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Utilizarea Sistemelor de Operare
de fapt…
Instalare, Configurare si UtilizareSisteme de Calcul
Conf. dr. ing. Remus BRAD
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Bibliografie
• Remus Brad, Marius Bratu - Instalare, configurare siutilizare sisteme de calcul, Editura Universitatii“Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu, 2001
• Peter Norton, Secrete PC, Editura Teora, ISBN 973-601-547-5
• Scott Mueller, PC depanare si modernizare, EdituraTeora, ISBN 973-601-653-6
• Winn Rosch, Totul despre Hardware, Editura Teora
• http://rbrad.ulbsibiu.ro/teaching/courses/icus.php
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Bibliografie
Şi…Google
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Despre materia studiata...“Hard-disk-ul este una dintre cele mai importante componente ale unui
calculator, de fapt este creierul calculatorului deoarece de la el, adicăel este programat , construit pentru a face aproape toate operaţiile din calculator. Hardul este un dreptunghi de dimensiuni acceptabile undesunt proiectate microprocesoare, chipuri etc. pt. a putea face operaţiiledate de la tastatură. El face legătura pt. a afişa rezultatele etc. Operaţiile de bază sunt programate în acest hard”
„Placa de sunet de tip Sound Blaster este o placă magnetică care sefoloseşte în cadrul aplicaţiilor cu vibro-sunete.
„Să ştiţi că am instalat de toate dar acest Windows NT SERVER nu l-aminstalt de loc. Să ştiţi că am auzit că este bun pentru reţele mari şi am văzut cum merge, dar nu-l-am instalat niciodată, doar ce am mai citit despre el.”
„După aceea aprindem calculatorul cu ajutorul unei dishete sistem”„Formatarea fizică presupune ştergerea lui fizică, adică fără a mai avea
acces la el, pe când, formatarea logică presupune ştergerea lui din memorie, adică ştergerea celui marcat fizic.”
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Calculatoarele asa cum le cunoastem..
display
networkconnection
keyboard
Did computers always looked like this?
Will computers always look like that?
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Primul calculator
Discovered in 1901
Used for astronomical calculations
Sophisticated 20 gearsassembly
Knowledge completely lost …
Built around 87 B.C.
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Puţină istorie
• …• 76 B.C. - Antikythera mechanism• 1642 Blaise Pascal - calculating machine• 1800s Babbadge – analytical engine• 1930s – 1940s electromechanical computers• 1937 – J. Atanasoff / C. Berry– ABC (electronic)• 1943/46 – J. Mauchly et al - ENIAC (18,000 tubes)• 1945 – J von Neumann – von Neumann architecture• 1948, 1958 – transistor & IC invention• 1960s – transistor based computers• 1971 – Intel 4004 – the first GP microprocessor• The “modern” computer era started …
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• 1800s Ada Byron – concepts of branches and loops• 1945 Konrad Zuse – Plankalkul (first algorithmic language)• 1949 J. Mauchly – Short Code (first HLL)• 1951 G. Hopper – the first compiler• 1957 J. Backus – FORTRAN• 1960s IBM – virtual machine concept• 1968 N. Wirth – Pascal• 1970s AT&T - UNIX• 1972 D. Ritchie et al – C• 1987 A. Tanenbaum – MINIX (open source clone of UNIX)• 1991 L. Torvalds – Linux• …
Puţină istorie
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Tipuri de calculatoare
• Supercomputer $5-20 million• Mainframe $0.5-4 million• Server $10-200 thousand• PC/Workstation $1-10 thousand• Game console $300-$1000• Embedded device $1-$100• Future disposable 1-100 cents
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Legea lui Moore: 2X transistors / “year”
• “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits”– Gordon Moore, Electronics, 1965
• # on transistors / cost-effective integrated circuit double every N months (12 ≤ N ≤ 24)
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Legea lui Moore
•• LegeaLegea luilui Moore e Moore e valabilavalabila de de atitiaatitia aniani!!
42,000,000 transistors2000: Pentium IV
325,000,000 transistors (25M CPU / 300M Cache)2002: Itanium
24,000,000 transistors1999: Pentium III
7,500,000 transistors1997: Pentium II
3,100,000 transistors1993: Pentium
1,180,000 transistors1989: 80486 DX
275,000 transistors1985: 80386
120,000 transistors1982: 80286
29,000 transistors1978: 8086
5,000 transistors1974: 8080
2,500 transistors1972: 8008
2,250 transistors1971: 4004
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Cum se obtine performanta• Drill down into 4 technologies:
– Disks, – Memory, – Network, – Processors
• Compare for Bandwidth vs. Latency improvements in performance over time
• Bandwidth: number of events per unit time– E.g., M bits / second over network, M bytes / second from disk
• Latency: elapsed time for a single event– E.g., one-way network delay in microseconds,
average disk access time in milliseconds
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Disks: Archaic vs Modern
• Seagate 373453, 2003• 15000 RPM (4X)• 73.4 GBytes (2500X)• Tracks/Inch: 64000 (80X)• Bits/Inch: 533,000 (60X)• Four 2.5” platters
(in 3.5” form factor)• Bandwidth:
86 MBytes/sec (140X)• Latency: 5.7 ms (8X)• Cache: 8 MBytes
• CDC Wren I, 1983• 3600 RPM• 0.03 GBytes capacity• Tracks/Inch: 800• Bits/Inch: 9550• Three 5.25” platters
• Bandwidth: 0.6 MBytes/sec
• Latency: 48.3 ms• Cache: none
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Latency Lags Bandwidth (for last ~20 years)
• Performance Milestones
• Disk: 3600, 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 RPM (8x, 143x)(latency = simple operation w/o contentionBW = best-case)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100
Relative Latency Improvement
Relative BW
Improvement
Disk
(Latency improvement = Bandwidth improvement)
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Memory: Archaic vs Modern• 1980 DRAM
(asynchronous)• 0.06 Mbits/chip• 64,000 xtors, 35 mm2
• 16-bit data bus per module, 16 pins/chip
• 13 Mbytes/sec• Latency: 225 ns• (no block transfer)
• 2000 Double Data Rate Synchr. (clocked) DRAM
• 256.00 Mbits/chip (4000X)• 256,000,000 xtors, 204 mm2
• 64-bit data bus per DIMM, 66 pins/chip (4X)
• 1600 Mbytes/sec (120X)• Latency: 52 ns (4X)• Block transfers (page mode)
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Latency Lags Bandwidth (last ~20 years)• Performance Milestones
• Memory Module: 16bit plain DRAM, Page Mode DRAM, 32b, 64b, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM (4x,120x)
• Disk: 3600, 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 RPM (8x, 143x)
(latency = simple operation w/o contentionBW = best-case)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100
Relative Latency Improvement
Relative BW
Improvement
MemoryDisk
(Latency improvement = Bandwidth improvement)
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LANs: Archaic vs Modern• Ethernet 802.3• Year of Standard: 1978• 10 Mbits/s
link speed • Latency: 3000 µsec• Shared media• Coaxial cable
• Ethernet 802.3ae• Year of Standard: 2003• 10,000 Mbits/s (1000X)
link speed • Latency: 190 µsec (15X)• Switched media• Category 5 copper wire
Coaxial Cable:
Copper coreInsulator
Braided outer conductorPlastic Covering
Copper, 1mm thick, twisted to avoid antenna effect
Twisted Pair:"Cat 5" is 4 twisted pairs in bundle
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Latency Lags Bandwidth (last ~20 years)
• Performance Milestones
• Ethernet: 10Mb, 100Mb, 1000Mb, 10000 Mb/s (16x,1000x)
• Memory Module: 16bit plain DRAM, Page Mode DRAM, 32b, 64b, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM (4x,120x)
• Disk: 3600, 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 RPM (8x, 143x)
(latency = simple operation w/o contentionBW = best-case)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100
Relative Latency Improvement
Relative BW
Improvement
Memory
Network
Disk
(Latency improvement = Bandwidth improvement)
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CPUs: Archaic vs Modern• 1982 Intel 80286 • 12.5 MHz• 2 MIPS (peak)• Latency 320 ns• 134,000 xtors, 47 mm2
• 16-bit data bus, 68 pins• Microcode interpreter,
separate FPU chip• (no caches)
• 2001 Intel Pentium 4• 1500 MHz (120X)• 4500 MIPS (peak) (2250X)• Latency 15 ns (20X)• 42,000,000 xtors, 217 mm2
• 64-bit data bus, 423 pins• 3-way superscalar,
Dynamic translate to RISC, Superpipelined (22 stage),Out-of-Order execution
• On-chip 8KB Data caches, 96KB Instr. Trace cache, 256KB L2 cache
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Latency Lags Bandwidth (last ~20 years)• Performance Milestones• Processor: ‘286, ‘386, ‘486,
Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium 4 (21x,2250x)
• Ethernet: 10Mb, 100Mb, 1000Mb, 10000 Mb/s (16x,1000x)
• Memory Module: 16bit plain DRAM, Page Mode DRAM, 32b, 64b, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM (4x,120x)
• Disk : 3600, 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 RPM (8x, 143x)
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100
Relative Latency Improvement
Relative BW
Improvement
Processor
Memory
Network
Disk
(Latency improvement = Bandwidth improvement)
CPU high, Memory low(“Memory Wall”)