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LIMBĂ, CULTURĂ ŞI CIVILIZAŢIE CONFLUENŢA IDEILOR INOVATOARE a IX-a CONFERINŢĂ INTERNAŢIONALĂ
LIMBĂ, CULTURĂ ŞI CIVILIZAŢIE
CONFLUENŢA IDEILOR INOVATOARE
a IX-a CONFERINŢĂ INTERNAŢIONALĂ
EDITORII VOLUMULUI: Yolanda-Mirela CATELLY – Coordonator volum Fabiola POPA Brânduşa RĂILEANU-PREPELIŢĂ Voichiţa Alexandra GHENGHEA
Redactor şef: Yolanda-Mirela CATELLY
UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA DIN BUCUREŞTI
FACULTATEA DE INGINERIE ÎN LIMBI STRĂINE
DEPARTAMENTUL DE COMUNICARE ÎN LIMBI MODERNE
LIMBĂ, CULTURĂ ŞI CIVILIZAŢIE
CONFLUENŢA IDEILOR INOVATOARE
a IX-a CONFERINŢĂ INTERNAŢIONALĂ
mai 2015
Editura POLITEHNICA PRESS
BUCUREŞTI, 2015
Copyright , 2015, Editura Politehnica Press.
Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii sunt rezervate editurii.
Adresa: Calea Griviţei, nr. 132
10737, Sector1, Bucureşti
Telefon: 021.402 90 74
NOTA EDITORILOR
Au fost respectate întru totul ideile şi formulările autorilor.
Redactor: Yolanda-Mirela CATELLY
Coperta: Sonia MILITARU
ISSN: 2067–1628
SECŢIUNILE CONFERINŢEI
Didactica
Studii literare şi culturale
Lingvistica
Comunicare
Traductologie
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CUPRINS
KEYNOTE SPEECHES
OPENING SPEECH – THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF
DCLM – FILS – 2015 ................................................................................................................ 15
PROF UNIV ADRIAN VOLCEANOV, PHD - DEAN OF FILS - UPB
PREZENTARE DAAD ............................................................................................................ 17 DIETER MÜLLER, M.A. – GERMANIA, DIRECTOR – CENTRUL
DE INFORMARE DAAD BUCURESTI
DEZVOLTARE PROFESIONALA COLABORATIVA (DPC) ......................................... 20 CONF UNIV DR YOLANDA-MIRELA CATELLY - DIRECTOR DCLM – FILS - UPB
LUCRĂRI PREZENTATE ÎN CONFERINŢĂ
TERMS VS. COLLOQUIAL WORDS .........................................................31 ASSOCIATE PROF. PHD CRISTINA ATHU, FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
AND ECONOMICS - “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR" CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY,
BUCHAREST
TEORIA ATAŞAMENTULUI – O PERSPECTIVĂ ÎN COMUNICARE ......................... 37 CONFERENŢIAR UNIV. DR. BALGIU BEATRICE ADRIANA
VOICES IN POLYPHONY – CLASSROOM OBSERVATION AS A PROFESSIONAL
AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT EXERCISE / EXPERIENCE .................................. 43 ASSOC PROF YOLANDA-MIRELA CATELLY, LECT FABIOLA POPA,
UPB – FILS – DCLM
VERS UNE TAXONOMIE DE LA TERMINOLOGIE DE L’INCLUSION
ET DE LA DÉFICIENCE MENTALE .................................................................................. 48 DR. SEBASTIAN CHIRIMBU, CENTRE D’ ETUDES MULTICULTURELLES
ET INTERLINGUISTIQUES, UNIVERSITE SPIRU HARET
DR. LAURA GORAN, UNIVERSITE SPIRU HARET/ ÉCOLE MATERNELLE MES AMIS
(BUCAREST)
CULTURE AS A PLATFORM FOR E-LEARNING IN ADVANCED LEARNING
SOCIETIES .............................................................................................................................. 56 DR. SEBASTIAN CHIRIMBU, CENTRE FOR MULTICULTURAL AND INTERLINGUISTIC
STUDIES, SPIRU HARET UNIVERSITY / DEPARTMENT FOR RESEARCH UWR,
DR. ADINA CHIRIMBU, FACULTY OF LETTERS, SPIRU HARET UNIVERSITY
8
THE NEED FOR LIFELONG LEARNING ......................................................................... 64 LECTOR UNIV. DR. CONDRUZ-BACESCU MONICA, ACADEMY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
– BUCHAREST
ROMANIAN UNIVERSITY IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT ........................................ 68 LECTOR UNIV. DR. CONDRUZ-BACESCU MONICA, ACADEMY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
– BUCHAREST
ON THE SEMANTICS OF CÂND – CLAUSES ................................................................... 72 LORENA DAVID, PROFESOR ASOCIAT - UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCUREŞTI
THE POLYSEMIC STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SOCIAL RANK
TERM QUEEN ......................................................................................................................... 79 DR DRIMALA IULIA CRISTINA, UNIVERSITATEA DE STIINTE AGRONOMICE SI
MEDICINA VETERINARA - BUCURESTI
THE SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE FRAMES OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH
SOCIAL RANK TERMS.......................................................................................................... 87 DR DRIMALA IULIA CRISTINA, UNIVERSITATEA DE STIINTE AGRONOMICE SI
MEDICINA VETERINARA - BUCURESTI
GRAHAM SWIFT’S WRITINGS: “A UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE” .................................... 95 ASIST. UNIV. DR. IRINA-ANA DROBOT, UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICǍ DE CONSTRUCŢII
BUCUREŞTI, CATEDRA DE LIMBI STRǍINE ŞI COMUNICARE
MANAGING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES FOR EFFECTIVE CROSS-CULTURAL
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND PERFORMANCE ................................................ 101
LECTOR DR.VIRGINIA MIHAELA DUMITRESCU, ACADEMIA DE STUDII ECONOMICE
BUCUREŞTI
NEW PROSPECTS FOR ESP TEACHING AND LEARNING IN A ‘FLAT WORLD’ ...... 106
LECTOR DR.VIRGINIA MIHAELA DUMITRESCU, ACADEMIA DE STUDII ECONOMICE
BUCUREŞTI
LA MÉTAPHORE DANS LA MISE EN SCÈNE DU CONFLIT RUSSO-UKRAINIEN
DANS LA PRESSE ÉCRITE FRANCO-ROUMAINE ...................................................... 112
DOCTORAND GEALAPU OLARU SIMONA CRISTINA, SCOALA DOCTORALA «LIMBI SI
IDENTITATI CULTURALE» UNIVERSITATEA BUCURESTI
MODULAR DESIGN OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION ........................................ 119
LECT. DR. GHENțULESCU RALUCA MIHAELA, DEPARTAMENTUL DE LIMBI STRĂINE
ȘI COMUNICARE, UNIVERSITATEA TEHNICĂ DE CONSTRUCŢII BUCUREȘTI
DEVELOPING THE ENGLISH RESEARCH SKILLS OF JAPANESE STUDENTS ... 123
DEVENA HAGGIS, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES,
UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA, JAPAN
LINGUOCULTURAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY STUDY ... 131
ILIEVA DIANA, PH. D., MANEV EVGENI, PH. D., STATE UNIVERSITY OF LIBRARY
STUDIES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, SOFIA, BULGARIA
9
NATIONAL CULTURE IN THE LIGHT OF PROVERBS AND SAYINGS .................. 139
ILIEVA DIANA, PH.D, UNIVERSITY OF LIBRARY STUDIES AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, SOFIA, BULGARIA
DEUTSCH LERNEN MIT BEISPIELEN AUS KURZEN ZEITUNGSMELDUNGEN . 146
LECT. UNIV. DR. IROAIE ANA, UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCUREŞTI, FACULTATEA
DE LIMBI ŞI LITERATURI STRĂINE, DEPARTAMENTUL DE LIMBI ŞI LITERATURI
GERMANICE
AN, AUF, ÜBER…BEDEUTUNGS(IR)RELEVANTE ASPEKTE BEI FESTER
REKTION IM NOMINALEN BEREICH ............................................................................ 154
LECT. UNIV. DR. IROAIE ANA, UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCUREŞTI, FACULTATEA DE
LIMBI ŞI LITERATURI STRĂINE, DEPARTAMENTUL DE LIMBI ŞI LITERATURI
GERMANICE
LA FORMATION DE L’ACTIVITE COGNITIVE AUX COURS DU FRANÇAIS A
L’UNIVERSITE TECHNIQUE ............................................................................................. 160
NADEJDA KILINSKAÏA, UNIVERSITE TECHNIQUE DE SARATOV, RUSSIE
NOILE MEDIA ŞI REINVENTAREA IDENTITĂŢII EUROPENE ............................... 163 PROF. UNIV. DR. GEORGETA MARGHESCU, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA DIN
BUCUREŞTI
CONCEPŢIA SOCIALĂ ŞI POLITICĂ LA GALA GALACTION (1) ........................... 168
CS. DR. MARIUS MAZILU, INSTITUTUL DE LINGVISTICĂ ,,IORGU IORDAN – AL. ROSETTI”
CONCEPŢIA SOCIALĂ ŞI POLITICĂ LA GALA GALACTION (2) ........................... 176
CS. DR. MARIUS MAZILU, INSTITUTUL DE LINGVISTICĂ ,,IORGU IORDAN – AL. ROSETTI”
THE JOB INTERVIEW SIMULATION AS AN INSTANCE OF E-LEARNING .......... 182
SIMONA MAZILU, PHD, DCLM-FILS-UPB
IMPROVING TEACHER SOFT SKILLS BY MEANS OF PEER INTERACTION AND
OBSERVATION ..................................................................................................................... 187
LECT DR SIMONA MAZILU, ASST DRD SIMONA MARIA GROSU, DCLM-FILS-UPB
MANAGING CONFLICT BY MEANS OF THIRD PARTY INTERVENTION ............ 192
DANIELA MURARU, PH.D., LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC “FERDINAND I” CURTEA DE ARGEŞ
THE LINGUISTIC ELEMENT IN MEDIATION .............................................................. 197
DANIELA MURARU, PH.D., LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC “FERDINAND I” CURTEA DE ARGEŞ
TOLERANT PERCEPTION OF THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND PERSONAL
DIFFERENCES AS A BASIS FOR GROUP WORK ......................................................... 203
N. G. NEDOGREEVA, M. N. NURLYGAYANOVA ,Y. K. KOSTENKO, TECHNICAL
UNIVERSITY OF SARATOV, RUSSIA
COLLABORATIVE TEACHING: AN OVERVIEW ........................................................ 206
LECTOR DR. NISTOR CRISTINA MIHAELA, DEPARTAMENTUL DE COMUNICARE
ÎN LIMBI MODERNE, FILS, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCUREŞTI
10
THE ROLE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE IN TEACHING ROMANIAN
TO MULTICULTURAL GROUPS ..................................................................................... 211
LECTOR DR. NISTOR CRISTINA MIHAELA, DEPARTAMENTUL DE COMUNICARE
ÎN LIMBI MODERNE, FILS, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCUREŞTI
‘WHICH SIDE WE ARE ON…’: ON DESACRALISATION OF POETRY IN KATE
TEMPEST’S BRAND NEW ANCIENTS (2013) .................................................................. 215
CONF. UNIV. DR. ELENA NISTOR, UNIVERSITATEA DE ŞTIINŢE AGRONOMICE ŞI
MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ DIN BUCUREŞTI, VISITING RESEARCH FELLOW - INSTITUTUL
DE STUDII ENGLEZE, UNIVERSITATEA DIN LONDRA
THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE
AND CULTURE ...................................................................................................................... 221
DR. ANDREEA-IULIA OLARU, CADRU DIDACTIC ASOCIAT, DCLM – FILS - UPB
REFERINŢE LA CULTURA GERMANĂ ÎN AUTO ŞI HETERO IMAGINILE
EVREILOR DIN ROMÂNIA ................................................................................................ 229
DR. ANDREEA-IULIA OLARU, CADRU DIDACTIC ASOCIAT, DCLM – FILS - UPB
PORTRAIT DE LA TERMINOLOGIE ACTUELLE: TERMINOLOGIE TEXTUELLE VS. TERMINOLOGIE CONCEPTUELLE ......................................................................... 237 AS.UNIV.DR. IZABELA OPREA, UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES AGRICOLES ET MEDECINE VETERINAIRE-BUCAREST CONCEPTUALIZATION . CLASSES AND CATEGORIES ............................................ 244 AS.UNIV.DR. IZABELA OPREA, UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES AGRICOLES ET MEDECINE VETERINAIRE-BUCAREST COMPLEXITY OF BEDSIDE MANNERS AS A FORM OF COMMUNICATION ...... 249 SEF DE LUCRARI DR CORINA SILVIA POP, UMF CAROL DAVILA BUCURESTI REFLECTION-BASED TASKS: THE PHOTOVOICE ASSIGNMENT ......................... 255 LECTOR DR. FABIOLA POPA, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCUREŞTI SOCIAL MEDIA-CHALLENGE OR PERSONAL INFLUENCE .................................. 261 CONF. UNIV. DR. MARIA MAGDALENA POPESCU, UNIVERSITATEA NATIONALĂ DE APĂRARE CAROL I RELATIVIZAREA NORMELOR DE CONDUITĂ EDUCAŢIONALĂ ÎN CLASA MULTICULTURALĂ ............................................................................................................ 266 LECT.DR. MIHAELA PRICOPE, ASIST.DR STOICA DIANA SILVANA, DEPARTAMENTUL DE COMUNICARE IN LIMBI MODERNE, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA DIN BUCURESTI ACTIVE LISTENING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS .................................................................................................................................... 272 LECT.DR. MIHAELA PRICOPE, DEPARTAMENTUL DE COMUNICARE IN LIMBI MODERNE, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA DIN BUCURESTI TERMINOLOGIA MEDICALĂ-STUDIU LINGVISTIC ................................................. 277 ASISTENT UNIV. DR. RADU MIRELA, UNIVERSITATEA „TITU MAIORESCU”, FACULTATEA DE MEDICINĂ
11
LA GRANIŢA DINTRE LITERATURĂ ŞI MEDICINĂ .................................................. 281
ASISTENT UNIV. DR. RADU MIRELA, UNIVERSITATEA „TITU MAIORESCU”,
FACULTATEA DE MEDICINĂ
THE FRAME THAT SEPARATES REALITY FROM FICTION IN TRACY
CHEVALIER’S NOVELS ...................................................................................................... 289
CONF. UNIV. DR. BRÂNDUŞA PREPELIŢĂ – RĂILEANU, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA
BUCUREŞTI, FILS, DCLM
EDUCAŢIA IN EPOCA TEHNOLOGIEI INFORMAŢIEI, STRATEGII de PREDARE
ASISTATĂ de CALCULATOR ............................................................................................ 297
CONF. DR. PREPELITA – RAILEANU BRÂNDUŞA, LECTOR DR. SALVAN MIRELA,
UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCUREŞTI, FILS, DCLM
RELEVANT MOMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ENCYCLOPAEDIAS,
WITH A FOCUS ON THE FIFTEENTH EDITION OF BRITANNICA ......................... 304
ASIST. UNIV. DR. VALENTINA ROBU, ACADEMIA DE STUDII ECONOMICE – BUCUREŞTI
NOTE DE SPIRITUALITATE PROTESTANTĂ ÎN GÂNDIREA ECONOMICĂ
A LUI ADAM SMITH ............................................................................................................ 312
ASIST. UNIV. DR. VALENTINA ROBU, ACADEMIA DE STUDII ECONOMICE – BUCUREŞTI
UPDATING TECHNIQUES IN THE EFL CLASS ............................................................ 321
LECT. DR. SAVU ELENA, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCURESTI
TEACHING ENGLISH FOR AEROSPACE ENGINEERING – CLASSROOM
OBSERVATION ..................................................................................................................... 325
DR. SAVU ELENA, DR. COMANETCHI DOINA LECTOR, UNIV.”POLITEHNICA”BUCURESTI
SPATIUL OMULUI DE ÎNCEPUT ...................................................................................... 329
LECT. UNIV.DR.OTILIA SÎRBU, DEPARTAMENTUL DE LITERE șI LIMBI STRĂINE AL
FACULTĂŢII DE ȘTIINŢE SOCIALE, UMANISTE ŞI ALE NATURII, UNIVERSITATEA
HYPERION, BUCUREŞTI
NEW OTHERNESS: THE ARAB WORLD THE SELF, THE BODY
AND THE OTHER ................................................................................................................ 334
ASISTENT DOCTOR STOICA DIANA, UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA BUCURESTI
ILIADA, TEATRUL DE OPERAŢII PENTRU PROTOTIPUL
RĂZBOINICULUI GREC, AHILE ...................................................................................... 339
LECTOR UNIV. DR.STRECHIE MĂDĂLINA, UNIVERSITATEA DIN CRAIOVA,
FACULTATEA DE LITERE, DEPARTAMENTUL DE LIMBI ROMANICE ŞI CLASICE
OFF THE LEASH: THREE MEN IN A BOAT: TO SAY NOTHING
OF THE DOG! (1888) ........................................................................................................... 347
KAREN KURT TEAL, PH.D., THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, USA
LES ENJEUX DE LA SCÉNARISATION PÉDAGOGIQUE ........................................... 353
CONF. DR. ROXANA ANCA TROFIN, LECT. DR. MARIA-CRISTINA MUNTEANU-
BĂNĂTEANU, UNIVERSITATEA “POLITEHNICA” BUCURESTI, FILS - DCLM
12
STRATEGIES DE CONSTRUCTION NARRATIVE DES FIGURES DU POUVOIR ........ 357 ROXANA ANCA TROFIN, DCLM – FILS - UPB
PRATIQUES CULTURELLES ET ALTÉRITÉ DANS LES RÉCITS DE VOYAGE DE
MAXIME DU CAMP.............................................................................................................. 361
LECTOR UNIV. DR. TUDOR DIANA LIGIA, UNIVERSITATEA DIMITRIE CANTEMIR,
BUCURESTI
LE VOYAGE COMME RENCONTRE DE L’AUTRE CHEZ L’ÉCRIVAIN MAXIME
DU CAMP ............................................................................................................................... 367
LECTOR UNIV. DR. TUDOR DIANA LIGIA, UNIVERSITATEA DIMITRIE CANTEMIR,
BUCURESTI
INFINITIVAL PERIPHRASTIC CAUSATIVES IN OLD ROMANIAN ........................ 373
CONF. DR. USURELU CAMELIA, CONF. DR. TĂNASE-DOGARU MIHAELA,
UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURESTI
ACADEMIC DISCUSSIONS AND INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN AN
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN JAPAN ............................................................ 381
SIMONA VASILACHE, GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SYSTEMS AND INF. ENGINEERING,
UNIVERSITY OF TSUKUBA, JAPAN
PUZZLING RESULTS FROM EXPERIMENTAL DATA ANALYZING THE NPIS
VREUN .................................................................................................................................... 387
MIHAELA ZAMFIRESCU, ASISTENT, UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURESTI
POETICA REALISMULUI ÎN INCIPITUL ROMANULUI ION .................................... 395
ZANET RODICA MIHAELA, PROF. GR. I, COLEGIUL TEHNIC “RADU NEGRU”, GALATI
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LINGUOCULTURAL APPROACH TO ORGANIZATIONAL SECURITY STUDY
Ilieva Diana, Ph. D., Manev Evgeni, Ph. D. State University of Library Studies and Information Technologies
Sofia, Bulgaria
The term organizational culture has been used very often nowadays and there are many definitions for it. The issue is how to define it in the suitable way for the purpose of the study of organizational security. Each aspect of organizational culture requires a specific definition that could be applied for the specific research goal. Many scientists, stemming from historical aspects, have defined organizational culture in different ways. For example, one of them accepted it as1 “No repeatable configuration of norms, values, beliefs, models of behaviour etc., that characterizes the way groups and individuals combine them and carry
out things in their organization”2. Other scientists defined the organizational culture as “Shared system of values, norms and symbols”3 or “The model of beliefs and expectations shared by the members of an organization”4. The organizational culture is not the only element from the mosaic of the organization – it is the mosaic of the organization by itself. The organizational culture is “a set of behavioural norms, which characterizes the company.”5 It is “… a system of basic assumptions developed by the group aiming at its adaptation to the outside environment and internal integration.”6, “implicit, invisible and no formalized awareness of organization that directs the behaviour of individuals.”7 The organizational culture is a set of "... Conventional and relatively stable beliefs, attitudes and values that exist in the organization”8.
As it is seen “The general views are based on organizational culture, which is a system of knowledge, assumptions, norms, procedures and specific courses of action; it acts as a link to the surrounding environment. The shared assessment of the environment in turn contributes to the internal integration of the group. Thus the group intuitively accepts the visions for the environment and for the group itself for granted.”9 Therefore, the organizational culture can be regarded as a shared common mental model, influencing and defining the way individuals interpret their own behaviour and the behaviour of the others.
1 The quoted excerpts in the article are translated from Bulgarian and Russian by the authors of this article. Due to the fact that some books by American authors were available only by their translated editions into Bulgarian and Russian, a number of quotes are presented indirectly through these languages. 2 Eldridge, J., A. Cronbine. A Sociology of Organization. London, Allen & Unwin, 1974, p. 89. 3 Louis, M. Organizations as Culture-Bearing Milieux. – In: Pondy, L. Et al. (eds.). Organizational Symbolism, Greenwich, Conn., 1980., 4 Schwartz, Н., S. Davis. Matching Corporate Culture and Business Strategy. – In: Organizational Dynamics, No 10, 1981, pp. 30–48. 5 Kilmann, R. Beyond the Quick Fix: Managing Five Tracks to Organizational Success. San Francisco, 1984. 6 Schein, Е. Orgsanizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, 1985. 7 Denison, D. Corporate Culture and Organizational Effectiveness. New York, 1990, p. 2. 8 Williams et. al. Changing Culture, New Organizational Approaches. L., Institute of Personnel Management, 1993. 9 Manev, E. 2007: Манев, Е. Организационна култура: – същност, промяна, измерване , София, ВИ, 2007, с. 68 ( Manev, E. Organizational culture: essence, change, measurement, Sofia, ME, p. 68)
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The analysis of the definitions of organizational culture research leads to the following conclusions about it:
• The nature and existence of the modern system of culture is specific for the end of the industrial and early information civilization, geopolitical and national peculiarities of the transition to information society;
• Both of the processes of adoption and implementation of the values and norms in the organization by the members of the organization decisively determine specific social and professional behaviour of the same members;
• The organizational culture defines the social, psychological and intellectual atmosphere, social and professional climate, as well as attitudes and behaviour in the organization;
• It defines the dominating system of values and activities corresponding to that system;
• Internal integration of the members of the organization is subordinated to the organizational culture;
• The organizational culture change is the process of active adaptation to new social and professional realities;
• The organizational system development over time shall be understood as a pattern of modern existence and nature of the organization.
An important place in the theory of organizational culture is the fact that it and its amendment spread faster than the changes in the environment. Initial symptoms of its change precede other changes in the organizational system and in this sense, it is a harbinger of upcoming events in the organization. This understanding enables one to specify the methodological significance of the theory of organizational culture for diagnosing and measuring of the organizational system’s performance.
Nowadays the ratio between the tangible and intangible values of the organization has changed dramatically. “If the intangible assets of an organization constitute more than 75% of its value, the formulation and implementation of the strategy should be aimed at mobilizing and implementing strategic fit of intangible assets.”10 This raises a broader strategic framework that fits organizational culture. This approach points to the essential methodological conclusion that organizational culture is an important resource that can be accumulated, managed and used for running the organizational development.
The main elements of organizational culture can be regarded as its specifics that set it apart from other cultures and as a manageable resource. Some of those elements are:
• Group ideology as a system of political, philosophical, moral, religious and aesthetic views;
• Group norms pertaining to members of the organization standards and samples regulating social and professional behaviour;
• Adopted and proclaimed values and principles that the organization is aimed at;
10 Kaplan, Norton 2006: Каплан, Р., Д. Нортън. Стратегически карти. Да приведем нематериалните активи в осезаеми резултати. С., 2006, с. 5.
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• Philosophy of the organization as the general political and ideological principles for governing the organization members’ actions and philosophy of other social phenomena and processes;
• System of rules for professional and social behaviour in the organization and outside it;
• Organizational climate – thoughts, feelings and attitudes defining characteristic style and manner of relationship and interaction, promoting or preventing the organization during its functioning;
• Existing, conscious and perceived social and professional experience, methods, techniques and technologies to achieve certain objectives;
• Uniqueness and distinct symbols, professional language, modern management culture and management style implemented by the leaders;
• Preservation and transferring of knowledge and patterns of social and professional behaviour from one generation to another, particularly memory of the past and organizational excellence.
Those elements of organizational culture reveal its broader and deeper essence, functions, structure, development and change. As an informal "consciousness" of the organization, organizational culture manages and directs human behaviour and at the same time it is formed by the influence of its members.
As a conclusion organizational culture can be defined as intangible assets – traditions, knowledge and advanced experience, including basic values, norms and practices occurring in organizational behaviour by symbols, language, ideologies, myths and rituals within the shared context. Having this definition of organizational culture, we can apply the cultural approach to the General theory of security (GTS) study.
An important issue of security research is to use a multidisciplinary scientific approach. Because of its nature and content security is presented in all spheres of activity of individuals and societies, which renders its study impossible by the tools and methods of a single science. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach is required.
The key element of the content of the scientific discipline GTS includes the exploration of the nature and content of the processes and dynamics of the stable organizational development and functioning in accordance with planned organizational and functional parameters, as well as external and internal environmental circumstances. Nevertheless, as it usually happens nothing goes according to the plan, unfortunately. There are situations, in which risks and threats arise. In such cases, the organizational leadership inevitably has to undertake organizational and technical activities for avoiding or minimizing risks and threats to the planned functioning of the organization. In case the all-possible measures are taken in that respect but the planned functioning of the organization is violated, the leadership must have available resources to recover the planned functioning as soon as it is possible. GTS studies the forms, content, nature and characteristics of risks and threats and develops methods of managing means and resources.
It is important to emphasize that the organizational and cultural instrument for GTS study opens a new field of security exploration. Cultural approach accepted by GTS provides adopting and applying methods and terminology of new sciences for examination
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of the complicated interaction among culture, language and security of an organization such as linguoculturolgy.
Security plays the role of a regulator of the organizational functioning. The regulating role occurs as a permission or prohibition of taking or avoiding a specific action or procedure in an organization. Thus, the role of the security prevents the organization from a certain action and stimulates it to undertake another one. Therefore, the regulating role is the result of a security assessment for achieving organizational goals within the context of circumstances. In that way security determines the significance (insignificance) of certain actions. This regulating role of security does not occur directly in the organization; it is mediated by the organizational culture.
The main role of security is to be a regulator of the organizational activities. It is manifested in two forms: one of them permits operation and the other one forbids it. The permission is given in case the security of organizational environment is in accordance with the norms; the ban is given in case the security is beyond them. An organizational culture establishes norms and standards in the organization. Thus, the essential regulating role of security occurs through its organizational culture mediation.
The regulating role of security is manifested by the functions it performs in the organization. Security is closely related to culture and therefore is largely determined by it. That is why the security performs its functions within the frame of the cultural paradigm of the organization. In this sense, its functions are derived from the cultural paradigm and support it by contributing to its sustainability. In this context, security has two main functions: evaluating function and semantic function.
Based on the perceived level of the security in an organization, it evaluates the results of the past - whether they had positive or negative effect on it. In this regard, the evaluating function is more focused on the past rather than on the future. The latter is based on analysis of past performance, which creates the foundation for the evaluation and organizational decision-making for the future activities. Based on these conclusions, organizational decisions are undertaken. If the performance is positive and it is within the acceptable level of security, the assessment of the action is positive, and vice versa – if the results are unsatisfactory and the goals are not achieved – the assessment is negative. Therefore, the decision concerning the activities of the organization is focused on the future. The evaluation function of security "triggers" its regulating role by the decision for the future mediated by organizational culture.
The semantic function of security defines the importance of the future organizational activities in accordance with its goals. In this context, the semantic function of security, based on accumulated past experience, is more focused on the forthcoming activities in the organization rather than in the past. The semantic function of security "triggers" its regulating role by the decision for the future action mediated by organizational culture as well.
Both the evaluating and semantic functions of security “work” together and by its regulating role “govern” the organization but not directly rather by the mediating role of the organizational culture. Examining the aspects of an organizational culture can provide knowledge about the role of its security. Particularly, which one of the forms of the functions of the regulating role of security would be more plausible to be “triggered” in specific case/ situation. The organizational culture approach to study security is reliable overall. However, it is not enough. Here we propose a novel and reliable approach, namely the linguocultural one.
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In the process of linguistic research over time the view of the prominent Russian linguist G. O. Vinokur had been inevitably verified: "every linguist studying a particular language [...] will necessarily become a researcher of that culture, to whose products the language of his/her choice belongs" (Vinokur 1959: 211).11
All the cultural meanings occurring in cultural differences (the different semantics or connotations in the meaning of the words of different peoples) are figuratively "disembodied". To appear as a cultural phenomenon, they must be materialized. This happens when meanings are manifested in cultural codes – through words, symbols, proverbs, myths, rituals, etc. Thanks to them, "this deep level of culture, where the conscious one joins the unconscious one and serves as the basis of the sustainable system of the meanings and perceptions rooted in the mind and behaviour of many generations is perceived as mentality" (Erasov 1996: 20 op. at Hrolenko 2006: 42).12
Having this in mind, as well as Edgar Schain’s organizational cultural model, it is clear that the aforementioned cultural codes are the elements of the model – they are namely the most difficult part of it to be discovered – the shared and adopted common beliefs, values and the most visible one – artefacts (behaviour) of the members of the organization/nation.
Mentality by common definition is a way of thinking determined by the degree of cultural development of an individual. "National mentality is a way of thinking, spiritual attitude exclusive to a particular ethnic community; it is manifested by persistent collective traits that distinguish the particular ethnic community among others (Dimitrova: Lecture 4).13
National mentality is a reflection of cultural values of a certain nation, which in turn is reflected in its language, mostly in its paremiological and phraseological fund (Ilieva 2015a: 10).14 Thus, the linguistic picture of the world of each nation includes as its constituting elements national determined concepts, which are particularly relevant in the theory of intercultural communication (Op. cit.: 18). This thesis is applicable to the main fundamental concepts typical for a certain organization, as they are the pillar of the organization itself and promote the interorganizational communication as well as favour the collegial climate and supervisor-subordinate relationships in it.
The system consisting of inherited concepts mentioned above is transmitted through language, mostly through its word-stock. Changes in culture lead to changes in language because culture represents the picture of the world reflected in a language. Language is the most important means of communication and expression of thoughts at the same time; meanwhile it accumulates knowledge of culture. Between these two phenomena – language and culture – the linguistic personality is situated, and none of the commented phenomena
11 Vinokur 1959: Винокур, Г. О. О задачах истории языка. Избранные работы по русскому языку. М., 1959 12 Hrolenko 2006: Хроленко 2006: Хроленко, А. Т. Основы лингвокультурологии: учебное пособие; под ред. В. Д. Бондалетова. – 3-е изд., испр. – М.: Флинта:Наука, 2006, -184 с.; ISBN 5- 89349-681-7 (Флинта), ISBN 5-02-033116-3 (Наука). 13 Dimitrova: Lecture 4. Димитрова: Лекция 4. Национален манталитет. http:// www.ct-varna.com/downloadFile:78ojgym4ad2p (13.08. 2015) 14 Ilieva 2015a: Илиева, Д. Изследване на паремийните мъдрости – книговедски и етноложки аспекти. Дисертационен труд за присъждане на образователната и научна степен „Доктор“. Университет по библиотекознание и информационни технологии, София, 2015. –The lore of paremiological wisdom - bibliological and ethnological aspects. Dissertation for awarding the educational and scientific degree "Doctor". SULCIT. Sofia, 2015
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can exist without it. Therefore the main issues related to culture, „are concentrated in the triad language - nation (national personality) - culture"(Vorobyov 2006: 13).15
The attention of researchers to the problem of the relationship between the phenomena of this triad was drawn in the second half of the XVIII century. Yet Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) and Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) worked out the view that the active and constructive potential of language affects the formation of folk culture and psychology of the respective ethnic group. For Herder language is the basis of the fundamentals of culture and therefore he dedicates to it "Treatise on the origin of language" (1770). He fits together in it the four fundamental human phenomena - language, culture, society and national spirit. Chronologically the originating of language is linked to culture. The former has been improving in society and through it. The organic trinity – language, culture, society – is the most important component of the national spirit, as „the mind of a respective people and its spirit finds its reflection" in any language (Herder 1977: 233)16.
It is important to make a note that language is the main tool for communication among people in an organization (as it has been mentioned already). Thus, it is an instrument for transferring knowledge, beliefs, and values among people in an organization, so it helps them shape the organizational culture; meanwhile it is a product of the same culture as well. On the other hand, speaking about accumulated knowledge and beliefs we should add the importance of values “arising as spiritual pillars of a human being […] helping him to withstand the rigors of heavy life situations. Values help men to rank reality, include evaluation moments in its understanding, correlate with the notion of the ideal, desired or normative one; they give meaning to human life and recommend certain behaviour. The assessment component is "coded" in the system of national language by the value system of the nation thanks to the existing in each society evaluation criteria, based on its specific cultural model (Ilieva 2015b).17 This applies not only to national culture as a whole but also to organizational culture in particular. These fundamental bases can be a useful premise for focusing our attention to the study of the most important problem of society – its security. It can be done by exploring the language of the fundamental national documents such as the constitution, laws, strategies, doctrines, the language of the leaders of the nation used in their speeches and their written statements, speeches and lectures. So, the trinity mentioned above can be expanded to the quadrilateral relationship – language, culture, society, security.
Nicolay Georgievich Komlev (1924-1998), a Russian specialist in the theory of language and semiotics, a researcher who has developed the theses on the specifics of the language sign and the theory of the motivation of its choice in verbal communication as well as the studies about the relationship between the connotation and denotation, considered language as the most important tool for governing of society and the way for socializing personality (КО и СЯ: 2006).18
15 Vorobyov 2006: Воробьев, В. В. Лингвокультурология. М.: Издательство Российского университета дружбы народов, 2006,- 330 с. 16 Herder 1977: Гердер, И. Г. Идеи и философия истории человечества., М.:Наука, 1977, - 448 с. 17 Ilieva 2015b: Илиева Д. Понятието ценност в паремиите - В: Нови информационни технологии в образователния процес. Доклади и съобщения от научен семинар на УниБИТ, проведен в Малта на 1-8. 06.2015, Изд.“За буквите – О писменехъ, София, (под печат).- [Notion value in proverbs. – In: New information technologies in educational process. Reports and papers from SULCIT scientific seminar held in Malta on 1-8. 06.2015. Ed. .“За буквите – О писменехъ”, Sofia. (In print).] 18 КО и СЯ 2006: Кафедра общего и сравнительно-исторического языкознания. — М.: Филологический факультет МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова, 22.10.2006.: http://genhis.philol.msu.ru/article_25.html (1.08.2015).
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An important step in the development of the issue of the relationship language–culture is the thesis developed in his research work dedicated to the existence of a cultural component in the semantic structure of a word.
According to academician Nikita Ilyich Tolstoy (1923-1996) the relationship culture – language can be regarded as the relation between the whole and its parts. Language can be considered as a component of culture or as an instrument of culture. At the same time, language is autonomous in terms of culture as a whole and can be considered in isolation from culture or compared to it as an equal and equivalent component. Especially important is the conclusion made by the academician: "The further development of historical phraseological units’ research can be fruitful only on the condition of drawing a serious attention to language as a verbal code of culture and as a creator of culture" (Tolstoy 1995: 24)19.
The examined theories on the relationship between language and culture, and the current linguocultural studies give us the reason to assert that language is a fact of culture in several aspects:
Language represents the integral function of culture;
Language is the main instrument by which people acquire and share culture;
Language is the most important matter of all phenomena having cultural basis: if we want to understand the essence and nature of culture – science, religion, literature, and organizational security we must consider these phenomena as cultural codes embedded in language, because natural language has been the best-developed model ever.
Surely, if native speakers are bearers of their culture as well, language signs get the ability to serve as cultural symbols and this way to serve as a means of expression of fundamental trends of culture development. That is why language objectifies the national-cultural mentality of native speakers. Through the concepts of, for example, space, time and the conceptual dichotomy own – another’s, language correlates to culture, too.
In conclusion, the relationship language-culture has a reversible influence as well as complex communicative, symbolic and valuable nature that reflects the national (organizational) cultural paradigm.
Based on the brief overview of the trinity culture (organizational culture theory) – lingo- cultural (theory) – General Theory of Security, an overall multidisciplinary model for studying the organizational security can be developed. The main elements of the organizational culture paradigm of a nation/organization can be discovered based on lingo-cultural analyses of the fundamental documents of the organization.
Edgar Schain’s general model of organizational culture with its three main groups of components – shared and adopted in the organization artefacts, values and beliefs can be applied to the particular security study. Furthermore, a multidisciplinary approach of scientific subjects can be an effective tool. Therefore the lingo-cultural study of the fundamental security documents delivers the basic concepts of the organizational cultural model. Then the different types of organizational cultures can be discovered by the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument20 and the Management Skills Assessment Instrument21 and based
19Tolstoy 1995: Толстой, Н. И. Язык и народная культура: Очерки по славянской мифологии и этнолингвистике. М.:Индрик, 1995. 20 Kameron K. and Quinn R. Diagnosing and Changing Organizational Culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1999, p. 18-n
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on it the main collective traits and leaders’ styles of governing the organization can be revealed. Bearing this in mind, as well as the GTS, the key role and function of the security in a specific organization can be discovered. That opens the door to predict behaviour of organizations and leaders in different risk and threat situations.
In conclusion, the main methodological steps of the model for Lingo-cultural approach to organizational security study (LCOSS) can be outlined:
The first stage: Lingo-cultural method is a tool that can contribute to the discoveries of the main values embedded in the main national (organizational) security documents and into national leaders’ statements, speeches and articles on security matters.
The second stage: Based on the values obtained from the first stage, and applying the “Organizational culture model” of Edgar Schain and K. Kameron & R. Quinn “Organizational culture assessment instrument”, the types of organizational cultures (predetermining the essence and nature of the security matter documents/statements/speeches) can be discovered.
The third stage: Based on discovered types of cultures from stages 1 and 2 and on the GTS the method can examine and discover the key security perceptions and expectations of an organizational/national leadership.
The fourth stage: Based on the results of the third stage, the further behaviours and actions of an organization/nation/leader can be predicted with a high level of probability, which is the outcome of the method.
The presented frame of the LCOSS method is intended to be tailored to typical situational studies and to be furthered subsequently.
21 Ibid, p. 153- 166
