartulebis) garkveuli nakadi. amisi nakvalevi Tavs

iCens qarTvelTa enaSi~ (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi,

gv. 357). amdenad qarTvelebs ufleba aqvT TavianTi Tavi

maT memkvidreebad miiCnion.

24

qristeSobamde III aTaswleulSi saqarTveloSi arsebu-

li TrialeTis Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis Zlieri

kavSiri Sumerul samyarosTan mkvlevarebs afiqrebinebs,

rom winaaziuri warmoSobis zogierTma tomma saqarTvelo-

Si SemoaRwia (iqve, gv. 353). ̀ TrialeTis kulturas metad

mkafio paralelebi moepoveba ara marto Crdilo-dasav-

leT iranis materialur kulturaSi, aramed xeTur sam-

yaroSic~ (iqve, gv. 354). saerTod TrialeTis kulturis

gamoCenas amierkavkasiaSi ukavSireben xuritebis tomis

eqspansias (iqve, gv. 355). arqeologiac emxroba zemomot-

anil azrs.

dadasturebuli faqtia qarTul-indoevropuli eno-

brivi siaxlove, Tumca ki qarTuli enaTa damoukidebel

ojaxs ganekuTvneba, es imiTaa saintereso, rom wina aziis

uZvelesi mosaxleoba indoevropelebi aRmoCndnen,

qarTvelebs mWidro kontaqtebi hqoniaT maTTan, imde-

nad, rom uZveles qarTvelur enas Zlieri transforma-

cia ganucdia indoevropuli substratis gavleniT.

fiqroben, rom es garemoeba Sedegia im xangrZlivi da

mWidro kontaqtebisa, romelTac adgili unda hqonoda

uZveles xanebSi qarTvelur tomebsa da uZveles indo-

evropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebs Soris (g. mel-

iqiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 345).

yuradRebas ipyrobs garkveuli msgavseba qarTvel da

Zvel anatoliur indoevropul (xeTur, luviur, palaur)

enebs Soris (ix. g. giorgaZe, indoevropul-qarTul (qarTve-

lur) enobrivi paralelebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, saenaTmec-

niero krebuli 1979, gv. 62).

25

saerTo anatoliuri indoevropuli fuZeenis daSlis

procesi dawyebula gvarovnuli wyobis dros III aTaswle-

ulSi qristeSobamde, anatoliaSive (iqve, gv. 67). nesite-

bi TandaTan gavrcelebulan centralur da aRmosavleT

anatoliaSi, romelic manamde dasaxlebuli iyo xeTebis

(protoxeTebis) tomebiT (zogierTi mecnieris azriT, swo-

red protoxeTebs hqoniaT kavSiri qarTvelebTan). nesi-

tur-xaturi urTierTobis dros, romelic gagrZelda

aseulobiT wlobiT, protoxeTuri ena STanTqa nesitur-

ma, romelmac Tavis mxriv ganicada garkveuli cvlileba

(fonetikaSi, leqsikaSi, morfologiaSi). Serevis da Sejva-

rebis Sedegad indoevropelebisa da xeTebis tomebs Soris

Camoyalibda xeTuri eTnosi. daaxloebiT XVII saukuneSi

qristemde Seqmnilma xeTurma samefom mTlianad SeiTvi-

sa protoxeTebis mdidari tradiciebi (iqve, gv. 67).

Tavis mxriv, xeTur saxelmwifosTan urTierToba unda

hqonoda pirvel qarTul saxelmwifoebs (politikur war-

monaqmnebs) _ diauxis (daianis _ asiriuli wyaroebiT) da

kulxas _ Woroxisa da dasavleT evfratis yara-sus raion-

ebSi, sadac ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi,

isinive iyvnen samxreTuli periferiebi pirvelqarTuli

saxelmwifoebisa. arsebobs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom am

olqebSi, SeiZleba samxreTiT an samxreT-dasavleTiT,

ZvelTaganve imyofeboda ZiriTadi teritoria saerTo

qarTveluri fuZeenis matarebeli tomisa, romlisgan

TandaTan gamoiyvnen sxvadasxva dialeqturi erTeulebi

(svanuri, megruli, Wanuri). ivaraudeba aseve urTierTo-

26

ba ara xeTebsa da qarTvel tomebs, aramed ufro adre

saerTo anatoliur indoevropul enobriv erTeulsa da

saerToqarTuls Soris.

simon janaSia protoxeTebs, anu xatebs qarTvelTa

uSualo winaprebad miiCnevda wina aziis sxva Zvel tomebT-

an erTad. is werda _ ̀ mTeli wina aziis teritoria uZve-

les xanaSi dasaxlebulia iseTi xalxebiT, romelTac ara

aqvT araviTari kavSiri arc indoevropelebTan, arac

semitebTan, arc Turqul-monRolur tomebTan. yvelaze

mniSvnelovanni wina aziis am uZveles xalxTagan arian

sumerebi, xatebi anu xetebi, mitanelebi, urartus (vanis)

qaldebi da sxvebi. swored am xalxebma Seqmnes kacobri-

obis uZvelesi kulturuli kera... Semdeg es xalxebi

TiTqos qrebian, nuTu ukvalod? ra Tqma unda ara. sxva

tomebis mowolis gamo isini icvlian teritorias da axal-

axal kerebs qmnidnen. yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare raion-

ebidan maT amoiwies mcire aziasa da mesopotamiaSi, aqedan

Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebsa da vanis tbis raionSi,

iqidan kidev Tanamedrove amierkavkasiaSi. satomo sax-

elebis istoria am mxriv did sayuradRebo masalas Sei-

cavs~ (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 194).

rogorc vxedavT, s. janaSia amierkavkasiis mkvidr mo-

saxleobas (upirvelesad, cxadia, qarTvelebs) miiCnevs

adgilmonacvlebuli Sumerebis, xatebis, mitanelebisa da

urartuelebis STamomavlebad. es xalxebi, misi azriT,

saerTo warmoSobisa SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen.

safiqrebelia, rom kavSiri arsebobs xatebis, xaldeb-

is, anu qaldebis, xalibebis saxelebs Soris. Zveli berZe-

27

ni mwerlebi pirdapir amboben, rom xaldebi winaT xali-

bebad iwodebodneno. Semdeg sayuradReboa, rom xaldebi

cxovrobdnen, rogorc Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze,

ise vanis tbis garSemo. cxadia, es erTi xalxis ori Sto

unda iyos.

aseve sayuradReboa asurul warwerebSi moxsenebuli

muskebisa da kaskebis saxelebi. muskebi arian mermindeli

mosxebi an mesxebi. kaskebi kidev kolxebi, rogorc es

aRniSnulia ukve prof. iv. javaxiSvilis mier. mesxebisa

da kolxebis ambavi yvelasTvis cnobilia. friad sarwmu-

noa iberebis kavSiri tibarenebTan da tabal-TobalTan.

aseve safiqrebelia, rom termini ̀ qarTveli~ dakavSire-

bulia qald-Tan (iqve, gv. 195).

arnold Ciqobavas daskvniT, rac ufro Sors vixedeb-

iT qarTveluri da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis isto-

riul warsulSi, miT ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba am enaTa

warmoSobiTi kavSiri wina aziisa da SuamdinareTis Zveli

civilizaciis enebTan (urartulTan, huritulTan, xe-

TurTan, ulamurTan, SumerulTan). S. ZiZiguris azriT,

`mecnierebaSi dgas sakiTxi winaelinuri (pelasgur-ana-

toliuri) kulturis Semqmnel xalxebTan iberiul-kavka-

siuri enebis kavSiris Sesaxeb. jer kidev adre SeamCnies,

rom berZnul enaSi gamoiyofa fena, romelic ar aixsneba

indoevropuli enebis safuZvelze. maSasadame, es danale-

qi unda ganekuTvnebodes xmelTaSua zRvis uZveles mkvidr-

Ta samyaros... winaberZnuli egeosuri enebis amocnobis

gzebi miimarTeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaken, kerZod

28

qarTveluri enebis samyarosaken~ (baskur-kavkasiuri prob-

lema, gv. 51).

egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebis mkvlevaris,

r. gordezianis azriT, Sexvedrebi iberiul-kavkasiur da

egeosur enebs Soris namdvilad mniSvnelovania, aseve

egeosur-anatoliur geografiul saxelebs garegnulad

TiTqmis zusti paralelebi aqvT kavkasiurTan, kerZod ki

qarTul toponimikasTan (ix. r. gordeziani, ̀ iliada~ da

egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriisa da eTnogenezis sakiTx-

ebi, 1970, gv. 299-301).

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs _ uZvelesi qarTuli eT-

nosis migracias xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi exeba mec-

nieri sxva SromaSic _ etruskulis kavkasiurTan da baskur-

Tan mimarTebisas igi varaudobs, rom Zv.w.aR-is III

aTaswleulis miwurulSi kavkasiidan italiaSi saberZne-

Tis gavliT gadasaxlebula kavkasiur tomTa erTi naw-

ili, romelsac Seuqmnia e.w. kavkasiuri substrati Semdgom

formirebuli etruskulisaTvis (r. gordeziani, etrusku-

li da qarTveluri, 1980, gv. 6).

etruskul-qarTvelur mravalricxovan enobriv para-

lelebs r. gordeziani akavSirebs xalxTa migraciasTan,

`gansakuTrebiT ki kavkasiur tomTa mZlavr gadasaxle-

bebTan egeidasa da dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi adre

brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi~ (iqve, gv. 6).

misi azriT, e.w. kavkasiur-pelazguri Sre italiaSi

qristeSobamde II aTaswleulSi dawyebul migracias unda

Seetana, ìsini dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnen e.w.

29

apeninis kulturis damkvidrebasTan italiaSi... Tavis

mxriv TviT Sua heladuri kulturis warmoqmna Cven mig-

vaCnia egeidaSi kavkasiuri, upiratesad qarTveluri tome-

bis migraciis Sedegad Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegs.

rogorc irkveva, maT egeosur samyaroSi Semoitanes aSkar-

ad qarTveluri komponenti, rac winare berZnul enobriv

samyaroSi aTobiT wminda qarTveluri struqturis si-

tyvisa da terminis arsebobiT dasturdeba, rogorc Cans,

es talRa Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi gavr-

celda dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, risi Sedegic

unda iyos aq Suaheladuri tipis kulturebis aRmocene-

ba da pelazgur-kavkasiuri enobrivi elementebis gavr-

celeba. swored migraciaTa am talRam moumzada, Cvenis

azriT, safuZveli Semdgom formirebul etruskul enas.

rogorc Cveni gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, pel-

azgur-qarTveluri elementebi albaT yvelaze ufro

arsebiTia etruskulSi~ (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da

qarTveluri, gv. 60).

sabolood, albaT unda iTqvas, rom babilonis godo-

lis daqcevis Semdgom warmoqmnil enaTa da xalxTa Soris

arsebobda protoqarTveluri enac, es cnobilia bibliis

uZvelesi komentatorebisTvisac, romelnic iafetis ZeTa

Soris qarTvelTa winaprebsac asaxeleben. protoqarTve-

luri eTnosi, sakmaod mravalricxovani yofila, rac

iqidan Cans, rom TviT warRvnamdec kaenis bolo STamo-

mavalTa Soris lameqis Zeebs ewodaT iabeli (IV, 20), iuba-

li da Tubal-kaeni. mecnierTa erTi nawili, saxelebidan

30

gamomdinare (aq unda gavixsenoT, rom iafetis Ze Tubali

_ qarTvelTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda) maT miiCnevdnen

qarTuli tomebis mosaxeleebad. iabels _ karavSi mcx-

ovrebTa da mejogeTa mamas, iubals _ meCangeTa da

mestvireTa mamas, Tubal-kaens _ rvalisa da rkinis saWur-

velTa mWedels, maTi azriT, saxelebi SerqmeviaT

ZvelqarTul tomTa saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. war-

Rvnas isini ver gadaurCnen, magram maTi saxelebisa da

Tobelis saxelis msgavseba mecnierebs afiqrebinebT, rom

protoqarTveluri eTnosi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo

uZveles epoqaSi. godolis daSlis Semdeg, qarTvelTa

winaprebi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gavrcelebu-

lan qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, SuamdinareTidan _

wina aziasa da kavkasiisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispira qvey-

nebSi, Crdilo afrikaSi. maT yvelgan safuZveli daudvi-

aT Sesabamisi kulturebisaTvis, romelnic Semdgom au-

TvisebiaT sxvebs.

aRTqma RmerTisa erTan

dedamiwis zurgze gafantvis Semdgom adamianebma Tan-

daTan daiviwyes TavianTi winaprebisagan gagonili da

naswavli gadmocemebi RmerTze, amas xels isic uwyobda,

rom siSorisa Tu urTierTqiSpis gamo xalxebs Soris mis-

vla-mosvla da kavSiri Semcirebuli, anda Sewyvetili

iyo. WeSmariti RmerTis daviwyebis Semdgom gavrcelda

31

crumorwmuneoba, zeciuri da qveyniuri qmnilebebis Tay-

vaniscema, amitomac erTi uxilavi RmerTis magier Tay-

vani sces mraval cru `RmerTs~, maT gamosaxulebebs _

kerpebs emsaxurebodnen da msxverpls swiravdnen maT.

TandaTan kerpTayvanismcemlad iqca msoflios yvela

xalxi, amitomac ufalma ineba dedamiwaze yofiliyo erTi

xalxi mainc, romelSic daculi iqneboda WeSmariti sar-

wmunoeba, romelsac ecodineboda igi da Tayvans scemda

mas da mxolod mas.

ufalma ineba aseTi eri warmoeSva erTi kacis _ abra-

mis STamomavlobisagan. abrami WeSmariti RmerTis madide-

beli iyo, warmoSobiT Suamdinareli, misi mamis samSob-

lo qveyana iyo qaldea, qalaqi uri. am droisaTvis qaldea

erqva qveyanas tigrossa da evfrats Soris TiTqmis sparse-

Tis yuredan babilonamde. aq, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo,

cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva epoqaSi jer Sumerebi, Semdgom

xuritebi da protoqarTvelebis monaTesaved miCneuli

sxvadasxva tomebi semitebTan erTad. CvenTvis saintere-

soa, rom qaldea ufro mogvianebiT ewodeboda dRevande-

li saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare qveynebsac _ urar-

tudan pontos CaTvliT gadaSlil mxares. urartuelTa

uzenaes RmerTs ̀ xald~ _ qald ewodeboda da isini Tavi-

anT Tavs qaldevelebad miiCnevdnen. ̀ safiqrebelia, rom

termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan da misi

meSveobiT, sxva amave Ziris winaaziur uZveles saxelebT-

an~, _ werda s. janaSia (t. III, 1959, gv. 195). saxel qaldeas

ivane javaxiSvilic akavSirebda qarTvelebTan. ̀ dakvirve-

32

bam dagvarwmuna, rom qarT-megruli Stos tomebis saku-

Tar saxelebSi (qarTueli, karduxi) erTi da igive qveynis

saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qvey-

nis saxeli orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba,

ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda

yofiliyo. am samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomad-

genels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili _ es karTu anu qarTu

ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (qarTveli eris istoria,

I, 1951, gv. 403-404).

ase rom, qaldea ara marto abraamis winaparTa samSob-

loa, is qarTvelTa pirvelsamSoblodac SeiZleba Cai-

Tvalos. aseTi versiis arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom

qaldevelTa qveyana semitebTan erTad albaT qarTvel-

Ta monaTesave, anda protoqarTveluri tomiTac iyo dasax-

lebuli.

rogorc wina Tavidanac Canda, SuamdinareTSi qarTvel-

Ta monaTesave tomebs qristeSobamde aTaseuli wlebiT

adre daculi hqondaT mcire marcvali WeSmariti sarw-

munoebisa. qaldevelTa urSi mcxovreb abrams ki hqonda

Seuryeveli sarwmunoeba RmerTze.

`mohkida xeli Teraxma Tavis Zes abrams, Tavis Svil-

iSvil lots, haranis Zes, Tavis rZals sarais, Tavisi Zis

abramis cols da gavidnen erTad qaldevelTa uridan

qanaanis qveyanaSi wasasvlelad. miadgnen xarans da iq

damkvidrnen~ (dab. 11, 31).

qaldevelTa urs, sadac cxovrobda mama abramisa Tar-

ra anu Teraxi, Cveulebriv aigiveben samxreT mesopota-

33

miis qalaq urTan, saidanac is ojaxTan erTad gada-

saxlebula qalaq xarranSi mesopotamiis Crdilo nawil-

Si. igi iqve gardaicvala. rogorc aRiniSna, mesopotami-

aSi sazogadod saukuneTa manZilze sxvadasxva xalxebi

cxovrobdnen. istorikosTa Tanaxmad, qristeSobamde IV-III

aTaswleulSi aq mcxovrebma Sumerebma Seqmnes pirveli

qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi (eridu, uri, uruki, lagaSi, nipu-

ri). Semdgom aq Semodian semituri tomebi, romlebmac

aiTvises SumerTa kultura. qristemde III aTaswleulSi

aq sargon mefem Seqmna erTiani semituri mesopotamiis

momcveli saxelmwifo _ aqadi. amave III aTaswleulSi aq

SeiWrnen kvlav semituri _ amorevelTa tomebi, maT mier

Seqmnili saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi iyo babiloni. Zvel-

babilonuri saxelmwifos Semqmneladaa miCneuli mefe

xamurabi _ kanonmdebeli. xamurabianTa dinastia daamxes

xeTurma tomebma 1530 wels qristeSobamde. II aTaswleu-

lis Sua xanebSi mesopotamiaSi gamoCndnen xuritebi, sax-

elmwifo miTanis Semqmnelebi. xuritebi, istorikosTa

erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneu-

li, iseve rogorc zogierTi xeTuri tomi da gansakuTre-

biT protoxeTebi. abraamis mamis _ Tarras _ qaldevelTa

uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea, marTlac qarTvel-

Ta winapari tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.

msoflio warRvnis Semdeg ufalma RmerTma aRTqma

dado, anu kavSiri Sekra mTel kacobriobasTan _ noes

saSualebiT. Semdgom abraamis saSualebiT _ adamianTa

TanamonaTesave jgufTan, xolo sinas mTaze ufali Rm-

34

erTi daukavSirda mxolod da mxolod erT xalxs, iako-

bis STamomavlebs _ israelTa Svilebs. man misca maT kano-

ni, gadaaqcia is Tavis rCeul erad.

xaranSi yofnisas, abraami (maSin jer kidev abrami er-

qva) iRebs RvTisagan brZanebas _ ̀ uTxra ufalma abraams:

wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxl-

idan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me giCveneb. gaqcev did xalx-

ad, gakurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli

iqnebi. vakurTxeb Sens makurTxebels da davwyevli Sens

mawyevars. kurTxeuli iqneba SenSi miwierTa mTeli modg-

ma~ (dab. 12.1-3). ùTxra ufalma abrams mas Semdeg, rac

loti gaeyara: aaxile Tvali da gaixede am adgilidan,

sadac Sen dgaxar, CrdiloeTisaken, samxreTisaken, aRmo-

savleTisaken da dasavleTisaken. mTeli es qveyana, rasac

xedav, SenTvisa da Seni modgmisaTvis momicia samaradis-

od. qviSasaviT uricxvs gavxdi Sens STamomavlobas. Tu

vinme SesZlebs qviSis daTvlas, Seni STamomavlobac daiTv-

leba~ (dab. 13. 14-16).

Semdgomi sityva aRTqmisa azustebs wina aRTqmebis

monacemebs: àm dRes daudo ufalma aRTqma abrams da

uTxra: Seni STamomavlobisaTvis mimicia es qveyana egvip-

tis mdinaridan did mdinaremde _ evfratis mdinaremde...~

(dab. 15. 18).

Semdeg kidev ufro gamowvlilviTaa Camoyalibebuli

_ ̀ oTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, rom gamoecxada ufa-

li abrams da uTxra: me var RmerTi Zlieri. iare Cems

winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris

35

da didad, didad gagamravleb. pirqve daemxo abrami da

ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: ès me var, da aha, Cemi aRTq-

mac: ̀ uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqmnebi! aRar gerqvas ameri-

dan saxelad abrami, aramed abraami iyos Seni saxeli,

radganac uamrav xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gag-

amravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni gamovlen Sengan.

davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens STamomaval-

Ta Soris Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom

Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi viqnebi. mogcem Sen

da Sens STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaa-

nis mTels qveyanas, samaradiso sakuTrebad da Tqveni Rm-

erTi viqnebi. uTxra RmerTma abraams: oRond daicaviT

Cemi aRTqma Sen da Senma STamomavlobam Taobidan Taobam-

de~... (dab. 17. 1-9). aRTqmis piroba iyo winadacveTa

abraamisa da misi STamomavlobisa. winadacveTiloba iyo

niSani RvTis xalxis kuTvnilebisa.

abraami 100 wlisa iyo, roca saram, RvTis dapirebis

Tanaxmad, Sva Ze, romelsac uwodes isaaki. manamde abraams

saras nebiT mxeval agarTan eyola ismaili _ ismaitelTa

mamamTavari, aseve xeTTurasTan hyavda _ madiani, madi-

anelTa mamamTavari. isaakma SeirTo rebeka, romelmac

Sva tyupi vaJebi esavi _ edomelTa mamamTavari da iakobi

_ israelianTa mamamTavari. marTalia, esavi pirmSo iyo,

magram iakobma Tavisi moxerxebiT miiRo pirmSoeba da

mamis kurTxevac. amis Semdeg gaeqca esavis risxvas. gae-

marTa mesopotamiaSi, xaranis sanaxebSi, dedis naTesav-

ebTan. gzaze dauRamda, daido lodi sasTumlad da dawva

36

erT adgils _ èsizmra: miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas

swvdeba, uflis angelozebi adi-Camodian kibeze. aha,

ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me var ufali RmerTi

abraamisa, mamaSenisa da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa, romelze-

dac wevxar, SenTvis da Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momi-

cia. Seni STamomavloba qviSasaviT mravalricxovani iqneba

da ganivrcobi dasavleTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken, Crd-

iloeTisaken da samxreTisaken, SeniTa da Seni STamomav-

lobiT ikurTxeba miwierTa mTeli modgma. aha, SenTana

var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval, kvlav

dagabruneb am miwaze. ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb

yvelafers rac giTxari~ (dab. 28, 12-15). xarranSi iakobs

SerTes lia da raxili, maTTan da agreTve maT mxevlebT-

an iakobs eyola Tormeti vaJi da erTi qali, maTgan war-

moiSva israelis Tormeti tomi. Tavisi ojaxiT ukan dab-

runebisas iakobs ùTxra RmerTma: iakobia Seni saxeli,

aRar gerqmeva amieridan saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli

iqneba Seni saxeli. da uwoda saxelad israeli. uTxra

RmerTma: me var RmerTi yovladZlieri, inayofiere da

gamravldi. xalxi da xalxTa krebuli warmoiSoba Sengan

da mefeni gamovlen Seni sazardulidan. qveyana, romel-

ic miveci abraams da isaks, SenTvis momicia, Seni STamo-

mavlobisaTvis momicia es qveyana~ (dab. 35, 10-12).

iakobis Zem _ iosebma _ egvipteSi gadidkacebis Semdgom

qveynad Camovardnili SimSilobis gamo mamamisi ojaxiT

miiwvia maRZar egvipteSi: ̀ uTxra RmerTma israels Rameul

xilvaSi: iakob, iakob! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: me var Rmer-

37

Ti, RmerTi mamaSenisa. nu geSinia egvipteSi Casvlis, rad-

gan iq gaqcev did xalxad. me Cagyvebi egvipteSi, meve

amogiyvan iqidan da iosebi dagixuWavs Tvalebs sakuTari

xeliT~ (dab. 46, 2-3).

egvipteSi Casvlis Semdgom iakobis ojaxi dasaxlda

mdidar mxareSi, ramdenime aseuli wlis Semdgom is iqca

did xalxad, magram droTa viTarebaSi egviptelTa mone-

bi gaxdnen _ ̀ `gamoxda mravali xani da mokvda egviptis

mefe. akvnesdnen mZime Sromisagan israelianebi, gahkiod-

nen da miswvda maTi RaRadi RmerTs. moesma RmerTs maTi

kvnesa da gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakob-

Tan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda RmerTma israelianebs da

icno RmerTma isini~ (gam. 1. 23-25).

gamoiyvana ufalma israelianebi egviptidan da miiyva-

na aRTqmul qveyanaSi. xalxis winamZRvroba ufalma daak-

isra winaswarmetyvelsa da rjulmdebels.

mose Cvilobidanve izrdeboda sasaxleSi. is faraonis

qaliSvilis mier iyo naSvilebi, magram mowifulobisas

gamoamJRavna egviptelTa mier daCagruli Tavisi erisadmi

siyvaruli da Tavdadeba. am dros mokla zedamxedveli

egvipteli da iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo egviptidan.

is gaemarTa sinas naxevarkunZulisaken, madiamelTa

miwaze, iq SeirTo coli da mwyemsavda cxvrebs. erTxel

cxvari waasxa udabnos iqiT da miadga RvTis mTas _ xorebs.

`gamoecxada uflis angelozi cecxlis alad Suagul may-

vlovanSi. xedavs, cecxli ukidia mayvlovans, magram ar

iwvis mayvlis buCqi. Tqva mosem, mival da vnaxav am dide-

38

bul sanaxavs ratom ar iwvis mayvlovani. dainaxa ufalma

rom modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa Suagul mayvlo-

vanidan: mose, mose! miugo _ aqa var. uTxra: axlos nu

moxval! gaiZre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen

dgaxar wmida miwaa. uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi. saxe

daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. da Tqva

ufalma: vixile Cagvra Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma

zedamxedvelebisagan gamwarebuli RaRadi. raki gavige

misi gasaWiri. Camovedi, rom vixsna igi egviptelTagan da

waviyvano mag qveynidan madliansa da vrcel qveyanaSi,

sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe, qanaanelTa, xe-

TelTa, amorevelTa, ferizevelTa, xivielTa da ie-

busevelTa qveyanaSi. àha, moiwia Cemamde israelianTa

RaRadma da vixile maTi Cagvra, rogor Cagraven maT

egviptelebi. axla gagzavni faraonTan, rom gamoiyvano

egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi~ (gam. 3. 2-10).

kvlav uTxra ufalma moses israelianTa Sesaxeb _ ̀ mi-

giReT Cems erad da viqnebi Tqveni RmerTi. gecodinebaT,

rom me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, egviptelTa kirTeb-

isagan Tqveni gamomxsneli~ (gam. 6.7).

amis Semdgom ufali RmerTi `Cems ers~, `Cems xalxs~

uwodebs israelianebs. mosem icoda, rom faraoni uars

ityoda egviptidan aseulaTasobiT muSis, anu ebraelTa

gaSvebaze. ufali ambobs _ ̀ ar mogismenT faraoni. maSin

xels movuWer egviptes da didi sasjelebis ZaliT gamov-

iyvan Cems krebuls, Cems ers, israelianebs egviptis qvey-

nidan~ (gam. 7.4).

39

yoveli wardgomis dros mose faraons eubneboda: ̀ am-

bobs ufali, ebraelTa RmerTi: gauSvi Cemi xalxi, raTa

memsaxuron~.

faraoni ar uSvebda ebraelebs, risTvisac aTi saswau-

lebrivi sasjeliT daisaja egvipte, romelTa drosac

ebraelebi uvnebelni rCebodnen, Tanaxmad uflis sityvi-

sa _ ̀ gamovarCev Cem xalxs Seni xalxisagan...~ (gam. 8. 23).

isjeboda faraoni, Tumca ufali agebinebda dasjis mizezs:

àqamde abuCad igdeb Cems ers da ar uSveb~ (gam. 9.17).

ebraelTa gauSveblobisaTvis egviptelebi sastikad

daisajnen. Tavzardacemulma faraonma gauSva uflis eri.

eqvsasi aTasi kaci qalebisa da bavSvebis garda gaemarTa

mewamuli zRvisaken. win miuZRodaT maT ufali, dRisiT

Rrublis svetSi gzis saCveneblad, RamiT cecxlis svet-

Si gzis gasanaTeblad. gons mosvlis Semdgom egviptele-

bi ukan gaekidnen ebraelebs, mosem RvTis brZanebiT zRva

kverTxiT orad gahyo, ebraelebi mSrali zRvis fskeris

gavliT gavidnen meore napiras, faraoni ki Tavisi mxe-

drebiTa da etlebiT kvlav kverTxis dakvriT SeerTe-

bulma zRvam daaxrCo.

rogorc aRiniSna, aRTqma _ kavSiri _ ufal RmerTsa

da mis ers Soris egviptidan gamosvlis Semdgom daido.

egviptidan gamosvlis sami Tvis Semdgom mose Tavisi

xalxiT miadga sinais mTas.

àvida RmerTTan mose da mTidan CamosZaxa mas ufalma:

ase uTxari iakobis saxls da amcne israelianebs: Tqven

naxeT, ra davmarTe egviptes, rogor agitaceT arwivis

40

frTebiT da CemTan migiyvaneT, amieridan Tu SeismenT

Cems sityvas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas, Cems sakuTrebaT

gamogarCevT yvela xalxisagan, radgan Cemia mTeli qvey-

ana. mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad meyolebiT. ai,

sityvebi, rac unda uTxra israelianebs~ (gam. 19: 3-6).

yvela xalxisagan gamorCeulobisa da uflis erad qce-

visTvis israelianebs unda daecvaT aRTqma uflisa _

SeesminaT misi sityva. ̀ mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad~

gamorCevisaTvis israelianebma mzadyofna ganacxades _

èrTxmad miugo erma da uTxra: yvelafers SevasrulebT,

rac brZana ufalma. wauRo mosem ufals xalxis naTqvami~

(gam. 19.8).

ufalma ubrZana moses moemzadebina xalxi RvTis

gamocxadebisaTvis. xalxi ori dRis manZilze iwmendda

Tavs, Tavis tansacmels, mosem mTis garSemo xazi Semoav-

lo, rogorc ineba RmerTma, raTa mas aravin miaxlovebo-

da sikvdilis SiSiT, rameTu am dros RmerTi mTaze iyo.

mesame dRis diliT sinas mTa RrubliT daifara, daiwyo

elva da quxili.

`gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mosem RvTis Sesaxvedrad

da dadgnen mTis Ziras.

bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze

Camosuli cecxlis alSi, rogorc quras, ise asdioda kvam-

li da Zlierad iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zlierdeboda

sayviris xma. laparakobda mose da exmianeboda RmerTi~

(gam. 19. 18-20).

RmerTma warmosTqva xalxis gasagonad mcnebebi:

41

1. Tqva RmerTma yvela es sityva:

2. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyva-

neT egviptelTa qveynidan, monobis saxlidan.

3. ar gaiCinoT Cems garda sxva RmerTebi.

4. ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac aris

maRla caSi, dabla miwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS.

5. ar sce Tayvani maT, arc emsaxuro, radgan me var

ufali Tqveni RmerTi, Surismgebeli RmerTi, romelic

mamis codvas Svilebs movkiTxav, Cems moZuleebs, mesame

da meoTxe TaobaSi.

6. aTaswlil sikeTis mzRveli Cems moyvarulTaTvis

da Cemi mcnebebis dammarxvelTaTvis.

7. ar daifico fuWad uflis, Seni RvTis saxeli, rad-

gan dausjeli ar gadaurCeba ufals misi saxelis fuWad

maficari.

8. gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wmida hyo igi.

9. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe Seni saqmeebi.

10. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RvTis SabaTia. ara

saqme ar gaakeTo, arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc asulma,

arc Senma ymam, arc Senma mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma,

arc Senma mdgmurebma, saxlSi rom gyavs.

11. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva

da yvelaferi, rac masSia da meSvide dRes Seisvena, ami-

tomac akurTxa ufalma SabaTi dRe da wmida hyo igi.

12. pativi eci mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo

miwaze, romelic ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis.

13. ara kla.

42

14. ar imruSo.

15. ar iqurdo.

16. ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRm-

deg.

17. ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni

Tvistomis coli, arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi

xari, arc misi saxedari, arc araferi misi qonebidan (gam.

20. 1-17).

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, ufali RmerTis mier dedami-

waze mcxovreb mraval xalxTa Soris erTis gamorCeva

gamoiwvia kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavrcelebam _ yvela

xalxs daviwyebuli hyavda WeSmariti RmerTi. sarwmunoe-

bis damcvelad ufalma israelianebi amoirCia. marTlac

am erma saukuneTa manZilze SeZlo siwmindiT gadaeca

sxvadasxva erebisa da kacobriobisaTvis (TviT am erSi

ganxorcielebuli RvTis Zis _ ieso qristes mier) _ WeS-

mariti sarwmunoeba. saerTod eris _ erTi warmoSobisa

Tu sxva mxriv gaerTianebuli xalxis amorCeviT ufalma

RmerTma akurTxa kacobriobis xalxebad, erebad dayofa.

ieso qristes Semdgom yoveli eri, matarebeli marTa-

li sarwmunoebisa, RvTis xalxad iqca, maT Soris qarTve-

li eric. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, es momxdara

suliwmidis mofenis Semdeg, roca deda RvTisas wilad

xvda iverielTa moqceva. CvenebiT gamocxadebisas macxo-

vari mas eubneba _ ̀ hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof

yvela xalxze ufro sazepuro qarTvel ers maTze Seni

meoxebiT~ (q. c. I, gv. 37).

43

Tubali da mosoqi

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida mamebi, ucx-

oel saeklesio moRvaweTa darad cnobiswadiliT eZiebd-

nen winaprebs RvTismSoblis wilxvedri erisas. dasturi

amisa aris leonti mrovel episkoposis da arsen beris

Sromebi qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb.

arsen berma icis, rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs, _ ̀ Cven,

qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa Svilni varT~, igi pasux-

obs _ ̀ Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT

gamosulTani da enai maTi `vuwyiT~ (Zv. qarT. agiogr.

lit. Zegl. 1971, III, gv. 46). àrian-qarTliT~ gamosuli

xalxi qristeSobamde dasaxlebula dasavleT da aRm-

osavleT saqarTveloSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier,

romelsac Cveni qveynis _ e.i. saqarTvelos _ Seneba dau-

wyia _ ̀ iwyo Senebad qveyanasa Cvensa, xolo Tanahyva azove,

Ze arian-qarTvelTa mefeTa da misca qveyana es Cveni sameu-

fod da samkvidreblad da gauCina sazRvari hereTi da

egriswyali, somxiTi da mTai crolisai da TviT wavida~

(iqve, gv. 47).

am koncefciis Tanaxmad, mosaxleoba, rogorc dasav-

leT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloisa, STamomavalia ̀ ari-

an-qarTvelebisa~. isini azovem _ àrian-qarTlis~ mefis

Zem, saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla. magram vin iyvnen da sad

cxovrobdnen ̀ arian-qarTvelebi~, sad iyo ̀ arian-qarTli~?

arsebobs meore koncefciac, romelic miewereba le-

onti mrovel episkoposs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTveli

44

eri Camoyalibda saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze; qarTvel

tomTa eTnarqebi iyvnen qarTlosi, egrosi, herosi da

sxvebi. maTi winapari Targamosi ki samxreTis qveynidan

Camosaxlda amierkavkasiaSi.

saerTod Cveni eris, anda misi winapris samxreTidan

Camosaxleobis Teoria bunebrivia, rameTu samSoblo ka-

cobriobisa, Zveli xalxebisa da erebis mesopotamiaa,

saidanac, bibliis Tanaxmad, isini gavrceldnen msofli-

oSi. yvela Zveli eri Tavis winapars mesopotamiasa da

wina aziaSi eZebda, maT Soris qarTvelebic, miT umetes,

rom wmida werilis Zveli komentatorebi qarTvelTa anu

iberTa winaprebs asaxelebdnen noes uaxloes STamomaval-

Ta Soris.

`dabadebaSi~ noes Zis iafetis STamomavalTa Soris

moxseniebuli Tubali da mosoxi _ qarTvelTa winapreb-

adaa miCneuli rogorc Zvel ise axal istorikosTa mier.

ioseb flaviusi iafetis Svid ZeTagan oris _ Tubalisa

da mosoxis Sesaxeb wers _ ̀ daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilosca

TovilTasa, romel aw ivirad iwodebian. xolo mesqinni,

mesxois mier aRSenebulni kahpadukad iwodebian~... (ioseb

flaviusi, moTxrobani iudaebrivisa Zuelisityvaobisani,

1987, gv. 103). iverielTa winaprebad bibliis Tubali mi-

iCneva. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki, rogorc cnobilia, qar-

TvelTa winaprebad miiCnevs bibliur Targamoss. is ioseb

flaviusis Tanaxmad, ̀ RomaroYs~ Zea. misgan warmomavloba

aseTia _ ̀ TorRamis ukue _ TorRamelni, romelni Tnebi-

sagan ellinTaisa frigvad iwodes~ (iqve, gv. 103).

45

flaviusi Targamoss frigielTa winaprad miiCnevs,

lursmul da ieroglifur teqstebze dayrdnobiT, ̀ cno-

bilma germanelma mkvlevarma h. vinklerma mecnierulad

daasabuTa ZvelberZnuli wyaroebis `frigiisa~ da sar-

gon II-is (Zv. w. 722-705 ww.), droindeli asuruli teqste-

bis _ `muSqebis~ qveynis igiveoba (Zveli aRmosavleTis

xalxTa istoria, 1988, gv. 252).

maSasadame, ̀ muSqebi~ _ qarTvelTa erTi didi tomi _

Targamoss daukavSirda [Targamos _ frigielni (fla-

viusiT) _ muSqebi (vinkleriT)].

asuruli teqstebis ̀ tabal~ bibliur TubalTan (sep-

tanta,; zogjer _ ; vlugata _ Thubal) gaigive-bulia e. dromes mier (ix. s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 70).

maSasadame, bibliuri Tubali winaparia _ iberebisa

anu qarTvelebisa, ioseb flaviusis am komentars eTanxme-

bian da avrcoben Cveni mecnierebi, rac Seexeba bibliur

mosoq-mosoxs, isic qarTvelTa (mesxuri tomis) winaprad

iyo miCneuli, amJamad ki Cven SegviZlia is davukavSiroT

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targamoss (Targamos-frigielni-

mesxni) im gziT, rogorc zemoT iyo gadmocemuli, Targa-

mosi ki, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaros

Tanaxmad, ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed somexTa winapra-

dac aris miCneuli (Targamos _ haos, qarTlos). aq ar

SeiZleba ar mogvagondes herodotes cnoba _ ̀ frigielebs,

rogorc makedonielebi amboben, ewodebodaT brigebi mTe-

li im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da make-

donielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo aziaSi rom

46

gadavidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales _

frigielebi dairqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigieleb-

isagan momdinareoben...~ (herodote, istoria I, 1976, gv.

434). ìber~ _ `brig~ saxelebis dakavSireba msgavsi eti-

mologiiT SesaZlebelia.

frigielebs, rogorc aRiniSna, muSqebTan, xolo am

ukanasknels mesxebTan aigiveben.

aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxebs ZvelTaganve mTel qarTul

mosaxleobasTan aigivebdnen, magaliTad, straboni dasav-

leT saqarTvelos TiTqmis centralur nawils _ mosxeb-

is qveyanas uwodebs, xolo Crdilokavkasieli tomebi aR-

mosavleT qarTul tomebs _ mesxebs uwodeben. daRest-

nelebi ̀ avarielebi _ fSav-xevsurebs ̀ mosoxis (anu ̀ moso-

qis~) saxeliT icnoben (ix. h. uslar ̀ avarskii iazik~ 1889,

II, gv. 24, 26).

rogorc iTqva, frigielebs (romlisaganac warmomdga-

ran mesxebi) aseve `brig“-ebi erqvaT. am sityvis fuZe

sagulisxmo igiveobas avlens Tubal-iberis fuZesTan _

`Tbl~ _ `br~. fuZe _ `brg~ (brig.) da `br~ (ibr) uTuod

msgavsni arian.

s. janaSia bibliis Tubalebsa da mosoqebs erTi war-

moSobis urTierTmezoblad mcxovreb xalxad miiCnevs.

SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tubali da meSeqi bibliaSi

TiTqmis mudam erTad moixseneba. es SeumCneveli ar dar-

CeniaT bibliis komentatorebs. isini erTad moixsenebian

iafetis ZeTa CamoTvlis dros (ìafetis Zeni: gomeri,

magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi~ (dab.

47

10.2), aseve ezekielis mier (32:26; 38:2; 39:1), xSirad ezek-

ieli CrdiloeTis xalxebs Soris agreTve ixseniebs ̀ go-

mers Tavis urdoTi, Togarmas saxls...~ (38:6), asiriel

mefeTa analebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, arc Tu iSviaTad ix-

senieba Muski da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli erovneba,

mcxovrebni kilikiaSi, xolo herodote ambobs, tibarekebs

anu iberianelTa (iberielebi) da mosxebis, kolxeTis ax-

los mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavda-

pirvelad orive aRniSnuli erovneba cxovrobda tigro-

sisa da evfratis saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris,

e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, pe-

terburgi, 1904-1907 I, gv. 69. komentari).

winaswarmetyveli ezekieli Tubalsa da muSeqs axsenebs

sxva Crdiloel xalxebTan erTad, romelnic codvaTa gamo

daisjebian; ezekielze adre israelis mezoblad mcxovreb

did xalxTa dasjis Sesaxeb werda ieremia winaswarmetyve-

li. saqme is iyo, winaswarmetyvelebani uSualod Seexe-

boda israels, uflis ers, romelic eRirsa aRTqmul

miwaze dasaxlebas, magram daarRvia aRTqma ufalTan

sxvadasxva codvaTa gamravlebiT, ris gamoc unda dasjil-

iyo aRTqmuli miwidan gadasaxlebiTa da sxva eris monobaSi

yofniT. kerZod, israelianebi qaldevelTa mefe nabuq-

odonosors unda gadaesaxlebina babilonSi. ris Semde-

gac qaldevelebica da sxva Crdiloeli xalxebic daisje-

bodnen uflis mier. ieremia qadagebda _ àmas ityvis

ufali RmerTi: ̀ aha, me movuwodeb da movavlen Crdilo-

eTis yovel ers da babilonis mefes nabuqodonosors,

48

monasa Cemsa, da maT moviyvan am qveyanas da yovelTa garemos

erTa zeda, davaqcev maT da Sevcvli udabnod saukunod,

da iqmnebian es erni monebad babilonis mefisa 70 wel da

mis Semdgom me davsji babilonis mefes da mis ers maTi

usjuloebisaTvis da qaldevelT qveyanasac gadavaqcev

udabnod~. marTlac, ebraelebi gadaasaxles babilonSi,

sadac isini tyveebad iyvnen 70 wels, xolo qaldevelTa

babilonis samefo Semdgom TandaTan udabnod iqca da

daviwyebas mieca. winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad daeca

TiTqmis yvela imdroindeli tomebi da cnobili saxelm-

wifoebi (igulisxmeba ebraelTa babilonSi tyveobis xana),

daeca da saxelovneba dakarga aTaswleulebis manZilze

didebulma egviptem, rac iwinaswarmetyvela ezekielma _

àdamis Zev, mimarTe piri faraonisaken, egviptis mefisak-

en da uwinaswarmetyvele mas da mTel egviptes elaparake

da uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var

faraono, egviptis mefev, dido gveleSapo, rom gawolilx-

ar Sens mdinareebSi da ambob Cemia mdinare, CemTvis Sevq-

menio. layuCebSi Canglebs gagiyri, ...mogisvri udabnoSi

Seni mdinareebis TevzebTan erTad... mixvdeba egviptis

yvela mcxovrebi, rom ufali var, radgan lerwmis sayrdeni

iyavi israelis xalxisaTvis~ (ezek. 29. 2-4). anda: ̀ adamis

Zev, gamarTe godeba faraonze, egviptis mefeze da uTx-

ari: Wabuk loms hgavdi xalxTa Soris da gveleSapiviT

iyavi-Tqo zRvebSi! irqinebodi Sens mdinareebSi da fexe-

biT amRvrevdi wylebs, Telavdi-Tqo maT mdinareebSi. ase

ambobs ufali RmerTi: movisvri Senze Cem saTxevels xalxTa

simravleSi da amogaTreven Cemi badiT...~ (32. 1-3).

49

marTlac, qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunidan, ebrael-

Ta babilonis tyveobis Semdgom saxelovani egvipte dae-

ca da is umniSvnelo, sxvebze damokidebul qveynad iqca.

msgavsadve asrulda ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebani sxva

xalxebsa da saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebze. daecnen israelTa

mtrebi _ yamonianebi (amonitebi) TandaTan daeca fini-

kielTa cnobili tvirosi, rameTu winaswarmetyvelTa

TqmiT, `vaglaxs ambobs ierusalimze, Seimusreba igi _

xalxebis karibWe... gaukacrieldeba~ (iez. 26:2). tvirosi

cnobili qalaqi, saxelmwifos centri iyo, sadac xalx-

ebTan erTad qarTvelTa winaprebic vaWrobdnen _ ìa-

vani, Tubali da meSeqi iyvnen Seni gamsaReblebi, tyveebs

da spilenZis WurWels gixdidnen saqonelSi, Togormas

saxlidan cxenebs, sabrZolo raSebs da jorebs gigza-

vnidnen sanacvlod~ (iez. 27:13-14).

aq qarTvelTa winapari tomebi _ Tubali, meSeqi da

Togarma erTad ixseniebian, radganac isini mezoblebi da

monaTesaveni iyvnen. saukunod daeca asureTi _ israelis

mteri. ̀ iq aris aSuri da mTeli misi krebuli, mis garSemo

misi saflavebi yvelani gangmirulni arian, maxviliT

dacemulni~ (32:22).

daeca cnobili elami, edomi, daeca meSeqi da Tubali.

maT winaswarmetyveli sxva dasjil xalxTa Soris asax-

elebs _ ̀ iq aris meSeqi da Tubali da mTeli misi simrav-

le~ (32:26). isini isjebian maTi mezoblis israelis winaaRm-

deg mtrobis gamo, isjeba TviT israelic, romelic

Semdgom ipovis Tavis TavSi Zalas, aRadgens siyvaruls

50

ufalTan, daicavs aRTqmas da kvlav aRorZindeba, aseve

aRorZindeba RvTis mcnebaTa damcveli yoveli dacemu-

li eri. marTlac, meSeqis da Tubalis Zveli didebisagan

dacema da umniSvnelo tomad qceva SeumCneveli arc Sem-

degdroindel istorikosebs darCeniaT. pirvelqarTvel-

Ta didebuleba, maTi saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi, kultur-

is brwyinvaleba aCrdilad iqca. ivane javaxiSvili wers,

rom qristeSobamde 3-4 saukuniT adre qarTvelTa dace-

mis Sesaxeb _ ̀ Tumca asurul wyaroebSi Cveni eris maSin-

deli mdgomareoba dawvrilebiT ar aris aRwerili, ma-

gram IV saukunis qarTveli tomebis yofa-cxovrebas Tu

imdroindel mdgomareobas SevadarebT, SeuZlebelia mainc

ver SevamCnioT, rom CrdiloeTisaken waweul qarTvelebs

cxadi daqveiTeba etyobaT. vazis movlas, Rvinis dayenebas,

saqonlis moSenebas, madneulis damuSavebasa da iaraR-

WurWlis gakeTebas, marTalia, winandeburad misdevdnen,

magram sad iyo winandeli simdidre, sasaxleebi, auarebe-

li ganZi da qoneba, romlis xelSi Cagdebas Tavis droze

asureTis batonebi kvexulobdnen xolme. winaT maT qalaqe-

bi hqondaT, meoTxe saukuneSi ki salaparakodac ar Rir-

da, rac iyo isic cixeebs ufro miagavda, vidre qalaqs,

winaT qarTvelebi Zlier da mdidar erad iTvlebodnen,

aReb-micemobisaTvis Soreul qveynebSi midiodnen da yvel-

gan saxeli gavardnili hqondaT. IV saukuneSi ki isini

patara-patara tomebad iyvnen danawilebulni, mamacobis

pativi mezoblebSiRa hqondaT SerCenili, msoflioSi ki

maTi saxeli aRar ismoda~... (iv. javaxiSvili, t. I, gv. 70).

51

diax, Cveni eri daeca, ezekielis winaswarmetyveleba

Tubalsa, meSeqsa da Togormaze aRsrulda. ezekieli

qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi cxovrobda. IV saukuneSi

qarTvelTa winaprebis Zveli dideba mezoblebs Tu axs-

ovdaT. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi saxsenebeli ufal-

ma ar gaaqro, rameTu isini uflis ers laSqravdnen ara

damoukideblad, aramed skviTebis iZulebiT, romelTac

`gogs~ uwodebdnen. is mTavari iyo meSeqisa da Tubalisa,

e.i. kavkasiis iqiT mcxovreb CrdiloeTis xalxebs auZu-

lebia samxreTeli mezoblebi _ qarTvelTa winaprebi,

elaSqraT ̀ israelis mTebze~. ezekieli ambobs RvTis si-

tyvas _ ̀ adamianis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele gogze da Tqvi,

ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var roSis, meSe-

qis da Tubalis mTavaro, mogatrialeb, gamogaTrev da

wagiyvan CrdiloeTis kideebidan da mogiyvan israelis

mTebze gagagdebineb mSvilds marcxena xelidan da is-

rebs marjvena xelidan dagayrevineb. israelis mTebze

daecemi mTeli Seni urdoianad da xalxTan erTad, Sen

rom gaxlavs~... (ezek. 39: 1-3).

mravali xalxi daisaja, romelTac winaswarmetyvelis

piriT amis mizezs amcnobs ufali _ ̀ raki saukuno mtro-

ba gqonda da maxvils miugde israelianebi maTi gasaWiris

Jams, saboloo sasjelis Jams~ (ezek. 35: 5).

qarTvelTa winaprebi dasjilan imis mier, visi xeli-

Tac daisajnen israelianebi; mefe nabuqodonosoris mier

datyvevebul da gadasaxlebul iqnen ucxo qveynebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom nabuqodonosors, zogierTi Zveli is-

52

torikosis azriT, ara marto ebraelTa gadasaxleba miew-

ereba, aramed qarTvelTa gadasaxlebac samxreTis qveyne-

bidan ufro CrdiloeTiT.

qristeSobamde IV-III saukunis berZeni mwerali, geografi

da istorikosi nabuqodonosors axsenebs viTarca iberi-

elTa Zveli saxelmwifos dampyrobels.

`nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri

iyo, mas Semdeg rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia li-

bielTa qveyanaSi da iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaa-

camtvera da daimorCila, erTi wili maTgani gadaadgila

man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq daasaxla~ (georgika,

1961, gv. 30). evsevi kesarieli wers _ ̀ agreTve megasTene

ambobs Tavis ìndoeTis~ meoTxe wignSi, romelSic

mogviTxrobs amis win moxsenebuli babilonelTa mefis

Sesaxeb, rom is simamaciT da sagmiro saqmeebiT herakles

aRemateboda, imdenad aRemateboda, rom libiis da iberiis

meti wili, ambobs igi, daipyroo~ (iqve, gv. 30).

am cnobiT nabuqodonosors daumorCilebia da daupy-

ria mTeli iberiis saxelmwifo, romelic samxreTiT

libiasTan mdebareobda, auyria qarTvelebi da gadmousax-

lebia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, anu kolxeTsa

da Semdgomdroindel lazikaSi. es momxdara qristeSo-

bamde VI saukuneSi. megasTenis aRniSnul cnobas imeo-

reben Semdegi drois istorikosebi marabas-katina (I s.),

mose xorenaci (V s.) da sxvebi.

nabuqodonosors qaldeelTa mefec erqva.

qveynis saxelwodebam ̀ qaldeam~ aTaswleulTa manZilze

adgili wainacvla samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Sumere-

53

bidan _ qarTvelebamde. nabuqodonosori, qaldeuri babil-

onis yvelaze cnobili mefe asurelTagan axlad ganTavisu-

flebul samSoblos saTaveSi Caudga 604 wlisaTvis da

562 wlamde marTavda mas.

nabuqodonosors hqonia RvTis siyvaruli (babilonSi

53 didi taZari da asobiT samlocvelo arsebobda). man

xelaxla aaSena daqceuli babiloni, taZarTa da sataZro

nagebobaTa aSeneba misi umTavresi sazrunavi iyo. maTken

iyo mimarTuli saxelganTqmuli babilonis saprocesio

gzebi, romlebsac mTel sigrZeze feradi (lurj-cisferi)

Wiquri miyveboda, maTze gamoyvanili yviTelfafriani

TeTri lomebiT, xarebiTa Tu gveleSapebiT. qaldeelTa

mefe dauRalavi mSenebeli iyo. misi xeliT ineba ufalma

ierusalimis dasja, sadac 597 wels gailaSqra, iudeis

mefe ioakimi ojaxiTa da warCinebulebiT babilonSi gada-

asaxla, ierusalimis umdidresi taZris ganZTan erTad.

male, ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, nabuq-

odonosorma kvlav aiRo ajanyebuli ierusalimi 587 wels,

gaZarcva, dawva, aTasobiT iudeveli gadaasaxles babilon-

Si, risTvisac aTwleulTa Semdgom TviT babilonic daisa-

ja. uflisagan gandgoma iyo mizezi ebraelTa datyveve-

bisa, rogorc ieremia winaswarmetyveli wers _ ̀ iyo uf-

lis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: wadi da yurSi CasZaxe

ierusalims: ase ambobs-Tqo ufali: me maxsovs Seni ymawvi-

luri erTguleba da patarZluri siyvaruli, roca mo-

myvebodi udabnoSi, uxnav-uTes miwaze. uflis siwmidea

israeli, misi mosavlis naTavari. yoveli misi mWameli

54

dadanaSauldeba, ubedureba daatydeba Tavs, ambobs ufa-

li. ismine uflis sityva iakobis saxlo da israelis sax-

lis yovelo sagvareulov! ase ambobs ufali: ra naxa Cem-

Si cudi Tqvenma mama-papam, rom ganmidga, amaoebas rom

ahyva da Tavadac amaoebaSi Caeflao?.. ar uTqvams

mRvdlebs, sad ariso ufali, rjulis kacebma ar micnes,

mwyemsebi gamidgnen, winaswarmetyvelni baalis saxeliT

giqadageben da usargeblo kerpebs akeTeben, amitomac

kidev meqneba TqvenTan dava... kargad gamoikvlieT, naxeT,

Tu sadme momxdara amgvari rame. Tu Seucvlia romelime

xalxs Tavisi RmerTebi, Tumca ar yofilan isini RmerTe-

bi. Cemma erma ki usargeblo kerpebze gadacvala Tavisi

dideba~ (ier. 2, 1-11). israelma ori danaSauli Caidina, _

ambobs ufali ieremias azriT: miatoves RmerTi _ cocx-

ali wyarosTvali da axali wylis Zebna daiwyes _ e.i. cru

RmerTebis Zieba (ier. 2.13). israelma amiT miatova uf-

lis saxlis Sviloba, ris gamoc iqca nadavlad mbrdRvi-

navi lomebisaTvis, romlebic udabnod uqceven qveyanas,

gadawvaven da gaaukacrieleben mis qalaqebs (2,15).

`radgan ase ambobs cabaoT ufali: gaCexeT xe da daax-

vaveT ierusalimis irgvliv. unda daisajos es qalaqi!

savsea ZaladobiT. rogorc WaSi grovdeba wyali, ase da-

grovda masSi boroteba. Zaladoba da Zarcva ismis iq.

sneuleba da Wrilobebia. Cems winaSe mudam frTxilad

iyavi ierusalimo, ar migatovos Cemma sulma, ar gadagaq-

cioT udabnod, ukacriel qveynad... radgan pataridan di-

damde yvela momxveWelia, winaswarmetyvelidan mRvde-

55

lamde yvela yalbismqmneli. zereled mkurnaloben Cemi

eris Wrilobebs. amboben mSvidobaao, mSvidoba! Tumca ar

aris mSvidoba. gana ar rcxveniaT, sibilwes rom Cadian?

ara! sulac ar rcxveniaT, amitomac daecemian dacemul-

Ta Soris, waiforxileben, roca davsji maT, _ ambobs

ufali~ (ier. 6.6-15).

ieremias RvTis sityvis gancxadebisaTvis simarTliT

Seuracxyofili brbo emuqreboda, cils swamebda da es-

wrafoda mis daRupvas. ukeTuri qceviT datanjuli

winaswarmetyveli wyevlida Tavis dabadebis dRes, magram

simarTlis Tqmas ganagrZobda. man pirdapir uTxra mis

dilegSi Camgdeb erT mRvdels: àse ambobs ufali: aha,

SiSis zars dagcem Sen da Sens megobrebs. daecemian isini

mtrebis maxvilisagan da Seni TvaliT ixilav amas.

babilonelTa mefis xelSi Cavagdeb mTels iudas. gada-

asaxlebs maT babilonSi da maxviliT amoswyvets~ (ier.

20,4).

winaswarmetyvelis sityvisamebr babilonis mefe nabu-

qodonosori gars Semoadga ierusalims. ieremiam ganucx-

ada iudeas mefes: `...ambobs ufali _ Cavagdeb cidkias,

iudas mefes da mis morCilebs, xalxs da yvelas... nabuq-

odonosoris, babilonis mefis xelSi...~ (21.7).

marTlac, aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba. israeliane-

bi babilonSi gadaasaxles, ieremia godebda: ̀ rogor mar-

to darCa qalaqi, odesRac xalxmravali, zis qvrivi qaliv-

iT, xalxTa qalbatoni da mxareTa dedofali moxarke

Seiqmna. tiris RamRamobiT, Rawvebze cremli sdis, aravin

56

hyavs nugeSinismcemeli, yvelam uRalata, mtrad gada-

ekidnen megobrebi~ (godeba, I: 1-2). àRasrula ufalma

ganzraxuli, aaxdina Tavisi naTqvami, rac hqonda nabrZa-

nebi ZvelTaganve, daaqcia da ar Seibrala. mteri gaaxara

Senze, rqa aRumaRla Sens duSmanebs... yrian quCis mtver-

Si ymawvili da moxuci, Cemi qalwulebi da moymeebi max-

viliT daecnen; daxoce Seni risxvis dRes, dakali, ar

dainde~ (2.17,21).

nabuqodonosorma daatyveva da gadaasaxla ebraeli

xalxi, masve, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zvel istorikosTa

cnobebiT, daulaSqravs qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, sadRac

samxreTSi mdebare, dautyvevebia qarTveloba da gada-

usaxlebia CrdiloeTis qveyanaSi, Savi zRvis aRmosav-

leT sanapiroze. israel dedaTa darad tirodnen albaT

qarTveli dedebic, magram maTi godebis aRmweri aravin

iyo, Cans, maT Soris ar hyavda ufals gamorCeuli erT-

guli. isini am droisaTvis kerpTmsaxurni iyvnen, WeSmar-

iti RmerTi mxolod eqvsasi wlis Semdeg Seicnes andria

mociqulis qadagebis meSveobiT.

aq oriode sityviT unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom

rCeul erTan, romelic aRTqmis darRvevisaTvis samarTli-

anad daisaja, ufalma kvlav ganaaxla Tavisi aRTqma.

babilonis tyveoba dasrulda. ebraelebi aRTqmul mi-

waze dabrundnen. qarTvelebi ki, Tuki vendobiT Zvel

istorikosTa cnobas maTi samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gada-

saxlebis Sesaxeb, dafuZdnen axal qveyanaSi, uwodes mas

Tavisi saxeli saqarTvelo. Tumca, simon janaSias dakvirve-

57

biT, kavkasia ZvelTaganve samSoblo iyo qarTvelebis,

iseve rogorc wina aziis zogierTi regioni. am drois-

aTvis moxda ara qarTvelTa gadasaxleba, aramed

samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles maTma poli-

tikurma centrebma. ese igi, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT

gadasaxlda mxolod politikuri elita. yovel SemTx-

vevaSi Tubalisa da meSeqis Zveli dideba saukuno warsu-

lad iqca. maTi adgili ̀ iberma~ daiWira.

iberi

ezekielis piriT gamoTqmuli winaswarmetyvelebis kiTx-

visas _ ̀ uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: aha, Sen-

ze var gog, roSis, muSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro!

gagabruneb da ybaSi Cangals amogdeb... Togormas saxls

CrdiloeTs kideebidan mTeli Tavisi urdoTi, uricxvi

xalxiTurT SenTan erTad~ _ gvaxsendeba s. janaSias si-

tyvebi _ ùeWvelia, rom VI-I saukuneebSi Cvens welTaR-

ricxvamde qarTvelobam didi zarali ganicada. am xanaSi

Semcirda qarTveli tomebis mosaxleoba da masTan erTad

am tomebma Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli poziciebi dah-

karges~ (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 212).

raRa darCa erT dros pirineidan pamiramde ganfenili

(n. mari) qarTveluri eTnosidan?

qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre qarTveluri

warmoSobis xalxebi iqcnen mcire tomebad, daemxo maTi

58

erT dros saxelovani saxelmwifoebi. TavianTi ubedure-

bisa da gaWirvebis dros ramdenime nakadad moaSures kavka-

sias, sadac egulebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba

maTi monaTesave qarTuli tomebisa _ saxelganTqmuli

kolxeTi. marTalia, kolxeTis Zlierebis xana (qristeSo-

bamde IX-VIII ss.) am droisaTvis ganvlili iyo, magram is

mainc fexze idga da bunebrivi sazRvrebisagan daculs

Zlieri mtrebic naklebad hyavda. momavali saqarTve-

losaken moiwevdnen tibaranebad qceuli Tubalebi, mesx-

ebad qceuli muSqebi, axla mcire tomebad qceuli qalde-

velebi anu xalibebi, karduxebi. herodotes Tanaxmad,

wina aziaSi amierkavkasiisken cxovrobdnen Semdegi tome-

bi _ mosxebi, tibaranebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, kolxebi,

alarodielebi, saspeirebi. is erT momentTan dakavSire-

biT wers _ `mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi exuraT. pat-

ara farebi da Subebi hqondaT... laSqrobdnen tibarane-

bi, makronebi da mosinikebi, romlebic mosxebiviT iyvnen

aRWurvilni... kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT...

alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebis msgavsad Seiar-

aRebulni laSqrobdnen~ (herodote, istoria, II, 434).

rogorc Cans, qarTuli tomebi im droisaTvis kidev ufro

mravalricxovani iyo.

`vrcel miwa-wyalze mcire aziasa, samxreT evropasa

da CrdiloeT afrikis sanapiroze mcxovrebi qarTuli

gvartomobis xalxebi~ (s. janaSia) aRniSnuli droisaTvis

kavkasiaSi SeyuJul tomebad iyvnen qceulni, magram ufal

RmerTs isini ar dauviwyebia. misca Zala, raTa Camoeyal-

59

ibebinaT erTiani `qarTlis samefod~ cnobili saxelm-

wifo. Sehkra isini erTian erad da imis Semdeg, rac dedami-

waze mosuli Ze RvTisa, WeSmariti RmerTi amaRlda, eCve-

na deda RvTisas da uTxra qarTveli eris Sesaxeb: _ ̀ hoi,

dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufros

yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis (`qarTlis

cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 38) uflis rCeul erad iqca, yvela

qristemoyvare eris msgavsad.

am siyvarulis niSnad pirvel saukuneSive Cvenma erma

miiRo zeciT qsovili kvarTi uflisa, erTiani, mTliani

da daunawevrebeli, niSnad imisa rom ̀ sazepuro eri~ mis

wiaRSi Senaxul kvarTis msgavsad samaradJamod, mis meo-

red mosvlamde, erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli unda

darCeniliyo, Tuki qristianobas daicavda. ufalma aTeul

tomebad qceuli qarTuli eTnosi qristeSobamde 3-4

saukuniT adre erTian erad aqcia erovnuli saxelmwifos

daarsebiT. erTian qarTul saxelmwifos ̀ qarTlis same-

fos~, xolo ucxoelebi iberias uwodebdnen, `moqcevaY

qarTlisaYs~ Tanaxmad, misi dasavleTi sazRvari egrisw-

yalze gadioda, ase rom, is moicavda aRmosavleT, samxreT

da dasavleT saqarTvelos. am saxelmwifos xalxi erTian

erad SekavSirda da mas `qarTvelni~ ewodebodaT. aqve

isic unda iTqvas, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs

gareT, samxreTSi aRmoCndnen mravalricxovani qarTuli

tomebi. qarTuli tomebi agreTve cxovrobdnen egriswy-

alTan gamavali sazRvris gadaRmac da aseve aRmosav-

leTiT _ albaneTis mimarTulebiT.

60

rogorc iTqva, gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi

aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifos gareT _ Savi zRvis san-

apiro mxareSi, romelsac qaldeas, anda WaneTs uwodebd-

nen.

aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daarse-

bam mefe farnavazis epoqaSi, faqtobrivad gamoiwvia

qarTuli eTnosis orad gayofa, kerZod, erTi nawili

aRmoCnda Tavis erovnul saxelmwifoSi, xolo meore naw-

ili samxreT-dasavleTiT aRmoCnda sxva saxelmwifos Se-

madgenlobaSi. am mdgomareobam xeli Seuwyo saerTo

qarTuli enis diferenciacia-danawevrebis gaRrmavebas.

amis mizezi iyo is, rom jer kidev farnavazis saxelmwi-

fos Seqmnamde saukuneebiT adre kolxuri kultura

moicavda ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed aR-

mosavleTis umetes nawils. kolxuri kulturis arealze

ki, rogorc miiCneva, gavrcelebuli iyo fuZe qarTuli

enis diferenciaciis Sedegad miRebuli, jer kidev gauy-

ofeli e.w. zan-qarTuli ena.

Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos ar

moicavda, masSi aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos didi

nawili Sedioda. kolxeTi kavkasiaSi qarTuli tomebis

gamarTianebeli iyo. herodotes aRweridanac Cans, rom

samxreT kavkasiur samyaroSi or qarTul toms aqvs hege-

monoba Tavis Tavze aRebuli, kolxebsa da mosxebs. ker-

Zod, laSqrobisas (anu politikuri moRvaweobisas) mosx-

ebTan erTad molaSqre tibaranebi, makronebi da mosini-

kebi mosxebiviT arian aRWurvilni, xolo kolxebTan er-

61

Tad myofi alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebiviT Se-

iaraRebulni. mosxebi da kolxebi ki warmmarTvelebad

Canan. magram mosxebs qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi mcx-

ovrebi berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli ̀ kolxur to-

mad~ miiCnevs, anu mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxia, zog-

adi saxelia kolxi, maSasadame, kolxeTi, kolxuri kul-

tura da yovelive, rac Zvel kolxeTTanaa dakavSirebu-

li, aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelos lokaluri kultu-

ra, aramed zogad-qarTuli eTnosisa, yvela qarTveluri

tomisa, es Seexeba enasac. Zvel-kolxuri ena unda iyos im

droisaTvis sustad diferencirebuli fuZe qarTulidan

gamoyofili, e.w. zan-qarTuli (jer kidev dauSleli) ena.

g. meliqiSvili wers _ ̀ mosxebs Zv.w.aR-is VI s-is berZe-

ni avtori hekatos mileteli ̀ kolxur toms~ eZaxis. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mesxuri elementi mudam qarTebis

elements emTxveva, ̀ kolxurs~ aq dasavlurqarTulis mniS-

vnelobas ver mivaniWebT, radgan, rogorc iTqva, Zveli

legendaruli kolxeTis arsebobis xanaSi (Zv.w.aR-is I

aTaswleulis pirveli saukuneebi) kolxeTi jer kidev

sustad diferencirebul qarTvelur eTnikur jgufs

moicavda. am dros megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris eno-

brivi gansxvaveba, yovel SemTxvevaSi jer ar unda yo-

filiyo. amitomac ̀ kolxi~ saxeli am uZveles xanaSi saer-

To qarTveluri, Tu qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) el-

ementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi

qarTvel tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis ar-

sebobis `kolxur~ xanaSi gaecnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac,

62

unda vifiqroT, am erTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen. am-

itomac mosxebis ̀ kolxur tomad~ moxsenieba hekatos mi-

letelTan, saerTod, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs da

megrul-Wanur warmomavlobaze arafers laparakobs~ (saq.

ist. narkv, I, gv. 395).

erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos formirebis epoqa,

romelic, cxadia, ramdenadme win uswrebda farnavazis

xanas (IV-III ss. qristeSobamde) xasiaTdeboda didi cvli-

lelebebiT... kerZod, am dros VIII-VI saukuneebSi kolxuri

kulturis arealSi samxreTidan Semovidnen sxvadasxva

qarTveluri tomebi, rac gamoiwvevda Zvrebs, mniSvnelo-

van gadanacvlebebs.

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, am drois qarTveluri jgufis

ZiriTadi kultura swored `kolxuri kultura~ unda

yofiliyo (ix. iqve, gv. 431). àkad. b. kuftinis azriT,

`kolxuri kulturis~ gavrcelebis sazRvari Tavdapirve-

lad mcxeTamde aRwevda. dRevandeli samxreT oseTis

mosaxleobac gviani brinjaos xanaSi mWidrod uka-

vSirdeboda ̀ kolxuri kulturis~ zonis mosaxleobas...

akad. s. janaSia xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom qarTli,

kerZod, istoriuli Sida qarTli, is teritoria unda

iyos, sadac gvian brinjaos xanaSi xdeboda aRmosavlur

da dasavlur kulturaTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebis urT-

ierTkveTa~ (iqve, gv. 432).

kolxuri kulturis areali vrceldeboda araTu Tan-

amedrove saqarTvelos umetes nawilze, aramed Crdilo

kavkasiaSic da vrclad samxreTis mimarTulebiTac _ ̀ ase-

63

Tia, magaliTad, upirveles yovlisa Crdilo oseTi da

yabardo-balyareTi mTavari qedis miRma, aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos vrceli zoli mdinare mtkvris CrdiloeT-

iT, mesxeTidan vidre aragvis xeobamde. istoriuli

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo Woroxis auzi da ufro

dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sanapiro, yovel SemTxvevaSi qalaq

ordumde mainc. aRarafers vambobT CvenTvis saintereso

tipis calkeul nivTebze, romlebic aRmoCenilia somxe-

Tis teritoriaze (axtala-lalvaris midamoebi, golovi-

no, parkari, leninakani) da urmiis tbis raionSi~ (iqve, gv.

255).

Tanamedrove CrdiloeT somxeTi, yovel SemTxvevaSi

bambakis mTis CrdiloeTiT mtkvris auzSi moqceuli ter-

itoria, istoriulad, aTaswleulTa manZilze saqar-

TveloSi Semaval miwa-wylad, samxreT-aRmosavleT mx-

ared miiCneoda, amitomac aq kolxuri kulturisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis aRmoCena unda CavTvaloT mt-

kvris samxreTiT kolxuri kulturis gavlenis gavrcele-

bad. rogorc Cans, kolxuri kultura vrceldeboda

Woroxisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamaval mtkvris

auzebSi, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. sad mdebareobda

centri, bude kolxuri kulturisa? _ miCneulia, rom is

mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ̀ rogorc araerT

mkvlevars aRuniSnavs, TviT dasavleT saqarTvelo am

kulturis ZiriTadi bude unda iyos~ (iqve, gv. 256), ma-

gram ratom ar SeiZleba es bude aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

yofiliyo, vTqvaT mtkvris xeobaSi (istoriul diaoxTan,

64

Semdegdroindel taosTan, klarjeTTan), anda Woroxis

xeobaSi, sadac zogierTi mkvlevari metalurgiis cen-

trebis arsebobas varaudobs? safiqrelia, rom bude kolx-

uri kulturisa mdebareobda rogorc dasavleT, ise aR-

mosavleT saqarTveloSi, is erTiani kulturaa da ara

lokaluri romelime kuTxisa. marTalia, jerjerobiT

ucnobia, vrceldeboda Tu ara kolxuri kultura mcxe-

Tis aRmosavleTiT, magram, ZvelqarTul wyaroTa Tanax-

mad, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT teritoriebi dasaxlebu-

li iyo qarTuli tomebiT (qarTlis cxovrebaSi asaxulia,

rom aq saxlobdnen qarTlosis uSualo STamomavalni).

kolxuri kulturis am arealSi gauvrceleblobis Sesax-

eb ki unda gavimeoroT g. meliqiSvilis naTqvami: ̀ ra Tqma

unda, savaldebulo ar aris, rom materialuri kultur-

is esa Tu is are zustad emTxveodes ama Tu im eTnikuri

jgufis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs~, (iqve, gv. 432).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruliad

unda daveTanxmoT g. meliqiSvils _ qristeSobamde pirve-

li aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saxeli ̀ kolxi~ saer-

To qarTveluri, anu zan-qarTuli (qarT-zanuri) elemen-

tis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. saxeli ̀ kolxi~ sustad

diferencirebul qarTul eTnikur erTobas moicavda (am-

itomac uwodebdnen ̀ mosxebs~ _ kolxebs).

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qristeSobamde VIII saukunis

Semdgom kolxuri kulturis arealSi didi cvlilebebi

moxda, CrdiloeTidan SemoiWrnen kimerielebi, maT daar-

bies kolxeTi, xolo samxreTidan TandaTan Semosula sx-

65

vadasxva qarTuli tomebi. es qarTuli tomebi erT dros

warmoadgendnen cnobil xalxebs TavianTi saxelmwifoe-

biT, maT gaaCndaT didi politikuri kultura, amitomac

Semosvlis Semdgom sakmaod male moaxdines damxvedri tome-

bis konsolidacia da Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ _

axali qarTuli saxelmwifo. s. janaSias Tanaxmad,

samxreTiT mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis

Semdeg politikurma centrebma CrdiloeTiT, dRevande-

li saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze gadmoinacvla. amas, rogorc

aRiniSna, xeli Seuwyo Zveli kolxuri samefos ganad-

gurebam kimerielTa mier. am Semosevis Semdgom, rogorc

fiqroben, kolxeTis (am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTve-

los) mosaxleobis nawili momxdurebTan brZolaSi gamw-

ydara, gadarCenilebs mezobel kuTxeebSi SeufarebiaT

Tavi.

samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT qarTuli tomebis Semosv-

las, anu politikuri centrebis gadmonacvlebas garkveu-

lad gamoucocxlebia Zveli kolxeTi. samefoc Camoyal-

ibda, saqme is iyo, rom kolxebi da Semosuli tomebi,

rogorc aRiniSna, erTi eTnosi, erTi warmoSobis xalxi

iyo. ase, magaliTad, s. janaSia fiqrobda, rom kolxuri

brinjaos kultura SeiZleboda Tubalebis (Tobelis)

kultura yofiliyo.

s. janaSia bibliaSi naxseneb iafetis Ze Tubals da

kaenis STamomavlebs _ Tubal-kaens, iabels, iubals ase

akavSirebda kolxebTan (da iberebTan): `CvenTvis sain-

tereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb bibliis ori sxvadasxvagvari

66

cnobis SeTanxmeba Zneli ar unda iyos. is garemoeba, rom

erT SemTxvevaSi Tubali martoa dasaxelebuli, xolo

meore SemTxvevaSi mas Zmebic hyavs _ Yabali da Yubali,

Cveni azriT im garemoebas mowmobs, rom pirvelad xalxi

mTliani saxiTaa warmodgenili, meored ki _ Tavisi mTa-

vari tomebis saxiT. advilad aixsneba Tubalis ori sax-

elic _ Tubal-kaeni da Tobeli: ̀ kain~ ̀ keni~ aq epiTetia,

romelic, saTanado semituri Ziris saSualebiT ̀ mWedels~

aRniSnavs, Tubali xom upiratesad mWedeli da metalurg-

ia, SesaZlebelia isic (n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili), rom aq

gvqondes saTanado satomo saxelis gaazrebac (`kaenebs~,

rogorc vnaxeT, ixseniebs pliniusi da SemdegSi cnobilni

arian Wanni _ okaenitebic). dabadebis meoTxe Tavis cnobaSi

sayuradReboa fuZis axali formebi, romlebic Cven winaT

ar Segvxvedria _ Tavkiduri T//t-s nacvlad _ Y. es, ueWve-

lia, axali safexuria am saxelis ganviTarebaSi. am cno-

biT mocemuli Sesatyvisobani: T//t _ h//Y-0 safuZvels

aZleven iv. javaxiSvilis da i. yifSiZes Tubal-Tabali

da iberi, Sualedi rgolebiT, erTmaneTs daukavSiron.

prof. iv. javaxiSvili amasTanave gamoTqvams mosazrebas,

rom tabal _ qarTebis gamoTqmaa, tubal _ tobal _

megrul-Wanuri, xolo tibar svanur gamoTqmas uaxlovde-

bao. sakmarisia movigonoT asuruli cnoba tabalebis 24

samefos arsebobis Sesaxeb, rom paraleluri formebis

aseTi simdidre savsebiT bunebrivad miviCnioT da sxva

dakarguli formebic vivaraudoT. dasasrul, movigonoT,

rogor axasiaTebs am qarTvelur moZme tomebs ̀ SesaqmeTa

67

wignis~ avtori. Tobelis, anu Tubal-kaenis Sesaxeb aq

naTqvamia: èse iyo kveriT xuroY, mWedeli rvalisa da

rkinisa~ (IV, 22). Tu amas davukavSirebT Tanamedrove ar-

qeologis mier dadgenil faqts, rom brinjaos SesaniS-

navi kultura, romelsac winaT yobanis kulturas eZaxd-

nen, namdvilad kolxeTis kulturaa, rom am kulturis

ayvavebis xana swored Tabal-Tubalis epoqaze modis, rom

kolxuri brinjaos kultura, uaxlesi aRmoCenebiT vr-

celdeba Sors samxreTiT mcire aziisaken (vgulisxmobT

arTvinisa da ordus ganZebs), maSin bunebrivad SeiZleba

davsvaT sakiTxi: xom ar aris kolxuri brinjaos kultu-

ra namdvilad Tubalebis, anu Tubal-kainebis kultu-

ra?~ (s. janaSia, III, 1959, gv. 71-73).

ase akavSirebda s. janaSia Tubals kolxTan da iber-

Tan, xolo mesxebs kolxebTan qristeSobamdec akavSirebd-

nen.

anTropologiurad aRniSnul xanaSi mTeli kavkasiis

mosaxleoba erTgvarovani yofila. m. abduSeliSvili wers

_ ̀ amrigad, mTeli kavkasiis brinjaos xanis mosaxleoba

ekuTvnoda erT anTropologiur tips, romelic zogad

rasobriv sistematikaSi samxreT-evropeiduli rasis xmel-

TaSuazRvispiruli tipis saxeliT aris cnobili. saqarTve-

los gvian brinjaos da Semdgom rkinis farTo aTvisebis

periodis mosaxleoba anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT ti-

pobrivad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. rac gamor-

icxavs raime axali, adgilobrivisagan gansxvavebuli el-

ementebis Semosvlas sakvlev teritoriaze drois aRniS-

68

nul monakveTSi~ (`qarTveli xalxis anTropologiuri is-

toria~).

anTropologiuri, kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva ms-

gavsi erToba unda yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qriste-

Sobamde VI saukuneSi aRorZinebul kolxeTis samefoSi,

romelic amjerad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos moicav-

da, ganfenili iyo samxreTidan Semosulad miCneuli e.w.

mesxuri tomebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi pro-

vinciebi da aseve rionis samxreTiTac moqceuli miwa-

wyali, ZvelTaganve msgavsi elementebiT Cans dasaxlebu-

li. ̀ samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze SemoR-

weuli mcireazieli muSqebi (mesxebi), Cans, aqtiur rols

asrulebdnen am mxaris politikur cxovrebaSi... Semdeg-

Si aqedan kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrceldnen. mesx-

uri samosaxloni unda gaCeniliyo rogorc dasavleT, ise

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi... damaxasiaTebelia, rom mcir-

eaziuli warmoSobis saxelwodebebi umkvidrdeba ara mar-

to Sida qarTlis miwa-wyalze aRmocenebul cixe-qalaqebs,

aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT raionebSi

warmoSobil zog amgvar centrsac... mcireaziuli ele-

mentis politikuri hegemonoba vrceldeba mesxeTs, Sida

qarTlsa da sxvaTa Soris, agreTve dasavleT saqarTve-

los aRmosavleT nawilzec. es is teritoriebia, sadac

mimdinareobda adgilobrivi qarTis da mcire aziidan

SemoRweuli mesxuri elementis wiaRSi aRmosavlur

qarTuli (qarTlis, iberiis) saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba~

(saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 397).

69

unda vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis samefos (VI-IV ss.) wiaR-

Sive safuZveli eyreboda axal erTian qarTlis saxelm-

wifos, farnavazis mier daarsebuls. amas unda miuTiTeb-

des, wyaroTa Cveneba imis Sesaxeb, rom farnavazis

winamorbedi (samefo taxtze) azoni ara marto aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac mar-

Tavda. qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosavleT

SavizRvispireTSi (istoriuli kolxeTis samxreT raion-

ebSi) mcxovrebi mosaxleoba sparselebma daimorCiles. am

adgilebSi 401 wels gaiara qsenofontem. misi aRweriT,

adgilobrivi tomebi ukve ganviTarebulni iyvnen. kar-

duxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinike-

bi, koitebi da tibarenebi ar emorCilebodnen sparseTs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom is `kolxebs~ uwodebs ara rionis xe-

obaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, aramed trapezuntis mi-

damoebSi mcxovrebT. daaxloebiT am dros (ramdenadme

gviandel periods) exeba qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaY

qarTlisaY~, romlis Tanaxmadac, samxreTSi _ wina aziaSi

mcxovrebi qarTvelebis elita àrian-qarTlis~ mefe

azovem gadmoasaxla da ganasaxla sruliad saqarTvelo-

Si, maT Soris rionisa da enguris xeobebSic, vidre egris

wylamde. Tu es wyaro sworia, maSin rogorc dasavleT,

ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi aqamde kolx-

uri kulturis arealSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas Serevia

samxreTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTveloba da Semde-

gdroindeli qarTuli tomebi Tanabari xarisxiT maTi

memkvidreni arian. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnuli wyarodan

70

Cans, unda vivaraudoT, rom ̀ arian-qarTlis~ mefem sruli-

ad saqarTveloSi ganasaxla ara raime mniSvnelovani raode-

nobiT mosaxleoba, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, aramed

mxolod mmarTveli zeda fena, aznaur-Tavisufali mcir-

ericxovani mmarTveli zeda fena. pavle ingoroyvas mier

aRdgenili Txzulebis teqstSi ikiTxeba qarTvelTa gad-

mosaxlebis Sesaxeb _ `xolo ese azoY warvida àrian-

qarTlad~ mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana aTasi saxli md-

abioY uflisaY da aTni saxli mamamZuZeTani~ (p. ingoroy-

va, t. 4, gv. 515, 1978 w.). aq `mamamZuZe niSnavs mTavars,

aseve unda vifiqroT, rom ̀ mdabioY uflisaY~ ufalTan,

anu mefesTan daaxloebul pirebs ewodebaT, arseni beri

Sesabamis teqstSi gadmoscems, rom azom arian qarTl-

idan moiyvana aTasi saxli ̀ mdabioY uflisaY~ da aTi sax-

li ̀ mTavarTagan~. sul moyvanilia aTas aTi saxli. ̀ mo-

qcevaY qarTlisaYs~ miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli mosaxleobis

STamomavalni arian qarTvelebi, rom maT maleve Seqmnes

saxelmwifo, magram SeuZlebelia aTas aT ojaxs Seeqmna

uzarmazari, zRvidan albaneTamde gadaWimuli saxelm-

wifo, cxadia, aTas aTi saxli warmoadgenda zeda fenas,

anu saxelmwifos dvritas, mmarTvel aparats, wyobileb-

is xerxemals. es aris swored is, razedac miuTiTebda

simon janaSia. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, moxda ara mosaxle-

obis masiuri gadasaxleba, aramed qarTuli politikuri

centrebis gadanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. anu

iqamde kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovrebi qarTvelo-

ba aaxlebs Tavis saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebas. ufro

71

maRali saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciisa da kulturis

mqone samxreTuli qarTuli zedafenis meoxebiT maT Camo-

ayalibes ̀ qarTlis samefo~ (anu iberiisa), aRmosavleT-

dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifo.

swored zeda fena rom movida, amis anarekli Cans ̀ qarT-

lis cxovrebaSic~. am Txzulebis mixedviT azo _ dampy-

robelia, makedoneli, romelsac hyavs ̀ asi aTasi romae-

li~, romlis ZaliTac xelisufleba aqvs damyarebuli

qarTvelobaze. ̀ moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, rogorc viciT, azos

Tan mohyva ̀ aTasi saxli mdabio~, _ ̀ qarTlis cxovrebis~

mixedviT ki ̀ asi aTasi~ romaeli. unda vigulisxmoT, rom

Tavis mxriv ̀ saxlic~ Tavis qveS gulisxmobs SeiaraRebu-

li mebrZolebis (anu brZolisunariani mamakacebis) _ aram-

cire raodenobas. Tu gvian saukuneebSic ki ̀ komlSi~ 20-

mde mamakacs gulisxmobdnen, qristeSobamde, roca ojax-

ebi gauyofelni iyvnen, ̀ saxlSi~ uTuod didi raodeno-

bis mamakacebi unda igulisxmebodes. Tu mocemul ricx-

vebs ̀ asi aTasi~ da ̀ aTas saxls~ erTmaneTs SevadarebT,

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom erT ̀ saxls~ asamde SeiaraRebu-

li mamakacis gamoyvana SeeZlo. sad daasaxla azom Semoy-

vanili mosaxleoba, anu romel qveyanas Cauyara man safuZ-

veli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT _ ìgi imorCilebs

qarTlTan erTad hereTs da, amrigad, avrcelebs Tavis

xelisuflebas mdinare berdujidan (dRevandeli debeda)

vidre ̀ speris zRvamde (e.i. Sav zRvamde), ipyrobs agreTve

dasavleT saqarTvelos (egriss), xarks adebs osebs, leke-

bs da xazarebs~ (narkv. gv. 438). ̀ moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, azo

72

Semoiyvana aleqsandre makedonelma. ai, rogor sazRvreb-

Si moaqcia misi qveyana _ `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres

mefesa azo, ZeY arian qarTlisa mefisa da mas miuboZa

mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da

egris wyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (Zv.

qarT. ag. lit. Zegl. t. I, 1964, gv. 81).

am wyaros Tanaxmadac, azo _ dasavleT saqarTvelos

sruli mpyrobelia, vidre egriswylamde, maSasadame, mas

Tavisi ̀ aTasi saxli~ mdabioni, xolo, Cveni azriT, Tavisi

sayrdeni xelisufalni, unda gaenawilebina mTel samar-

Tav teritoriaze, rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi. cxadia, moxdeboda damxvdurebisa da moms-

vlelebis Serwyma, amitomac Semdgomi drois mematianeni

TavianT Tavs (e.i.qarTvelobas) Tvlidnen _ ̀ arian qarTl-

idan~ mosuli qarTvelobis memkvidreebad.

swrafad urTierTSerwymas xeli albaT imanac Seuwyo,

rom momsvlelnic da damxvdurnic erTi eTnosisani, erTi

warmoSobisani iyvnen. ̀ wmida ninos cxovrebis~ zemoxseneb-

ul arsen beriseul variantSi naTqvamia, rom Cven,

qarTvelebi am arian-qarTlidan gadmosaxlebulTa STa-

momavlebi varTo. igivea naTqvami ̀ moqcevaYs~ ufro Zvel,

Satberdiseul xelnawerSi. armazis mTaze mdgomi gacisa

da gas kerpebis aRwerisas nino ambobs, rom isini iyvnen

Tqveni (qarTvelTa) ̀ arian-qarTleli~ mamebis (e.i. winapre-

bis) RmerTebi. mefe miriani, mimarTavs ra ninos, amave

gacisa da gas eZaxis ̀ Cveni mamebis (winaprebis) Zvel Rm-

erTebs~ (narkv. gv. 438).

73

yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT Cven imis Tqma gvsurs, rom

farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos mdgradoba

gamowveuli iyo mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebiT, Tumca ki,

erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT egrisw-

ylidan da Savi zRvidan somxeT-albaneTamde arsebobda

tomTa siWrele, magram saxelmwifom es tomebi Sekra, erad

aqcia, amitomac, Cveni matianeebi aTaswleulTa manZilze

yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc

dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxle-

obas qarTvelebs uwodebdnen, ucxoelebi ki iberebs. sx-

vadasxva qarTuli tomebis erTian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli

uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis

dros qarTuli fuZe-enis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo.

tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan, e.w. qarTebisa,

zanebisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am oriaTas xuTasi

wlis win erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen.

isini damoukidebel enebad Camoyalibdnen Semdgom,

safiqrebelia mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili

saxelmwifo daiSala (igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslis

SvilTa dros). qristeSobamde IV saukuneSi, jer kidev

farnavazis saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, pirvelad iqna

moxsenebuli iberTa saxeli ucxour mwerlobaSi. rogorc

Cans, qarTvelebi iberTa saxelwodebiT pirvelad moixs-

enies platonma da aristotelem. s.janaSia wers _ ̀ pla-

toni Tavis `kanonebSi~, ixseniebs ìberebs~ im `meomar

xalxTa~ Soris, romelnic svamen uwylo Rvinos. aristo-

tele ki ambobs _ ìberebis~ meomari xalxi saflavis

74

garSemo imden sars arWoben xolme, ramdeni mteric mok-

luli hyavs micvalebulso~. safiqrebelia, rom aq

qarTvelebi igulisxmebian, magram gadaWriT amis Tqmis-

aTvis damatebiTi masalaa saWiro~ (s.janaSia, t. III, gv. 48).

oriode saukuniT adre herodotesTvis ucnobi iyo es

sityva _ iberi, rogorc Cans, is sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda

im dros, _ sasperebad. herodote erTi modgmis saspereb-

sa da kolxebs ixseniebs aseve erTi modgmis sparselebsa

da midielebTan erTad. es ukanasknelnic Semdgom erT

xalxad iqcnen. swored aRniSnuli ori modgmis xalxi _

sparsuli (sparsel-midielni) da qarTuli (kolx-sasperebi)

cxovrobdnen uzarmazar teritoriaze _ sparseTis yure-

sa (wiTeli zRva) da Sav zRvas Soris. _ `sparsebi cx-

ovroben samxreTis zRvamde, romelic ̀ wiTlad~ iwode-

boda. maT zemoT CrdiloeTisaken cxovroben midielebi,

midielebis zemoT _ sasperebi, sasperebis zemoT _ kolx-

ebi, CrdiloeTis zRvamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazi-

si. es oTxi xalxi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde~.

sasperebs, rogorc Cans, faqtobrivad eWiraT adgili

urartuelebisa, romelTa politikuri centrebi VI sauku-

nisaTvis ukve ganadgurebuli iyo midielTa da skviTTa

mier, Tumca, rogorc Cans, sasperebi CrdiloeTis (mo-

mavali aRmosavleT iberiis) teritoriasac moicavdnen.

CrdiloeTis aRniSnuli teritoriebi, Tavis droze naw-

ilobriv kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sediodnen. aq unda

gavixsenoT isic, rom Semdgomi drois avtorTa Tanaxmad,

iberielebi mdinare araqsamde cxovrobdnen. sasperebis

75

Seviwroeba armenielTa tomebis Semosvlam gamoiwvia yo-

fili urartus teritoriaze.

s. janaSias saxeli ̀ iberi~ gamohyavda terminebidan _

subar-sasperi-sper. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom

mas ukavSirebda bibliis Tubalsa da Tobels.

`CvenTvis saintereso satomo saxelis fuZis, zemoT,

dokumenturad, damowmebuli Tu kanonzomierad aRdge-

nili variantebi _ tibar, taber, tabar, tiber, hiber,

iber da am saxelwodebaTa matarebeli tomebis gavrceleb-

is are, gansakuTrebiT mcire aziis Sinagani olqebi, auci-

leblobiT da savsebiT damarwmuneblad ukavSirdeba, erTi

mxriT, `dabadebis~ Tubalsa da Tobels, meore mxriv,

asuruli warwerebis tabals (rogorc Cveulebriv swer-

en) anu Tabals. ̀ dabadebis~ faqtebi, ukve didi xania, rac

specialur ganmartebis sagnad iqca. jer kidev cnobili

swavluli ebraeli ioseb flabiosi (I s., ax.w.aR-iT) amt-

kicebda, rom iafetis Svilis Tubal-Tobelis STamo-

mavalni mis dros iberebad iwodebodnen... SemdgomSi

flabioss xSirad imeorebdnen Zveli mwerlebi, gan-

sakuTrebiT, bibliur genealogiaTa ganmmartebelni, ma-

gram axalma mecnierebamac es debuleba TiTqmis uyoyman-

od miiRo~ (s.janaSia, III, gv. 63).

davamatebT, rom ̀ Tubals~ da misgan nawarmoeb ̀ tibare-

nis~ ukavSireben kolxebsac da lazebsac. amiT kidev erTx-

el xazi esmeba kolxebisa da iberebis erT eTnikur

mTlianobas _ `straboniT, jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi

mTeli mxare kolxeTis dasavleTiT md. Ralisis SesarTa-

76

vamde iwodeboda tibaraniad da dasaxlebuli iyo tibaran-

uli tomebiT. bizantiuri, ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomx-

uri cnobebiT ki viciT, rom am miwa-wyals Sua saukunee-

bis mTel manZilze ewodeboda kolxida, lazika (laze-

Ti), xaldia da (dasavleT ganapiras) Waniki...~ (s. janaSia,

t. V, gv. 49). bibliuri Tubalis STamomavalni arian ibere-

bi, rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

iberebi ewodaT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasac _

kolxebsac, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdgom. am sax-

elmwifos mTeli mosaxleobis saxelis tibaran TobelebT-

an dakavSireba swored amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs. qarTvelni,

anu iberni iafetis Zis STamomavalni arian, wilxvedri

yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa, nakurTxni uflis mier.

alali da arami (urartu da armenia)

arsebobda Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, saberZneTSi,

italiasa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogi sxva regionis

uZvelesi mcxovrebni pelasgebi, etruskebi, iberebi da

sxvebi kavkasielebTan, SumerebTan, elamelebTan, xeTebT-

an, urartuelebTan erTad ganekuTvnebodnen `xalxTa

alarodiul ojaxs~. maT akuTvnebdnen qarTvelebsac. faq-

tobrivad, aRniSnuli Teoriis gaRrmavebas warmoadgens

amJamad miRebuli Tvalsazrisi iberiul-kavkasiur ena-

Ta ojaxis SesaZlo naTesaobis Sesaxeb xuritulTan (aqedan

urartulTan), protoxeTurTan, elamurTan. es enebi

77

Turme avlenen zogierT saerTo niSans gramatikul wy-

obaSi. s. janaSia urartuelebs, romelTac xaldebs (Ta-

vianT saxels) uwodebda _ qarTvelTa uSualo winapreb-

ad miiCnevda. ̀ xaldebis eTnikuri vinaoba sruliad ueWve-

lia, isini qarTveli xalxis erT nawils Seadgendnen~, _

werda is (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 35). s.janaSia faqto-

brivad aviTarebs Cveni eklesiis wmindanis ilia marTlis

(WavWavaZis) Tvalsazriss urartuelTa Sesaxeb.

`diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni

yofilan, qarTvelTa sisxl-xorci eri yofila... Cven

usabuTod ar vambobT urartelebis qarTvelobas~ (i.

WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, 1987, gv. 84).

urartuelebs IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiasa

da mis momijnave teritoriebze gaaCndaT TavianTi damw-

erloba, religia, TavisTavadi kultura, xelovneba,

uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romelic qristeSobamde VII-VI

saukuneebSi dasustda da sabolood daeca midielTa xe-

liT. urartueli xalxi usaxelmwifod darCa, uZlieresi

mtrebi swored eTnikur urartuelebs devnidnen. yvela

gadamTieli batonad iqca maT qveyanaSi.

ùrartus samefos dacemis Semdeg mis dasavleT per-

iferiaze gaaqtiurdnen somexi tomebi. maT TandaTano-

biT iwyes aRmosavleTiT winsvla da Zveli urartus mTel

rig raions daeuflnen. Zv.w.aR-is VI saukunis bolos spar-

sul warwerebSi Zveli urartu ukve àrminad~ iwodeba,

xolo es saxeli TandaTan ucxoelTa wreSi swored somx-

ebs ukavSirdeba. amaSi gamoxatuleba hpova urartus Ziri-

78

Tad raionebSi somxebis hegemonobis damyarebis faqtma.

urartus mosaxleobis erTi nawili amasobaSi somexTa

wreSi gaiTqvifa... ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es nel-nela

xdeboda, xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani procesi iyo.

urartuelT ucbad ar daukargavT Tavisi sakuTari to-

mobrioba, Tavisi ena, kultura, eTnikuri individualo-

ba. sainteresoa, rom swored Zveli urartus teritoria

igulisxmeba sparseTis XVIII satrapiaSi (olqSi), romel-

Sic, Zv.w.aR-is V s-is berZeni avtoris herodotes cno-

biT, Sediodnen alarodiebi, matienebi da sasperebi. am-

aTgan alarodi, ueWvelia, Zvel urartelebs gulisxmobs

_ saxeli àlarodi~ (ararodi) odnav saxecvlili igive

ùrartua~. es saxeli SemorCa dRes araratis mTas, romel-

sac adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba ̀ masiss~ uwodebs

(Zv. aRm. xalxTa istoria, gv. 359).

urartuelTa saxeli qarTvelTa mexsierebas ̀ alalis~

saxiT unda Semoenaxa. amis safuZveli iqneboda isic, rom

berZnebic urartuelebs _ alarodebs, alalodebs

uwodebdnen.

_ movses xorenaci, mama somxuri istoriografiisa,

arams somxur tomebs uwodebs, is wers _ ̀ rogorc yvela-

saTvis cnobilia, garSemo mobinadre xalxebi Cvens qvey-

anas dRemde aramis saxelis mixedviT eZaxian~ (`somxeTis

istoria~, 1984 w., gv. 77).

àrami~ _ somexTa ramdenime eTnarqis saxelia xorena-

cis mixedviT. somexTa mamamTavrebis genealogia aseTia _

ìafetma Sva gameri, gamerma Sva Tirasi, Tirasma Sva

79

Torgomi, Torgomma Sva amasia, amasiam Sva gelami, gelam-

ma Sva harma, harmam Sva arami, aramma Sva ara mSvenieri~

(iqve, gv. 62).

rogorc vxedavT, maT Soris ̀ arami~ ramdenimes hqvia,

mxolod sxvadasxva variaciebiT. amitomac SeiZleba Zvel

cnobierebaSi somxeTis saxeli _ arams daukavSirda. ala-

li da arami xalxebi Cveni mezoblebi iyvnen, maT erT-

maneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar hqonia ilia

WavWavaZisa da sxva mecnierTa mosazrebiT. lenormanio,

wers ilia, urartuelebs qarTvelebad da qarTvelTa

monaTesaveebad miiCnevs da ara somxebis `romelTanac

urartuelebs araviTari naTesaoba ara aqvT~ (i. WavWavaZe,

Txz., t. V, gv. 88).

yovelive zemomoyvanili sainteresoa Cveni eklesiis

ierarqisa da mematianis, leonti mroveli episkoposis

qarTvel eTnarqTa genealogiis ganxilvisaTvis.

`qarTlis cxovreba~, SeiZleba iTqvas, somexTa xsenebiT

iwyeba, `pirvelad vaxsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da

qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa,

megrelTa da kavkasianelTa _ amaT TvisTa erTi iyo mama,

saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli

iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 3).

mrovelis mier gadmocemuli genealogiiT, Targamo-

sis STamomavloba aseTia: ̀ pirvelsa erqva haos, meoresa

qarTlos, mesamesa bardos, meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa

lek, meeqvsesa heros, meSvidesa kavkas, mervesa egros~

(iqve, gv. 4).

80

Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xorenacisa da mrovelis mier

gadmocemul genealogiur siebs, aseT suraTs miviRebT:

xorenaciT: mroveliT:

iafeti _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafeti

gameri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafetis Ze

Tarasi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TarSi

Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamos

haiki _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ haos, qarTlos da

a.S.

xorenacis Torgomi, rogorc mrovelis Targamosi, iafe-

tis STamomavalia, mrovels (iseve, rogorc xorenacis)

Targamosis Zed miaCnia haos anu haiki. gansxvaveba isaa,

rom qarTveli episkoposis azriT, Targamoss rva Ze hyav-

da, xolo somexi qeTxudis (rjulis maswavleblis) azriT,

_ erTi Ze.

xorenaciT mroveliT

Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamosi

haiki haos, qarTlos, bardos,

movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros

sruliad aSkaraa _ leonti mroveli an xorenacis gene-

alogiiT sargeblobs da umatebs mas saxelebs qarTveli

eTnarqebisas, anda xorenaci iyenebs romeliRac Zvel

genealogias, sadac Targamosi kavkasielebis mamamTavradaa

81

gamoyvanili, magram ar asaxelebs Targamosis sxva Zeebs,

garda haosisa. amgvari qmedebebis mizezs TviTonve asaxe-

lebs, oRond ̀ saRvTo rjulis~ magaliTis moSveliebiT

_ `saqme isaa, rom saRvTo werili gamohyofs Tavisian-

ebs, Tavis sakuTar ers. xolo sxvebs, viTraca uRirsT

da SeuracxT, ugulebelyofs, maTi STamomavlobis Sesax-

eb arafers ambobs~ (movses xorenaci `somxeTis isto-

ria~, gv. 63).

Tu saRmrTo werilic ki ar asaxelebda eTnarqebs,

aramed mxolod `Tavisianebs~, Tavis sakuTari eris eT-

narqebs gamohyofda da sxvebs ugulebelhyofda, e.i. ar

asaxelebda, srulebiT araa gasakviri, rom xorenacs ar

daesaxelebina Targamosis sxva STamomavlebi, garda hao-

sisa _ somexTa eTnarqisa, miT umetes rom mas kavkasiis

sxva erebi SedarebiT umniSvnelo erebad miaCnda.

ufro savaraudoa, rom xorenacma daasaxela Targamo-

sis erTi Ze _ haosi, xolo mrovelma Targamosis Zeebis

ricxvi gazarda. leonti mroveli imeorebs xorenacis

genealogias, oRond avsebs mas sakuTari eris eTnarqebis

saxelebiT. ismis kiTxva _ leonti mrovelma ratom miiC-

nia qarTvelTa eTnarqebi da somexTa eTnarqi erTi mamis

Svilebad, hqonda Tu ara mas amisTvis raime safuZveli?

unda vifiqroT, rom amis safuZveli iyo qarTvel xalxSi

daculi Zveli gadmocema (anda cnoba) imis Sesaxeb, rom

uZveles dros saqarTvelos samxreTiT, romelsac Semdgom

somxeTi ewoda, erT dros cxovrobda qarTvelTa monaTe-

save didi eri.

82

alali xalxis xsovna mrovelis dros, aTeulobiT sauku-

nis win, uTuod metad iyo SemorCenili Zvel saqarTvelo-

Si, vidre Semdgom. vin icis, iqneb haosSi Cveni Zveli

mematianeni Zvel urartuelebs gulisxmobdnen, romel-

Ta Sesaxebac ilias Zveli Tavaduri sisxli aTqmevinebda

_ `diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni

yofilan~.

marTalia, urartus qarTvelTa monaTesave Zveli tome-

bi maT qveyanaSi Semosul armenielebSi asimilirdnen,

magram SeuZlebelia qarTul azrovnebaSi ar darCenil-

iyo mogoneba an gadmocema maT Sesaxeb. albaT, mogvi-

anebiT leonti mrovelis an misi wyaros epoqaSi qarTul-

ma azrovnebam Zveli urartus qarTvelebi da somxebi

gauTanabra erTmaneTs da mematianem miiCnia, rom swored

somxebi iyvnen ̀ Tvisni~ qarTvelebisa. ufro metic, Tar-

gamosis ZeTa Soris udidesnica da upiratesnic _ ̀ xolo

haos umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari

araodes yofil iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT da arca

Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa, simxniTa~ (q. c. I, gv. 4).

somexTa winapris aseTi qeba, adamis STamomavalTa Soris

yvelaze ukeTesad miCneva, TviT somex mematianeebsac ara

aqvT gamoTqmuli, miT umetes, rom armenielebi arc ki

moixseniebodnen urartus saxelmwifos daqcevamde (qriste-

Sobamde VI saukuneSi), msgavsi qeba ki namdvilad SeSveno-

da alarodielT, urartus brwyinvale saxelmwifos mqone

ers, romlis dideba, Zliereba da xelovneba Zvel sam-

yaroSi erT-erTi uSesaniSnavesi iyo. albaT amitomac miC-

83

neul iqna alalTa adgilas mcxovrebi armenielebis war-

suli ase saxelovnad.

leonti mroveli qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa eTnar-

qebs erTmaneTis ̀ Tvisebs~ uwodebda da Zmebad miiCnevda,

anu kavkasiel xalxebs erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis mqone

monaTesave erebad Tvlida. iberiul-kavkasiurma mecniere-

bam, romelic meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna, xangrZlivi ZiebiT

daasabuTa kavkasiis mkvidr erTa monaTesaveoba. amito-

mac unda vifiqroT, rom leonti mrovels, anu misi epo-

qis mecnierebas gaaCnda raRac sabuTi anda gadmocema

kavkasielTa monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb. xolo Tuki mis mier

naxseneb ̀ haosis~ qveS vigulisxmebT urartuelebs, maSin

Cvens Tvalwin gacocxldeba Teoria e.w. alarodiel xalx-

Ta ojaxis (e.i. Zvel urartuelTa da sxvaTa) monaTesav-

eobis Sesaxeb.

armenieli xalxi, rogorc aRiniSna, qristeSobamde VI

saukuneSi Camoyalibda, xolo leonti mroveli qriste-

Sobamde aTaswleulebis win debs Targamosisa da misi

Zeebis kavkasiaSi Semosvlis TariRs. niko mari miiCnevda,

rom am epoqisaTvis (aTaswleulebis win) iafeturi (qarTve-

luri) enebi moicavda msoflios vrcel regions. am droi-

saTvis, misi azriT, qarTveluri enebi gavlenas axdend-

nen fuZe indoevropulze, urTierToba hqondaT semitur-

Tan, somxur enas ki niko mari miiCnevda `narevi tipis~

enad, ̀ n. mari intensiurad muSaobda somxur filologia-

Sic. mas, rogorc qarTulis karg mcodnes, uTuod unda

SeeniSna, rom somxur enaSi bevri ram, rac indoevropul

84

enebTan SedarebiT ver aixsneba, SeiZleba aixsnas qarTul-

Tan SedarebiT~ (i. SilakaZe, Zveli somxuri enis gramati-

ka~, 1975 w., gv. 27). ̀ n. maris mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia,

am minarevma somxuri ena aqcia raRac saSualod kavkasi-

ursa (Semdeg iafetursa) da indoevropul (Semdeg prom-

eTeidul) enebs Soris mdgom enad~ (iqve, gv. 30). i. Silaka-

Ze wers _ ̀ somxeTis teritoriaze indo-evropuli modg-

mis xalxs mermindel mosulebad vivaraudebT Tu adgi-

lobriv mkvidrad (rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs), erTi

cxadia: am teritoriaze winaT arsebobda saxelmwifoebi

da cxovrobdnen xalxebi (Tu tomebi), romelTac qarTv-

el xalxTan (da saerTod kavkasiel xalxebTan) garkveu-

li kavSiri hqondaT, Tu asea, cxadia, somexi xalxi, rogorc

eTnikuri erTeuli, uTuod Seicavs am xalxebis da tome-

bis minarevs. am minarevs ki Tavisi wvlili unda Seetana

axal ojaxSi. es eWvs gareSea. maSasadame, somxurSi indo-

evropul enebTan SedarebiT auxsnelTagan bevri ram Sei-

Zleba aixsnas qarTvelursa da kavkasiur enobriv sam-

yarosTan SedarebiT (am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-

boa saSualo da axali somxuri enebi dialeqtiTurT,

romelTac ramdenadac ufro Rrmad vswavlobT, imdenad

metad vrwmundebiT, rom somxur enas bevri iseTi Tviseba

SeuZenia, rac qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Tvisebas

gvagonebs da rasac Zvel somxurSi adgili ar hqonda.

aman aTqmevina i. karstes _ somxuri enis dialeqtebi indo-

evropuli warmoSobisa ar ariano~ (iqve, gv. 29).

xorenaci mudam laparakobs somexTa gadmosaxleobis

dros samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi arasomxuri tomebis

85

Sesaxeb, romlebic aTqvefilan Semosul mosaxleobaSi.

xorenacis ̀ istoriis~ qarTulad mTargmneli a. abdalaZe

wers: ̀ xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi asaxulia isto-

riuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. ̀ didi somxeTis~

miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalx-

ebi, maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~ (ìstoria~

gv. 249).

xorenaci aRwers urartus qveyanaSi somexTa winapari

tomebis gadasaxlebis suraTs, is wers, rom haiki

`...babilonSi vaJis arameneakis SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura

CrdiloeTis mxareebSi mdebare araradis qveynisaken Tavisi

vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT... igi mivida da damkvidrda

erTi mTis Ziras, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo mcir-

eodeni xalxi adrindeli gafantvis dros. haikma daimor-

Cila isini da aago iq samemkvidreo saxli. amas Zveli

zepirgadmocemebic adastureben~ (m. xorenaci, istoria,

gv. 70).

harqis zeganze, sadac ̀ Torgomis saxlis mamani~ damkvi-

drebulan, xorenacis cnobiT, ̀ adridanve cxovrobdnen

mcireodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT daemorCilnen gmirs,

zepiri gadmocemebi amasac adastureben~ (iqve, gv. 70).

xorenaci kvlav wers _ `sakvirvelia mematianes naTq-

vami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad

mkvidrobda mcireodeni xalxi, Cveni Zireuli winapris

haikis mosvlamde~ (iqve, gv. 73).

mosulma armenielebma damxvedri tomebi STanTqes,

moaxdines maTi asimilacia, es pirdapir Cans xorenacidan.

86

magaliTad _ ̀ amasTanave (aramma) ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT,

SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da laparaki~ (iqve, gv. 77).

isic unda iTqvas, rom urartus miwa-wyalze Sesvlis

Semdgom moxda Camoyalibeba somexi xalxisa, rogorc es

aRiniSneba somex istorikosTa mier. am dros Cans, somxur

enaze gavlena iqonia, damxvdur, mkvidr xalxTa enam.

S. ZiZiguri wers _ `niko maris koncefciiT, qarTul

enobriv samyaros didi gavlena mouxdenia somxur enaze

winaistoriul xanaSi, uZveles periodSi, rodesac xde-

boda somxuri eTnosis formireba, Sesabamisad _ somxuri

enis Camoyalibeba. niko maris udidesi wvlili armeno-

logiaSi, swored es aris. koncefciis sqema aseTia: somx-

uri narevi enaa, orbunebovania, erTi fena, Senarevi da

Sezrdili sxva fenasTan, qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan

siaxloviT aris aRbeWdili~ (S. ZiZiguri, ̀ niko mari qarTu-

li kulturis mkvlevari~, (1985, gv. 104).

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli uflebas iZleva gamoiTqvas

mosazreba, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi arsebobda mogoneba

saqarTvelos samxreTiT mcxovrebi Zlieri, qarTvelTa

monaTesave xalxis Sesaxeb, da vinaidan saqarTvelos

samxreTiT im droisTvis somxebi cxovrobdnen, qarTvel-

Ta genealogiis Semdgenelma mematianem sxva qarTvelur

monaTesave tomebis eTnarqTa Soris haosic CarTo, vi-

Tarca pirovnuli gamoxatuleba xsenebuli mogonebisa.

Cans, mrovelis haosi _ urartus Zlierebis anareklia.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi verc erTi Tavisufali eri aitanda

Tavis erovnul matianeSi mtkicebas imisas, rom maTi me-

87

zobeli eris winapari TavianT winaparze upiratesi da

uZlieresi iyo. swored qarTvel xalxSi darCenil mog-

onebas samxreTeli monaTesave mezoblis Sesaxeb unda gaex-

ada asatani mrovelis genealogiis erovnul matianeSi

CarTva.

rogorc aRiniSna, mroveli Tavisi genealogiis Sedge-

nis dros iyenebda xorenacis genealogias. maSasadame, es

genealogia V saukuneze adre ver Sedgeboda. Zneli

safiqrebelia, VIII-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelebisa da somxe-

bisaTvis ewodebinaT Zmebi da ̀ Tvisni~, qarTul-somxuri

eklesiebis daSorebisas atexili ideologiuri brZolis

gamo. manaskertis 726 wlis krebis Semdgom qarTuli da

somxuri eklesiebi (da Sesabamisad ideologiac) srulebiT

gansxvavebuli gzebiT ganviTardnen, srulebiT gan-

calkevdnen, ufro metic, saqarTveloSi somxeTTan da

somxur eklesiasTan kulturuli an raime erTobis dama-

dasturebeli yovelgvari Txzuleba ispoboda anda re-

daqtirdeboda.

sul sxva viTareba iyo VI-VII saukuneebSi. am dros

qarTveli da somexi erebi, eklesiebi gansakuTrebiT dakav-

Sirebulni iyvnen erTmaneTTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTu-

li mxare iZulebuli iyo qarTuli eklesia somxuri ek-

lesiis mokavSired waredgina sparsi xelisuflebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdgom sparseTi gansakuTre-

biT uWerda mxars somxur eklesias, aZlierebda mas da

amasTan erTad aiZulebda mis imperiaSi mcxovreb qris-

tianebs mieRoT qristianuli sarwmunoebis is orienta-

88

cia, romelsac adga somxuri eklesia (e.i. antibizanti-

uri). am dros xdeboda qarTuli wmida wignebis redaqtire-

ba da ̀ gamarTva~ somxuris mixedviT (amis Sesaxeb ix. qve-

moT).

unda vifiqroT, rom mematianem qarTvel eTnarqTa

genealogia Seadgina somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis ̀ erTo-

bis~ dros VI-VII saukuneebSi. jer kidev m. TarxniSvilma

gamoTqva azri, rom leonti mrovelis literaturuli

saqmianoba VI-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.

`m. TarxniSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis literatu-

ruli saqmianoba merve saukunis meore naxevars ver gada-

scildeba _ ufro zustad is unda daidos VI-VII sauk.

somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde~ (k. kekel-

iZe, lit. ist. gv. 238).

farnavazi

saqarTvelos pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos damaarse-

blis, anbanis gamavrceleblis, qarTuli mwignobrobis

fuZemdeblis, mefe farnavazis cxovreba aRwerilia

qarTvelTa umTavres saistorio, erovnuli siwmindis

xarisxamde amaRlebul wignSi, romelsac `qarTlis cx-

ovreba~ ewodeba. miCneulia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~

Sesavali, TargamosianTa genealogia, TviT redaqtors

Seudgenia (kerZod, mas Tavisi drois moTxovnilebis Se-

sabamisad dauweria Zvel wyaroTa gamoyenebiT àmbavi

89

rvaTa ZmaTa~, `gamosvla xazarTa~, `Semosvla aleqsan-

dresi~), xolo ̀ cxovreba farnavazisi~ _ ukve arsebuli

Zveli qarTuli saistorio moTxroba, Tavisi gemovnebiT

gaumarTavs da CaurTavs wignSi.

qveynis gamaerTianebeli pirveli mefis mamis saxeli

mematianisaTvis ucnobia, samagierod misTvis cnobilia

saxeli mamis Zmisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT pavle ingoroy-

va wers _ ̀ leonti mroveli aq, Cans, imeorebs romeliRac

Zveli saistorio wyaros cnobas~ (t. IV, gv. 523).

mematiane farnavazis ambis gadmocemisas wers, rom

farnavazi ìyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi uflosi,

mcxeTosis Zisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 20). misi genea-

logia, cxadia, wyvetilebiT, aseTia:

farnavazamde didi xniT adre, qarTvelTa erT mTavar

winaparTagani _ qarTlosi, dasaxlebula mtkvrisa da

qarTlos

mcxeTos gardabos kaxos kuxos gaCios

uflos oZrxos javaxos

farnavaz

90

aragvis SesarTavTan mdebare armazis mTaze. aq auSenebia

simagreebi (SemdgomSi aq armazis kerpi aRmarTes, iqamde

ki am mTis saxeli ̀ qarTli~ yofila). qarTloss auSenebia

orbis (Semdgom samSvilded wodebuli) da xunanis (anu

mtueris) cixeebi. ucocxlia didxans.

qarTlosisa da Targamosis STamomavalT erTmaneTSi

siyvaruliT ucxovriaT, Semdgom ki aSlilan da daknineb-

ulan. am mizeziT maT Soris aRaravin yofila uwarCineb-

ulesi da usaxelovanesi. adgil-adgil Tavadebi (gamoCe-

nili meTaurebi) Cndebodnen, magram mcxeTis Tavadi yve-

laze warCinebulad iTvleboda sxvebTan SedarebiT. mas

mefis, an erisTavis saxeli ar ewodeboda, aramed mamasax-

lisi. is gamzavebeli da mosamarTle iyo qarTlosianTa

Soris.

swored am droisaTvis dauviwyniaT WeSmariti RmerTi,

romelic qarTvelTa winaprebs swamdaT, dauwyiaT msax-

ureba mzisa, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavisa, ̀ mtkice da

ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~.

didi xnis Semdgom gamoCenila aleqsandre makedoneli.

igi sxva qveyanaTa dapyrobis Semdgom Semosula qarTlSi,

sadac mas uxilavs mkvidrni qveynisa; unda iTqvas, rom aq

mematianes mier gadmocemuli ambavi aSkarad areulia,

Cans ara marto sxvadasxva wyaros, aramed sxvadasxva kon-

cefciis gavlenac. magaliTad, rogorc viciT, sxva wyaros,

`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ _ koncefciis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi

samxreTis ̀ arian-qarTlis~ qveynidan gadmosaxlebulan

makedonelis dros. maT am qveyanaSi daxvedriaT ucxo eri,

91

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciiT ki qarTveloba xalxad

yalibdeba saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, e.i. ar gadmosaxle-

bula. zemoaRniSnuli ambis gadmocemis dros, rogorc

aRiniSna, es ori koncefcia erTmaneTSia areuli. magal-

iTad, makedonels qarTlSi xvdeba qarTveloba da... ucxo

eri _ bunTurqebi da yivCaRebi. aq, cxadia, aRebulia

`moqcevaYs~ ambavi, romelic saTanadod araa Sejerebuli

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciasTan.

qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdgom aleqsandre makedoneli

SeebrZola da daamarcxa zogierT kuTxeSi mcxovrebi

araqarTuli tomebi _ `mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni

aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi naTesavni mosr-

na da daatyvevna da dedani da yrmani ucebni, TxuTmetisa

wlisa umcrosni~ (q. c. I, gv. 18). araqarTvelTa mospobis

Semdeg darCenil qarTvel mosaxleobas (qarTlosianebs)

patrikad dautova makedoneli azoni, iaredosis Ze. mas

emorCileboda 100000 romaeli qveiTi.

maTi sarwmunoeba, mematianes gadmocemiT, aseTi iyo:

ebrZana azons aleqsandres mier qarTvelTa qveyanaSi

danergiliyo Tayvaniscema mzisa, mTvarisa, xuTi varskv-

lavisa, msaxureba uxilavi RmerTisa, yovlis dambadeb-

lisa. aleqsandres wasvlis Semdgom azonma miatova es

sarwmunoeba _ ìwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni

kerpni vercxlisani: ̀ gaci da gaim~. azoni sastiki da sisx-

liani kaci yofila, mas qarTvelTaTvis iaraRis tarebis

nebac ki ar daurTavs _ gaucia brZaneba: `yovelman

qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT

92

igi~. _ ̀ da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~.

swored aseT dros gamoCenila farnavazi _ qarTvelTa

ganmaTavisuflebeli. siyrmidanve kavkasiis mTebSi

ltolvili farnavazi saxelovan vaJkacad aRzrdila. is

ìyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire

xelovani~. mcxeTaSi dabrunebis Semdgom is gaucniaT

azonisaTvis, rogorc saxelganTqmuli monadire. ̀ Seiy-

vara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis~. azonTan daaxloe-

bas didad SeuSinebia deda farnavazisi, evedreboda Svils

daetovebina mcxeTa, qarTli da wasuliyvnen, raTa azo-

nis xels dasxltomodnen. marTlac ojaxma gadawyvita

sxvagan, farnavazis dedis qveyanaSi gadasaxleba. mema-

tiane ganagrZobs:

maSin ixila farnavazma sizmari, TiTqosda igi iyo erT

ukacur saxlSi, undoda gasvla da ver gadioda. maSin

sarkmlidan Semovida mzis sxivi Semoertya welze, gaiz-

ida da gaiyvana sarkmelidan. da rodesac velze gavida

mze, farnavazma is ixila dadablebuli, xeliT Seexo mzis

pirs, moxoca cvari da icxo Tavis pirze. gaiRviZa far-

navazma, gaukvirda da Tqva _ es sizmari albaT dedaCemis

samSobloSi Casvlis Semdeg amixdeba, iq sikeTeSi viqne-

bio.

im dReebSi farnavazi sanadirod gaemarTa da diRmis

velze irmebs gaekida. irmebi Tbilisis xriokebisaken

gaiqcnen. misdevda farnavazi, styorcna isari, hkra irems,

man cota gaiara da daeca kldis ZirSi. amasobaSi daRam-

da, CamoqveiTda farnavazi da iremTan gadawyvita Ramis

93

gaTeneba. am dros gawvimda Zlier. kldis ZirSi farnavazma

gamoqvabuli SeamCnia, amoqolili. amoiRo Cuglugi da

gamoarRvia kari, raTa simSraleSi Sesuliyo. Sevida Sig-

niT da ixila ganZi miuwvdomeli, oqro da vercxli, uTv-

alavi WurWeli oqrovercxlisa. Zlier gaukvirda, aRiv-

so sixaruliT da gaaxsenda sizmari. isev amoqola gamo-

qvabulis kari. uTxra es ambavi dedasa da or das. gamoi-

tanes es ganZi malviT. amis Semdgom azonis qmedeba miu-

TiTebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Zlieri iyo im uZveles drosve,

qristeSobamde aswleulebiT adre, qarTvelTa Soris

erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba da qarTvel tomebs rogor

hqondaT SenarCunebuli eTnikuri erTianobis simZafre.

ganZis povniT uceb gamdidrebulma farnavazma, upirve-

les yovlisa, gagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli egrisis

dasavlur qarTuli saerisTaos meTaurTan _ qujisTan

da Seatyobina mas momxdari ambavi. farnavazma SeuTvala

survili, Tavisi ganZiT misuliyo qujisTan da erTiani

ZaliT SebrZolebodnen azons _ qarTvelTa qveynis damp-

yrobels.

mematiane wers, rom am ambis mosmeniT ̀ ganixara qujim

sixaruliTa didiTa da hrqua: ̀ aRsdeg da moved Cem Tana,

nu Surob xvastagsa Sensa, da xvastagiTa SeniTa, gangim-

ravlne spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin

ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da mi-

wyvedulTa~ (q.c. gv. 22).

pasuxis miRebis Semdeg farnavazi dediTa da debiT

sixaruliT wavida qujisTan. quji aseTi sityvebiT See-

94

geba mas: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen

gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var

mona Seni~ (gv. 22). farnavazi am droisaTvis, rogorc

viciT, ubralo, yovelgvari pativisa da Tanamdebobis

uqonel pirs warmoadgenda, xolo quji egrisis vrceli

qveynis mflobeli iyo, amitomac misgan Tavisi Tavis

`monad~, xolo farnavazis ̀ uflad~ gamocxadeba aixsneba

genealogiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi urTierTdamokide-

bulebiT, rac Zveli droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da

savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli. farnavazi ̀ qarTlis TavTa

Svilia~, amitomaco, ambobs ègrisis TavTa Svili~, _ me

Sen unda dagemorCilo, Sen `Cveni ufali xaro~. aseTi

urTierToba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavdapirvel geneal-

ogiur variantSi, romelsac Semdgom asaxva ver upovnia

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, genealogiuri Sto, Cans aseTi

saxiT iyo gadmocemuli:

qujica da farnavazic erTi winapris STamomavalni

arian, magram farnavazi pirmSoebiTi uflebis ZaliT

qarTlos

mcxeTos egros gardabos kuxos gaCios

qujifarnavaz

kaxos

95

ojaxSi, gvarSi, ufrosad iTvleba, is ̀ ufalia~, misi yve-

la naTesavi mas unda daemorCilos. aseTia im Jamis kano-

ni.

farnavazma da qujim moilaparakes osebTan da leke-

bTan, isini sixaruliT daTanxmdnen azonis winaaRmdeg

ajanyebas, radganac ar surdaT misTvis xarkis micema.

maTgan miiRes damxmare samxedro Zala, egrisSi Seikriba

uTvalavi spa. Seuties azons. azoni damarcxda da Tavi

Seafara klarjeTs. farnavazi Sevida mcxeTaSi, imave wels

daimorCila `yoveli qarTli~, klarjeTis garda _ ase

wers mematiane, _ ̀ daipyra yoveli qarTli Tvinier klar-

jeTisa~, aq uTuod `yoveli qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeba

rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi saqarTvelo _

swored dasavleT saqarTvelo warmoadgenda farnavazis

sayrden baziss azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisas.

azons farnavazis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmara ̀ saberZne-

Ti~ _ misgan miiRo didZali damxmare Zala, samagierod

farnavazs _ ̀ asuristanis mefe antioqozi~. kidev erTx-

el SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs azonisa da farnavazis jare-

bi _ artaanis naqalaqevSi, romelsac huri anu `qajTa

qalaqi~ erqva. berZenTa jarebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma,

mokles azoni, SeiWra farnavazi saberZneTis sazRvrebSi

_ Sevida anZioZorSi da ukan dabrunda ekelecis gziT.

klarjeTi SeuerTa Tavis samefos da dabrunda mcxeTaSi.

qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT daido

mdinare egriswyalze. am mdinaris marjvena sanapiroc

(iseve rogorc marcxena) warmoadgenda egrosis wils, e.i.

96

warmoadgenda egrosis STamomavalTa sacxovriss (vidre

xazareTis mdinaremde ̀ saca warswudebis wueri kavkasi-

sa~), magram egriswyalsa da xazareTis mdinares (e.i. md.

egriswyalsa da md. yubans) Soris mcxovrebma egriselebma

ar inebes gandgoma ̀ berZenTa~ saxelmwifosagan da Sesv-

la farnavazis samefoSi. sazRvari ̀ yoveli qarTlisa~ am

mimarTulebiT daido mdinare egriswyalze. mematiane wers

_ `xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu

mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa~,

xolo egrisis meore nawili Sevida qarTlis samefoSi,

Tavisi saxelmwifo farnavazma dayo saerisTavoebad.

pirvelTa Soris mematiane asaxelebs egriss da mis

erisTavs qujis. is gaxda siZe farnavazisa da miiRo

saerisTavod yoveli qarTlis qveyana egriswyalsa da rions

Sua. man aaSena cixe-goji. margveTis saerisTavoSi Se-

dioda miwebi mdinare rionsa da lixis mTas Soris. Semde-

gi saerisTavoebi iyvnen kaxeTSi, xunanSi, samSvildeSi,

wundaSi, oZrxeSi, klarjeTSi. erTi erisTavi daadgina _

spaspetad, mas Sida qarTlic mieca sagamgeod, is war-

moadgenda mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirs, yvela

erisTvis ganmgebels. Tavis mxriv erisTavebs emorCile-

bodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi, maTgan Semodioda

saerisTavo da samefo xarki.

farnavazma aaSena aleqsandre makedonelis mier

saqarTveloSi dangreuli qalaqebi da cixeebi, dedaqalaq

mcxeTas ki Semoavlo galavani.

farnavazs Seuqmnia Tavis saxelze _ kerpi armazi,

rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armazi erqva. es armazis

97

kerpi aRmarTa qarTlis mTis Tavze. didi dResaswauli

gadaixada kerpis aRmarTvisas.

gamefebisas 27 wlis iyo. 65 weli nebierad imefa. ̀ aRa-

Sena da ganavso qarTli~.

farnavazma qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada,

ris gamoc qarTulis garda sxva ena saqarTveloSi ar

ixmareboda. manve Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba.

sikvdilis Semdeg armazis kerpis win daasaflaves.

ase gadmogvcems farnavazis cxovrebas Cveni matiane.

qarTlis, anu iberiis erTiani didi saxelmwifos war-

moqmnas mecnierebi qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebiT aTar-

iReben.

farnavazisa da misi memkvidre mefeebis anu farnava-

zianebis dros mcxeTaSi _ samefos dedaqalaqSi, Sendebo-

da cixesimagreebi, sxvadasxva nagebobani, kidev sxva ker-

pebic aRumarTavT. farnavazis mier armazis aRmarTvis

Semdgom mefe saurmagma aRmarTa kerpi ainina, iwyo ar-

mazis cixe-qalaqis Seneba. mefe mirvanma daninas kerpi

aRmarTa, daasrula armazis mSenebloba. mefe farnajom-

ma kerpi zaden mTaze aRmarTa, cixec auSena. arsok mefem

_ qalaqs sxva zRude Semoavlo. mefe artags ki armazSi

Sida cixe (akropolisi) auSenebia.

maTi Semdgomi mefeebi ukve sakuTriv mcxeTas aSenebd-

nen, anu mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs.

dedaqalaqs icavdnen rTuli TavdacviTi sistemis meS-

veobiT. armaz-cixe somxeTidan, albaneTidan da dasav-

leT saqarTvelodan momavali gzebis TavSeyris adgilas

98

idga, zadencixe ki CrdiloeTis momTabareTa qveynebidan

momaval gzas akontrolebda. qveyanaSi Sedioda didi

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis savaWro gza, rogorc amas

gvacnobs straboni. saerTod iberia savaWro gzebiT yofi-

la daserili. strabonis cnobiT, iberia kargad yofila

dasaxlebuli, qalaqebi da dabebi mravalricxovani iyo.

saxlebi da nagebobebi kargad nagebi, xuroTmoZRvruli

xelovnebiT, hqondaT kramitis saxuravebi. iberiaSi mde-

bareobda qalaqebi _ ufliscixe, wunda, oZrxe, cixegoji

(am qveynis dasavleTi sazRvari, rogorc aRiniSna, mdinare

egriswyalze ido).

uTuod yovel saerisTavos gaaCnda Tavisi centri.

CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iberiis sazRvars, Cans, kavka-

sionis wyalmyofi qedi warmoadgenda, romlis iqiTac

mcxovreb tomebzec vrceldeboda samefos gavlena.

samxreTis mimarTulebiT iberia vrclad iyo gadaWim-

uli. armeniasa da iberias, qristeSobamde II saukunis av-

toris _ apolodoris cnobiT, erTmaneTisgan hyofda

mdinare araqsi. araqsi yofila gamyofi iberielebisa da

armenielebisa.

samxreT-dasavleTiT iberiis sazRvari gadioda piri-

adris mTis kalTebze, mas ekuTvnoda xorzene da gogare-

ne, rogorc berZnebi uwodebdnen samxreT saqarTvelos

kuTxeebs. Semdeg, strabonis cnobiT, armenias iberiisaTvis

waurTmevia aRniSnuli kuTxeebi, daaxloebiT 190 wels

qristeSobamde (ix. saq. ist. narkv., t. I, gv. 456).

farnavazis rezidencias da samefo qalaqs warmoad-

genda armazi. misi saxeli mraval ucxour Tanadroul

99

wyaroSic aris asaxuli, rogorc Cans, is cnobili da sax-

elovani qalaqi iyo. am qalaqis sidiade daadastura ar-

qeologiurma gaTxrebma, qarTvel erismTavarTa da war-

CinebulTa brwyinvale fufuneba da didebuleba naT-

lad gamoaCina arqeologiurma Zeglebma. armazidan same-

fo rezidencia gadatanil iqna sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, es

momxdara pirveli saukunis meore naxevarSi. p. ingoroy-

vas Tanaxmad, mefe farnavazi mefobda qristeSobamde 284-

219 wlebSi. 284 welsve damyarebula qarTuli welTaR-

ricxva.

`ZvelqarTuli kalendris Seswavlidan irkveva, rom

qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxva iwyeba swored im

droidan, rodesac, leonti mrovelis cnobiT, aleqsan-

dre makedonelis imperiis dayofis Sedegad moxda axali

iberiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, farnavazianTa dinas-

tiiT xelisuflebis saTaveSi. saxeldobr, dasawyisi

qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxvisa aris 284 weli

Cvens eramde. es weli aris gamosavali TariRi, romelic

Semdeg safuZvlad daedo qarTuli qoronikonis siste-

mas, ...es TariRi, 284 weli, romelidanac iwyeba qarTuli

nacionaluri era, aris TariRi iberiis saxelmwifo

damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da farnavazianTa di-

nastiis damkvidrebisa iberiis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis

saTaveSi (p. ingoroyva, t. IV, 1978, gv. 558).

pavle ingoroyvam saTanado kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna,

rom qarTul matianeTa antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa

sia (`mefeni qarTls Sina warmarTni~) _ warmoadgens is-

100

toriuli sinamdvilis Semcvel dokuments, romelic mo-

mdinareobs winaqristianuli epoqis ZvelqarTuli saist-

orio wyaroebidan (iqve, gv. 559).

farnavazma erT saxelmwifoSi gaaerTiana qarTuli

tomebi, Sehkra isini erT xalxad, man SesZlo aseve am

saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia iberiul-kavka-

siurad wodebuli, qarTvelTa monaTesave sxvadasxva

tomebi. kerZod, rogorc iTqva, iberielTa da armeniel-

Ta Soris sazRvari erT dros mdinare araqsze gadioda.

CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT qarTvelTa gavlenis sfero-

Si, mematianes Tanaxmad, Sediodnen osTa, durZukTa da

lekTa tomebi. durZukebi da lekebi _ qarTvelTa monaTe-

saveebad uZveles drosve miiCneoda. osTa Sesaxeb unda

iTqvas, rom rogorc wyaro miuTiTebs, osebi im drois-

aTvis ar miiCneodnen iranulenovan tomebad, aramed iTv-

lebodnen qarTvelTa monaTesave kavkasiur (adgilobriv)

tomad. Cveni matianes Tanaxmad, osebi yofilan STamo-

mavalni xazarTa mefis Zisa uobosisa _ ̀ mrovelis war-

modgeniT, uobos xazarTa mefisSvili yofila, xolo osebi

TiTqos am uobosis, e.i. xazarTa da qarTvelTa da somex-

Ta tyveebis ̀ naTesavebi~, anu STamomavalni yofilan. e.i.

narevi erovneba yofila~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris

istoriis Sesavali, t. I, 1950 w. gv. 277).

aqedan Cans, rom farnavazis epoqaSi osebi marTalia

narev, magram mainc qarTvelTa monaTesave tomad miiC-

neoda. osebi _ romelTac Semdgom alanebi ewodaT _

ucxoelTa mier iberielebad miiCneodnen _ ̀ XI saukunis

101

bizantieli mwerali ioane cece amtkicebs: iberebi, aba-

zgebi da alanebi erT xalxs Seadgendneno, xolo XV sauku-

nis somexi mematiane Toma mewofeli ganumartavs mkiTx-

velebs, rom qarTvelTa saxlSi, e.i. qarTul erovnul-

kulturul gaerTianebaSi Sedis rva tomi _ qarTebi (`vra-

cebi~), imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, afxazebi, mesxebi,

dvalebi da osebi~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 12). Semdgomi

saukunis evropeli avtoric aseve miiCnevs _ ̀ Striteri

Tavisi Sromis nawilSi, sadac laparakia zemo iberiis

mezoblad binadar alanebze, kategoriuli da sruli

eWvmiutanlobis kiloTi acxadebs, rom esenic iberiele-

bi ariano~ (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 174).

dvalebs, marTalia, ratomRac durZukTa toms aTv-

lidnen bolo dromde, magram sinamdvileSi qarTvelebi

iyvnen. Semdgom moxda dvalTa tomis iranizacia, gaoseba.

SesaZlebelia, Tavdapirvelad osebad saxeldebuli tom-

ic ar iyo iranulenovani da Semdgom, Sua saukuneebis

manZilze, Crdilo kavkasiaSi moxda osebis gairanulen-

ovneba.

sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom alanebi iranuleno-

vani tomi iyo, magram arc is unda darCes uyuradRebod,

rom sakmaod didi nawili Zveli istorikosebisa alanebs,

qarTvel istorikosTa msgavsad, xazarul (e.i. Turqul)

kavkasiur warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevda. magaliTad,

XIV saukunis arabi geografi alanebs Turqulenovan xalx-

ad Tvlida, is erT alanur qalaqze werda _ ̀ is dasaxle-

bulia alani xalxiT, da isini Turqebi arian _ romelnic

102

gaqristiandnen~. XV saukuneSi i. Siltbergeri iyo asebT-

an (osebTan) da alanebTan. isini Turme maSin RmerTs

TaTrul enaze adidebdnen (ix. f. burn, ̀ puteSestvie iva-

na Siltbergera...~, wigni ̀ zapiriski imperatorskogo no-

vorosiiskogo universiteta~. t. I, vip. 1 da 2. odessa

1867, gv. 31-33). prof. n. baskakovis Tanaxmad, Cinur

wyaroebSi moxsenebuli tomi iaoSe (iasebi, osebi) Turquli

warmoSobisa yofila. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom yaraCaevel

da balyarel istorikosebs TavianTi tomebi alanuri

warmoSobisad, alanebi ki Turqul-xazarul warmoSobisad

miaCniaT. am mxriv, Cans aris raRac saerTo Zvel qarTul

da ucxour wyaroTa Soris.

farnavazis droisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia, osebi

iseve yofiliyo iberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomi,

rogorc sxva mezobeli tomebi.

farnavazis saxelmwifo faqtobrivad mTel kavkasias

aerTianebda Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, magram yvelaze

arsebiTi isaa, rom qarTvel tomTa gamaerTianebeli sax-

elmwifos Seqmnam saxelmwifosave meSveobiT SesaZlebe-

li gaxada qarTvelTa erovnebis formireba, erTiani xalx-

is, eris Camoyalibeba. sazogadod cnobilia, rom saxelm-

wifos aqvs Tviseba erTian xalxad Camoayalibos saxelm-

wifoSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, aseTive Tvisebebis iyo,

cxadia, qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifoc. miT umetes, rom

qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, farnavazis mier Camoyali-

bebulma saxelmwifom iarseba TiTqmis aTasi weli. ker-

Zod, es saxelmwifo daSlila vaxtang gorgasalis Svilebis

103

Semdgom VI saukuneSi _ ase gadmogvcems `qarTlis cx-

ovrebac~ da ̀ moqcevaY qarTlisaYc~. qarTveli eris Camoy-

alibebis dros Sesaxeb laparakia qvemoT, xolo aq unda

iTqvas, rom farnavazis epoqaSi qarTvelTa erTianobas

miuTiTebs ZvelqarTuli gvarebis formaTa erTianoba

uZveles saqarTveloSi. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom

uZvelesi gvaris aRmniSvneli sufiqsi egrisSi, anu samegre-

loSi iyo ̀ iani~ (misgan iqna Semdgom miRebuli daboloe-

ba ̀ ia~, `va~ da sxva). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi sva-

neTSi iyo da aris ̀ iani~. uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi

sruliad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi _ fSav-xevsureTidan

svaneTamde iyo ̀ iani~ (saojaxod, saSinaod amJamadac ̀ ian~

formebi ixmareba). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi

saqarTvelos barSic iyo _ ̀ iani~. ganvixiloT ramdenime

magaliTi: Zvel wyaroebSi erTaderTi damaboloebeli

sufiqsi _ ̀ iani~-a _ gvarebSi _ ̀ farnavaziani~, ̀ xosroiani~,

àrSakuniani~, ̀ baqariani~, ̀ reviani~ (q. c. gv. 138). ̀ maru-

Siani~, `bagratoniani~ (q. c. gv. 251). àriSiani~ (q. c. gv.

328). ̀ barabiani~ (q. c. 116). ̀ bivritiani~ (erisTavi oZrx-

isa) q. c. 185). `goderZiani~ (es gvaria, rac iqedan Cans,

rom mravlobiTis formiTaa wyaroSi mocemuli _ ̀ goder-

Zianni tbelni~), (q. c. gv. 248). iqvea ̀ mameanni~, ̀ mame-i-ani.

`Targamosianni~ _ eTnarqebi. Savliani (ivane _ afxazeTis

mefe. 258). ̀ kavkasianni~ _ sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad (130).

`nebroTianni~, ̀ nersiani~ (nerse _ qarTlis erisTavi, 241),

`qarTlosianni~ (qarTlosis STamomavalni, 27), juanSe-

riani (juanSeri-istorikosi, gv. 248) da sxva uamravi.

104

marTalia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali jer kidev

ar aris namdvili gvar-saxelebi da aRniSnuli forma pirTa

STamomavlobas miuTiTebs, magram isini sagvareulo sax-

elebad iqcnen ZiriTadad. ̀ ian~ sufiqsiT, rogorc aRin-

iSna, mTel saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi arsebobda gvare-

bi (gvar-saxelebi). amis dasturia megrul-svanuri da

mTiuluri uZvelesi formebi. s. janaSia wers _ `gaba-

tonebuli unda yofiliyo gvar-saxelebis es forma

samegreloSic... megruli ìa~ _ ìanis~ naSTia. es cxadi

xdeba, kerZod, cnobil gvar-saxelTa istoriul da cocx-

al formaTa SedarebiT, amrigad, istoriulsa da liter-

aturul (dadians, lipartians, ratians, bedians megrul

cocxal metyvelebaSi udris: dadia, lipartia, ratia,

bedia... bolokidur _ n-s dakargva niSandoblivia

megrulisaTvis (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 40-41).

iqve s. janaSias ganxiluli aqvs ̀ ian~ formis gamoyene-

ba gvar-saxelebisavis aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTve-

los mTianeTSi (mTiuleTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi). _ ̀ gvar-

saxelebis es daboloeba Tavdapirvelad gavrcelebuli

iyo, Cans, yvela qarTul tomSi, da qarTvelurs patron-

omistikul morfologiaSi igi erTi yvelaze adrindeli

movlenaTagania. droTa viTarebaSi es forma zogs qarTvel

tomSi dasustda, zogan TiTqmis mTlad daikarga~ (iqve,

gv. 35).

Cven vfiqrobT, rom eTnikuri erTianoba qarTveli

tomebisa farnavazianTa saxelmwifoSi (qristeSobamde III

saukunidan VI-mde) gacilebiT ufro Rrma iyo, vidre am

105

saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (VI s.). rogorc cnobilia,

pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos daSlidan mxolod oriode

saukunis Semdeg, VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli

saxelmwifoebi, ramac, cxadia, qarTuli tomebi erTma-

neTs ufro daaSora (zemoT aRniSnuli erTiani niSnebis

`dasusteba~ da ̀ dakargva~ amis Sedegi unda iyos), marTa-

lia, Semdeg arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo (XI-XV ss), ramac

xeli Seuwyo konsolidacias, magram Semdgomma kvlav

daSlam gaaRrmava svanur, megrul, gurul, imerul,

qarTlur, kaxur da sxva eTnografiul jgufSi individ-

ualuri Tvisebebi. farnavazis saxelmwifos dros ki er-

Tiani erovnuli niSnebi Rrma iyo.

qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro

anbanis fuZisdeba

saukuneTa da aTaswleulTa manZilzec, qarTveli xalxi

sargeblobs erovnuli anbaniT. arsebobs misi ori saxeo-

ba _ xucuri da mxedruli. TviT sityva `xucuri~ miu-

TiTebs, rom is RvTis sadideblad eklesiaSi, samRvde-

loebis (xucebis) mier ixmareboda. xucuri anbaniTaa daw-

erili Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes pirveli

qarTuli saxarebani, Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi.

xucuri _ srulyofili anbania imiT, rom mas aqvs e.w.

mTavruli da nusxuri asoebi, rogorc sxva evropul an-

106

banebs, maSin roca mxedruls _ mTavruli asoebi ar gaaC-

nia. miRebulia, rom mTavruli pirvelsafuZvelia misgan

ganviTarebuli nusxuri da mxedruli asoebisa, isini

qarTuli Sriftis saxeobebia. mxedruli SemoRebulia XI

saukunis Semdeg, manamde VIII-IX saukuneebSi gamoiyeneboda

nusxa-xucuri, V-VII saukuneebSi asomTavrul-xucuri. aseTi

periodizacia pirobiTia. rogorc aRiniSna, miRebulia,

rom asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegadaa miRebuli _

nusxa-xucuri, am ukanasknelisagan ki mxedruli, Tumca

ZvelTaganve paralelurad ixmareboda samive, gansakuTre-

biT ki wina ori. saeklesio da saRvTismsaxuro saWi-

roebisaTvis saqarTveloSi yovelTvis xucuri anbani

gamoiyeneboda.

ivane javaxiSvili uZveles, V saukunisad miCneul,

qarTul warweraze dakvirvebiT werda: ̀ jer xanad cno-

bili qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebi iseTi maRalxarisx-

ovani kaligrafiuli ganviTarebis safexurs warmoadgenen,

rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi xana sul cota 7-8 sauku-

nis uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli~. mecnierebaSi miRe-

buli iyo azri, rom Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli alfa-

beti qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi unda warmoSobil-

iyo finikur-semituri saanbano sistemidan.

saerTod cnobilia, rom anbani pirvelad finikielebma

Camoayalibes, masSi yoveli aso gamoxatavda erT rome-

lime bgeras da yoveli bgera gadmocemuli iyo erTi

romelime asoTi. am anbanma udidesi gavrceleba hpova

msoflioSi, pirvel rigSi finikur-semituri anbani TviT

107

semituri modgmis erTa Soris gavrcelda, misgan mravali

axali damwerloba gaCnda. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT yve-

laze adre finikiuri anbani berZnebma SeiTvises, misga-

nac mravali axali anbani warmoiqmna. berZnuli anbanis

Tavdapirveli saxeoba zusti asli yofila finikiuri

anbanisa. finikiur anbans gavrceleba dauwyia qristeSo-

bamde IX saukunidan (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubre-

bi, gv. 124-125).

pavle ingoroyvas azriT, qarTuli anbani finikiuris-

agan miRebuli arameulis erTi ganStoeba yofila. sxva

TvalsazrisiT, is berZnulis mixedviT SemuSavebula. ufro

ki, rogorc aRiniSna, aRiarebulia Teoria, romlis mixed-

viTac, qarTuli uSualod finikiuri anbanisagan aris gad-

moRebuli, iseve rogorc berZnuli anbani.

sxvagan pavle ingoroyva wers: ̀ qarTuli anbani ekuTv-

nis arqauli periodis mcire aziis alfabetebis jgufs.

qarTuli anbani araa Seqmnili Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

teritoriaze, aramed igi Camoyalibebulia jer kidev im

xanaSi, rodesac xeTas qarTveli xalxis erTi nawili _

hiberebi (Tobelebi) da mesxebi mcire aziis teritori-

aze mkvidrobdnen, hiberebs (Tobelebs) da mesxebs, rogorc

irkveva, Tavdapirvelad ieroglifuri damwerloba hqon-

daT~ (p. ingoroyva, t. IV. gv. 247).

mecnieris azriT, xeTas qarTvelebi qristeSobamde VIII-

VII saukuneebSi gadasulan alfabetur damwerlobaze, risi

damsaxurebac miaweres mesxTa, anu frigielTa saxel-

ganTqmul mefes miTas _ ̀ miTa mesxs~. p. ingoroyvas Tanax-

108

mad, finikiuri alfabetis qarTul da berZnul enebTan

morgebisaTvis Seqmnila sagangebo komisia, romelsac es

sakiTxi gadauWria. kerZod, delfosis samisnoSi aRniS-

nul komisias mouxdenia finikiuri uxmovnebo anbanis voka-

lizacia _ SemouRia xmovani asoebi, daumatebia Tanxmo-

vani bgerebi qarTulisaTvis, romelnic finikiurs aklda

(iqve, gv. 249).

qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sul sxva azrisaa

T. gamyreliZe: qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrceleb-

is Semdeg saeklesio-samwignobro saWiroebisaTvis Seqm-

nilao (gulisxmobs V saukunis Semdgom periods), magram

TviT qarTuli eklesiis ierarqia, qristiani samRvdeloeba

TiTqmis aTasi wlis winac ki qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas ar

akavSirebda qristianobis gavrcelebasTan, piriqiT,

ZvelqarTuli Rrmad morwmune sazogadoeba darwmunebiT

amtkicebda, rom qarTuli alfabeti (qarTuli mwigno-

broba) warmarTi mefis, qristeSobamde aswleulobiT adre

mcxovrebi farnavazis mier iyo SemoRebuli.

cxadia, qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis

Semdeg rom warmoSobiliyo, xsovna am yovladmniSvnelo-

vani ambisa uTuod Semoinaxeboda qarTul eklesiaSi, saek-

lesio mwerlobaSi. bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva, Tuki anbani

SemoRebul iqna V saukunis Semdeg da ukavSirdeba qris-

tianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas, TviTon qristian-

ulma eklesiam (kerZod, eklesiis ierarqma episkoposma

leonti mrovelma) is ratom daukavSira warmarTul xanas,

warmarT mefes, miT umetes rom warmarTuli xanis

109

qarTveloba qristianuli xanis samRvdeloebis mier sak-

maod velurad miiCneoda, rogorc es Zveli wyaroebidan

Cans?

rogorc aRiniSna, didi ivane javaxiSvili Rrma kvle-

vis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom qarTuli anbani war-

marTuli, qristianobamdeli xanis produqtia.

leonti mroveli episkoposi ki mefe farnavazis dam-

saxurebaTa CamoTvlis dros wers _ ̀ amanve Seqmna mwigno-

broba qarTuli~. mefe farnavazs miiCneven anbanis ara

Semqmnelad, aramed manamde arsebulis gamavrceleblad,

e.i. farnavazamde anbans ramdenime saukunis istoria hqo-

nia.

s. janaSia wers _ `qarTuli anbanis mecnierulma Ses-

wavlam gamoarkvia, rom igi SeTvisebuli unda iyos mcire

aziaSi ara ugvianes meSvide saukunisa qristes win (ix.

prof. iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. paleografia). msgavsi al-

fabeturi damwerloba SeiZleboda mxolod ganviTareb-

is garkveul safexurze gaCeniliyo. manamde mcire aziaSi

mcxovreb qarTvel tomebsac xatovani da lursmuli dam-

werloba unda exmaraT. am mxriT uaRresad sayuradReboa

qarTuli termini ̀ wera~, igi Tavdapirvelad ̀ Wras~, ̀ kve-

Tas~ niSnavda, aqedanaa ̀ weraqvi~, e.i. qvis saWreli, sakve-

Ti; xvnis mniSvnelobisaa mTaSi ̀ wera~ da aqedan _ ̀ wereu-

li~ _ ̀ yanis nakrefi, Sekonvili~, `sawereli~, e.i. mWame-

li, mWreli... werasTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelo-

vani terminis warmoSobas gvixsnis `wertili~ (`werta~

zmnisagan nawarmoebi). ̀ wertac~ xom Cxvletas, amokveTas,

110

CaWras niSnavs. maSasadame, orive termini im xanisaa, roca

wera realurad iyo raime magar masalaze (qvaze, Tixis

dafaze, liTonze) amoWris, amokveTis procesi. Cven gvgo-

nia, rom qarTvelma tomebma Tavisi uZvelesi samSoblodan

amierkavkasiaSi moitanes ara marto es terminebi, aramed

TviT saTanado damwerlobanic...~ (s. janaSia, t. III, gv.

192).

s. janaSiamde msgavsi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli damwer-

lobis siZvelis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli hqonda Teimuraz

batoniSvils, Cans is eyrdnoboda sazogadoebaSi dacul

Zvel gadmocemas, an romelime werilobiT wyaros: _ ̀ ara

uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni uwinaresTa JamTaca Sina. vi-

dre farnavazamde swerdnen igini uxucesTa weriliTa.

ese igi, qurumTa maT, romelTac uxucesTa da xevisberTa

uxmoben. igini iyvnen kerpTa mRvdelni da memsxverpleni

erisni ̀ RmerTTa~ mimarT da werili maTi ars werili ese

xucuri Cveni. werilni xucesni pirvelsa Jamsa qmnil ars

werilisagan ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da msgavsica ari-

an asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni~ (T. bagrationi, cxovreba,

1972, gv. 126).

Zvel saqarTveloSi xucur anbans akavSirebdnen ara

berZnul, aramed semitur alfabetTan.

Teimuraz bagrations mohyavs aseve Zveli gadmocema,

romlis mixedviTac, maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqm-

namde somxebi ukve arsebuli qarTuli mwignobrobiT

sargeblobdnen, xolo maStocs somxuri anbanis zogier-

Ti aso qarTulis mimsgavsebiT Seuqmnia. rac Seexeba

111

mwignobrobaso, _ wers Teimuraz bagrationi, àra iyo

maT (somexTa) Soris ZvelTa Sina saukuneTa... igini (somx-

ebi) sargeblobdes pirvel berZnuliTa wigniTa da qarTu-

liTa, qristes mosvliTgan mravalTa welTa ganvles, merme

qmnes somexTa werili Tvisi, romelsac ityvian igini

moZRvrisa maTisa mesrofisaTvis, viTarmed man ganawesa

da qmna asoni maTni, msgavsni qarTulis xucuris weril-

isa. werils qarTulsa somxuri romelnime asoni hgvanan

da ara yovelni. somexni vieTnime ityvian, rom somxuri

wignis asoebi da qarTulis wignis asoebi xucurio mes-

rofma gaakeTao. magram qarTuli xucuri asoebi mesrofs

ar gaukTebia, didi tyuili aris~ (iqve, gv. 126). es bolo

winadadeba Tavisi gamokvlevebiT daadastura iv. javax-

iSvilma.

Teimurazi ganagrZobs: ̀ sanam mesrof daibadeboda da

am sofelSi Semovidoda, agreTve qarTuli xucuri wigni

iyo da mesrofze uwin, saRmrTos werilis mTargmnelni

CvenTa wmidaTa mamaTagani mravalni iyvnes, romelnic

ebraulisagan da berZnulisa da asurulisagan qarTu-

lad sTargmnidnen, da odes srulebiT ara aqvndaT jer

somexTa werilni TvisTa zeda enaTa sargeblobdes da

xmarobdes igi qarTuliTa wigniTa da weriliTa~ (iqve).

mecnierTa erTi nawilis TvalsazrisiT, mefe farnavazma

anbani ki ar Seqmna, aramed man ukve arsebuli, mosaxleo-

bis mxolod erTi nawilisaTvis cnobili damwerloba,

sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi gaavrcela.

112

ramaz patariZis TvalsazrisiT, romelic eyrdnoba

qarTuli asomTavruli aso-niSnebis grafikul analizs,

qarTuli damwerloba Seqmnilia finikiuri damwerlobis

safuZvelze qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunis dasasruls

(ix. r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 268).

anbani qarTvel qurumTa wiaRSi Seqmnila.

r. patariZem Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daadastura sxva

mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani, rom qristeSo-

bamde 284 weli aris sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo dam-

werlobis oficialurad SemoRebis TariRi da agreTve

qarTuli erovnuli welTaRricxvis dasabami. qristeSo-

bamde 284 wels gasula farnavaz mefis gamefebidan 19

weli. is vaxuStis Tanaxmad, gamefebula 303 wels.

284 welTan dakavSirebiT vaxuSti wers: ̀ am farnavazis

mefobis iT (19) wels qarTuli xuTiaTasiani qoronikoni

i-jer (10-jer) mobrunebuli ganvida da meTerTmete iw-

yebis~ (iqve, gv. 305). aq igulisxmeba 532-wliani didi in-

diqtioni, romlis safuZvels mzis 28-wliani da mTvaris

19-wliani ciklebi warmoadgens, is nikeis I msoflio saek-

lesio krebam daakanona. ase rom, vaxuStis mier naxsenebi

`qarTuli qoronikoni~ farnavazTan dakavSirebiT

anaqronizmia, romlis Sesaxebac r. patariZe wers _ ̀ iqneb

saxelovani mecnieri aq zogadad qarTuli welTaRricx-

vis dasabams gulisxmobdes, romelic gvian qarTuli

qoronikonuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic gaxda~ (iqve, gv.

306). mecnieris daskvniT, 284 weli aris ara marto qarTuli

113

damwerlobis SemoRebis TariRi, aramed qarTuli war-

marTuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic.

rogorc aRiniSna, 284 wels qristeSobamde 10X532 weli

gasula, anu 5332 weli dasabamidan.

dasabamidan, anu qveynis gaCenidan qristeSobamde

qarTuli angariSiT sul gasula 284+(10X532)=5604 weli.

saerTod qristianul qveynebSi miRebuli iyo welTaR-

ricxvis sami sistema: ̀ qristesiT~, ̀ dasabamidan~ da ̀ qoron-

ikoniT~. ̀ qristesiT~ welTaRricxva _ amJamad gamoiyeneba

msoflios yvela qveyanaSi. welTaRricxva qoronikoniT,

rogorc aRiniSna, 532-wliani cikliT xdeboda. saerTod,

qarTuli qoronikonis dasawyisis TariRad miCneuli iyo

780 weli. 781 weli aris pirveli weli qarTuli qoroni-

konis me-13 moqcevisa, xolo qristeSobamde 284 weli _ me-

10 moqcevisa. am wlidan 2-jer 532 wlis gavlis, anu ori

moqcevis Semdeg dadga 780 weli. xolo dasabami am mo-

qcevebisa qarTuli welTaRricxviT (aTvlis wertili) aris

5604 weli qristemde, anu ̀ dabadebidan~ _ qveynis gaCenidan

qristemde qarTuli welTaRricxva iTvlis aRniSnul

(5604) wels. adamidan qristes Sobamde, anu ̀ dasabamiTga-

nis~ saxeliT cnobili welTaRricxva sxvadasxva saxis iyo

ZvelTaganve. ZiriTadad cnobilia ̀ dasabamiTganis~ Sem-

degi variaciebi: 1. 5198 weli _ evsevi kesarielisa, 2.

5492 weli _ pandore aleqsandrielisa, 3. 5500 weli _

aniane aleqsandrielisa, 4. 5508 weli _ bizantielebisa

anu bizantiuri era, 5. qarTuli era _ 5604 weli _ qarTu-

li ̀ dasabamiTgani~ (ix. iqve, gv. 75).

114

ùnda davaskvnaT: qarTuli dasabamiTganis gamosava-

li TariRi yofila Zv.w.aR-is 284 weli. 5604-wlian qris-

tianul qarTul dasabamiTgans safuZvlad dasdebia dam-

werlobis SemoRebis qarTuli warmarTuli TariRi _ 284

weli Zveli welTaRricxvisa~ (iqve, gv. 75).

qarTul anbanSi iyo 37 aso-niSani. Zvelad ricxvis

aRsaniSnavad anbanis asoebi ixmareboda.

aso-niSnebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba da anbanuri saTv-

alavi aseTia:

10. i_10

11. k_20

12. l_30

13. m_40

14. n_50

15. Y_60

16. o_70

17. p_80

18. J_90

1. a_1

2. b_2

3. g_3

4. d_4

5. e_5

6. v_6

7. z_7

8. H_8

9. T_9

19. r_100

20. s_200

21. t_300

22. u_400

23. f_500

24. q_600

25. R_700

26. y_800

27. S_900

28. C_1000

29. c_2000

30. Z_3000

31. w_4000

32. W_5000

33. x_6000

34. P_7000

35. j_8000

36. h_9000

37. O_10000

xucuri anbanis moxazuloba da saxelebi aseTia (pirve-

lad naCvenebia asomTavruli aso-niSani, mis gverdiT nusx-

uri da misi saxeli):

115

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

1. a

2. b

3. g

4. d

5. e

6. v

7. z

8. Ù9. T

10. i

11. k

12. l

13. m

14. n

15. Š16. o

17. p

18. J

abgdevzC

TiklmnŠopJ

an

ban

gan

don

en

vin

zen

he

Tan

in

kan

las

man

nar

Ye

on

par

Jan

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

19. r

20. s

21. t

22. Â

23. f

24. q

25. R

26. y

27. S

28. C

29. c

30. Z

31. w

32. W

33. x

34. ª35. j

36. h

37. H

rstY

fqRySCcZwWxK

jhŸ

rae

san

tar

Yie

far

qan

Ran

yar

Sin

Cin

can

Zil

wil

War

xan

xar

jan

hae

hoi

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

u-aso-niSani SemoRebul iqna gvian ori asos kombi-

naciiT _ uy da mieniWa ricxviTi mniSvneloba 400, man Y-

s adgili daiWira. asomTavruli monumenturi (kapitaluri)

damwerlobaa berZnul-laTinuris msgavsad. monumentur-

oba gulisxmobs asoebis geometriuli sworxazovneba-sim-

etriulobas. yvela aso-niSani Tanabari simaRlisaa da

or paralelur xazs Soris Tavsdeba. nusxuri damwerlo-

ba ki oTxxazovan badezea damyarebuli, misi asoebi grZe-

116

li, mokle da tolmetia, rac adamians Zalian uadvilebs

kiTxvas. mxedruli damwerlobac, nusxuris msgavsad,

oTxxazovani sistemis damwerlobaa.

Tavdapirveli anbani mTavrdeboda `jan~ asoTi (T.

gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli

damwerloba, 1988, gv. 186.), xolo h-hae fonema Cndeba

SedarebiT mogvianebiT, VII saukunidan moyolebuli (iqve,

gv. 128).

maSasadame, Tavdapirvel anbanSi ara 37, aramed 35 aso-

niSani iyo da is mTavrdeboda janiT. r. patariZis azriT,

H-s eWira anbanSi merve adgili, sadac Semdeg gaCnda e.w.

e-merve.

ramaz patariZem, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis yve-

laze nayofieri mkvlevaria CvenSi, didi ivane javaxiSvi-

lis Semdeg, aRmoaCina, rom Cveni anbani amave dros as-

rulebda kalendris movaleobasac.

ZvelTaganve, Zveli civilizaciis qveynebSi drois kal-

endaruli aRricxva problemas warmoadgenda. `mizezi

amisa iyo is, rom dRe-Rame da weliwadi drois sxvadasxva

astronomiuli sidideebia. dRe-RameTa mTeli ricxviT

weliwadis gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, e.i. dRe-Rame da we-

liwadi ara jeradi, aramed uTanazomo sidideebia. swored

aRniSnuli uTanazomobis rogorme daZleva, misi SeZleb-

isamebr zustad asaxvis saSualebiT, warmoadgenda nebi-

smieri kalendaruli sistemis mizans. am mxriv, qarTuli

anbaniT ganxorcielebuli kalendari bednieri gamonak-

lisia. qarTuli kalendari eyrdnoba anbanSi aso-niSneb-

117

is anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavis unikalur wesri-

gianobas, aseve aso-niSnebis mizandasaxul saxeldebasa

da sxva.

r. patariZis gamokvleviT, qarTuli warmarTuli kal-

endaris martivi sqema aseTi saxiT gadmoicema:

am sqemiT: anbanis 7 aso-niSani Svideuli dRe-Rame anu

erTi msgefsia, anbanis 12 aso-niSani weliwadis 12 Tvea.

anbanis 19 aso-niSani mzisa da mTvaris 19-wliani ciklia.

anbanis 24 aso-niSani dRe-Ramis 24 saaTia. anbanis 31 aso-

niSani nakiani weliwadis oTxwliani da 128-wliani

ciklebia. anbanis 5 ukanaskneli aso-niSani (wil-jan) we-

liwadis 5 epagomeni dRe-Ramea (r. patariZe, qarTuli

asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 526).

Cvens eklesiaSi amJamadac gamoyenebulia romauli,

iuliusis uZravi weliwadis kalendari, romliTac weli-

wadis xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, sam weliwads we-

liwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Ramea, xolo meoTxe we-

liwads _ 366 dRe-Rame, e.i. meoTxe weliwadi nakiania.

iuliusis kalendariT, wlis bolos epagomenebis 5 da 6

dRis darTva moSlilia. manamde gamoyenebul uZveles

kalendarul sistemebSi weliwadis xangrZlivobas 360

dRe-RamiT gansazRvravdnen (egviptesa da sxvagan). weli-

wadSi egviptelebi 12 Tves angariSobdnen, yovel TveSi

30 dRes, wlis bolos zeimobdnen 5 sadResaswaulo dRes

(5 epagomens), amitomac egvipturi mzis weliwadis xangr-

Zlivoba 365 dRe-Rames Seadgenda, maSin, roca realuri,

anu tropikuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365, 2422 dRe-

118

Ramea, e.i. egvipturi kalendari arazusti iyo. qriste-

Sobamde 46 wels romSi iulius keisris mier ganxorciele-

buli kalendari ufro zusti iyo, romliTac weliwadis

xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, isic arazustia, radga-

nac tropikul weliwads aRemateba wuTebiTa da wamebiT,

rac 128 weliwadSi iZleva 1 dRe-Ramis sxvaobas. es Seu-

sabamoba gaaswora grigorianulma kalendarma 1582 wels.

qarTul warmarTul kalendars saukuneebiT adre Sedar-

ebiT sworad gamouxatavs tropikuli weliwadis xangr-

Zlivoba. es r. patariZis dakvirvebiT ase ganxorciele-

bula: qarTuli kalendriT TveSi aris 30 dRe-Rame, we-

liwadSi _ 12 aseTi Tve, xolo wlis bolos emateba 5

kalendaruli dRe-Rame, nakian wels ki _ 6 da aseve 0,25

dRe-Rame. kerZod, es ase xdeba: qarTuli anbanis 30 aso-

niSani (maTi saxeldebis principis safuZvelze dayrdno-

biT) _ gamoxatavs 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames, qarTuli

anbanis ukanaskneli 5 aso-niSani wlis bolos dasarTve-

li kalendaruli dRe-Ramea. anbaniT gamoxatulia mzis

weliwadis formulac. kerZod, anbanis meTormete asoTi

(`lasi~), romlis ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris 30. am for-

mulis ZiriTadi elementia: 12l30. ̀ asomTavruli ̀ lasi~

qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 30 kalendarul aso-niSans

_ 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames 12-jer angariSobs. amito-

mac, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 5 darCenili aso-niSani

is 5 kalendaruli dRe-Ramea, romelic wlis bolos, ax-

ali wlis dadgomamde 360 dRe-Rames emateba epagomeneb-

is saxiT, raTa weliwadis xangrZlivobis mzis Zvel-egvip-

119

turi kalendaruli sistema ganxorcieldes~ (iqve, gv. 412).

`lasis~ formuliT, weliwadSi 365 dRea. 12l30=12X30=360

da 5 epagomeni, sul 365 dRe-Rame.

yoveli sami wlis Semdeg ki weliwadis xangrZlivoba

qarTuli warmarTuli kalendriT 366 dRe-RamiT gan-

isazRvreboda. es xorcieldeboda anbanis aso-niSan

`wilis~ formuliT. misi anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavi,

aseTia: 31 wili 4000=31w4000 anu 3+1w4000.

`rogorc ̀ wili~ cxadyofs, erTxel yovel oTx weli-

wadSi, e.i. nakian weliwads 365 dRe-Rames erTi _ 31-e

dRe-Rame emateba, amis gamo, yovel oTx weliwadSi erTx-

el weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365+1=366 dRe-Ramea. amg-

varad aso-niSani ̀ wili~ yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel 30

dRe-Ramis nacvlad 31 dRe-Rames angariSobs, xolo es

saidumlo ̀ wili~-s rigiTi saTvalaviT aris gancxadebu-

li~ (iqve, gv. 422).

amas Turme miuTiTebs aRniSnuli asos rigiTi saTva-

lavi _ 31 (es aris 3+1 e.i. 3 sruli, 1 nakiani), ricxviTi

mniSvneloba _ 4000 (àTasi weli viTarca erTi dRe~ _

4000=4-s, e.i. oTx weliwadSi erTxel damateba). misi an-

banuri saTvalavia, (romlis mixedviTac ricxvi 31 iwere-

ba) _ ̀ la~, rac udris 30+1-s, anu 30-dRian Tveebs erTiT

meti Tve emateba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, (formulis Se-

sabamisad), amasve Turme miuTiTebs am aso-niSanis saxeli

_ sityva ̀ wili~, rac nawils, wilads aRniSnavs. mas anban-

Si dafaruli mniSvnelobac hqonia, rogorc amis Sesaxeb

wers ̀ qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~, romelSic aseve

120

aRniSnulia: ̀ wili~ asoY ars da ityvis yovlad oTx aTas-

sa da ese ars oTxi ̀ rameTu aTasi viTarca erTi~, e.i. w=4,

rac ̀ dafarulad unda acxadebdes, rom 4 wili erTi dRe-

Ramea, amitom ̀ wili~ aso-niSani kalendarulad weliwad-

Si dRe-Ramis naoTxalia, dRe-Ramis meoTxedia, oTx we-

liwadSi ki erTi kalendaruli dRe-Ramea~ (iqve, gv. 422).

sabolood qarTuli kalendriT weliwadis xangrZlivo-

ba Seadgens 365,25 dRe-Rames (3X365 da 1X366), magram

Turme tropikul weliwads anbanSi ganxorcielebuli

qarTuli kalendari kidev sxva sistemebiT uaxlovdeba,

rac gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis wignSi r. patariZes.

qarTuli anbanis saSualebiT gadmocemuli yofila

aseve mTvaris kalendaric.

qarTuli anbaniT mTvaris kalendari Semdegi sistemi-

Taa gadmocemuli: anbanis aso-niSanTa saxelwodebani, maTi

rigiTi da anbanuri saTvalavi kalendris gasaRebs war-

moadgens. qarTuli anbanis kalendaruli monacemebi

gamowvlilviT aqvs mimoxiluli Tavis wignSi r. patariZ-

es. masve sruliad ueWvelad aqvs dasabuTebuli qarTu-

li anbanis grafikuli moxazulobis finikiuridan wa-

rmomavloba. patariZis azriT, qarTuli anbani SeumuSave-

biaT qurumebs qristeSobamde 412 wels, rac imavdrou-

lad kalendris SemoRebasac niSnavda. 128 wlis Semdeg

qristeSobamde 284 wels dawyebula qarTuli saxelmwifo

erovnuli welTaRricxva.

qarTuli anban-kalendris Semoqmed qurumebs

babilonel, qaldevel da berZen maTematikosTa miRweve-

121

bze daufuZnebiaT TavianTi Sroma. iv. javaxiSvilis, s.

janaSias da sxva mecnierTa Sromebze dayrdnobiT, erTi

mxriv, Cven Tu vaRiarebT, rom qristeSobamde VII-V sauku-

neebSi saqarTvelos moaSures Zveli damsxvreuli civi-

lizaciis namsxvrevma tomebma, STamomavlebma xuritebi-

sa, qaldevelebisa, Tobalebisa Tu muSqebisa, unda vaRi-

aroT isic, rom, maTma inteleqtualurma nawilma Tan

moitana Zveli aRmosavleTis astronomiuli, maTematikuri

codna, sarwmunoeba da kultura.

Zveli qaldevelebis kulturas udidesi gavlena

mouxdenia sxva qveynebis kulturaze. maTgan gavrcele-

bula ricxviTi mistika, maTematikuri codna, romelic

ganuyofeli nawili yofila qaldeuri mecnierebisa da

kulturisa. ricxviTi mistikis akvnad da aseve sxva said-

umlo mecnierebis kerad ZvelTaganve iTvleboda qaldea.

saberZneTSi qaldeuri swavleba piTagores ganuviTare-

bia (ix. iqve. i. Cistiakovis da sxvaTa Sromebze miTiTeba

gv. 487). r. patariZis azriT, swored qarTuli pi-

Tagorelebis mier unda Seqmniliyo qarTuli anbani,

romelSic dasturdeba codna, rogorc aRmosavluri, ise

dasavluri civilizaciisa. saqarTveloSi Semosul odes-

Rac didi civilizaciis memkvidre qarTul tomebs unda

SemoetanaT egvipturi mzisa da babilonuri mTvaris kal-

endrebi, romelnic Semdgom qarTul anban-kalendarSi

SenivTda. qarTuli anban-kalendari, msgavsad piTagoru-

li moZRvrebisa _ saidumlo yofila. is mxolod qurum-

Ta viwro wreSi yofila cnobili, farnavazis dros mas

122

ramdenadme gavrceleba miuRia sruliad saqarTvelos

qurumTa Soris. qristeSobis Semdeg, qristian qarTvelo-

bas swored es ukve arsebuli anbani gamouyenebia saekle-

sio saWiroebisaTvis. ufro metic, qarTuli anbani nawi-

lobriv, r. patariZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, safuZvlad

dasdebia somxuri anbanis Seqmnis princips (ix. iqve, gv.

528-596), rasac ufro adrec miuTiTebdnen qarTveli is-

torikosebi.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom anbani, romliTac daiwera qarTul

enaze axali aRTqma, bibliis wignebi, locvebi, qadage-

bani, romelsac efuZneboda aTaswleulTa manZilze naw-

eriT gadmocemuli saRmrTo didebismetyveleba, SeuZle-

belia Seqmniliyo suliwmindis monawileobis gareSe.

uTuod qarTuli xucuri anbani suliwmindis Cagonebis

Sedegia. dideba mas!

axali aRTqma uflisa

israilis didma winaswarmetyvelebma gamoacxades, rom

arsi WeSmariti religiisa _ RmerTisa da kacis kavSirSia,

swored am kavSirs anu erTobas ewodeboda aRTqma.

aRTqma wmida werilSi gamoiTqmoda sityviT ̀ berit~,

rac niSnavs pirobas, kanons, dadgenilebas, romelzec

Tanxmdeba ori SemTanxmebeli mxare. wmida wignebi, rom-

lebSic aRwerilia kavSiri RmerTisa kacTan, warmoad-

gendnen erT-erT saSualebas aRTqmis damowmebisas, amit-

123

omac maTac ̀ aRTqmas~ uwodebdnen. is arsebobda ukve moses

epoqaSi. Z vel aRTqmas gan ekuTvneba p irveli

winaswarmetyveluri miTiTeba ̀ axali aRTqmisa~. kerZod,

ieremias cnobil winaswarmetyvelebaSi _ ài, dadgeba

dReebi, ambobs ufali, roca me davdeb israelisa da iu-

das saxlTan axal aRTqmas~ (ier; 31.30).

Semdgom termini àxali aRTqma~ mravalgzis ixmares

TviT ieso qristem da misma wmida mociqulebma (maTe 26.28,

mark. 14.24; luka 22.20; 1 kor. 11.25; 2 kor. 3.6 da sxva).

rogorc aTi mcneba, anu kanoni iwodeboda ̀ aRTqmad~,

zustad aseve, gamoTqma ̀ axali aRTqma~ qristianuli ek-

lesiis mier mieniWa wmida wignebs, romlebSic gad-

mocemulia qristesa da mociqulebis swavleba (ix. tolk-

ovaia biblia, III, peterb. 1911-1913, gv. 2).

jer kidev ieremias piriT brZanebs ufali ̀ axali aRTq-

mis~ pirvelad xsenebisas (qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre)

kacobriobis codvaTa daxsnis Sesaxeb _ `...me maT vap-

atieb ukanonobas da ar gavixseneb maT codvebs. ase am-

bobs ufali, romelmac mogvca mze dRis sinaTled da

mTvare da varskvlavebi Ramis sinaTled, romelic

aRelvebs zRvas, ise, rom xmauroben misi talRebi, iaRve

sabaoTia _ misi saxeli~ (31.33-34).

RvTismetyvelTa Tanaxmad, Zveli aRTqma warmoadgen-

da momzadebasa da winaswarmetyvelebas qristeze. nawi-

naswarmetyvelebi iyo zusti dro da adgili mesiis So-

bisa, mogvTa Tayvaniscema, yrmaTa gawyveta, egvipteSi

gaqceva, winamorbed-winaswarmetyvelis gamoCena, iudev-

124

el mwignobarTa da xelisufalTa mtroba, macxovaris

saswaulebi, mesiis uaryofa iudeveli xalxis mier, tanj-

va, sikvdili, jojoxeTSi Casvla, aRdgoma, amaRleba da

a.S. (p. svetlov, xristianskoe verouCenie, kiev, 1912, t. I,

gv. 125).

`sarwmunoebis simbolo~, romelsac ̀ mrwamssac~ uwode-

ben, ase gadmoscems qristes gankacebas _ ̀ romeli CvenTvis

kacTaTvis da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardmoxda zeciT

da xorcni Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qal-

wulisa gankacna, da jvars ecva CvenTvis pontoelisa

pilates ze da ivno da daefla. da aRsdga mesamesa dResa

msgavsad werilisa~.

cxadia, `werilSi~ igulisxmeba Zveli aRTqmis wmida

wignebi, kerZod ki winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi. jer kidev

abraamis Sesaxeb iyo nabrZanebi (dabadeba, 12), rom mis

mier warmoSobili xalxis mier ̀ ikurTxeba yvela tomebi

da xalxebi dedamiwisa~. swored am erSi ganxorcielebu-

li macxovris mier moxda gamosyidva kacobriobisa. si-

nais aRTqmaSi safuZveli Caeyara xalxs, romelic unda

qceuliyo ̀ wmida xalxad da mRvdelTa samefod~ (gamos-

vl. 19). am xalxidan qristianobis macocxlebeli sarwmu-

noeba miiRes msoflios sxva xalxebma. esaiac yvela xalx-

Ta mxsnelad warmoadgens mesias _ `...yoveli eri misken

daiwyebs denas. daiZvreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis: modi,

avideT uflis mTaze iakobis saxlSi. gvaswavlos Tavisi

gzebi da misi bilikebiT viaroT, radgan rjuli sionidan

gamova da uflis sityva _ ierusalimidan. samarTals

125

ganikiTxavs igi erebs Soris da amxilebs uTvalav xalxs.

maxvilebisgan saxnisebs gamoWedaven da Subebisagan _

namglebs, eri erze aRar aRmarTavs maxvils da aRaravin

iswavlis oms~ (esaia, 2).

winaswarmetyveli xedavs momaval cxebuls, romelic

moitans mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas. misi mefoba Secv-

lis yovel arsebas _ `xalxma, bnelSi moarulma, ixila

naTeli didi, wyvdiadis qveyanaSi mcxovreblebs naTeli

gamoubrwyinda. Sen gaamravle xalxi, gauzarde mas six-

aruli... radgan Sen dalewe misi kirTebis uReli... rad-

gan SegveZina Svili, mogveca Ze... ewoda saxelad sakvirveli

mrCeveli, RmerTi Zlieri, maradisobis mama, mSvidobis

mTavari, xelmwifebis gansadideblad da uboloo mSvi-

dobisaTvis daviTis taxtze da mis samefoSi...~ (esaia, 9).

winaswarmetyveli ganagrZobs mesiis Sesaxeb _ àmova

ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvebis amonayari gaix-

arebs. daivanebs masze uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da

gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa, suli Segnebisa

da uflis SiSisa... simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT,

sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT... simarTle iqneba

sartyelad mis welze... dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad

da vefxvi dabinavdeba cikanTan erTad, xbo, lomi da na-

suqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi waruZRve-

ba maT... im dRes xalxTa droSad dadgeba ieses fesvi da

misken daiwyeben denas tomebi, dideba iqneba misi saSvebe-

li~ (esaia, 11).

esaias darad miqa winaswarmetyvelic mesiis eras ukav-

Sirebs yvela xalxebis moqcevasa da gadarCenas _ ùka-

126

nasknel dReebSi iqneba, rom mTebis TavSi damyardeba

uflis saxlis mTa, gorakebze maRla aRimarTeba da mis-

ken daiwyebs denas xalxebi. movlen uamravi xalxebi da

ityvian: wamo, avideT uflis mTaze da iakobis RvTis

taZarSi, rom gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da viaroT misi

bilikebiT, radgan sionidan gamodis rjuli da ierusal-

imidan _ uflis sityva~ (miqa, 4:1-2).

uflis mosvlis Semdgom damyarebul dausrulebel

samefos ieremia ̀ axal aRTqmas~, xolo ezekieli ̀ sauku-

no aRTqmas~ uwodebs _ winaswarmetyvelis piri RaRadebs

_ `davudeb maT mSvidobis aRTqmas da saukuno aRTqma

iqneba maTTvis. davamkvidreb maT da gavamravleb, maT

Soris davdgam Cems sawmindars saukunod. iqneba maTze

Cemi movaneba, veyolebi maT RmerTad, isini ki Cemi eri

iqnebian. maSin mixvdebian xalxebi, rom ufali var, israe-

lis ganwmendeli, da Cemi sawmidaris saukuno myofobiT

maT Soris~ (ezek. 37:26-27).

Zveli aRTqmis gamocxadebis mwvervalia esaias

winaswarmetyveleba, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela ara

marto Cveni mxsnelis _ qristes _ daviTis sagvareulodan

warmoSoba, qalwulis mier misi mucladReba, Soba da

emanuelad saxeldeba (esaia 7:14), aramed Cveni codvebis

daxsnisaTvis misi vnebaca da sikvdili _ `namdvilad ki,

man ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli,

Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo nacem-nagvemi da damcire-

buli. magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni

ukeTurobebisaTvis dalewili. masze iyo sasjeli Cveni

127

simrTelisaTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT...

evno da ewama, magram ar dauZravs bage, kraviviT dasak-

lavad miiyvanes da rogorc cxvari dums mparsvelTa winaSe,

masac ar dauZravs bage~ (esaia, 53:4-5, 7-8).

man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom macxovris uwinares mova

winamorbedi da moamzadebs xalxs mis misaRebad, ityvis

rom is iqneba qriste, ese igi cxebuli RvTisa, rom is

iqneba RmerTi da kaci, rom is moaxdens saswaulebs; misi

sityviT, koWlebi ivlian, brmebi aRixilaven, mkvdrebi

aRdgebian, rom is ewvaleba, mokvdeba da amiT gamoixsnis

yvela mis morwmunes, is aRsdgeba da daafuZnebs simarT-

lis da mSvidobis sasufevels da mis sufevas ar eqneba

dasasruli, rameTu misi samefo, axali ierusalimi, iqne-

ba WeSmariti samefo RvTisa gardamosuli qveynad.

winaswarmetyvelebani aRsrulda, magram ise, rom is,

visac elodnen, movida wynarad da SeumCnevlad (emanuil

svetlov, vestniki carstva boJia, 1972, gv. 488-492), raTa

axali aRTqma daedo rCeul erTan, rogorc ambobda ier-

emias piriT ufali _ ès aris is aRTqma, romelic unda

davudo israelis saxls im drois Semdeg, ambobs ufali.

wiaRSi Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi

RmerTi viqnebi me da isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (ier. 31:32).

movida is, romelic ixila danielma CvenebiT _ `Cems

Ramis xilvaSi vnaxe: aha, cis Rrublebze modioda kacis

Zis msgavsi, igi Zvel dReTagan movida da wardgenil iqna

mis winaSe. mieca mas xelmwifoba, dideba da mefoba, raTa

yvela xalxi, tomni da enani mas emsaxuron. misi xe-

128

lisufleba saukuno xelmwifebaa, bolo ar eqneba mas da

misi samefo ar daiqceva~ (dan. 7:13-14).

yvela xalxi, tomi da ena iqca ieso qristes Tayvanism-

cemlad, rCeuli eri israilisa, amis Semdgom, swored maT,

mis morwmune qristianebs ewodaT, swored maT miecaT

axali aRTqma.

yvela qristianma erma Tavisi sasuliero mwerloba

`saRmrTo werilis~, anu bibliis TargmniT daiwyo. axali

aRTqmis berZnulidan Targmna meore saukunidanve dau-

wyiaT. maT Soris pirveli siriuli Targmanebi yofila.

siriuli ena axlos yofila arameul dialeqtTan,

romelzec laparakobdnen qriste da mociqulebi.

qarTulad saxareba mexuTe saukuneSi ukve Targmnili

iyo. iakob xucesi, romelmac `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi

dedoflisa~ 476-483 wlebSi dawera, sxva wignTa Soris

moixseniebs saxarebasac _ èvangelies~ saxeliT. iakob

xucesi wers: rodesac curtavSi SuSanik dedofali ga-

nudga gamazdeanebul qmars _ varsqen pitiaxSs da kvlav

taZrad mivida, man `Tana waritanna evangelie Tvisi da

wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, sapyrobileSi ki ̀ ...didi-

Ta gulis-modginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mcir-

edTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni dais-

wavlna~. maSasadame, V saukuneSi ukve arsebula qarTu-

lad ̀ saxareba~, wmida mowameTa cxovrebis aRwera da dav-

iTni (iv. lolaSvili, wignisa da mwerlobis sawyisebTan,

1978, gv. 8).

sityva èvangelie~ klasikur berZnulSi aRniSnavs

keTili ambis cnobas _ xarebas. axal aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs

129

xarebas imisas, rom qristem Seariga adamianebi RmerTTa-

gan da Cven mogvitana sasufevlis sikeTe, amitomac ewoda

qarTulad evangeles _ saxareba.

Cveni mematianes Tanaxmad, vaxtang mefis dedisaTvis

saxareba gaucvniaT V saukunis Sua wlebSi, xolo VI sauku-

nis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebu-

li saba ganwmendilis monastris damaarseblis, wmida sa-

bas ànderZi~ gvauwyebs, rom iberielebs `neba eZlevaT

warTqvan Jamni da samxrisaY, warikiTxon samociqulo da

saxareba TavianT dedaenaze~. maSasadame, sabawmindel

qarTvel berebs V saukunis meore naxevarSi xelT hqoni-

aT qarTuli ̀ samociqulo~ da qarTulive ̀ saxareba~ (iqve,

gv. 9).

saxarebis uZveles qarTul Targmanebs ̀ pirveliTgans~

uwodebdnen, giorgi mTawmideli am Targmanebs ̀ wmidad

Targmnilebs~ uwodebda da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda:

`Cvenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targm-

nilni arian da keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmindurni-

ca~. i. lolaSvilis azriT, ̀ pirveliTganSi~ igulisxmeba

IV saukuneSive, CvenSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmu-

noebad gamocxadebisas Targmnili saxarebani (iqve, gv. 9).

saRmrTo werili yvelaze adre Targmnila qarTulad.

am TargmanebiT dawyebula qarTuli saeklesio mwerlo-

ba. efrem mcires sityviT, qarTvelebs maSin dauwyiaT

saRmrTo werilis Targmna, roca msoflio eklesias jer

kidev ̀ araraY aqunda sxvaY sagalobelad saeklesioY, Tvin-

ier fsalmunTa wignisa~. e.i. maSin, roca RvTismsaxureba-

130

Si himnografiuli elementi jer ganviTarebuli ar iyo

da araviTari wesis Sesruleba ar SeiZleboda ̀ saRmrTo

werilis~ (bibliis) wignebis gareSe (k. kekeliZe, qarT.

lit. istoria I, gv. 441). marTlac, petre iberis cxovre-

bis Tanaxmad, petres jer kidev saqarTveloSi, konstan-

tinepols gamgzavrebamde (424 wlamde) Seuswavlia wmida

werili, xolo, matianes cnobiT, vaxtang gorgasals mdi-

drulad Seumkia saxareba (iqve, gv. 412).

Tu verwmunebiT cnobas andria pirvelwodebulisa da

sxva mociqulebis saqarTveloSi qadagebis Sesaxeb, me-

sukavel mowameTa (I-II ss) cxovrebis cnobebsa da agreTve

ioane sabanisZis VIII saukuneSi naTqvams, rom mesame sauku-

nidan saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ukve gaqristianebulia,

maSin unda vifiqroT, rom wmida werils zepirad Targmna

_ qadagebis gziT qarTvelebi meoTxe saukunemde unda

gacnobodnen, xolo IV-V saukuneebSi CvenSi ukve rom ar-

sebobda ̀ pirveliTgani~ Targmanebi, sandod unda miviC-

nioT. miT umetes, rom moRweulia mravali xelnaweri,

mecnierTa mier V-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebuli. gan-

sakuTrebiT ki palimfsestebi. arsebobs Zveli Targmanebis

(pirveliTganis) ramdenime redaqcia. esenia xanmeti (aso

x-aniT meti) da haemeti. Semdgomia e.w. `sabawminduri~.

romelic, k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, xanmetisagan fone-

tikurad gansxvavdeboda, imiT, rom xan-ebi ukve aRar ix-

mareboda, Tumca SesaZleblad miiCneva sabawmindur re-

daqciaSi x-anis magier h-aes xmareba. es redaqciebi IV-IX

saukuneebSi Tavsdeba. axali redaqcia wmida werilisa,

131

kerZod ki saxarebisa ekuTvnis eqvTime aTonels (mestiis

saxareba 1033 w. da metexis saxareba 1049 w.) _ mas teqsti

Seujerebia axal, imJamindel berZnul redaqciasTan. es

Sroma gaugrZelebia giorgi mTawmindels, mas saxarebis

teqsti samjer Seumowmebia berZnul teqstTan da moucia

axali, damoukidebeli redaqcia, romelmac saqarTvelo-

Si moipova kanonikuri Rirseba da mniSvneloba qarTuli

vulgatisa (iqve, gv. 414).

saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis, cxadia, Zveladve ̀ pirvel-

iTgan~ iTargmneboda samociquloc.

SuSanikis martvilobidan Cans, rom pavles epistole-

ni V saukuneSi arsebobda, Tumca samociqulos Zveli

nusxebi (XI s-mde arsebulni) naklebad Semonaxula CvenSi.

eqvTime aTonels, samociqulos zogierTi teqstis re-

daqtirebac unda ekuTvnodes, kerZod ki apokalifsisa,

anu gamocxadebisa. mas k. kekeliZe miiCnevs pirvel Targ-

manad, magram SeuZlebelia is manamdec ar hqonodaT

qarTvelebs, masve uTargmnia pavles zogierTi epistole,

ganmartebebTan erTad. samociqulo ufro srulad uTarg-

mnia (e.i. moucia axali redaqcia axali aRTqmis am nawil-

isa) giorgi mTawmindels. mas uTargmnia ̀ pavle sruli da

saqme mociqulTa da kaTolikeni mociqulTani~. is yofi-

la Zveli qarTuli teqstis redaqtireba da ara axali

Targmani berZnulidan. redaqtireba rom yofila, amas

amowmebs efrem mcirec _ kerZod, aRniSnavs, rom giorgim

mTlianad ver gawyvita kavSiri Zvel qarTul teqstTano

(iqve, gv. 416). es redaqciac samociqulosi kanonikuri

gamxdara.

132

Zveli aRTqmis wignebi qarTvelebs, rogorc Cans, sep-

tantadan uTargmniaT (cnobilia, rom Zveli aRTqmis

ebrauli dedani qristeSobamde mesame saukuneSi aleqsan-

driaSi berZnul enaze gadauTargmnia 70 mTargmnels _

mas uwodes septanta (`septuaginta~), Tumca, zogierTi

qarTuli Targmani Sedarebulia II saukuneSi ebraulidan

berZnul enaze Sesrulebul TargmanebTanac (cnobilia II

saukunis sami Targmani: akvilasi, svimaxosisa da Teodot-

ianesi).

dReisaTvis gadarCenilia Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi

wignis xelnawerebis nawilebi, zogierTi wigni ki mTli-

anad. bibliis sruli qarTuli nusxa, romelic Cvenamdea

moRweuli, 978 welsaa gadawerili mesxeTSi, `lavrasa

Sina didsa uSks~ (oSks) da daculia aTonze, iverTa mon-

asterSi.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom eqvTime da giorgi mTawmind-

elebs uTargmniaT mTeli biblia, k. kekeliZe am azrs ar

eTanxmeba.

bibliis meore redaqcia aris 1743 wlisa, esaa moskov-

Si baqar batoniSvilis mier dabeWdili teqsti.

mesame redaqcia meTvramete saukunisaa, mas mcxeTuri

biblia ewodeba. is uZvelesi xelnaweridan gadauweriaT,

romelSiac bibliis teqsti dayofili ar yofila Tave-

bad da muxlebad. gansakuTrebul, anu m. janaSviliseuls

uwodebs k. kekeliZe XV-XVI saukuneebis xelnawerebs (iqve,

gv. 418-419);

1884 wels TbilisSi meored daibeWda moskovis gamocema.

1989 wels TbilisSi gamoica bibliis axali Targmani,

manamde ki axali aRTqmis teqsti ramdenjerme daibeWda.

133

armazi, ahuramazda,

molodini mesiisa

Cven mama-papaTa rjuli, sarwmunoeba, ukve ori aTasi

welia qristianobaa, yovladwmida samebis Tayvaniscema.

iqamde ki, ̀ qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, ̀ sjuli mamaTa

CvenTa~ iyo Tayvaniscema kerpTa da mnaTobTa.

mamaTa rjuli Zvel qarTvelobas mtkiced epyra, iqam-

de, rom TviT mefesac ki, qveynis TviTmpyrobels qvey-

nidan aZevebdnen, Tuki is gabedavda da winaparTa sarwmu-

noebisadmi orgulobas gamoamJRavnebda. farnavazis Svil-

TaSvili, meoTxe mefe iberiisa, anu qarTlis samefosi _

farnajomi _ mazdeanobisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobisak-

en midrekila da kerpmsaxureba uaruyvia, amis gamo qarT-

lis erisTavebma ganacxades: _ ̀ mefe Cveni gardaxda sjulsa

mamaTa CvenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa

qarTlisaTa, aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cvenda~ (qarT-

lis cxovreba, I, gv. 29). marTlac, mefes SeebrZolnen,

mokles da mis nacvlad taxtze sul sxva, axali dinasti-

is fuZemdebeli mefe aiyvanes.

axalgazrdobisas (da gamefebis Semdeg) farnajomi

qarTuli rjulis moyvare da misi morwmune yofila,

aRumarTavs zadenis kerpi zaden cixesTan, rac im droi-

saTvis taZris movaleobas asrulebda. àmis Semdgomad

Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvana

sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da mogvni da dasxna igini

mcxeTas, adgilsa mas, romelsa ese hqvian mogvTa da iwyo

134

cxadad gmobad kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa

qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqundaT kerpTa mima-

rT~ (iqve, 29). qarTvel `mamaTa rjulis~ gmoba Zvirad

daujda qarTvelTa mefes.

qarTvelTa warmarTuli sarwmunoebis amsaxveli

pirvelwyaroebi kerpebis Sesaxeb naklebad laparakoben

_ qarTvelni Tayvans scemdneno mzes, mTvaresa da xuT

varskvlavs, Tumca ki ufro adre _ warmarTobamde,

qarTvelebi WeSmariti RmerTis mcnobni da misi morwmu-

neni iyvneno.

WeSmariti RmerTi qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT erTiani,

protoqarTveluri eTnosis daSlis Semdeg an ufro mogvi-

anebiT: ̀ STavarda Suri Soris SvilTa qarTlosisaTa: iwyes

brZolad da xdomad urTierTas... da ganagrZeles maT

Soris brZola, romel Jamsame aRdgian amaTganni orni

naTesavni erTsa zeda da sxvani Seeweodian... da romeln-

imme kvalad sxvani aRsdges erTmaneTsa zeda da sxvani

Seeweodian~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 10).

am droisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, maTSi moSlila WeS-

mariti sarwmunoebis codna _ `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes

RmerTi, dambadebeli maTi da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da

mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa da mtkice da ufrosi

saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~ (iqve, gv. 11).

rogorc vxedavT, am epoqaSi qarTvelebs xeliT qmnili

kerpebi, raime qandakebani, ̀ TavianTi Tavis msgavsi kerpi~

ar SeuqmniaT da arc Tayvans scemdnen maT, Tumca ki dam-

badebelis, qveynis Semoqmedis nacvlad Tayvani sces mis

135

qmnilebebs _ zeciur sxeulebs. mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi

varskvlavis Tayvaniscemis mogoneba bolo dromde Semor-

Cenila qarTvelTa Soris. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ambobs

ivane javaxiSvili, samegreloSi deda akvnis Cvils xelSi

ayvanils mnaTobTa saxelebs agonebdao:

_ ̀ TuTa, Taxa, juma, ca, vobi, sabateni, bJa~, TuTa _

mTvarea, Taxa _ Tarxoni anu marsia (iv. javaxiSvili, I,

1979, gv. 176), juma _ hermesi _ merkuria (`jimaRi~), ca _

ciskris varskvlavi anu afroditea (iqve, gv. 178), vebi _

elva-quxilis, xeTur-xaldeuris monaTesave RvTaeba,

sabateni _ nasesxebi sityva ̀ SabaTia~, amiT aRiniSneboda

mnaTobi kronosi, romelsac qarTulad ̀ morige~ hqvia da

meSvide caze myofad miiCneoda.

xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi: qarTuli warmarToba imde-

nad srulyofilad damuSavebuli da daxvewili iyo, rom

àramcTu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTul tomTaTvis,

maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarTo-

ba arsebobda, aramed am warmarTobas saerTo termino-

logiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~ (iqve, gv. 156).

saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebis ena qarTuli iyo, es wesi

mtkiced damkvidrebula uZveles dros yvela qarTul

tomSi. es miT ufro dasafasebelia, rom sarwmunoebis ena

TviT gvian saukuneebSic ki, xSirad ara mSobliuri ena

iyo zogierT xalxSi.

qarTuli warmarToba qarTvelebisaTvis gamSobliure-

bul-gaerovnebuli yofila, amitomac mas mtkice winaaRm-

degoba gauwevia TviT iranuli religiisaTvis, romel-

136

sac asaxva upovia `sparselTa wminda wignSi~ _ avestaSi

(zoroastrizmi).

`qarTul warmarTobas Tavisi mtkiced Camoyalibebu-

li panTeonic hqonia, am panTeonSi zogi mTavar RvTae-

bad iTvleboda, zogi da umetesoba umcros RvTaebaTa

jgufs ekuTvnoda~ (iqve, gv. 156).

ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, warmarTobisdroindeli

qarTvelebis mTavar ̀ RvTaebad~ mTvare iTvleboda. yvel-

gan, sadac ki qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris Tayvanis-

cemis kvali SerCenilia. ara marto saqarTveloSi, pon-

tosa da frigiaSi, `sadac erT dros qarTveli tomebi

binadrobdnen strabonis sityviT, mTvaris Tayvaniscema

gavrcelebuli yofila~ (iqve, gv. 99).

mTvaris, viTar mTavar meufis da RvTaebis Tayvanis-

cema, yvela qarTveli tomis rwmenad unda CaiTvaloso, _

werda is (iqve, gv. 99). panTeonSi umaRles RvTaebebad

miiCneoda aseve ̀ RmerTi Semoqmedi~ da ̀ ca _ RrubelTa

batoni~ (iqve, gv. 101). uzenaes RvTaebas `morigesac~

uwodebdnen. is kronosi unda yofiliyo. qarTuli 7-dRi-

ani msgefsis yoveli dRe mnaTobTadmi iyo miZRvnili da

maT sadideblad iyo saxeldebuli. kvira mzis dRe iyo,

orSabaTi _ mTvarisa, samSabaTi _ ariasi, oTxSabaTi _

ermisa, xuTSabaTi _ afroditisa, paraskevi _ diosisa,

SabaTi _ kronosisa. mTvare marTlac gansakuTrebiT pa-

tivdebuli yofila. TviT Cems siymawvileSic ki zogi

moxuci orSabaTs uqmobda (orSabaTi ki mTvarisadmi,

uzenaesisadmi yofila miZRvnili), xolo zogan Cvil bavSvs

137

mTvares daanaxebdnen da pirjvars asaxvinebdnen. am dros

eubnebodnen _ ài, fufala~ da gulisxmobdnen ufals

(warmarTuli Cvevebis aRorZineba eklesiis dacemam gam-

oiwvia XX s-Si). r. patariZem ZvelqarTuli anban-kalen-

dris kvlevisas faqtobrivad daadastura ivane javaxiS-

vilis sityvebi: ̀ exla roca gamoirkva, Tu ra didi mniS-

vneloba hqonda Zveli qarTvelebis sarwmunoebaSi mT-

vares da mis mdgomareobas, mcxralisa, gavsebulisa, da

mTvaris aRvsebis gamocnobas, cxadia, rom xatis msax-

urebs kargad unda scodnodaT mTvaris angariSi, swored

ase iyo kidec, fSavsa da xevsureTs, xevisbersa da de-

kanozs rom hkiTxoT, _ ambobda am 55 wlis winaT

r.erisTavi, mTvare ramdeni dRisaa, erT wamsve miiRebT

swor pasuxso. vin ar icis, rom saqarTveloSi am oci wlis

winaT yvelam Cinebulad icoda, zogma exlac icis mT-

varis raodenobis gaangariSeba~ (iqve, gv. 98).

qarTul warmarTobasac Tavisi istoria hqonia, dro-

Ta ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebula, SeuZenia axal-axali

elementebi, mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis gverdiT kerpTa

Tayvaniscemac SemouRia qarTvelobas.

saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT qarTul warmarTul

panTeonSi pirveloba hqonia armazs.

safiqrebelia, kerpTa Tayvaniscema axladSeqmnili

erTiani warmarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis

saWiroebisTvis SemouRiaT qveynis mmarTvelebs, magali-

Tad, dasavleT-aRmosavleT-samxreT saqarTvelos gaer-

Tianebisa da damoukidebeli samefos sazRvarTa ganmt-

138

kicebis Semdgom ̀farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda

Tvissa; es ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad ar-

maz erqva, amarTa kerpi igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da

amieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpisa misTvis da qmna sat-

fureba didi kerpisa misTvis aRmarTebulisa~ (`qarTlis

cxovreba~, I, gv. 25) armazi _ gaerTianebuli da gaTavisu-

flebuli pirveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mfarvel

`RvTaebad~ unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. wyaros Tanax-

mad, farnavazamdec azonis qveynis sazRvrebic faqto-

brivad sruliad saqarTvelos moicavda, azons, Cans, Tavisi

saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis mizniT, pirvelad SemouRia

kerpTayvaniscema. ̀ qarTlis cxovreba~ wers _ ̀ aman azon

dauteva sjuli aleqsandres mocemuli, iwyo kerpTmsax-

urebad da Seqmnna orni kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da

gaim~. aleqsandre makedonelis mier qarTvelTaTvis da-

tovebuli sjuli ki yofila mnaTobTa da uxilavi Rmer-

Tis Tayvaniscema _ ̀ ubrZana aleqsandre azons, raTa pa-

tivs scemdes mzesa da mTvares da varskvlavTa xuTTa da

hmsaxurebdnen RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa,

rameTu mas Jamsa ara iyo winaswarmetyveli da moZRvari

sjulisa WeSmaritisa, romelmanca aswava da amxila aramed

TviT moigona sjuli ese aleqsandre, mefobasa Sina yov-

elsa qveyanasa sjuli ese daudva da wavida aleqsandre~

(iqve, gv. 19).

cnobilia, rom aleqsandre makedoneli Tayvans scemda

`RmerTTa~ berZnul panTeons, mnaTobTa da uxilavi Rm-

erTis Tayvaniscema iyo ara aleqsandres rjuli, aramed

139

qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebisa, rogorc amas iqve, ram-

denime Tavis win wers qarTveli mematiane. unda vifiqroT,

rom aleqsandrem an misma romelime satrapma, Tuki isini

saqarTveloSi iyvnen, saWirod CaTvales qarTvelTa

erovnuli sarwmunoebisaTvis pativi miegoT da daekanon-

ebinaT.

saxels armazisas mematiane sparsulTan akavSirebs,

`farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva~-o, mecnierTa erTi

nawili mas ahuramazdasTan _ sparsul uzenaes RvTae-

basTan akavSirebs, sxvebi ki xeTur mTvaris RvTaebis sax-

el ̀ armas~-Tan. armazis saxels ahuramazdasTan akavSireb-

da ivane javaxiSvili da werda: ̀ armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs

rom sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti saerTo

araferi aqvs, es ucilobelia~ (iv. javaxiSvili, dasax.

naSr. gv. 145).

armazis Tayvaniscemasa da mazdeanobas Soris saerTo

niSnebs ver xedaven, magram, miuxedavad amisa, cecxlTay-

vanismcemlobas saqarTveloSic SemouRwevia da nawilo-

briv gavrcelebula kidec.

`mazdeanoba rom erT xans saqarTveloSic gavrcele-

buli iyo da maSasadame, ahuramazda-armazis Tayvanis-

cemac unda yofiliyo Cvens qveyanaSi _ es cxadia~, _ wers

iv. javaxiSvili.

`...wmida nino maSindel qarTvelebs ase axasiaTebs:

`vxedevdiT, cecxlis msaxursa mas ersa da mogvebsa da

cTomasa maTsa zeda vtirodio~.

zoroastrizmi _ iranidan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi,

isic ̀ uxilav RmerTsa~, da ciur sxeulebs Tayvanscemda

140

da amitomac, albaT qarTvelTa sarwmunoebasTan msgavse-

bis gamo, saqarTveloSic hpova gavrceleba. Tumca ki,

qarTul erovnul sarwmunoebas misTvis medgari winaaRm-

degoba gauwevia.

zoroastri, anu zaraTuStra winaswarmetyvelad miiC-

neva. am religiis wmida kanonia _ avesta, xolo uzenaesi

RvTaeba _ ahuramazda, romlis saxelis mixedviTac zo-

roastrizms mazdeanobac hqvia. is saqarTveloSi qris-

tianobamde imdenad gavrcelebula, rom misi mZlavri

gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qarTul enas (taZari,

kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini,

droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxva). Cans gansakuTrebiTac

moukidnia fexi qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi,

amis maCvenebelia maT Soris gavrcelebuli iranul-zo-

roastruli Teoforuli saxelebi _ farnavazi, farna-

jomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, bakuri, bartomi, mir-

dati, adarnase, azorki da sxva (m. andronikaSvili, narkveve-

bi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan 1. 1966).

`parsebis wminda wigni _ avesta, romelsac zogjer

ìranul bibliasac~ ki uwodebdnen _ zoroastrizmis

sulieri codnis Semcvelia. Cans, swored mas uwodebdnen

qarTvelebi `nebroTis wigns~, romelic ZvelqarTuli

wyaroebis Tanaxmad, winaqristianul epoqaSi qarTvelTa-

Tvis cnobili yofila, pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom is

qarTul enazec iyo Targmnili da mefeTa saxlebSi inax-

eboda.

mazdeanoba popularuli gaxda qristianobamdel msof-

lioSi, mas gavlenac ki mouxdenia gviandel iudaizmze,

141

SeWrila romaul religiaSi, suli Cauberia gnosticizmisa

da maniqevelobisaTvis (e. svetlovi, vestnik carstva boJia,

V, briuseli, 1972 gv. 363).

unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi erTaderTi religia,

romelic icnobda mesianizms (igulisxmeba bibliuri sam-

yaros gareT) esaa mesianizmi zaraStutrasi (iqve, gv. 493),

sxvaTa Soris, es Cans qarTuli wyaroebidanac, romelsac

qveviT ganvixilavT. israelis winaswarmetyvelTa garda

mxolod mazdeanobas swamda momavali sufeva uflisa,

mxolod is moeloda msoflios mxsnelis mosvlas amqvey-

nad, swored zaratuStras qurumebi _ mogvebi _ mividnen

pirvelni Cveni macxovris iesos Sobisas mis Tayvanissacem-

lad, swored isini elodnen mis mosvlas am qveynad da

pirvelebma Seityves es. Tanaxmad maTe maxareblisa _ ̀ xolo

roca iudeis beTlemSi daibada ieso qriste, herodes me-

fobis Jams, aha, aRmosavleTiT movidnen mogvni ierusal-

ims da Tqves: sad aris iudevelTa axalSobili mefe? vi-

naidan vixileT misi varskvlavi aRmosavleTSi da movediT,

raTa Tayvani vceT mas. es rom gaigo, SeZrwunda mefe herode

da mTeli ierusalimi masTan erTad. da Sekriba yvela

mRvdelmTavari da eris mwignobarni da gamoikiTxa maTgan,

sad unda Sobiliyo ieso qriste. xolo maT uTxres mas:

iudeis beTlemSi, vinaidan ase daiwera winaswarmetyvelis

mier... maSin herodem farulad mouwoda mogvebs da gam-

oikiTxa maTgan varskvlavis gamoCenis Jami da wargzavna

isini beTlems... xolo maT usmines mefes da wavidnen da

aha varskvlavi, romelic ixiles aRmosavleTiT, win mi-

142

uZRvoda maT, sanam ar mivida da Tavs ar daadga im adg-

ils, sadac yrma iyo... da rodesac Sevidnen saxlSi, ix-

iles yrma mariamTan, Tavis dedasTan erTad, da daemxnen

da Tayvani sces mas da gaxsnes TavianTi saunje da miar-

Tves mas ZRveni: oqro, gundruki da muri~ (maTe, 2:1-11).

es moTxroba, e.svetlovis azriT, gviCvenebs, rom axa-

li aRTqma raRacnairad dakavSirebulia bibliisgare

religiur samyarosTan, rom israelis sazRvrebs gare-

Tac adamianebi elodnen mxsnelis mosvlas.

saxarebis dedanSi sityva ̀ mogvi~ JRers rogorc ̀ magi~

(, rac saerTod ewodeba jadoqrobaSi daxelovneb-

ul adamianebs; Zvelad ki antikur dros sityva `mags~

iranuli religiis qurumebs uwodebdnen, rogorc es aRniS-

nuli iyo, da swored maT sces pirvelebma Tayvani war-

marTTagan RmerTkacs bagaSive.

es SemTxveviT ar yofila: e. svetlovis azriT, niSan-

doblivia, rom Zveli aRTqma, medgrad mebrZoli egvip-

tis, babilonis, finikiis, saberZneTis ̀ RmerTebis~ winaaRm-

deg, arsad pirdapir ar gamodis iranis religiis winaaRm-

deg (iqve, gv. 362). mazda ahura (ahuramazda) niSnavda

yovlismpyrobel da yovladbrZen ufals. isaa ̀ Semoqme-

di~ samyaroisa da simarTlisa. samyaro RmTaebrivi Semoq-

medis mieraa Seqmnili, ahuramazdas gverdiT dgas eqvsi

zeciuri suli (esenia) _ `keTili fiqri~ (azri), `simar-

Tle~, ̀ siwminde~, ̀ sikeTis samefo~, ̀ janmrTeloba~, ̀ ukv-

daveba~ _ yvelani eseni suliwmindis mier arian Seqm-

nilni, ras niSnavs es? _ erTian RmerTs Tu qristes war-

143

marT winamorbeds iranis miwaze? arsebiTad es sruliad

dasaSvebia, visa aqvs ufleba SezRudos suli wmidis mo-

qmedeba erTi adgiliT? maxareblis sityvebiT, gana is ar

sunTqavs, iq, sadac nebavs? Tu eklesiis mamebi antikur

azrovnebaSi xedavdnen axali aRTqmis preludias, ra uSlis

xels igive iTqvas zarastutras swavlebaze? TviT bib-

lia ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom RmerTi ix-

sneba ̀ warmarTTaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 368).

mazdeanobas swamda, rom sikeTis RmerTi sabolood

gaimarjvebda da didebiT moevlineboda dedamiwas,

boroteba ki damarcxdeboda, xolo is adamianebi, rom-

lebic mazdas emsaxurebodnen azriT, sityviT da saqmiT,

dajildovdebodnen RvTis am sasufevelSi (iqve, gv. 375).

RmerTis sasufeveli (kxSatra) warmoadgenda jamsa da

gvirgvins msoflio yofisas, zarastutras sikvdilis Sem-

deg warmoiSva rwmena imisa, rom mazda adamianebs gamoug-

zavnida axal mxsnels, es rwmena sabolood iudaur mesi-

anizms daemsgavsa. magebi aswavlidnen, rom garkveuli

drois Semdeg mxsneli dedamiwaze movidoda, raTa borote-

ba daemarcxebina (iqve, gv. 377). am rwmeniT xom ar gahyvnen

iraneli mogvebi beTlemisaken varskvlavs?

yovelive zemomoyvanili CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sain-

teresoa ̀ qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi adgilis amoxsnisaTvis,

romelic dakavSirebulia mociqulTa swor mefe mirian-

Tan.

mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom warmarTobis xanis

qarTvelma mefe mirianma wmida ninos qadagebis mosmenis

144

Semdeg ̀ iwyo gamoZieba sjulisa~ da gadaikiTxa warmarTu-

li ̀ nebroTis wigni~ (mazdeanuri rjulisa), garda amisa

aman gamowvlilviT gamoikiTxa moxuc ebraelTagan sju-

lis sakiTxebi, is dainteresda swored ̀ mxsneliT~. wmida

ninos, aseve moxuc ebraelTa da `nebroTis wignis~ mi-

TiTebani mxsnelsa da mesiaze erTmaneTs emsgavsebodnen

_ ̀ maSin mirian mefe gankvirda da iwyo gamoZiebad sjulisa

qristessa da mravalgzis hkiTxaven huria-yofilsa mas

abiaTars ZvelTa da axalTa wignTasa da igi auwyebda

yovelsa. da wignica romeli hqonda mirian mefesa nebro-

Tisi da masca wignsa Sina pova werili esreTi: ...~me var

miqael, romeli dadginebul var RmerTisa mier mTavrobasa

zeda aRmosavlisasa... xolo ukanasknelTa JamTa movides

meufe igi cisa... man gixilos Wirsa Sina da gixsen Sen~.

maSin gulisxma yo mefeman mirian rameTu Zvelni wignni

da axalni ewamebodes da nebroTis wignica daamtkicebda

da Seeqmna survili qristes sjulisa~ (qarTlis cxovre-

ba, I, gv. 105).

aSkaraa, rom qarTul wyaroSi dadasturebulia zemo-

moyvanili azri, rom bibliur wignebSi gadmocemuli me-

sianizmis idea zoroastrizmSic arsebobda. swored aman

SesZra mefe miriani da ukve movlinebul mxsnelad aRi-

ara Cveni macxovari. aq sainteresoa isic, rom ̀ nebroTis

wigni~, rogorc Cans, namdvilad arsebobda Zvel

saqarTveloSi, radganac misi citata damowmebuli mema-

tianis mier, swored zoroastrizmis umTavresi ideis Sem-

cvelia, masSi naTqvamia ̀ cis meufis mosvlisa~ da ̀ xsnis~

Sesaxeb.

145

mefe miriani, romelic iqamde cecxlTayvanismcemeli

yofila, emsgavseba mogvebs, romelnic uflis akvanTan

mividnen da Tayvani sces mas TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi

codnis wyalobiT, magram amiT maT Soris msgavseba

mTavrdeba, mefe miriani ufro amaRlda imiT, rom man ara

marto Tayvani sca mxsnels, aramed gaxda misi upirvelesi

moqadage da misi rwmenis gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi,

amitomac is mociqulTa sworad iwoda. isic unda iTqvas,

rom mefe miriani warmarTobis dros, sxva qarTvelTa

darad, ̀ qarTvel mamaTa rjulis~ mimdevaric iyo da Tay-

vans scemda winaparTa ̀ RmerTebs~, misi azriT, isini ari-

an ̀ RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni,

wvimis momcemelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni Rm-

erTni qarTlisani armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa

gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da

gaim~ (iqve, gv. 106).

aqve uTuod unda iTqvas, rom msgavseba Zveli aRTqmis

mxsnel RmerTsa da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mazdas Soris

mxolod calmxrivia. mazdeanizmi dualisturi religiaa,

mazdas miekuTvneba yovelgvari sikeTe, is Semoqmedia

yovelive mSvenierisa samyaroSi, xolo yovelive bnelisa

da borotisa ki ̀ aiaSma~, sicruea. am borot suls angra-

maniu (ahrimani berZnulad) _ ̀ mowinaaRmdege suli~ hqvia.

is mudmivi mowinaaRmdegea RmerTisa, masTan mebrZolia,

meore ̀ boroti Semoqmedia~. mis Seqmnilad iTvleboda _

jadoqrebi, mebrZoli tomebi, devebi da sxva. gansakuTre-

biTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom zarastutra araTu ibrZoda

146

maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar iziarebda mazdeanur sarwmunoe-

bas, aramed avaldebulebda mis yvela morwmunes, iar-

aRiT xelSi, ukompromisod moespo yvela religiuri mow-

inaaRmdge, religiuri omi wminda omad miaCnda. yvela

sarwmunoebriv mowinaaRmdeges ahrimanis, anu boroti

sulis mier Seqmnilad miiCnevda, religiur sakiTxebs cecx-

lTayvanismcemlebi iseve Wridnen, rogorc Semdgom muha-

medi. amiT sparseTi rogorc mazdeanuri ise mahmadia-

nuri, qarTvelTaTvis agresiuli iyo, misi sarwmunoebrivi

politika ar Secvlila. xolo iranelebTan qarTvelebis

zneobriv-moraluri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb unda iTq-

vas, rom antikur epoqaSi, qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad,

qarTvelebs sparselebTan urTierToba, maTTan naTesao-

ba da sulieri kavSiri saTakilod ar miaCndaT (sul sxva

suraTia qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobisas Sua sauku-

neebSi). mizezi amisa iyo is, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis

dros TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnilebebis gamo

iranelebs sicrue, boroti, arazneobrivi saqmis Cadena

ejavrebodaT. `sicrues isini samarcxvino naklad Tv-

liano~, _ wers herodote, Semdgom, mongolebis dros,

Cveni mematianes sityviT, mongolebi sparselebs yvela

xalxTa Soris yvelaze matyuarad da crud miiCnevdnen

(albaT, am epoqaSi qarTvelTa Soris maT zneobasac sax-

eli gautyda). mazdeanobisas ki maT evalebodaT Sesruleba

valdebulebisa _ `keTili azri, keTili sityva, keTili

saqme~. evalebodaT amoerCiaT keTilsa da borots Soris

erTi _ keTili. rjulis pirveli maswavleblis gar-

147

dacvalebis Semdgom mazdeanobaSi SeiWra mravalRmerTi-

anoba. ahuramazda ukve aRar iyo erTaderTi RmerTi.

ahuramazdas avestaSi ewodeba ̀ simarTlis dambadebe-

li~, romelmac gakvala gza mzisa da varskvlavebisaken;

mas adareben mTvares, romelic ivseba da ileva. amitomac

SesaZlebelia armazs _ ahuramazdas qarTul saxes _ mT-

varis RmerTis funqciac miewereboda.

Tu armazs mTvaris RmerTis funqcia eniWeboda, maSin

is misaRebi iqneboda warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebu-

li ori sarwmunoebrivi mxarisaTvis. erTni iyvnen sax-

elmwifo religiis _ `mamaTa rjulis~, anu qarTuli

erovnuli panTeonis Tayvanismcemlebi (xalxis farTo

masebi da erisTavebi), meoreni ki zoroastrizmis mim-

devrebi _ am ukanasknelTa ricxvs, Cans dafarulad

TanaugrZnobda samefo ojaxic (`qarTlis cxovrebis~

Tanaxmad, farnavazis Semdgomi qarTuli samefo dinas-

tiebi _ nebroTianebi da arSakunianebi enaTesavebodnen

aRmosavlur iranul dinastiebs). maT esaWiroebodaT

mazdeanobis dafarva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc

Tavidan iyo aRniSnuli, taxtidan Camoagdebdnen.

Tavisi wminda saxiT mazdeanoba kerpTayvanismcemlo-

bas uaryofda, magram Semdeg misi Tavdapirveli ̀ siwminde~

SeimRvra.

qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg samefo ojaxSi dar-

Cenila naSTi mazdeanizmisa, is kvlav dafaruli iyo, amas

miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis mematianis sityvebi, romel-

ic `nebroTis wignis~ Sesaxeb gvamcnobs `mamaTa CvenTa

farulad epyraT wigni ese~.

148

armazi _ warmarTobis dros, xalxis TvalsazrisiT,

cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mowinaaRmdege ̀ RmerTs~ war-

moadgenda.

saqarTveloSi qristianoba ukve pirveli saukunidanve

TandaTan vrceldeboda, amave dros CvenSi cxovrobdnen

iudaisturi religiis mimdevrebi da mzis (cecxlis) Tay-

vanismcemlebi.

qarTveli warmarTebi cdilobdnen ̀ mamaTa RmerTis~ _

armazis _ risxva ar gamoewviaT qristianobis, iudaizmis

anda cecxlTayvanismcemlobis miRebiT. isini eTayvane-

bodnen armazs da ambobdnen _ ̀ vai Tu da-sada-vaklo rai

didebasa didisa RmrTisa armazissa da Se-rasme-vcde si-

tyvasa ebraelTa Tana, gina mogvTa smenasa daxvdomil

viyo mzis msaxurTa da romelime ityvian ucebni didsa

visme RmerTsa caTasa~ (qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. I, gv.

119).

armazi _ mamaTa RmerTi _ gansxvavdeba ebraelTa,

mazdeanTa da qristianTa RmerTisagan. ufro metic, _ is

mteria ̀ atroSanisa~ anu ̀ iTrujanisa~ _ cecxlis RvTae-

bisa. ̀ qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cveni ese RmerTi

armaz yovladve mter arian. aman rame mas zeda zRva moaq-

cia...~ k. kekeliZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, iTrujani atroSa-

nia, xolo qaldevelebs im droisaTvis sparselebs

uwodebdnen.

armazi wyliT aqrobs cecxlis sagznebels (iseve,

rogorc Semdgom Cveni wmida mamebi _ cecxlTayvanism-

cemlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni).

149

sabolood ZvelqarTuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb gavime-

oroT sidonias sityva:

ègreT iyo cxovrebaY Cveni qarTvelno, rameTu viq-

ceodiT naTelsa da mkvidr viyveniT bnelsa, vixarebdiT

SvebiTa da viunjebdiT glovasa, romlisa nugeSinismce-

meli ara iyo. vhmsaxurebdiT same dabadebulTa da ara

dambadebelsa, qerobinTa etlTa zeda mjdomarisa wil

mTaTa maRalTa Tavyuanis-scemdes mamani Cvenni, gebalsa

da garizinsa da mas zeda ara iyo arca RmerTi, arca mose,

arca niSi maTi, aramed kerpni qvisani usuloni. xolo

amas qveyanasa qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda

orni kerpni, armaz da zaden, romelni iynosdes sul-

myralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoisasa armaz da

zaden da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxverp-

lad, viTarmca ukunisamde ara iyos sikvdili. da ese iyo

moaqamde, xolo iyvnes kerpni sxvanica samefoni: gaci da

ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa dawvad

da mtveri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (`moqcevai qarTl-

isai~, iqve, gv. 125, var. a).

yrmaTa kerpTadmi Sewirva, Tu marTla arsebobda ase-

Ti wesi, matianis Tanaxmad, qristianobis gavleniT

aRukveTia mefe rev marTals III saukunis dasawyisSi. stra-

bonis Tanaxmad, mTvares albaneTSi marTlac swiravdnen

adamians msxverplad.

isic unda iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvils eeWveboda

CvenSi kerpTayvanismcemlobis arseboba, misi kvlevis

Tanaxmad, warmarTobis xanaSi qarTvelebi Tayvans scemd-

150

nen `Semoqmed RmerTs~, mnaTobebs, sxva qmnilebebs da

swored es miiCneoda ̀ mamaTa rjulad~.

pompeusis laSqroba israelsa

da iberiaSi

qristeSobamde 65 wlis gazafxulze romaelTa laSqari

saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvars moadga. mxedarTmTavar-

ma, romaeli xalxis usazRvro siyvaruliT mosilma

pompeusma, roca albaneTTan omisas Seityo iberTa mefe

artagis saomrad mzadebis Sesaxeb, daswreba amjobina da

swrafi marSiT gaiara manZili iberiis dedaqalaqamde.

armazis kedlebTan momdgari romaeli legionebisa da

polkebis niSnebis moulodnelma aelvarebam daabnia

qarTvelTa mefe.

Tu ara xerxianoba romaelTa saxelovani sardlisa,

mas didi usiamovneba da SeiZleba marcxic ki eloda ib-

erTa mxridan, miT umetes, rom sul ramdenime dRis win

pompeuss albanelTa 40-aTasiani laSqari daesxa Tavs.

miTridates, pontos mefes, romaelTa winaaRmdeg me-

brZols, iberTa didi imedi hqonda. plutarqe, Zveli

berZnuli mwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli, Tavis

`paralelur biografiebSi~ werda: ìberni ricxviT al-

banelebs ar Camouvardebodnen. guladobiTac sxvebze

ufro mamacni iyvnen da Zalian undodaT miTridatesTvis

eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT: iberni arc midielebis

151

morCilebaSi yofilan, arc sparsebs eqvemdebarebodnen

da Tavis droze makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines

Tavidan imis wyalobiT, rom aleqsandre friad swrafad

gabrunda hirikaniidan, magram pompeusma iberebic daama-

rcxa did brZolaSi ise, rom cxra aTasi kaci mokles,

xolo aTi aTasze meti romaelebs CauvardaT tyved~ (pl-

utarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 330).

plutarqes mier naxsenebi iberebTan gamarTuli ̀ didi

brZola~, namdvilad didi unda yofiliyo, radganac mxe-

darmTavar pompeusisaTvis, romelmac manamde ori tri-

umfi moawyo romSi afrikisa da evropis dalaSqvrisaTvis,

Cveulebrivi omis ̀ did brZolad~ saxeldeba didebis mo-

mtani ar iqneboda.

iberebis damarcxeba sasaxelo iyo pompeusisaTvis,

romaelTa mier ̀ didad~ saxeldebulisaTvis, radganac,

rogorc plutarqe ambobs, manamde iberebis damorCileba

verc midielebma da verc sparselebma SeZles da aleqsan-

dre makedonelic hirkaniidan ukan gabrunebula.

Tu ras niSavda midielTa, sparselTa da makedonelTa

saxelmwifoTa morCilebisagan Tavis arideba, kargad Cans

danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan. babilonSi ebraelTa ty-

veobis dros mefe nabuqodonosoris sizmris axsnisas

danielma Tqva, rom mraval xalxze gabatonebuli babil-

onis samefos Semdeg msoflioSi warmoiSoboda sami udidesi

imperia: sparsTa ̀ mere gamefdes, romeli euflos yovel-

sa qveyanasa (mefoba makedonelTa, berZenTa), mefoba meoTxe

(romaelTa) iyos Zlieri rogorc rkina~.

152

damarcxeba iberielebisa, romlebmac Tavidan aiciles

midiel-sparselTa da berZenTa xelqveS yofna, sasaxelo

iyo romaelTa sardlisaTvis.

romaelTa somxeTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg iberiis mefes

eWvi gasCenia, vaiTu pompeusi saqarTvelosac moadges da

daipyroso, da TviTonac saswrafo saomar mzadebas Ses-

dgomia, pompeusisTvis ki despanebi gaugzavnia _ mego-

brobis dasamyareblad. pompeusi ar Semcdara da, rogorc

iTqva, saswrafod iberiaSi SeWrila. iberebs verc sazR-

varTan dadgoma mouswriaT da verc Casafreba, omis samza-

disSi myofi mefe armazSi imyofeboda.

saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis saxeli berZen-romaeli mw-

erlebisaTvis I saukunidanve cnobilia, mas ̀ armaz cixe-

sac~ uwodebdnen, mcxeTis Sida cixe-akropolisis sasax-

leSi Seutyvia artags, rom pompeuss misi samyofelidan

mxolod kedlebiRa hyofda. mefem, romelsac ucxoelebi

artoks uwodebdnen, ver moaxerxa cixis dacva da saCqar-

od miatova igi. armazSi panika Seqmnila, garnizoni dab-

neula, brZolaSi damarcxebula da danebebia pompeuss,

mdinaris meore mxares gadasul mefes ki romaelTa laSqari

dadevnebia. mterma moaswro mtkvris mTeli marjvena san-

apiros dapyroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebi mt-

kvris meore napirzec gadavidnen da qarTuli laSqaric

ramdenime SebrZolebis Semdeg ZiriTadad daamarcxes,

mefis Sepyroba ver moaxerxes.

qarTlis mefesa da pompeuss Soris molaparakeba gam-

arTula, mSvidobis sanacvlod pompeusi mefes mZevlebs

153

sTxovda _ sefewulebs. mefe yoymanobda, amasobaSi zafx-

ulmac moatana da mdinare pelori dapataravda, amiT

isargebla pompeusma da erT adgilas, sadac foni iyo,

gaRma gadavida. maSin ki artag mefem ikadra da Tavisi

Svilebi mZevlebad gamoimeta. amis Semdeg iberiis mefem

da romaelebis sardalma xelSekruleba dadves~.

pompeusma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ kolx-

eTSic ilaSqra, Semdeg kvlav ajanyebul albanelebs Seu-

tia da TiTqmis miadga kaspiis zRvas.

pompeuss iberiisa da albaneTis dalaSqvris Semdeg

gadauwyvetia samyaros mopirdapire mxarec daelaSqra.

amis Semdeg is samyaros oTxive kuTxis mpyrobelad Cai-

Tvleboda, iqamde mis mier dalaSqruli iyo evropa da

afrika. ̀ pompeuss metad mgznebare wadili da miswrafeba

hqonda siria aeRo da arabeTze gavliT mewamul zRvamde

misuliyo, raTa gamarjvebuls mieRwia okeanemde, sam-

yaros rom yovelmxriv gars evleba. marTlac, igi gama-

rjvebuli pirveli gavida libiaSi gare zRvis napirebam-

de, mere espaneTSi atlantis okeaneTi SemosazRvra ro-

maelTa sabrZanebeli da mesamejer sul axlaxan, al-

banelebis devnis dros, cota daaklda, Torem hirkaniis

zRvasac miadgeboda, amgvarad pompeusma gadawyvita

laSqrobaTa wre mewamuli zRviT Seekra da mxedroba

aqeTken daZra~ (plutarqe, iqve, gv. 333).

swored siriaSi omis dros pompeusTan mivida iude-

velTa deputacia da mefobis maZiebeli Zmebis saxeliT

iTxova davis gadaWraSi daxmareba.

154

aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg, rac imperia oTxad

gaiyves misma mxedarTmTavrebma, iudea xelT igdo ptole-

meelTa dinastiis damaarsebelma, egviptis mefe ptoleme

lagem (Zv.w.aR-is 320-283), igive soterma. amis Semdeg 120

wlis manZilze iudea ptolemeTa dinastiis xelqveS iyo.

egvipturi xelisufleba iudeaSi selevkidTa siriul-

ma dinastiam Secvala. mefe antioqe III lmobierad epyro-

boda ebraelebs, xolo misi taxtis memkvidre selevk IV

filipatori (qristeSobamde 187-175) piriqiT, man ebrael-

Ta taZrebis gaZarcva moiwadina, antioqe IV-m (175-163

wlebi) ki ebraelebs sinagogaSi siaruli, locva aukrZa-

la. moiTxova Tayvani ecaT zevsisaTvis da mxolod berZnu-

li eniT elaparakaT. daiwyo represiebi, misi brZanebiT

dawves wmida wignebi, daangries taZrebi, urCebi sikvdiliT

dasajes, sastikad awamebdnen da CvilebTan erTad klavd-

nen ebrael morwmune dedebsac ki. am dros ebraelebs

moevlinaT saxalxo gmiri oTxmoci wlis maTaTia (xas-

monelTa STamomavali) Tavisi xuTi vaJiT. xalxi say-

ovelTaod ajanyda da gahyva maTaTias (Zv.w.aR-is 167).

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga

iuda, romelsac makabi (uro) Searqves. man marTlac gaaT-

avisufla Tavisi qveyana, aRadgina taZari. misi sikvdil-

is Semdeg saxelmwifos meTaurobda ionaTan makabeli,

Semdeg ki misi umcrosi Zma simoni (Zv.w.aR-is 143-135). mis

dros iudea damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiares da si-

mons uwodes nasi _ Tavadi. dadginda qveyanaSi umaRlesi

sasuliero wodeba mRvdelmTavrisa (qurumis) memkvidre-

obiT gadasuliyo makabelTa gvarSi.

155

romma cno iudeis damoukidebloba da masTan mego-

bruli urTierTobac daamyara. simonis vaJis ioan hirka-

nis dros iudeam didebisa da Zlierebis umaRles dones

miaRwia. daimorCila samarielebi, gaanadgura maTi mTa-

vari taZari gerizimis mTaze, daimorCila idumelebi,

miaRebina maT iudevelTa sarwmunoeba. misi sikvdilis

Semdeg daeca Zliereba iudevelTa saxelmwifosi, aristo-

bulis uzneo qmedebebma saTave daudo sisxlian omebs tax-

tisaTvis. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos saTaveSi

Caudga meore vaJi aleqsandre ianai (Zv.w.aR-is 103-76) _

ufro uzneo mmarTveli. taxtisTvis ZmaTa Soris oms or-

mocdaaTi aTasi iudeveli Seewira. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg

dedofalma salomem erT vaJs _ hirkan II-s uzenaesi qu-

rums xarisxi mianiWa, xolo meore vaJi aristobul II Camo-

aSora saxelmwifos saqmeebs. dedis sikvdilis Semdeg Zma-

Ta Soris omi daiwyo. orives surda taxtis daWera. aristo-

bulma Tavi mefed gamoacxada. ZmaTa Soris omi wlebis

manZilze grZeldeboda. bolos, qristeSobamde 63 wels,

Zmebma daxmarebisaTvis pompeuss mimarTes, romelic,

rogorc iTqva, iberiaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg samxreTisken

gaemgzavra. pompeusi imJamad sirias ebrZoda. romaeli

mxedarTmTavari Zmebs dahpirda, rom siriaSi gamarjvebis

Semdeg iudeasac ewveoda da maT saqmeebs gaarCevda.

ori aTasi welia, axali da Zveli aRTqmis istorikose-

bi siamovnebiT uTmoben adgils TavianT SromebSi pompeu-

sis laSqrobas iudeaSi, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom

berZen-romaeli istorikosebisaTvis es TiTqmis SeumCn-

eveli iyo.

156

plutarqe, romelic aRwers iberiaSi pompeusis

laSqrobas, iudeaSi mxedarmTavris Sesvlas gakvriT ixs-

eniebs. es uTuod imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom iberia im

droisaTvis Zveladve arsebul saxelmwifos warmoadgen-

da, xolo iudeis saxelmwifoebrioba romaelTa mier sul

ramdenime wlis win iyo aRiarebuli. egviptelTa da sir-

ielTa, anu ptolemeTa da selevkidTa saxelmwifoebis

uRelqveS moqceulma iudeam romaelTa Tvalwin aRidgi-

na saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic romaelTa mierve iqna

saukunod dasamarebuli.

ratom miiwvies taxtisaTvis moqiSpe ebraelebma pompeu-

si TavianTi saqmis gadasaWrelad? TiTqos am kiTxvas pa-

suxobs plutarqe _ `pompeusis Zlierebis xma sakmaod

Soris iyo gavardnili, magram amaze nakleb rodi quxda

xma mis samarTlianobaze da keTilmowyalebaze~ (iqve, gv.

334). samarTlianma da keTilmowyale pompeusma daudo

safuZveli Zlivs aRorZinebul iudevelTa saxelmwifos

ngrevas.

samTviani Zneli alyis Semdeg gaWirvebiT Sevida ro-

maeli mxedarTmTavari ierusalimSi gabzaruli kedlidan.

omi gagrZelda taZris SemogarenSi. brZolebisas mRvdlebi

uwyvetliv agrZelebdnen RvTismsaxurebas sakurTxevlis

win, iqamde, sanam ukanaskneli maTgani maxviliT gangmir-

uli ar daeca.

aseTi mZime brZolebis miuxedavad, plutarqe mxolod

oriode sityviT gadmogvcems pompeusis iudeaSi Sesvlas,

siriis romis provinciad gamocxadebis Semdego, _ wers is

157

_ mxedarTmTavarma ̀ iudea daipyro da mefe aristobule

daatyveva~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 334).

Tuki ierusalimis kedlebTan xangrZlivi omi plutarqes

aRweris Rirsad ar CauTvlia, unda vifiqroT, rom iberi-

aSi pompeusis laSqroba ufro mniSvnelovnad da sasax-

elod miaCnda.

pompeuss ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gadauwyvetia

msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli taZris daTvaliereba da

wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesvlac ki, sadac mxolod mRvdelmTa-

vars SeeZlo Sesvla, isic weliwadSi erTxel, romaelebi

iq cnobismoyvareobam Seiyvana. mTel qveyanaze sxvadasx-

va xmebi dadioda wmidaTa wmidas Sesaxeb. warmarTebis

erTi nawilis mtkicebiT, iq sasikvdilod ganwiruli kaci

hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli, sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom iq Tavis

gamosaxuleba inaxeboda. magram ra inaxeboda iq sinamd-

vileSi? romaelebi raRac arabunebrivs elodnen, magram

rogori iyo maTi gaoceba, roca bisonis mZime fardis

gadawevis Semdeg iq sicariele ixiles. wmidaTa wmidaSi

araferi ar iyo, maT sakurTxevlis win mxolod Svidtota

Sandali ixiles, anTebuli sanTlebiT. gaoceblebma SiSiT

datoves taZari, ̀ magram romaelebi kidev ufro gaocde-

bodnen, Tu gaigebdnen, rom isini pirispir Sexvdnen re-

ligias, akvans axali sarwmunoebisa, romelic male daipy-

robda aRmosavleTsac, dasavleTsac, TeTrmarmarovan

eladasa da maT mSobliur romsac~ (ix. a. bogoliubov,

sin CeloveCeski, gv. 12-16).

miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisa da sikvdilis Sem-

deg gamarjvebuli pompeusi romisken gaemgzavra. mas

158

brwyinvale Sexvedra mouwyes da yovelmxriv aleqsandre

makedonels amsgavsebdnen.

`zeimis dros win mohqondaT dafebi im qveynebisa da

xalxebis saxelTa aRniSvniT, romelnic pompeusma daama-

rcxa da romlebzedac gamarjvebis triumfs ixdida. es

iyo: ponto, somxeTi, kapadokia, paflagonia, midia, kolx-

eTi, iberia, albaneTi, siria, kilikia, mesopotamia, fini-

kiisa da palestinis tomebi, iudea, arabeTi...~ (plutar-

qe, gv. 340). triumfSi midiodnen sxvaTa gverdiT iude-

velTa mefe aristobule da iberieli sefewulebi. plu-

tarqes cnobiT, pompeuss iberTa mefisagan miRebuli hqon-

da oqros sawoli, taxti da magida, safiqrebelia, rom am

nivTebma triumfs brwyinvaleba SesZines.

Cveni epoqis arqeologebma, romlebmac mcxeTis mi-

damoebSi samefo saxlisaTvis saWiro mravali zRapruli

sidiadis nivTi aRmoaCines, aRtaceba ver dafares sawo-

lis naSTis aRmoCenisas _ `yvelaze did STabeWdilebas

tovebso, _ wers istorikosi _ sareclis CuqurTmovan

fexTa vercxlis oTxi erTnairi garesakravi _ kaklis xisgan

gamoTlili mrgvali qandakeba erTmaneTze gadabmuli

arwiv-spilos stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT, arwivis

Tavis qandakebebiT vercxlis sqeli firfitebiT

garSemoWedili~ (saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 704). plutarqes

cnobiT, rogorc aRiniSna, pompeusisTvis mirTmeuli sa-

woli, magida da taxti vercxlis ki ara, oqrosi yofila.

iberia pompeusis epoqaSi oqromravali, elinuri ge-

movnebiT ayvavebuli qveyana iyo, rogorc amas arqeolo-

gia adasturebs.

159

triumfis dros forumze pompeuss miTridate pontoe-

lis damarcxebisadmi miZRvnili sityva warmouTqvams.

swored miTridates dasamarcxeblad moawyo man aziaSi

didi laSqroba. pontos samefos romi TiTqmis naxevari

saukunis manZilze ebrZoda. ponto ZvelTaganve qarTve-

li tomebis sacxovrisi yofila da iq samefo Seqmnila

`_qarTveli (megrul-Wanuri) da misi monaTesave tomebis

miwa-wyalze~ (saqarTvelos istoria, I, 1958, gv. 58).

ara Tu ponto, misi samxreTiT momijnave kapadokiac

qarTveli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. ponto da kapa-

dokia politikurad zogjer erTmaneTs faravda.

ZvelqarTuli tomi tabalebi (Tubalebi) _ swored Sem-

degdroindel kabadokiaSi saxlobdnen (iv.javax. qarT. eris

ist. I, gv. 404).

ioseb flaviosi, rogorc iTqva, tabalebs _ iberTa

winaprebad, xolo mesxebs kabadokielebad miiCnevda. IV

saukuneSic kabadokia mesxebis sacxovrisi yofila, ar-

qiepiskoposi evstate (+360) _ qarTvelTa winaprebis Sesaxeb

wers: ̀ obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi; osoxma _

mesxebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi~ warmoSveso (ix. g.

gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, gv. 161).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa CvenTvis winaswarmetyvel

isaias ganmarteba IV saukunis kvirieli episkoposisa Te-

odotes mier, is ambobs, rom isaia `...mosoxebSi _ kaba-

dokielebs, TobelebSi ki _ iberielebs gulisxmobdao~

(iqve, gv. 162).

pontos qarTvelTa sacxovrisad asaxelebda V sauku-

neSic rufinusi.

160

IV saukunis eklesiis sami didi mama _ grigol nazian-

zeli, basili didi da grigol noseli, Cveulebriv cno-

bilni arian sami didi kabadokielis saxeliT. Cveni isto-

riuli matiane, rogorc es vaxtang gorgaslis cxovre-

bidan Cans, grigol nazianzels miiCnevda saqarTvelos

sakaTalikosos daarsebis sulier meTaurad. swored mis

saflavze misul vaxtang mefes eCvena suli grigolisa da

misi saflavis eklesiis mRvdeli pirveli qarTveli kaTa-

likosi gaxda. kabadokielni iyvnen CvenTvis erovnul

wmindanebad qceulni _ wmida giorgi, qarTvelTa gan-

manaTlebeli wmida nino, Cvens eklesiaSi istoriulad

didad miRebuli basili didi episkoposi, misi Zma _ episko-

posi grigol noseli, misi debi _ wmindanebi: emilia, mak-

rina da Teozevia. 1877 wels daibeWda d. CubinaSvilis

naSromi miZRvnili kabadokiis mosaxleobisa da qarTve-

li xalxis naTesaobis Sesaxeb. mkiTxvelisaTvis es mtki-

ceba gasagebi iyo, radganac istoriulad kabadokieli

moRvaweni mSobliurad iyvnen miCneulni qarTvelTaTvis.

e.xinTibiZem, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom `ba-

sili kesarieli erovnebiT iyo qarTveli, mcire aziis

teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveluri tomebis erT-erTi

StoTaganis warmomadgeneli, romlebmac adre iwames qris-

tianuli aRmsarebloba, dauaxlovdnen mcire aziis kul-

turul centrebs da eziarnen berZnul kulturasa da

ganaTlebas~ (g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi, 1965, gv. 105).

kirion episkoposi werda _ ̀ kapadokielebs, didi Rvaw-

li miuZRviT qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. ostguTeb-

161

Si qristianoba danerges, rogorc amas basili amtkicebs,

kapadokielma tyveebma, vestguTebSi (IV s.) gaavrcela da

ganamtkica qristianoba episkoposma ulfilam, tyve kapa-

dokielTa STamomavalma. sugdelebis ganmanaTlebeli...

kapadokielia~ (episkoposi kirioni, kulturuli roli

iveriisa ruseTis istoriaSi, 1900, gv. 9), kapadokieli

iyo wmida nino.

pontos samyarodan iyo miTridate, mis vaJsac qarTu-

li saxeli _ `maxare~ erqva, misi samefos dedaqalaqi,

romelsac Semdgom kesaria daerqva _ pompeusis inicia-

tiviT xelaxla gaSenda, miTridates omebis Semdeg es

qalaqi qristianobis udides kerad iqca.

dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba

sulieri epoqisa

gaqristianebis Semdgom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,

Seicvala da Seivso zneoba yoveli qarTvelisa. axalma

erovnulma sarwmunoebam gardaqmna erovnuli TvalTaxed-

va, Seicvala warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebani da midrekile-

bani. miT ufro, rom qarTveloba qristes erTguli iyo

ara asi da orasi wlis, aramed ori aTasi wlis manZilze

da aseTad rCeba amJamadac.

warmarTobis dros qarTvelTa xasiaTi, qcevebi da

Cveulebani sxvagvari yofila, ufro heroikuli da gmir-

uli _ am sityvebis swored imdroindeli, Zveleburi gage-

biT.

162

`gmirebs~ qarTvelTa winaprebi TavianT mama-papebs da

maT mSoblebs uwodebdnen, romelTac warmoSobiT noes

Zes iafets ukavSirebdnen, iafetis Zmiswuli TarSi mama

yofila Targamosisa. qarTvelTa winaprebi Targamosis

STamomavlebi iyvnen, swored Targamoss uwodebdnen

`gmirs~. is babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdeg wamosu-

la SuamdinareTidan da damkvidrebula kaspiisa da Savi

zRvis Sua, araratisa da kavkasiis mTebs Soris. mas rva

Svili hyolia _ `gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni~. es am-

bavi momxdara qristeSobamde ramdenime aTasi wliT adre.

Targamosis ZeTagan pirveli, Tanaxmad matianisa,

ùmetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari arasodes

yofiliyo arca wylis-rRvnis winaT da arca Semdgomad

taniTa, ZaliTa simxniTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 4). masSi unda ig-

ulisxmebodes Zveli urartuelni _ xuritebi, romelTa

qveyanasac ̀ xurlas udnes~ uwodebdnen, xolo Targamo-

sis sxva Zeebis saxelebSi JRers qarTvelTa da kavkasiel

tomTa saxelebi (zogi maTgani mTavrdeba berZnuli bo-

losarTiT _ ̀ os~, romelic, Cans, Semdeg daurTes). ese-

nia: ̀ qarTlos, bardos, movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros~.

rva gmiri, ganudga cnobil, saxelovan, dedamiwaze

pirvel gmirs _ nebroTs, romlis Sesaxebac dabadebaSi

naTqvamia _ ̀ quSma Sva nebroTi, aman daiwyo Zalis gamoCena

qveyanaze. Zlieri monadire iyo igi uflis winaSe, amit-

omac Tqmula, nebroTiviT bumberazi ariso uflis winaSe,

misi samefos rCeuli qalaqebi iyo babiloni, ereqi, aqa-

di, da qalne, Sinayaris qveyanaSi. am qveynidan gamovida

163

aSuri da aaSena nineve, rexoboT-qalaqi, qalaxi~ (dab. 10.

8-11).

TargamosianTa gandgomis gagebisTanave nebroTi Tavis

ZalebiT gaemarTa kavkasiisaken.

aq nebroTs ̀ Wurvils rkiniTa da rvaliTa terfidan

vidre Txemamde~ ver uSvela javSanma, Semogebebuli rva

gmirTagan uZlieresma ̀ styorcna isari da hkra mkerdsa

nebroTisasa, ficarsa zeda rvalisas. da ganvlo zur-

giT~ (q.c. I, gv. 7).

mamaTa gmirul sulsa da sagmiro saqmeebs kargad aR-

wers ̀ qarTlis cxovreba~.

aseve aRweren Cveni mematianeebi gmirTa STamomaval

qarTvel mefeTa garegnobasa da xasiaTs: _ ̀ taniTa sru-

li, Svenieri, Zlieri, mxne da qveli~. ai, rogor ebrZvis

ucxo SemoWril toms mefe mirvani _ ̀ waruZRva wina qveiT-

Ta, zurgiT Semoadginna mxedarni da movida karTa maT

Sina, viTarca jiqi sificxiTa, viTarca vefxi simxniTa,

viTarca lomi zaxiliTa. iqmna maT Soris brZola Zlieri,

xolo mirvans ver hkveTda maxvili durZukTa, viTarca

kldesa sipsa da dga uZravad, viTarca koSki mtkice da

gagrZelda maT Soris brZola da moswyda orgniTve uricx-

vi, xolo iZlivnes durZukni da ivltodes. miudges ukan

qarTvelni, mosres da tyve qmnes da Sevida mirvan dur-

ZukeTs... da Seabna karni qviTkiriTa da uwoda saxelad

darubal da dajda mirvan mcxeTasa mefobda nebierad da

uSiSad. iyo kaci mimniWebeli keTilisa uxvad da Seiy-

vares igi yovelTa mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c. gv. 28).

164

aderki, romlis saqarTveloSi mefobis drosac beTlems

uriastanisasa iSva Cveni macxovari ieso qriste, ase ebrZo-

da metoqes taxtisaTvis _ ̀ aRizaxnes orTave xmiTa sas-

tikiTa da mietevnes urTierTas da iwyes orTave gvemad

orolisa da vera hkveTes saWurvelsa erTmaneTisasa da

brZolisa sigrZesa Sina ganutyda orolebi. aRmoiRes Cu-

glugebi da iwyes brZolad CuglugebiTa odes uxeTqian

Cuglugi igi saWurvelsa zeda maTsa, hgvandis xma igi

xmasa mas uros mWedlisasa, romeli ecemis grdemlsa da

xma zaxilisa maTisa msgavs iyo quxilisa. maSin ver sZles

urTierTas, daSvres da ukuagdes imier da amier. SeRamda

dRe igi da ganisvenes orTave da dileul kvalad gamov-

ides aiRes mSvildebi da iwyes rbevad da svrad erTmane-

Tisa, hkra aderki mkerdsa arSakisasa da veRara ufara

simagreman saWurvelisaman. ganvarda zurgiT da Camovar-

da arSak cxenisgan~ (q.c. I, gv. 34).

ase xedavdnen sagmiro saqmeebs qristianobamdeli

qarTvelebi. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ki maTi Sexed-

uleba Seicvala. sulieri gamarjveba da ara xorcieli,

ai, ra miiCneva axla gmirobad.

warmarTi gmiri amirani iqamde uZleveli da daumarcx-

ebeli, xalxuri TqmulebiT, marcxdeba qristes mier. gmiria

amiranis mama. dedac warmarTul RvTaebad iTvleba. Zmo-

bilebi badri da usupi _ Zlieri gmirebi, zeSTabune-

brivi Tvisebebis mqoneni arian. ùsups beWeb-Sua mzis

msgavsi niSani aqvs da badrs mTvaris msgavsi~. amiranic

`RvTaebrivi~ TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli; oqros kbili

165

da sacrisodena Tvalebi aqvs. xasiaTiT ki ̀ Savsa Rrubelsa

saavdrod gamzadebulsa~ hgavs. ukvdavi arsebaa _ sikvdili

kidec rom indomos, ar SeuZlia. amirans Ronec gmiruli

aqvs. siCqare gaqanebuli xisa aqvs, simarde zvavisa, Rone

Tormet uRela xar-kameCisa, miwas umZims misi tareba,

devebs advilad xocavs, mzis mylapvel da cecxlis

mfrqvevel gveleSaps amarcxebs. ZaRlic araCveulebrivi

hyavs _ orbis lekvi, frTosani, ̀ mas beWebze orbis frTe-

bi aqvs~

amirani itacebs qals yamars. ivane javaxiSvilis mier

elamitur ̀ RvTaeba~ lagamarad anu afroditad miCneuls

(qarT. eris ist. I, gv. 194, 1979), am qals ded-mama caSi

hyoloda. mama amindis Semcvleli da wvimis momyvania,

roca amirani Seeba, mis muzarads cecxlis naperwklebi

scvioda. misi sulis SeberviT ki amirani `Coqze daeca~.

mamis jaris adgilidan daZvrisas _ ca moiRrubla, wamow-

inwkla, Semdeg ki kokispiruli wvima wamovida. Rrubeli

jaris Crdilia. amiranis masTan brZola mogvagonebs Tar-

gamosianebisa da nebroTianebis SebrZolebas _

_ ̀ iqmna maT Soris brZola sastiki _

romeli emsgavsa sastikebasa haerisasa,

rameTu mtveri ferxisa maTisa _

viTarca Rrubeli sqeli,

xma pirisa maTisa _

viTarca xma quxilisa

simZlavre isrisa maTisa _

viTarca texa mexisa

166

tyorcna qvisa maTisa _

viTarca setyva xSiri

da daTxeva sisxlisa maTisa

viTarca wvimisa Rvari~

amirani araCveulebrivi gmiria Zvel qarTvelTa war-

modgeniT. imdenad araCveulebrivi, rom gabeda da TviT

RmerTs SeebrZola. xalxuri fantaziiT da sarwmunoe-

briv-simboluri ganxatebiT, amirani Tavis naTlias _ ieso

qristes gaukadnierda da RmerTi ̀ saWidaod~ gamoiwvia,

rom gamoecada, vin ufro Ronieri iyo~ (am saxiT war-

marTuli qarTuli Teologia ejibreba axals, qris-

tianuls). avsulebTan da devebTan uZleveli, TavisTa-

vad keTilSobili da kacTmoyvare gmiri, RvTis mimarT

gaamayebuli, daisaja. xalxuri TqmulebiT, ieso qristem

is miajaWva kavkasionis mwvervalze.

unda CavTvaloT, rom RmerTTan mebrZoli amiranis

damarcxeba aris simboluri saxe gmirul-warmarTuli

epoqis dasrulebisa da dawyeba axali sulieri epoqisa,

qristianobisa, anu sulis zeimisa xorcze. daTrgunva xor-

cis da ayvaveba sulis _ ai, ra moeTxoveba axali sarwmu-

noebis mimdevrebs. qristes mier amiranis mijaWva sim-

boluri saxea aseve imisa, rom erovnuli TvalTaxedva

Seicvala, axla warsuli sxvagvarad analizdeba, momava-

li sxvagvarad ganiWvriteba. gmiroba axla sulierebaa,

sulieri epoqis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia rkveva imisa,

Tu ra aris sicocxle, cxovreba, ra aris sikvdili, Sei-

Zleba Tu ara sikvdilis damarcxeba, sicocxlis gamara-

167

diuleba. samagaliToa erTi ambavi: warmarT ufliswuls

_ iodasafs _ umalaven, rom arsebobs avadmyofoba, si-

bere, sikvdili, magram is axerxebs gamovides mis irgvliv

xelovnurad Seqmnil iluziur samyoflidan da pirispir

Sexvdes cxovrebas. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad naxavs

avadmyofs, mixrwnil moxucs. ikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb ra moe-

lis am kacso?~ _ upasuxes _ sikvdilio. `da rai ars

sikvdili~? kiTxulobs gaocebiT. ̀ ganqardebis saxsene-

beli amisi qveyniT~. iodasafi roca Seityobs, rom igive

sikvdili elis yovel adamians da TviT masac, SeZrwunde-

ba, auduRdeba guli. urva-tiriliT kiTxulobs, aris Tu

ara sadme qveyana, sadac adamianebi ar kvdebian. ufliswu-

lis usasoobiT Sewuxebuli aRmzrdelebi tiriliTve

pasuxoben _ àr aris casa qveSe egeviTari qveyana, hoi

Zeo mefisao, romelTa Sina ganeren kacni salmobaTagan

da sikvdilisagan~ (Zveli qarT. literaturis qrestoma-

Tia, t. I, 1946, gv. 280).

yovel adamians, mdidars Tu Raribs, gmirs Tu jabans,

erTnairi bolo aqvs _ sikvdili, gaqroba. amis gagebiT

SeZrwunebul da damwuxrebul ufliswuls avtori

adarebs Tvalauxelel brmas, yrus, utyvs, uZlursa da

naklulevans. Tumca ki, garegnulad brwyinvales, xor-

cielad mSveniers, axalgazrdasa da jansaRs. mis

`gankurnebas~ inebebs udabnodan mosuli qristiani, gar-

egnulad Raribi, Rataki da xorcielad uZluri. misi

Semxedvare ufliswuli cdilobs udabnoSi mcxovrebi

qristiani moRvaweebis daxmarebas. Txovs waiRos ̀ safase~

168

_ fuli, raTa is Seewios Tavis udabnoel Zmebs. meudab-

noe miugebs _ `viTar miscem safasesa moyvasTa CemTa,

rameTu ukanaskneli maTi umdidres ars Sensa?~

_ da rogor aris Sens ZmaTagan uglaxakesi Cemze mdi-

dari, maSin, roca TviTonve ambob, rom arafris mqoneni

xarT?

_ imas mogaxsenebT, rom TqvenSi mdidari kidev zrunavs

Tavis qonebis gazrdisaTvis, amis gamo mudam SfoTavs,

xan iqiT ecema, xan aqeT, raTa kidev ufro meti Sekribos,

xolo Cemi Zmebi arafrisaTvis ar zrunaven _ arc saWmli-

saTvis, arc SesamoselisaTvis, radgan mdelos balaxisa-

gan zomierad ikvebebian da mis gamo adideben RmerTs.

maT datovebuli aqvT qveyniuri simdidre da soflis

amaoebani, ixareben da iSveben suliT, rameTu moelian

caTa sasufevels.

iodasafi Seityobs, rom arsebobs suli da arsebobs

ukvdaveba sulisa. mas aexileba Tvali, dainaxavs, Tu sad

da rogor eZebos ukvdaveba da moipovos igi. amis Semdeg

eubneba Tavis mamas mefes _ ̀ dainaxe umjobesi da Seitye,

rom mokvdavi xar da Sens yovel amqveyniur didebas sxvas

dautoveb, radganac yvela kvdeba da maTi sacxovrebeli,

monagebi sxvebisa xdeba, ̀ xolo Semdgomad JamTa aRdgo-

mad varT da miegebis kacad-kacadsa saqmeTa maTTaebr~

(iqve, gv. 296).

erTxel ixilavs CvenebiT samoTxis didebulebasa da

simSvenieres, angelozebi mis Sesaxeb auwyeben ès aris

wmidaTa gansasvenebeli~. ixilavs aseve jojoxeTis

169

saSinelebas da satanjvels da mis Sesaxeb Seityobs, rom

is aris `misagebeli codvilTa~. swored jojoxeTis

saSinelebiT SeZrwunebuli iTmens da mis sacduneblad

miyvanili qalis siyvaruls ar pasuxobs, ufro meti, an-

Tebs sanTels, cecxlis als uSvers TiTs, xorci ewvis, is

ki ambobs _ ̀ Tu am mcire cecxls ver gavuZleb, jojox-

eTis saukunovan dauSretel cecxls rogorRa gavuZleb,

Tu am qalTan codvas ar gaveridebi?~.

daTrgunva xorcisa, galaReba sulisa _ saukuno sic-

ocxlis misaRebad _ ai, axali sarwmunoebrivi ideali.

swored esaa axla gmiroba.

aRniSnul Temas exmaureba `moTxroba abekuraisi~,

romlis gmiri (ukve ara Zveli, aramed axali mniSvnelo-

biT) aris ̀ yviTel piriTa, mZafriTa marxviTa, SromiTa

da mRviZarebiTa~, romelic dedoflis xorciel siyvaruls

uaryofs, da nacvlad miiRebs satanjvels, is ambobs: _

`gvemaY Cemi _ gansvenebaa sulisa CemisaY, satanjveli Cemi

_ saSvebeli sulisa CemisaY~ (p. ingoroyva, dasax. naS. gv.

281). is iTmens Tavisi sulis ukvdavebisaTvis, sulis ga-

darCenisaTvis. esaa axali gmiroba.

qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac qristianobis

miRebamde aseuli wlebis manZilze gmirobis sxvagvari

ideali hqonda, misi tradiciebiTa da memkvidreobiT, ar

unda yofiliyo advili axlis miReba da gaTaviseba. xde-

boda maTi urTierTSerwyma.

Zvelgmirul heroikulisa da axali sulieris Serwy-

mis kargi magaliTia wmida mefe vaxtangis cxovrebis mo-

170

mentebi. is amarcxebs bumberaz goliaT bayaTars, rom-

lis mSvildis sigrZe Tormeti mtkavelia, isari ki eqvsi

mtkaveli. misi mokvlis Semdeg is ambobs _ àra ZaliTa

CemiTa vZlie, aramed dambadeblisa CemisaTa, rameTu Zali

qristesi _ CemTana da jvari misi patiosani saWurvel

Cemda~.

msgavsi suliskveTeba _ mxneoba RvTis SewevniT _ sauku-

neTa manZilze gasdevda qarTvelobas, grigol bakuri-

anis Ze werda: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da

mxedrobiT aRzrdilni~ _ da amave dros _ misive sityviT

_ ̀ umankoni da gul-martivni~ (petriwonis qarTuli mo-

nastris tipikoni, a. SaniZe, t. IX, gv. 103). imdenad, rom

`Cveni naTesavis umankoebisa da gul-martivobis~ gamo

TviT deda RvTismSobeli eSveleba qarTvelebs Sesaf-

eris momentSi. magaliTad, qarTvelebs garekvas upirebdnen

_ saberZneTis erTi monastridan, amis gamo deda RvTisa

brZanebs, vinc qarTuli eniT metyvel adamianebs ar Sei-

wynarebs _ Cemi mtrebi ariano: ̀ anu ara uwyia, viTarmed

mravalni damkuidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enis

metyvelni da cxovnebad arian da romelni maT ara Seiw-

ynareben, mter Cemda arian~ (cxovreba ilarion qarTvelisa,

qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172).

erTi saukunis Semdeg, kvlav deda RvTisa gamoecxada

ucxoeTSi mcxovreb momakvdav patara eqvTime mTawmind-

els, moxeda mis sneulebas da uTxra _ ̀ aRsdeg, nu geSi-

nin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi!~ (iqve, gv. 183). da

amis Semdeg qarTuli sityva, misgan viTarc wyarod amo-

171

dioda ̀ uwmindes yovelTa qarTvelTasa~, gaamdidra wign-

Tagan didad naklovani qarTlis qveyana sulieri saun-

jiT.

asureli mamebi, grigol xanZTeli, ilarion qarTveli,

ioane, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi da mravali sxva

sulieri moRvaweni iqcnen qarTvelTa zneobriobis mas-

wavleblebad, maT daiWires is adgili, romelic adre

qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi ̀ gmirebs~ eWiraT.

172

sarCevi

samyaros Seqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa

da tomTa warmoqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

msoflio enaTa ojaxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli

eTnosis gansaxleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

aRTqma RmerTisa erTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Tubali da mosoqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

iberi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

alali da arami (urartu da armenia) . . . . . . . . . . 76

farnavazi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro anbanis fuZisdeba . . . . . 105

axali aRTqma uflisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

armazi, ahuramazda, molodini mesiisa . . . . . . . . . 133

pompeusis laSqroba israelsa da iberiaSi . . . . . . 150

dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba

sulieri epoqisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

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