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List of Questions for the examination in Human Anatomy
Faculty of Medicine, the 1st semester (theory)
I. General Data
1. Human anatomy as a science, its object of study. Importance of Human Anatomy for medical
disciplines.
2. Traditional and contemporary methods of examination used in Human Anatomy.
3. Historical evolution of the Human Anatomy. Anatomy in ancient period and in the Middle Ages.
4. The role of Renaissance in anatomy development. Leonardo da Vinci and bases of modern
anatomy.
5. Development of anatomy in the XVIII-XX centuries.
6. History of Human Anatomy as a science in Moldova.
7. The main stages of the development of the human body. Development and growth of the body
during antenatal period of development (intrauterine period).
8. Development and growth of the body during postnatal period of development (extrauterine
period).
9. General data concerning norm, variants of norm, abnormalities.
10. Integrity of the human body. Human organism and external environment.
11. Age and its periods. Growth periods of the human organism. Periods of impetuous growth.
12. Constitutional types, applied anatomy concerning typology in medicine.
13. Habitus and stand (posture), their clinical importance.
14. Referent elements (such as planes, axis, lines), used by Human Anatomy and practical medicine.
Anatomical language.
II. General and Special Osteology
15. Bone as an organ, its structure. Structure of the periosteum. The scheme of osteon and a long
tubular bone.
16. The bone functions.
17. Classification of bones according to: their shape, topography, structure, development.
18. Development of bones.
19. Abnormalities of the bony system.
20. Structural characteristic features of the skeleton of the upper and lower limbs, applied anatomy.
21. Structural characteristic features of the bones of the skull (distribution of compact and spongy
substance, pneumatization, pillars of resistance) and practical value.
22. Influence of the external environmental factors on development and postnatal changes of bones.
23. General data concerning vertebral column. General structure of a vertebra, anatomical position.
Vertebral abnormalities.
24. Regional and individual characteristic features of the vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar.
25. The sacrum and coccyx anatomical position, structure, functions, gender differences,
abnormalities.
26. The breastbone (sternum) and the ribs, anatomical position, structure, abnormalities. Anatomical
structures that can be palpated on alive person and applied anatomy.
27. Bones of the shoulder girdle – anatomical position, structure, functions. Referent points on a
living person.
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28. The humerus – external shape, anatomical position, functions. Referent points that can be
palpated on a living person.
29. Bones of the forearm - anatomical position, structure, functions. Exploration on a living person.
30. Bones of the hand – classification, topography, structure, functions. Referent points on alive
person.
31. The hip bone - external shape, anatomical position, functions. Referent points that can be
palpated on a living person and applied anatomy.
32. The femur - anatomical position, structure, functions. Exploration on a living person. X-rays
anatomy of tubular bones.
33. Bones of the leg - anatomical position, structure, functions. Referent points that can be palpated
on a living person.
34. Bones of the foot – topography, structure, functions. Exploration on a living person.
35. The skull - components and compartments, functional role. Referent points that can be palpated
on a living person.
36. The frontal bone – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Referent points
that can be palpated on a living person.
37. The sphenoid bone – location, anatomical position, parts, orifices, structure, functional role. X-
ray examination.
38. The occipital bone – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Exploration
on a living person.
39. The parietal bone – location, anatomical position, structure, functional role.
40. The ethmoid bone – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Applied
anatomy of the ethmoidal cells.
41. The temporal bone – location, anatomical position, parts, functional role. Clinical aspects
regarding its divisions. Exploration on a living person.
42. The pyramid of the temporal bone: surfaces, margins, structure, functional role. Canals and
cavities of the temporal bone, topography and content.
43. The maxilla – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Topographical
relations of the dental sockets with the maxillary sinus. The hard palate – topography and structure.
44. The palatine bone - anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. The small bones of the
facial skull – topography, structure, functional role.
45. The mandible – location, anatomical position, parts, structure, functional role. Referent points
that can be palpated on alive person.
46. Topography of the vault of the skull. The boundary line that separates the vault of the skull from
its base. Clinical and anthropometrical aspects concerning the vault of the skull.
47. Topography of the exobase of the skull. Functional role of the orifices and canals located at the
level of the exobase of the skull.
48. Topography of the endobase. Functional role of the orifices and canals located at the level of the
endobase of the skull.
49. The orbit, position, walls, compartments, communications.
50. The nasal cavity – position, walls, compartments, connections. Clinical significance of
anatomical knowledge concerning nasal cavity.
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51. The paranasal sinuses, position, structure, connections, functions. Relationship between
paranasal sinuses and neighbouring anatomical structures, their clinical significance.
52. The temporal, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae – location, walls, communications,
functional role.
53. Individual specific features of the skull concerning its shape and dimensions.
54. Gender and age peculiarities of the skull. Postnatal changes of the skull.
III. General and Special Arthrosyndesmology
55. Arthrosyndesmology – general data, classification of the joints (scheme), exploration on a living
person.
56. Synarthroses – general characteristics, types of synarthroses, examples.
57. Diarthroses - general characterization, main and auxiliary elements of joints, examples (scheme
of a diarthrosis).
58. Uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial joints, variants, examples.
59. Biomechanics of joints. Factors that influence joints mobility. Notion of goniometry.
60. Congruence of the articular surfaces. Factors that contribute to shaping of the articular surfaces.
61. Joints of the bones of the skull. The temporomandibular joint, structure, muscles that influence
the joint, movements, exploration on a living person.
62. The atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints - structure, classification, muscles that influence the
joints, movements.
63. Joints between the vertebrae - structure, classification, muscles that influence the joint,
movements.
64. The vertebral column as a whole. Movements of the vertebral column and muscles that influence
them.
65. Joints of the ribs with the sternum and with the vertebrae - structure, muscles that influence the
joints, movements.
66. Thoracic cage as a whole, shapes of the thorax, excursions of the thorax and muscles that
influence the movements. Bony and muscular landmarks of the thorax.
67. Joints of the shoulder girdle bones – structure, movements and muscles that influence the joints.
68. The shoulder joint - structure, movements muscles that influence the joint, radiological image.
69. The elbow joint - structure, movements muscles that influence the joint, radiological image.
70. Joints between the bones of the forearm - structure, movements, muscles that influence the
joints.
71. The radiocarpal (wrist) joint - structure, movements, muscles that influence the joint,
radiological image.
72. Joints between the bones of the hand - classification, movements muscles that influence the
joint. The hard foundation of the hand.
73. Joints of the pelvic girdle, structure, movements. Proper syndesmoses of the pelvis.
74. Pelvis as a whole – walls, compartments, apertures, orifices. Gender differences of the pelvis,
notion of the pelvimetry.
75. Dimensions of the female pelvis, applied anatomy and clinical significance. Conductive
(obstetrical) axis and inclination of the pelvis.
76. The hip joint - structure, movements muscles that action the joint. X-rays image of the hip joint.
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77. The knee joint - structure, muscles which move it, X-rays image.
78. Joints between the bones of the leg, their structure.
79. The talocrural (ankle) joint - structure, movements, muscles that influence the joint.
80. Joints of the foot bones structure, movements, muscles that action the joints.
81. The foot as a whole. The arches of the foot. The hard foundation of the foot. Active and passive
structures that maintain the arches of the foot. Clinical aspects.
IV. General and Special Myology
82. Muscle as an organ. General data concerning the structure of muscles.
83. Classification of muscles dependent on: shape, topography, structure, origin, functions,
development (scheme).
84. Auxiliary structures of muscles. Structural peculiarities of the fasciae. The role of the fasciae in
muscle activity. Scheme of synovial vagina.
85. Levers of muscles and the work of muscles. Muscular crossings and muscular chains.
86. Structural similitude and differences between the muscles of the upper and lower limbs.
87. The impact of function under the structure of bones, joints and muscles.
88. Static and dynamic elements of the human body. The amortization role of some anatomical
structures in the locomotor apparatus.
89. The superficial muscles of the back - structure, topography, functions. Referent points of the
muscles of the back. Exploration on a living person.
90. Deep muscles of the back - structure, topography, functions. The weak places of the posterior
wall of the back. Clinical significance.
91. Muscles of the thorax - classification, structure, topography, functions. The main and auxiliary
muscles of respiration (breath). Exploration on a living person.
92. The diaphragm - structure, topography, functions. Developmental abnormalities. The weak
places of the diaphragm, clinical significance.
93. Muscles and fasciae of the abdomen - classification, structure, topography, functions. Muscular
referent points of the abdomen.
94. The weak places of the anterior abdominal wall. The white line and the sheath of the rectus
abdominis muscle - structure, topography, clinical significance.
95. The inguinal canal – walls, orifices, content, trajectory, clinical significance.
96. The superficial muscles of the neck and muscles of the hyoid bone - structure, topography,
functions.
97. The deep muscles of the neck - structure, topography, functions.
98. The fasciae of the neck (regions, triangles, spaces) (scheme). The interfascial spaces of the neck.
Clinical significance of the spaces of the neck.
99. Muscles of the head - classification. Muscles of facial expression – structural characteristic
features, functions, exploration on a living person. The gesture (physiognomy).
100. Muscles of mastication - structure, topography, functions. The fasciae of the head - structure,
topography, the interfascial spaces of the head.
101. Muscles of the shoulder girdle - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
102. Muscles of the arm - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living person.
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103. Anterior group of muscles of the forearm - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a
living person.
104. Posterior group of muscles of the forearm - structure, topography, functions, exploration on a
living person.
105. Muscles of the hand - structure, topography, functions. The palmar aponeurosis.
106. Topography of the axillary region (the axillary fossa, axillary cavity – walls, orifices, triangles,
content), scheme.
107. Topography of the arm and of the cubital region. Bony and muscular landmarks.
108. Topography of the forearm and of the hand. Osteofibrous canals and tendon sheaths of the hand
(scheme).
109. Muscles of the hip region - structure, topography, functions.
110. Muscles of the thigh - classification, structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living
person.
111. Muscles of the leg - classification, structure, topography, functions, exploration on a living
person.
112. Muscles of the foot - classification, structure, topography, functions.
113. The fasciae of the lower limb - structure, topography, derivatives.
114. The osteofibrous canals and synovial sheaths of the foot.
115. Topographical structures of the hip region – orifices, canals, lacunae – their walls and content.
The femoral ring, femoral canal and saphenous opening or fossa ovalis.
116. Topography of the thigh and of the popliteal fossa – grooves, canals, orifices and their content.
Muscular landmarks.
117. Topography of the leg and foot – canals, grooves, content. Muscular landmarks.
118. Muscular referent points of the trunk and limbs.
119. Dynamics of the upper and lower limbs.
120. Organization and specific features of walking. Age characteristic features of walking (gait).
V. Viscera
121. General notions concerning splanchnology. Viscera – definition, classification, topography,
functional role. Viscera and constitutional types of the human body.
122. General principles of structure of the cavitary and parenchymatous organs.
123. Digestive system – general characteristics, components, functional role, development.
124. General structure of the walls of the alimentary tract. The serous and adventitial coats of the
alimentary canal, regional characteristic features and functional role.
125. The mucous coat of the alimentary canal - general structure and regional characteristic features.
126. Lymphoid structures of the alimentary canal – location, functional role.
127. General structure and regional characteristic features of the muscular coat of the alimentary
canal.
128. The oral cavity – walls, compartments, connections. Examination of the anatomical structures
of the oral cavity on a living person.
129. The lips and cheeks – structure, topography, age characteristic features and abnormalities.
130. The palate – external configuration, parts, structure, functions, abnormalities.
131. The tongue – external configuration, parts, structure, functions, abnormalities.
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132. Isthmus fauceum – borders, the palatine and lingual tonsils. The scheme of the isthmus
fauceum.
133. The teeth and gums – general structure, classification, eruption, functional role. Particular
morphology of the teeth, dental formulas.
134. The salivary glands – classification, structure, topography, functional role, examination on a
living person.
135. The pharynx – topography, compartments, communications, structure of the walls, the
lymphoepithelial ring, functions, examination on a livig person.
136. The oesophagus – structure, topography, segments, functions, examination on alive person.
Constrictions of the oesophagus, applied significance, developmental abnormalities.
137. Deglutition and anatomical structures that contribute to deglutition and their functional role.
138. General data concerning abdomen, the abdominal cavity and its walls. The anatomo-clinical
regions of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen and their scheme.
139. General data concerning peritoneum, the peritoneal cavity, the subperitoneal and retroperitoneal
spaces, relations of the viscera towards the peritoneum, their scheme.
140. The stomach – external configuration, anatomical position, parts, topography, ligamentary
apparatus, projection and examination on a living person, the radioanatomical parts of the stomach.
141. Structure of the gastric walls, functional role of the stomach, forms of the stomach, topography,
developmental abnormalities.
142. The small intestine – location, general structure of the walls, segments, functions, examination
on a living person.
143. The duodenum - external configuration, segments, topography, structural peculiarities, variants
of its shape and position.
144. The mesenterial part of the small intestine – segments, topography, structural peculiarities,
abnormalities. The duodenojejunal flexure – location, fixation elements, applied anatomy.
145. The large intestine – segments, location, general structure of the walls, distinctive characteristic
features, age specific features, functions, abnormalities, examination on a living person.
146. The caecum and the vermiform appendix – structure, topography, relations towards the
peritoneum, functional role, variants of position.
147. The colon – segments, topography, external configuration, relations towards the peritoneum.
148. The rectum - external configuration, parts, topography, structure, relations towards the
peritoneum, functions, examination on a living person.
149. The liver – location, external configuration, ligamentary apparatus, topography, functions.
150. Internal structure of the liver (lobes, sectors, segments, lobules), characteristic features of
vascularization. The scheme of classic hepatic lobule, of the portal and of the hepatic acinus).
151. The intra- and extrahepatic bile ways. The gallbladder – structure, topography, functions.
152. The pancreas – external shape, parts, topography, relations with the peritoneum, structure,
functions.
153. The spleen - external shape, topography, relations with the peritoneum, structure, functions.
154. Projection and exploration of the liver on a living person. Examination of the bile ways, of the
pancreas and of the spleen.
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155. The peritoneum – definition, layers, structure, derivatives, functions, relations of the viscera
with the peritoneum. The peritoneal cavity – compartments, bursae, sinuses, recesses and their
applied significance. Examination of the peritoneum on a living person.
156. Topography of the parietal and visceral peritoneum, sagittal and horizontal cross-sections of
peritoneum.
157. General data concerning endocrine system. Classification of the endocrine glands, examination
on a living person.
158. The hypophysis and epiphysis – external shape, topography, structure, functions.
159. The thyroid and the parathyroid glands - external shape, topography, structure, functions.
160. The adrenal glands and paraganglia – topography, structure, functions.
161. The respiratory system – general characteristics, components, functional role. Structural
characteristic features of the walls of the respiratory ways. Development of the respiratory system,
abnormalities.
162. The external nose – parts, structure, functions, individual, sex, age and gender peculiarities,
examination on a living person.
163. The nasal cavity – walls and their structure. Compartments and communications of the nasal
cavity, examination on a living person.
164. The paranasal sinuses – location, communications, functional role, age characteristic features,
examination on a living person.
165. The larynx – general structure, external conformation, topography, functions.
166. The cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, joints and ligamentary apparatus of the larynx, the
fibroelastic membrane.
167. The muscles of the larynx – classification, structure, topography, functions.
168. The cavity of the larynx – compartments, internal structure. The mucous coat of the larynx –
structure, the reflexogenic zones, the lymph structures of the larynx.
169. Projection and examination of the larynx on a living person, age and gender peculiarities.
170. The trachea and the main bronchi – structure, topography, functions. Intrapulmonary
ramifications of the bronchi, the scheme of the bronchial tree.
171. The lungs – external shape, topography, functions. The pulmonary hilum and pulmonary
pedicle, its components, and topographical relations.
172. Internal structure of the lungs – lobes, segments, secondary pulmonary lobules, acinuses,
primary pulmonary lobules. The scheme of the alveolar tree.
173. The projection lines of the thorax. Projection and examination on alive person of the trachea,
bronchi and lungs.
174. The pleura – structure, layers, functions, the pleural cavity, the pleural domus and the pleural
recesses. The role of the pleura in respiration.
175. Topography of the pleural sacs, the interpleural areas and their clinical significance,
examination on a living person. The scheme of the pleura on a frontal and horizontal cross-section.
176. The mediastinum – limits, contents, topography, compartments (by BNA and by PNA),
examination on a living person.
177. The heart – anatomical position, external shape, individual, age and sex characteristic features.
178. Chambers of the heart, internal shape of the atria and of the ventricles. The great blood vessels
originating from the chambers of the heart and the ones opening into them .
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179. The valvular apparatus of the heart – components, structure, location, functions. The general
scheme of the blood circulation.
180. The structure of the cardiac walls, morphological characteristic features at the level of the atria
and at the level of the ventricles. The fibrous skeleton of the heart. Conductive system of the heart.
181. Development of the heart, developmental abnormalities of the heart.
182. Examination of the heart on a living person, topography of the heart, projection and limits of the
heart on the thoracic wall. Projection of the valves of the heart and of the auscultation points of the
heart (scheme).
183. The pericardium – layers, structure, functions, cavity, sinuses, ligamentary apparatus,
examination on a living person.
184. The kidneys – external shape, topography, fixation apparatus, functions, the renal hilum and the
renal pedicle.
185. The macromicroscopic and segmental structure of the kidney, the nephron (scheme).
186. The renal pelvis and renal calices – structure, functions. The fornical apparatus of the kidneys
(scheme). The ureter – parts, structure, functions. The scheme of the parts and sphincters of the
ureter.
187. The urinary bladder – external and internal shape, parts, structure, topography, fixation
apparatus, functions. Structures that have an antireflux role.
188. Development of the urinary organs, variants and developmental abnormalities.
189. Age and sex peculiarities of the urinary organs, examination on a living person.
190. The testis – external shape, structure, endocrine components, functions. Scheme of the internal
structure of the testis, descent of the testis.
191. The epididymis and the deferent vas – parts, structure, topography, functional role.
192. The prostate, the seminal vesicles and the bulbourethral glands – location, structure, functions.
193. The penis – parts, structure, fixation apparatus. The male urethra – parts, structure, functions,
curvatures, constrictions and dilatations, their clinical significance. The scheme of the ejaculatory
ways of the semen.
194. The spermatic cord – limits, portions, components. Scrotum – structure, coats (scheme).
195. Development of the male genitals, abnormalities. Examination on alive person of the male
genitals.
196. The ovaries and its rudimentary annexes – external shape, fixation apparatus, topography,
structure, functions. The endocrine formations of the ovary.
197. The uterus and the uterine tubes – external and internal shape, parts, structure, fixation
apparatus (scheme), position, topography, functions.
198. External female genitals, the vagina and the female urethra – components, structure,
topography. Structural modification of the female genitals according to their functions.
199. Development of the female genitals, abnormalities. Examination of the female genitals on a
living person.
200. The perineum – components, structure, topography, sex characteristic features, examination on
a living person. Scheme of the perineum and ischiorectal fossa.
Graphical representation of classification and structure of
the supporting locomotor apparatus
Draw the scheme:
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1. Classification of the bones.
2. Scheme of the osteon.
3. Divisions of the long tubular bone.
4. The main elements of a diarthrosis.
5. Auxiliary elements of a diarthrosis.
6. Classification of the bone joints.
7. Classification of the synarthroses.
8. Classification of the diarthroses.
9. Classification of the muscles.
10. Sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle.
11. Triangles of the neck.
12. Fasciae of the neck.
13. Triangular and quadrangular orifices.
14. Structure of the ostiofibrous and synovial sheaths on the cross-section.
15. Synovial sheaths of the hand (palmar surface).
16. Synovial sheaths of the hand (dorsal surface).
17. Muscular and vascular lacunae.
Schemes for Viscera
1. Vestibule of the pharynx (isthmus pharyngeum).
2. Regions of the abdomen.
3. Cross-section of the embryo.
4. Variants of relations of the abdominal organs towards the peritoneum.
5. Structure of hepatic and portal lobule and acinus.
6. Peritoneum (sagittal and transverse section).
7. Pleura (sagittal and transverse section).
8. Bronchial tree.
9. Alveolar tree.
10. Projection of limitrophe lines of the heart.
11. Conductive system of the heart.
12. Systemic and pulmonary circulations.
13. Development of the urinary system.
14. Nephron.
15. Structure of the renal corpuscle.
16.Fornicate apparatus of the kidney.
17. Renal segments.
18.Divisions and sphincters of the ureter.
19.Development of the genital organs.
20.Internal structure of the testis.
21.Coats of the testis.
22.Curvaturs and caliber of the male urethra.
23.Ways of the sperm evacuation.
24.Descent of the testis.
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25.Ligaments of the uterus.
26.Perineum.
27.Ischiorectal fossa.
Questionnaire for practical skills control for Human Anatomy
Demonstrate:
I. Osteology
1. Give examples of the tubular bones.
2. Give examples of the plate bones.
3. Give examples of the spongy bones.
4. Give examples of the pneumatic bones.
5. Give examples of the sesamoid bones.
6. Give examples of the monoepiphyzar bones.
7. Divisions of the long tubular bone.
8. Structural components of the vertebrae.
9. The I and II cervical vertebrae.
10.The VI and VII cervical vertebrae.
11.The I, X, XI and XII thoracic vertebrae.
12.The lumbar vertebrae.
13.Anatomical position of the vertebrae.
14.Anatomical position of the sacral bone.
15.The curvatures of the vertebral column.
16.Bony elements of the vertebral column which can be palpated on an alive person.
17.Anatomical position of the ribs.
18.The I, II, XI and XII ribs.
19.Anatomical position of the sternum.
20.Sternal angle (of Louis).
21.Costal arch.
22.Infrasternal angle.
23.Costoxiphoid angle.
24.Bony landmarks of the thorax.
25.Bones of the upper limb.
26.Anatomical position of the shoulder girdle bones.
27.Descriptive elementes of the scapula.
28.Descriptive elementes of the clavicle.
29.Bony elements of the scapula and clavicle, which can be palpated on an alive person.
30.Radiograph of the shoulder girdle bones.
31.Anatomical position of the humerus.
32.Descriptive elementes of the humerus.
33.Bony elements of the humerus, which can be palpated on an alive person.
34.Radiography of the humerus.
35.The bones of the forearm.
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36.Anatomical position of the bones of the forearm.
37.Bony elements of the forearm bones, which can be palpated on an alive person.
38.Radiography of the forearm bones.
39.The bones of the hand.
40.The carpal bones.
41.The metacarpal bones
42.Elementes of the hand skeleton, which can be palpated on an alive person.
43.The bones of the lower limb.
44.The bones of the pelvis.
45.Anatomical position of the coxal bone.
46.Parts of the coxal bone.
47.Descriptive elementes of the coxal bone.
48.Anatomical position of the pelvis.
49.False pelvis.
50.True pelvis.
51.The promontorium.
52.Linia terminalis.
53.Superior aperture of the pelvis.
54.Inferior aperture of the pelvis.
55.Pelviometrical points which can be palpated on an alive person.
56.Dimensions of the pelvis.
57.Anatomical position of the femur.
58.Descriptive elementes of the femur.
59.Bony elements of the femur, which can be palpated on an alive person
60.Radiography of the femur.
61.The leg bones.
62.Anatomical position of the leg bones.
63.Bony elements of the leg bones, which can be palpated on an alive person
64.Descriptive elements of the tibia.
65.Radiograph of the leg bones.
66.The foot bones.
67.The tarsal bones.
68.Anatomical position of the calcaneus.
69.The metatarsal bones.
70.Bony elements of the foot, which can be palpated on an alive person.
71.The plantar arches.
72.The bones of the cerebral skull.
73.Elementes of bones of the cerebral skull which can be palpated on an alive person.
74.The bones of the facial skull.
75.Elementes of bones of the facial skull which can be palpated on an alive person.
76.Parts of the frontal bone.
77.Parts of the ethmoid bone.
78.Parts of the sphenoid bone.
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79.Parts of the occipital bone.
80.Parts of the temporal bone.
81.Parts of the maxilla.
82.Parts of the palatine bone.
83.Parts of the mandible.
84.The bordering line between the calvaria and the base of the skull.
85.Localization of the fontanelles of the new-born.
86.Fossae of the endobase of the skull.
87.Descriptive elements of the anterior cranial fossa.
88.Descriptive elements of the middle cranial fossa.
89.Descriptive elements of the posterior cranial fossa.
90.The exobase of the skull
91.Fossae of the facial skull.
92.Communications of the pterigopalatine fossa.
93.The walls of the orbit.
94.Communications of the orbit.
95.The walls of the nasal cavity.
96.Paranasal sinuses, their communications.
97.Communications of the cavity of the skull.
98.The craniometrical points
II. Arthrosyndesmology
1. Examples of the synfibroses (syndesmoses).
2 . Examples of the synchondroses
3. Examples of the synostoses.
4. Examples of the hemiarthroses.
5. Examples of uniaxial joints.
6. Trochoid joints (gynglimus).
7. Trochlear joints (cylindrical).
8. Screw joints (cochlear, the snail).
9. Examples of the biaxial joints.
10. Condyloid joints.
11. Ellipsoid joints.
12. Saddle-shaped joints.
13. Examples of the pluriaxiale joints.
14. Ball-and socket joints.
15. Cotyloid joints.
16. Plane joints.
17. Examples of amphiarthroses.
18. Examples of the simple joints.
19. Examples of the compound joint.
20. Examples of the complex joints.
21. Examples of the combined joints.
22. Joints of the vertebral column.
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23. Intervertebral disks.
24. Ligaments of the joints of the vertebral column.
25. Ligaments of the joints of the vertebral column with the skull.
26. Radiography of the spine.
27. Skull sutures.
28. Temporomandibular joint.
29. Radiography of the skull.
30. Joints of the ribs with the vertebrae.
31. Joints of the ribs with sternum.
32. Radiography of the chest bones and joints.
33. Sternoclavicular joint.
34. Acromioclavicular joint.
35. Proper ligaments of the scapula.
36. Articular surfaces of the scapulohumeral joint.
37. Cartilaginous glenoid lip (labrum glenoidale).
38. Tendon of the long head of the biceps and its synovial sheath.
39. Movements in the scapulohumeral joint.
40. Radiography of the scapulohumeral joint.
41. Articular surfaces of the elbow joint.
42. Elbow joint ligaments.
43. Functions of the elbow joint.
44. Radiography of the elbow joint.
45. Joints of the forearm bone joints.
46. Articular surfaces of the forearm bones joints.
47. Articular surfaces of the radiocarpal joint.
48. Ligaments of the radiocarpal joint.
49. Ligaments of the hand joints.
50. Radiography of the radiocarpal joint and joints of the hand.
51. Pelvic joints.
52. Pelvic ligaments.
53. Sciatic foramena.
54. Obturator foramen.
55. Radiography of the pelvic bones and joints.
56. Articular surfaces of the coxofemural joint.
57. Fibrocartilaginous ring (labrum acetabulare).
58. Ligaments of the coxofemurale joint.
59. Functions of the coxofemural joint.
60. Radiography of the coxofemural joint.
61. Anatomical position of the knee joint.
62. Articular surfaces of the knee joint.
63. Auxilliary elements of the knee joint.
64. Functions of the knee joint.
65. Radiography of the knee joint.
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66. Joints of the leg bones.
67. Articular surfaces of the talocrural joint.
68. Ligaments of the talocrural joint.
69. Functions of the talocrural joint.
70. Radiography of the talocrural joint.
71. Transverse joint of the foot (Chopart).
72. Key ligament of the Chopart's joint.
73. Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc’s).
74. Radiography of the bones and joints of the foot.
75. Palpable elements of the temporomandibular joint.
76. Palpable elements of the upper limb joints.
77. Palpable elements of the lower limb joints.
III. Myology
1. Auxilliary elements of the muscles.
2. Superficial muscles of the back.
3. Deep muscles of the back.
4. Lumbar triangle (Petit’s triangle).
5. Grynfeld-Lesgaft‘s area.
6. Fasciae of the back.
7. Muscle elements in the region back, which may be inspected on an alive person.
8. Muscles of the thorax.
9. Diaphragm.
10. Portions of the diaphragm.
11. Fasciae of the chest.
12. Chest muscles, palpable on an alive person.
13. Abdominal muscles.
14. Sheath of the rectus abdominal muscle.
15. Arcuate and semilunar lines.
16. White line.
17. Tendinous intersections of m. rectus abdominis.
18. Abdominal fasciae.
19. Inguinal canal.
20. Walls and rings of the inguinal canal.
21. Topographical formations of the abdominal muscles palpable on an alive person.
22. Muscles of the shoulder girdle.
23. Muscle and topographical formations of shoulder region palpable on an alive person..
24. Muscles of the arm.
25. Heads of the brachial biceps.
26. Aponeuroses brachial biceps.
27. Groups of the forearm muscles.
28. Anterior muscles of the forearm.
29. Posterior muscles of the forearm..
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30. Muscles performing the forearm flexion.
31. Muscles responsible for forearm extension.
32. The groups of muscles of the hand.
33. Palmar muscles of the hand.
34. Dorsal muscles of the hand.
35. Axillary cavity walls and apertures.
36. Trilateral and quadrilateral openings.
37. Triangles of the anterior wall of the axillary cavity.
38. Humeromuscular canal.
39. Bicipital grooves.
40. Fossa cubiti.
41. Supinator canal.
42. Grooves on the anterior surface of the forearm.
43. Cellular space of Paron (Pirogov’s space).
44. Carpal canal. Radial and ulnar canals of the carpus.
45. Palmar aponeuroses.
46. Osteofibrous canals and synovial sheats of the flexors of the hand and fingers.
47. Osteofibrous canals and synovial sheats of the dorsal surface of the hand.
48. Muscle and topographical elements of the axillary cavity palpable on an alive person.
49. Muscle and topographical elements of the arm region palpable on an alive person.
50. Muscle and topographical elements of the forearm palpable on an alive person.
51. Muscle and topographical elements of the hand palpable on an alive person.
52. Internal muscles of the pelvis.
53. Muscles of the buttocks.
54. The groups of muscles of the thigh.
55. Anterior muscles of thigh.
56. Heads of the m. quadriceps femoris.
57. Medial muscles of the thigh.
58. Posterior muscles of the thigh.
59. Anterior muscles of the leg.
60. Lateral muscles of the leg.
61. Posterior muscles of the leg.
62. Muscles, performing the flexion of knee joint.
63. Dorsal muscles of the foot.
64. Plantar muscles of the foot.
65. Muscles, which support the plantar arches.
66. Suprapiriform and infrapiriform openings.
67. Muscular and vascular lacunae.
68. Femoral triangle (Scarpe’s).
69. Femoral ring.
70. Walls and rings of the femoral canal.
71. Oval fossa (hiatus safenus).
72. Obturator canal.
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73. Adductor canal (Hunter’s).
74. Cruropopliteal canal (Grouber’s).
75. Popliteal fossa.
76. Cruropopliteal canal.
77. Musculofibular canals.
78. Plantar grooves.
79. Fascia lata of the thigh.
80. Iliotibial tract.
81. Fasciae of the leg and their derivatives.
82. Pirogov's canal.
83. Plantar aponeuroses.
84. Osteofibrous canals and synovial sheaths of the leg and foot region.
85. Muscular landmarks in the region of the buttocks.
86. Anterior muscles of thigh palpable on an alive person.
87. Posterior muscles of thigh palpable onan alive person.
88. Muscle formations of the leg explored on an alive person.
89. Muscular and topographical elements of the ankle joint palpable on an alive person.
90. The groups of muscles of the neck.
91. Muscles, inserted to the hyoid bone.
92. Deep muscles of the neck.
93. Scalenic muscles.
94. Triangles of the neck.
95. Triangle of the lingual artery (Pirogov’s).
96. Muscular and topographical elements of the neck palpable on an alive person.
97. Muscles of the facial expression.
98. Muscles of mastication.
99. Muscular landmarks of the region of the head palpable on an alive person.
Digestive system
1. The organs of the digestive system.
2. The walls of the vestibule of the mouth .
3. The grooves which separate the lips , cheeks and menton.
4. The fat body of the cheeks.
5. The walls of the proper oral cavity.
6. The divisions of the palate.
7. The fauces.
8. The velum palatinum.
9. The palatine arches.
10. The palatine tonsils.
11. Divisions of the tongue.
12. The tongue papillae.
13. Anatomical structures of the root of the tongue.
14. The lingual tonsil.
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15. Proper muscles of the tongue.
16. Common structure of the teeth.
17. The molars.
18. The premolars.
19. The incisors.
20. The canines.
21. Big salivary glands.
22. The duct of the parotid gland.
23. Divisions of the pharynx.
24. Communications of the pharynx.
25. Communications of the nasopharynx
26. The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.
27. The tubal tonsils.
28. The pear-shaped fossa of the pharynx /piriform recess/.
29. Divisions of the oesophagus.
30. Location of the constrictions of the oesophagus.
31. The abdominal regions.
32. Anatomical position of the stomach.
33. Divisions of the stomach.
34. Curvatures of the stomach.
35. The ligaments of the stomach.
36. The folds of the gastric mucous membrane.
37. The pyloric valve.
38. The pyloric sphincter.
39. The gastric areas.
40. Divisions of the small intestine.
41. The duodeno-jejunal flexure.
42. The mesenterium.
43. Divisions of the duodenum.
44. The folds of the duodenal mucous membrane.
45. The duodenal papillae.
46. The intestinal villi.
47. The lymph structures of the small intestine.
48. The distinctive signs of the large intestine.
49. The divisions of the large intestine.
50. The blind intestine.
51. The vermiform process.
52. The transversal colon.
53. The sigmoid colon.
54. The rectum.
55. The mesocolon transversum.
56. The mesocolon sigmoideum.
57. The mesoappendix.
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58. The mucous coat of the large intestine.
59. The iliocecal valve.
60. The anal columns.
61. Anatomical position of the liver.
62. The external structure of the liver.
63. The surfaces and borders of the liver.
64. The ligaments of the liver.
65. The elements of the pedicle of the liver.
66. The skeletotopy of the liver.
67. The extrahepatic bile ways.
68. The gall bladder, its divisions.
69. Anatomical position of the pancreas.
70. Divisions of the pancreas.
71. The surfaces and borders of the pancreas.
72. The excretory pancreatic ducts.
73. Contents of the hepato-duodenal ligament.
74. Anatomical position of the spleen.
75. The greater omentum.
76. The lesser omentum.
77. The hepatic bursa.
78. The pregastric bursa.
79. The omental bursa.
80. The omental /epiploic/ foramen.
81. The fossae and recesses of the peritoneum.
82. The folds of the peritoneum on the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall.
Respiratory system and heart.
1. The respiratory organs.
2. The nasal vectible.
3. The nasal coanae.
4. The nasal conchae.
5. The nasal meatuses.
6. The paranasal sinuses.
7. The cartilages of the larynx.
8. The muscles of the larynx.
9. The epiglottis cartilage and the mucous folds connecting to it.
10. The inlet of the larynx and anatomical structures which limit it.
11. The cavity of the larynx.
12. The portions of the larynx.
13. The ventricles of the larynx.
14. Ventricular folds (vestibular and vocal).
15. Vocal cords.
16. Thyroid gland, its parts.
17. The membranous wall of the trachea.
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18. The bifurcation of the trachea and the main bronchi.
19. The main bronchi.
20. Secondary bronchi.
21. Segmental bronchi.
22. The anatomical position of the lugs.
23. The surfaces and borders of the lungs.
24. The fissures of the lung.
25. The lobes of the lungs.
26. The secondary lobules of the lungs.
27. The root of the lung.
28. Contents of the right lung root and hilum.
29. Contents of the left lung root and hilum.
30. External structure of the left lung.
31. External structure of the right lung.
32. The visceral pleura.
33. The parietal pleura, its divisions.
34. The pleural sinuses.
35. The pulmonary ligament.
36. Mediastinum, its divisions.
37. The thymus.
38. The anatomical position of the heart.
39. The external structure of the heart.
40. The grooves of the heart.
41. The chambers of the heart.
42. The auricles of the heart.
43. The blood vessels originating in the heart.
44. The blood vessels which open into the heart.
45. The arterial ligament.
46. The oval fossa.
47. The pectinate muscles.
48. The papillary muscles of the heart.
49. The tendinous threads.
50. The valves of the heart.
51. The atrioventricular valves.
52. The semilunar valves.
53. The interventricular septum.
54. The interatrial septum.
55. The structure of the walls of the heart.
56. The small foramina of the cardiac veins.
57. The skeletotopy of the heart.
58. The projection of the cardiac valves on the anterior thoracic wall.
59. The places of the auscultation of the cardiac valves.
60. The pericardium.
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61. The fibrous pericardium.
62. The serous layer of the pericardium.
63. The sinuses of the pericardium.
Urogenital system
1. The external structure of the kidney.
2. The fat capsule of the kidney.
3. The fibrous capsule of the kidney.
4. The contents of the hilum and pedicle of the kidney.
5. The internal structure of the kidney.
6. The excretory urinary ways.
7. The calyces and pelvis of the kidney.
8. The ureter and its parts.
9. The portions of the urinary bladder.
10. Mucous coat of the urinary bladder.
11. The triangle of the urinary bladder and its borders.
12. Parts of the male urethra.
13. The constrictors of the male urethra.
14. The skeletotopy of the kidneys.
15. The suprarenal glands.
16. The external structure of the testis.
17. The internal structure of the testis.
18. The epididymis.
19. The parts of the epididymis.
20. The recessus of the epididymis.
21. The paradidymis.
22. The coats of the testis.
23. The deferent duct.
24. The spermatic cord.
25. The seminal vesicles.
26. The prostate.
27. The excretory ways of the sperm.
28. The anatomical position of the uterus.
29. The divisions of the uterus.
30. The cavity of the uterus.
31. The cervix of the uterus.
32. The parts of the cervix of the uterus.
33. Canal of the uterine cervix.
34. The structure of the uterine walls.
35. The uterine tubes.
36. The parts of the uterine tube.
37. The ligaments of the uterus.
38. The divisions of the broad ligament of the uterus.
39. The perimetrium and parametrium.
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40. The ovary, its external structure.
41. The ligaments of the ovary.
42. The epoophoron, paroophoron.
43. Vesicouterine and rectouterine excavations.
44. The muscles of the perineum.
45. The muscles of the urogenital diaphragm.
46. The muscles of the pelvic diaphragm.
47. The ischiorectal fossa.
Aprobat la şedinţa catedrei Anatomia Omului.
Extras din procesul verbal nr. X din.2017
Şef catedră, profesor universitar I. Catereniuc
