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VITICULTURĂ, AMPELOGRAFIE ŞI OENOLOGIE

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  • 8/6/2019 VITICULTUR, AMPELOGRAFIE I OENOLOGIE

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  • 8/6/2019 VITICULTUR, AMPELOGRAFIE I OENOLOGIE

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  • 8/6/2019 VITICULTUR, AMPELOGRAFIE I OENOLOGIE

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    Qf ~falgdkm ad k karf~hcf mf rq}~d~f d uhfcl~ dc}lh}f#ald~mfcl~ mf dc}lh h rl~}dc}lh }fgrf~d}v~d q qf gfkhk k}~f 2 h= A# hd~ vghmh}d}fd ~fcd}hu d df~vcvh q ehf mf :2 :6 &+Vghmh}d}fd khqhrvcvh k ad~f qf rq}~fdz uhfcf dc}lh}f# kv }~fnvhf qehf gdh gd~f mf 42 &+

    Dafq} alk}~lc qf ~falgdkm d eh fefa}vd} mf 1 = l~h rf cvk+Mda kv qf ~fqrfa} alkmhhhcf mf rq}~d~f ~falgdkmd}f# d}}

    uhfcf dc}lh}f a} h ald~mfcf mf dc}lh h rl~}dc}lh rl} eh defa}d}f mfkfa~lzd udqavcd~ h kfa~lzd r}d} d uhfh mf uhf# ad~f qvk}r~lulad}f *r~lmvqf( mf ahvrf~ahcf jdalmfhccd uh}hq h Glcchqhm uh}hq+

    Cd q}~viv~hh rvh cd rq}~d~f qf kc}v~ nldnfcf defa}d}f mfrv}~fidh+Qf mfqevkm }f~fkvc r~fuzv} rfk}~v rcdk}~hcf mf r~hgud~#

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    rcdk}dhh+

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    K A^DG

    Qf fefa}vfdz dc mlhcfd r~h}la cd uhkvc klv+ R~hgvc r~h}la qfedaf k klhfgn~hf mfafgn~hf *cd uhkv~hcf dcnf# }~fnvhf q qffefa}vfzf hgfmhd} mvr }f~ghkd~fd ef~gfk}dhfh }vgvc}ldqf# hd~ cdafcf ~lhh cd > 1 qr}gkh mvr }~dif~fd cl~ mf rf nl}hk h gdhav qfdg mvr ef~gfk}dhd gdclcda}ha(+

    R~h}lavc dc mlhcfd qf edaf mf ~fivc mvr r~hgfcf if~v~h+Qf fefa}vfdz qvceh}d~fd rf~hlmha d uhkvcvh+ Glgfk}vc h

    mlzd mf QL> }~fnvhf dcfqf k dd glm ka} uhkv~hcf q qf qvceh}fzf

    lmd} av r~h}lah~hcf# hd~ k}~f r~h}lah~h alkafk}~dhd k QL> chnf~ qkv qadm rk cd zf~l cd afcf ~lhh h rk cd 46 gi,c cd afcf dcnf+

    Qf edaf vgrcf~fd ilcv~hcl~ k udqfcf av uhk+ Mvr }f~ghkd~fdef~gfk}dhfh algrcf}f# uhkhehad}l~vc }~fnvhf q eda vgrcf~fdalgrcf} d udqfcl~ rfk}~v d fuh}d alk}da}vc mh~fa} dc uhkvcvh av df~vcad~f r~lulda lhmd~fd h mfzulc}d~fd vkl~ cfuv~h h nda}f~hh rd}lifkf+ Qf ~falgdkm ad vgrcf~fd udqfcl~ q qf fefa}vfzf kehfad~f qr}gk+

    Qf alk}~lcfdz q}hacfcf av uhk rvqf cd kufajh~f+

    EFN^VD^HF K UHF H K A^DG

    K UHF

    Cd efc ad h k hdkvd~hf# k dafdq} cvk qf fefa}vfdz

    alk}~lcvc ald~mfcl~ dc}lh h rl~}dc}lh d uhfcl~ dc}lh}f h d afcl~ rf~mahkh r~lr~hh *gd}f~hdcvcvh qmh}l~ uh}halc(# uf~hehakmv'qfqr}gkdc }fgrf~d}v~d h vghmh}d}fd df~vcvh *alkmhhhcf mf rq}~d~f(k karf~hcf mf rq}~d~f+

    ]fgrf~d}v~d }~fnvhf gfkhkv} k chgh}fcf 2 h = A# hd~vghmh}d}fd df~vcvh q ehf mf :2 :6 &+ Vghmh}d}fd khqhrvcvh k ad~fqf rq}~fdz uhfcf dc}lh}f kv }~fnvhf q ehf gdh gd~f mf : 42 &+

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    Alk}hkv kmfrchkh~fd cva~~hcl~ ad~f kv q'dv eav} khdkvd~hf *~frd~d~fd vkfc}fcl~ h gdhkhcl~ kfafqd~f# r~lav~d~fdrfq}hahmfcl~# ki~ghk}fcl~ h d dc}l~ gd}f~hdcf h hkufk}d~ uh}halc(+

    Mda kv q'd ~fvh}# alk}hkv r~fi}h~fd i~lrhcl~ k rcdk}dhhcfmf uh mf uhf rfk}~v algrcf}d~fd ilcv~hcl~+k ufmf~fd q}dnhch~hh qlcvhhcl~ r~huhkm }hf~fd mf ~lmh~f

    *e~va}hehad~f(# qf fefa}vfdz fq}hgd~fd rhf~mf~hcl~ mf lajh mhk }hgrvchf~khh# r~hk mf}f~ghkd~fd uhdnhch}hh lajhcl~ mf hd~k cd ald~mfcfdkvdcf+

    kdhk}f mf }hf~f *r~hgd l~h d mlvd mfadm(# qf ~falc}fdzr~lnf mf ald~mf rf qlhv~h h rd~afcf ad~f q ehf drlh uf~hehad}f+

    R~lnfcf mf ald~mf qf ~falc}fdz mf cd vk kvg~ a} gdh gd~f mf nv}vah# a}f l ald~m mf rf nv}va+ R~lnd gfmhf }~fnvhf q ehfalkq}h}vh} mhk >2 12 mf ald~mf cd jfa}d~# d a}f 4> 4= lajhcvkihgf+

    Ald~mfcf ~falc}d}f *r~lnfcf( qf f}hajf}fdz# hkmhakmv'qfqlhvc# rd~afcd# rlzhhd rdk}fh h md}d ~falc}~hh+ Drlh qf hk}~lmva avndzd k dr# k icfh h qf hk = 5 zhcf k}~'l karf~f kaczh}+

    k alk}hkvd~f *mvr = 5 zhcf(# av dov}l~vc vkfh cdgf qdv dvkvh n~hafdi nhkf dqavh}# qf qfahlkfdz clkih}vmhkdc ehfad~f lajh#kafrkm mf cd ndzd ald~mfh qr~f u~evc dafq}fhd+ Q}d~fd ehfa~vh lajhqf dr~fahdz mvr avcld~fd fq}v~hcl~+ ^fzvc}d}fcf lnqf~udhhcl~ qf}~fa k}~'vk }dnfc# ehhkm kl}dh av lajhh uhdnhch h av afhrhf~hh+ R~hk kqvgd~fd lajhcl~ fdghkdh# d afcl~ uhdnhch h d afcl~rhf~hh# qf lnhk md}f kfafqd~f rfk}~v adcavc~fd r~lafk}vcvh mf lajhrhf~hh+

    Rk cd rhf~mf~h mf lajh mf 46 }hf~hcf qf eda kl~gdc#elclqhkm ka~a}v~hcf mf lajh q}dnhch}f rfk}~v ehfad~f qlh+ Rhf~mf~hcfmf lajh gdh gd~h mf 46 & hgrvk al~fa}d~fd ka~a}v~hh nv}vavcvh#r~hk algrfkqd~fd lajhcl~ rhf~hh# ka} mhk }l}dcvc lajhcl~ cqdh cd}hf~f rf nv}va *uhdnhch h rhf~hh( kvg~vc afcl~ uhdnhch qal~fqrvkm av ka~a}v~d nv}vavcvh kl~gdc+

    ka mhk r~hgd mfadm d cvkhh qf rl} fefa}vd }hf~h mf ~lmh~fcd qlhv~hcf mf jhn~hzh r~lmva}l~h mh~fah *J+R+M+( h cd qlhv~hcf av~fzhq}fk nhlcliha qrl~h} cd if~+

    6

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    Qf kc}v~ nldnfcf defa}d}f mf rv}~fidh cd q}~viv~hh rvh cdrq}~d~f rfk}~v q~n}l~hcf mf r~hgud~+

    K A^DG

    k dafdq} cvk vkfcf uhkv~h qvk} qvrvqf dkvgh}l~ }~d}dgfk}favg fq}f acfhf~fd rfk}~v fchghkd~fd qv~rcvqvcvh mf }dkhk mhk uhkv~hcf n~v}f rfk}~v qrvgdk}f v}hchzkm acfh mf rf}f qdv ifcd}hk#}~d}dgfk}vc av nfk}lkh} rfk}~v ~fmvaf~fd alkhkv}vcvh mf qvnq}dkfdzl}d}f h chgrfzh~fd gdh nvk# ehc}~d~fd# dq}efc ad mvr dc mlhcfd

    r~h}la# uhkvc q adrf}f ad~da}f~ mf uhk gd}v~d} h q ehf nvk rfk}~v deh udcl~hehad}+

    Uhkv~hcf n~v}f ~lhh qf acdqfdz h qf fidchzfdz k rd~}hmfgd~h mf dafcdh }hr# qf rq}~fdz k udqf rchkf rk cd }~faf~fd cl~ cdgd}v~d~f+

    Rf~hlmha qf edaf vgrcf~fd ilcv~hcl~ k udqfcf mf rq}~d~f duhkvcvh+ Cd uhkv~hcf av }~hf dcallcha gdh gha qf ~falgdkm

    fefa}vd~fd rchkvcvh qr}gkdc+ Uhkvc rfk}~v vgrcf~f }~fnvhf q ehf*r~luhk( mhk dafcdh qlh# mf daffdh avcld~f h adch}d}f# q dhndaffdh }~hf dcallcha h dahmh}d}f+

    Qf edaf qvceh}d~fd rf~hlmha# r~hk algrcf}d~fd mlzfh mf QL>+fafqvc mf mhlhm mf qvce mhk uhk mvaf cd l k}~zhf~f d gd}v~~hh#dq}efc mlzd lr}hgdc rfk}~v uhkv~hcf mf gdq f mf 46 >2 gi,c QL>chnf~+

    Qf alk}~lcfdz q}hacfcf av uhk mf alcfahf rvqf cd kufajh~f k

    j~vnf gd~h# fkl}fah qdv k alkmhhh adqkhaf k karf~h ~al~ldqf k rlzhhd l~hzlk}dc+ Alkmhhhcf hmfdcf mf rq}~d~f d uhkv~hcl~ mfalcfahf qvk}? }fgrf~d}v~d alkq}dk} mf 4> 4= h vghmh}d}fd~fcd}hu d df~vcvh mf 86 &+

    5

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    GD^]HF K UHF H K A^DG

    K UHF

    ka mhk r~hgd mfadm d cvkhh qf mfzi~ldr nv}vahh r~l}fodhrfq}f hd~k# k ufmf~fd }hf~hcl~ k vqad} h d alrah}vcvh a} gdhmfu~fgf rlqhnhc# mda }hgrvc rf~gh}f mf hfh} k agr+ Cd efc kdhk}fmf }hf~h# qf uf~heha ~fzvc}d}fcf r~huhkm uhdnhch}d}fd lajhcl~ mf hd~kcd dkdchzfcf fefa}vd}f cd qe~h}vc cvkhh efn~vd~hf+

    Cd kafrv}vc cvh gd~}hf akm r~da}ha mhqrd~f ~hqavc qv~ufkh~hh vkl~}fgrf~d}v~h kfid}huf qvn 46 A# qf kafr }hf~hcf mf ~lm k

    rcdk}dhhcf mf uhh ~lmh}ld~f+]hf~fd cd uhd mf uhf gdh dcfq }hf~fd mf ~lmh~f fq}f l cva~d~f

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    Mfh }hf~fd cd uhd mf uhf fq}f vk ~v kfafqd~# rfk}~vdafdq} rcdk} l~haf }hf~f fq}f vk ~v ed mf kf}hf~f# md~ rfk}~v

    uh}havc}l~h dafq} ~v mfuhkf l kfafqh}d}f+ka Alcvgfccd *qa~hh}l~ ~lgdk alkqhmf~d} afc mhk}hdgrfcli~de( h ]fle~dq} *kd}v~dchq} h ehclzle i~fa( deh~gdv khah vkdmhk cva~~hcf drchad}f uhhcl~# kv mfrf}f k hgrl~}dk }hf~fd h kel~efad uh}havc}l~vcvh q} qfa~f}vc ~lmvcvh+

    Rfk}~v rfrhkhf~h}h# dmha r~lmva}l~hh mf gd}f~hdc qmh}l~uh}halc# dafdq} cvk qf alkqhmf~ jl}~}ld~f# mfld~faf mhk r~hgdmfadm qf r~fi}fqa nv}dhh mf dc}lh h rl~}dc}lh rfk}~v dc}lh~f# drlhv~gfdz dc}lh~fd# el~d~fd h ach~fd uhfcl~ dc}lh}f k mfrfkmfk mfadk}h}d}fd *kvg~vc( mf dc}lh~h r~fuzv}f+

    Q'd alkq}d}d} k v~gd q}vmhf~hh frlahh mf dc}lh~f# a afcf gdhnvkf ~fzvc}d}f *vk r~lafk} gd~f mf uhf dc}lh}f mf adch}d}f(# qf lnhkcd uhfcf dc}lh}f k cvkd dr~hchf+

    Qf ~fuhzvhf}f qrdchf~vc# d~dahh# q~gd qrdchf~vcvh h afcfcdc}falgrlkfk}f dcf ghocldafcl~ mf qvrl~}+

    Qf edaf cfid}vc h mh~hod}vc ald~mfcl~ k rcdk}dhhcf mf uhh}hd}f+

    9

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    Qf ffav} d~d}vc mf r~hgud~ av dmghkhq}~d~fdki~ghk}fcl~ l~idkhaf h ghkf~dcf+

    Qf edaf khufcd~fd }f~fkv~hcl~ mfqevkmd}f rfk}~v kehhkd~fd mf

    klh rcdk}dhh h rhajf}d~fd dafq}l~d+Qf fefa}vfdz algrcf}d~fd ilcv~hcl~ k rcdk}dhhcf mf uhh}hkf~f av uhf dc}lh}f# hd~ k rcdk}dhhcf gdh n}~kf r~hk gd~al}do l~hgdh }~zhv lmd} av mfacdkd~fd rf~hldmfh mf ufif}dhf r~hk dc}lh~fdrf cla k mfqrha}v~+

    Qf hkq}dcfdz qrdchf~vc h afcfcdc}f algrlkfk}f dcfghocldafcl~ mf qvqhkf~f *qvrl~}( d nv}vahcl~ k rcdk}dhhcf mf uhh}hkf~f+

    Alk}hkv av~h~fd h ~frd~d~fd hkq}dcdhhcl~ mf h~hid~f k zlkduh}halc mf qvm+

    Qf hdv gqv~h r~huhkm algnd}f~fd nlchcl~ h u}g}l~hcl~+

    Qf fefa}vfdz cva~~h mf r~fufkh~f h mf algnd}f~f d f~lzhvkhhqlcvcvh rf }f~fkv~hcf k rdk} kf}f~dqd}f qdv d rcdk}dhhcl~dgfkdod}f rf }f~dqf+

    Mda }hgrvc rf~gh}f# akm }fgrf~d}v~d qlcvcvh# cd dmkahgfdmf =2'62 ag# fq}f mf 9'42 A# qf kafrf rcdk}d~fd uhfh mf uhf mf r~hgud~+ Mda# kq qlcv~hcf qvk} i~fcf# ~fah# av fafq mfvghmh}d}f# rcdk}d~fd qf ud edaf gdh }~zhv cd qe~h}vc cvkhh dr~hchf qdvajhd~ k r~hgd mfadm d cvkhh gdh+

    Qf q}~ki e~digfk}fcf mf cfgk gvc}hdkvdc h d ald~mfcl~dkvdcf ~fzvc}d}f k v~gd }hf~hcl~ k vqad} mhk hk}f~udcfcf mhk}~f~kmv~h# rfk}~v d kv grhfmhad mfqev~d~fd cva~~hcl~ mf k}~fhkf~f

    d qlcvcvh k rcdk}dhf f}a+Qf udcl~heha q}~viv~hh rvh cd rq}~d~f+

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    K A^DG

    Mda cd uhkvc klv kv q'd eav} dc mlhcfd r~h}la k d }~fhd

    mfadm d cvkhh efn~vd~hf# d}vkah qf fefa}vfdz k r~hgd mfadm d cvhgd~}hf# dmha mvr }~faf~fd if~v~hcl~ mf hd~k# md~ gd~f d}fkhf rk cd qlqh~fd acmv~hcl~ mf r~hgud~+ k dafdq} rf~hldm mf cdr~hgvc h rk cd dc mlhcfd r~h}la# uhkvc h }f~ghk ef~gfk}dhdqfavkmd~ algrcf} h qf chgrfzf}f mfehkh}hu+

    Uhkv~hcf af v~gfdz d eh r~h}lah}f }~fnvhf q ehf nhkffdghkd}f r~huhkm?

    ' kqvh~hcf l~idklcfr}haf0

    ' ~fzhq}fkd cd df~ h drd~hhd vkl~ fufk}vdcf }vcnv~~h0' khufcvc dahmh}hh ulcd}hcf0' alkhkv}vc k QL> h qvn ~drl~} gha~lnhlcliha+

    k ~drl~} av ~fzhq}fkd uhkvcvh cd df~# }~dif~fd uhkvcvh mf rfqfmhgfk} qf rld}f fefa}vd k alk}da} cd~i av df~vc# dmha r~h}lamfqajhq h k dnqfkd df~vcvh r~h}la kajhq+

    k ifkf~dc# r~h}lavc kajhq qf drcha cd uhkv~hcf d~lgd}f# cd

    afcf ufajh h cd uhkv~hcf klh av qcdn ~fzhq}fk cd df~+k dc mlhcfd dk mf rq}~d~f d uhkvcvh# qf drcha mlv r~h}lav~hkajhqf# r~hgvc k mfafgn~hf# kdhk}fd r~h}lavcvh uhkvcvh klv h dcmlhcfd k cvkd gd~}hf kdhk}fd r~h}lavcvh dc mlhcfd dc uhkvcvh klv+ kadzvc akm dkvgh}f uhkv~h kv h'dv }f~ghkd} fulcvhd cl~ mf gd}v~d~fk dkhh k}h h mlh# d}vkah dafq}f uhkv~h qf r~h}lafqa k dc }~fhcfd dk?k mfafgn~hf h cd efc k gd~}hf l md} av uhkv~hcf mhk dkvc dc mlhcfdmf kufajh~f+

    k ifkf~dc qf alkqhmf~ a mv~d}d mf }~fh dkh mf rq}~d~f duhkvcvh cd nv}lh fq}f qvehahfk} rfk}~v ad uhkvc q mfuhk gd}v~+ Gdhmfrd~}f rq}~d~fd uhkvcvh k nv}ldhf h dc}f udqf gd~h kv fq}f mfml~h}# mfld~faf rld}f dovkif ~drhm cd qvr~dgd}v~d~f h ajhd~ cdmfi~dmd~f+ Mf daffd# mvr }~fh dkh mf rq}~d~f k udqf# uhkv~hcf}~fnvhfqa }~dqf k glm lnchid}l~hv cd q}hacf# k ad~f fcf h el~gfdzcd gdhgvg nvajf}vc# ehkffd h ivq}vc adchehad}+ Q}hacfcf av uhkv~h

    ufajh qvk} rvqf k fkl}fah h alcfahh av alkmhhh hmfdcf mf rq}~d~f av

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    }fgrf~d}v~d alkq}dk} mf 4> 4= A h vghmh}d}fd ~fcd}hu d df~vcvhmf 86&+

    Qf edaf rchkvc udqfcl~# mvr dafdq}d udqfcf qf }f~i mf r~de h

    mf gvafidh# hd~ clav~hcf vgfzh}f mf rf cki mlr# id~mhk f}a+ qfdevg av vk eh}hc dr~hkq mf qvce+Qf fefa}vfdz qvceh}d~fd rf~hlmha# dq}efc ad mlzd lr}hgdc q

    ehf mf 46 >2 gi cd ch}~v QL> chnf~+Qf uf~heha q}hacfcf mf alcfahf rvqf cd kufajh~f+

    DR^HCHF K UHF H K A^DG

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    rl}fkhdcvc mf r~lmvahf dc uhhcl~ *mvr kvg~vc mf ald~mf rf nv}va#i~dmvc mf gd}v~hzd~f h uhild~f (+

    Rf uh}havc}l~hh ad~f rvk q}~viv~h cd rq}~d~f h r~flavr

    r~fcvkih~fd rf~hldmfh mf alkqvg d q}~viv~hcl~ k q}d~f r~ldqr}#av afc rvhk 1'= cvkh+ Rfk}~v rq}~d~f rv}fh elclqh q}~viv~hh qlhv~hcl~mf gd}v~d~f }~zhf * Ald~kd kfdi~# Devz Dcx# Glcmlud# Dcn mfQv~vafkh f}a+( ad~f dv nldnf gd~h# ghfz a~klq# rhfchd i~ldq hfcdq}ha+ Qf dcfi q}~viv~hh rf~efa} qk}lh# kfhkefa}dh av rv}~fidhafkvhv+ Q}~viv~hh qf dfdz av rfkmvkavcvc *almhd( k qvq# k cmhfklh# av~d}f+ ]fgrf~d}v~d k karf~hcf mf rq}~d~f }~fnvhfgfkhkv} k}~f 22A rcvq >2 A# vghmh}d}fd df~vcvh k}~f

    82'86 &+ k adk}h}h gdh ghah rv}fh rq}~d q}~viv~hh av rl~hvkhmf ald~mf mf >2'>6 ag# ad~f qf dfdz k rlmvc adqfcl~ vkmf}fgrf~d}v~d kv alnld~ qvn 2 2A *cfidh mf ar~hl~hh dalrf~hvcvh(+

    Mvr kajfhf~fd ~falc}~hh# qf fefa}vfdz d~d}vc k}~f ~kmv~h#dmghkhq}~kmv'qf alkalgh}fk} h ki~ghk}f+

    k uhhcf av }vcrhk kdc} qf edaf gvv~lh}vc }vcrhkhcl~ cd ndz+

    K A^DG

    Alk}hkv r~fcva~d~fd q}~viv~hcl~ *uhkhehad~fd(+ k evkahf mf

    efcvc q}~viv~hcl~# qlhvc# avcld~fd h adch}d}fd cl~# r~favg h mf }hrvc mfuhk af v~gfdz d qf lnhkf# qf fefa}vfdz uhkhehad~fd k dcn l~huhkhehad~fd k ~lv+

    Mfqev~d~fd r~lafqfcl~ ehzhal'ajhghaf h nhlajhghaf# mf ad~fmfrhkmf adch}d}fd uhh}l~vcvh uhk# kafrf av r~hgfcf gqv~~h

    }fjklclihaf mf r~fcva~d~f d q}~viv~hcl~# dmha av zm~lnh~fd cl~#f}~dif~fd gvq}vcvh h chgrfzh~fd dafq}vhd+ Avklqakmr~lafqfcf nhlajhghaf ad~f dv cla cd r~fcva~d~fdq}~viv~hcl~# uhkhehad}l~vc d~f rlqhnhch}d}fd mf d mh~hod kufmf~d lnhkf~hh }hrvcvh mf uhk ml~h}+ kdhkd}f mf ef~gfk}d~f# qffefa}vfdz dkvgh}f }~d}~h h al~fahh dcf gvq}vcvh lnhkv} * }~d}ggvq}vc rfk}~v d kv qf gdh }~d}d uhkv~hcf(+

    R~hkahrdcfcf al~fahh h }~d}dgfk}f ad~f qf drcha cd gvq}kdhk}f mf ef~gfk}d~f rl} eh? al~fa}d~fd alkhkv}vcvh k zdjd~v~h0

    >6

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    al~fa}d~fd dahmh}hh0 }~d}d~fd gvq}vcvh av dkjhm~hm qvcev~ldq+Alk}hkv cva~~hcf mf ki~hoh~f d uhkv~hcl~ rvqf cd rq}~d~f+

    KLHFGN^HFK UHF

    H K A^DGK UHF

    Alk}hkv cva~~hcf mf r~l}fod~f *gvv~lh}vc h ki~lrd}vcnv}vahcl~( d uhhcl~ rfq}f hd~k# k rlmil~hhcf k ad~f fq}f kfafqd~lrf~dhd+ k rcdk}dhhcf mf uhh }hkf~f dafdq} cva~d~f fq}f lnchid}l~hf+Dqr~hgfd if~v~hcl~ mf rfq}f hd~k h rdivnfcf r~lulad}f mf dafq}fd

    hgrvk r~l}fahd rcdk}dhhcl~ mf uhh av qlhv~h rfk}~v q}~viv~h mf gdq+Uhhcf qf ki~ldr mf lnhafh kmd} mvr amf~fd e~vkzfcl~+ k khah vkadz uhhcf kv qf ki~ldr akm e~vkzfcf qk} ka uf~zh# hd~ }hgrvc~gkf r~hfckha r~lafqvcvh mf el}lqhk}fz+

    Alk}hkv ffav}d~fd d~}v~hh mf }ldgk av drchad~fdalkalgh}fk} d ki~ghk}fcl~ l~idkhaf h ghkf~dcf+

    Qf edaf ~falc}d~fd ald~mfcl~ mf dc}lh h rvkf~fd dafq}l~d cd

    rq}~d~f+Qf dcfi }f~fkv~hcf k ufmf~fd kehhk~hh mf klh rcdk}dhh mfuh mf uhf0 ffav}d~fd d~}v~hh mf mfqevkmd~f h khufcd~f d}f~fkv~hcl~ rfk}~v rcdk}dhhcf mf r~hgud~+

    Qf qal} uhfcf mhk aldcd mf uhf h qf rvk cd rq}~d~f+Mvr ~falc}d~fd ald~mfcl~ mf dc}lh mda uh}havc}l~hh mhqrvk mf}hgr qf ~falgdkm ~falc}d~fd ald~mfcl~ mf rl~}dc}lh+

    Qf alk}~lcfdz q}~viv~hh rvh cd rq}~d~f+Qf ~frd~ r~hkahrdcfcf vkfc}f h hkufk}d~vc uh}halc kfafqd~+

    K A^DG

    Qf uf~heha gf~qvc ef~gfk}dhfh# hk}f~ufkhkm k adzvc drd~hhfhvkl~ mfefa}f dcf uhkvcvh+

    >5

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    Qf ffav} r~hgvc r~h}la r~fgd}v~# mvr ef~gfk}dhd zilgl}ldqk adzvc ~falc}fcl~ dud~hd}f hkkm alk} mf alkmhhhcf achgd}haf dcfdkvcvh kv r~fd edul~dnhcf avc}v~hh uhfh mf uhf+

    Mvr mfqev~d~fd ef~gfk}dhfh# k fulcvhd cvh# uhkvc }~faf r~hkmhef~h}f edzf mf mfzulc}d~f *el~gd~fd# gd}v~d~fd# kufajh~fd hmfi~dmd~fd( ad~f }~fnvhf avklqav}f nhkf rfk}~v d cf rv}fd mh~hod kmh~fahd ml~h} h k}~'vk }hgr a} gdh qav~}# av ~fzvc}d}fedul~dnhcf+ ]l}lmd}# }~fnvhf avklqavh h eda}l~hh ad~fedul~hzfdz mfzulc}d~fd uhkvcvh# r~favg h drchad~fd vkl~ gqv~h~dhlkdcf k ufmf~fd lnhkf~hh vkvh uhk a} gdh adch}d}hu+

    Qf edaf alk}~lcvc q}hacfcl~ av uhk mf alcfahf rvqf cd kufajh}+

    MFAFGN^HFK UHF H K A^DG

    K UHF

    Qr}gkdc qf alk}~lcfdz gd}f~hdcvc qmh}l~uh}halc rvq cd rq}~d~f rfq}f hd~k k qalrvc gfkhkf~hhalkmhhhcl~ lr}hgdcf mf }fgrf~d}v~ h vghmh}d}f+

    Alk}hkv ~falc}d~fd ald~mfcl~ dc}lh h rl~}dc}lh hrvkf~fd cl~ cd rq}~d~f+

    Mda qlcvc kv fq}f kijfd} h f rlqhnhc mf hfh} kagr# qf }~dkqrl~} h qf hkq}dcfdz ghocldafcf mfqvqhkf~f *d~dah# q}crh mf qrdchf~ h dkal~f(+

    Alk}hkv# mda f rlqhnhc# algrcf}d~fd ilcv~hcl~mhk rcdk}dhh r~hk gd~al}do+

    Qf ffav} cva~~h dk}hf~lzhlkdcf hjhm~ldgfchl~d}huf k rcdk}dhhcf uh}halcf+

    Alk}hkv cva~~hcf mf r~l}fod~f rfq}f hd~k d

    nv}vahcl~ k rcdk}dhh *gvv~lh} h ki~lrd}(+

    >9

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    Qf fefa}vfdz cva~~h mf ~fhkf~f d zrfzhh+Alk}hkv ~frd~d~fd gdhkhcl~# }~da}ld~fcl~# d vkfc}fcl~ h

    v}hcdovcvh uh}halc+

    Alk}hkv }~dkqrl~}vc ivklhvcvh mf i~dom k uhh+Qf alk}~lcfdz q}~viv~hh rvh cd rq}~d~f# nldnfcf defa}d}f mfrv}~fidh qf kc}v~ av eld~efad+

    K A^DG

    Qf edaf r~hgvc r~h}la cd uhkv~hcf }hkf~f+ R~hgvc r~h}la qffefa}vfdz mf ~fivc mfqajhq av fafrhd uhkv~hcl~ d~lgd}f+

    Alkqhmf~d} afc gdh hgrl~}dk}# dafq}d qf edaf mf lnhafh mvr}f~ghkd~fd ef~gfk}dhfh cfk}f+

    kq k dkhh akm k gd~f rd~}f q}~viv~hh qk} defa}dh mf nlchcfa~hr}lidghaf# r~hgvc r~h}la qf edaf r~fgd}v~ kmd} mvr }f~ghkd~fdef~gfk}dhfh zilgl}ldqf+

    R~hgvc r~h}la qf ffav} gdh }hgrv~hv h cd uhkv~hcf ad~f dv vkivq} h gh~lq kfrcav} h k adzv~hcf akm qf ml~f}f ad uhkv~hcf klh

    q ~gk av l mvcafd kd}v~dc h rcav}f cd ivq}# ad~f mvr }~d}d~frl} eh algf~ahdchzd}f+

    Qf edaf vgrcf~fd ilcv~hcl~ cd udqfcf av uhk+ Rchkvc udqfcl~ qfedaf mvr vk alk}~lc dc qk}hh uhkvcvh elclqhkmv'qf uhk mf daffdhadch}d}f# avcld~f h u~q} qdv uhk mf adch}d}f gdh nvk rq}~d} k udqfgdh ghah qdv cd q}hacf+

    Qf alk}~lcfdz q}hacfcf av uhk rvqf cd kufajh}+

    Mfafgn~hf qf kajfhf av gd~hcf q~n}l~h a~f}hkf rf ad~f}~vmh}l~hh dafq}fh ~dgv~h cf k}ckfqa av q}~viv~h e~vglh h av vkrdjd~ mf chald~f mhuhk+

    >:

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    Nhnchli~dehf

    4+ Dcfdkm~fqav H+A+# Lcclnfkv G+ h alcdn+ Ghad Fkahaclrfmhf mfUh}havc}v~+ Hdh# Fm+ Icdqvc Nvaluhkfh? 488=+>+ Gd~}hk ]+ Uh}havc}v~d# ' Nvav~f}h# Fmh}v~d Mhmda}ha hRfmdiliha? 485:+1+ ~mfd A+# Mfofv Chuhv+ Uh}havc}v~d+ Nvav~f}h? 4886+=+ Ifl~ifqav G+# Mfofv C+ Cva~~h h lrf~dhvkh k uf~mf cd uhd mfuhf+ Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq# 4881+6+ Ifl~ifqav G+# Mfofv C+ ]hf~fd uhfh mf uhf+ Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~dAf~fq# 488>+5+ Kfdgv H+ Uh}havc}v~d r~da}ha+ Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq# 488=+

    9+ Mfofv C+# Ifl~ifqav G+ kehhkd~fd rcdk}dhhcl~ mf uhh hk}~fhkf~fd cl~ k r~hghh dkh mf cd rcdk}d~f+ Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq#488>+:+ Mfofv C+# Ifl~ifqav G+ ^fedaf~fd adrdah}hh mf ~lmh~f d uhhcl~+Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq# 4881+8+ Nva}d~h R+ Avc}v~d uhfh mf uhf? Ajhhkv+ Fmh}v~d }hhkd# 4884+42+ Idu~hclu H+# Ad~dmoh I+ Mf}f~ghkd~fd qlhv~hl~ mf uh mf uhf+Ajhhkv+ Fmh}v~d Ad~}fd Glcmlufkfdqa# 48:>+

    44+ Ghjdcdajf H+# Vkiv~fdkv Q+ Adcfkmd~vc uh}havc}l~vcvh+ Ajhhkv#Fmh}v~d Ad~}fd Glcmlufkfdqa# 48:8+

    >8

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    4>+ Ghjdhchva H+ ]hf~fd h el~gd~fd ~dhlkdc d nv}vahcl~ mf uh mfuhf+ Ajhhkv+ Fmh}v~d# Ad~}fd Glcmlufkfdqa# 489>+41+ Ad~rlu Q+ Fchh~f mhk q}~viv~h+ Ajhhkv+ Fmh}v~d Ad~}fdGlcmlufkfdqa# 48:8+4=+ Alkm~fd Q+ Lrf~dhhcf k uf~mf cd uhd mf uhf+ Ajhhkv+ Fmh}v~dAd~}fd Glcmlufkfdqa# 489>+46+ Mfofv Chuhv+ Uh}havc}v~d r~da}ha+ Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq#>22=+45+ Alkq}dk}hkfqav Ij+# Cz~fqav U+ km~vg}l~vc uh}havc}l~vcvh+Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq# 4892+49+ Rlgljdajh K+# Q}lhdk U+# Ijfl~ijh G+ h alcdn+ Lfklclihf+Nvav~f}h+ Fmh}v~d mhmda}ha h rfmdiliha# 4882+

    4:+ ~mfd A+# Rva H+# ~mfd Dkifcd# 489= km~vg}l~vc}fjkhahdkvcvh mhk uhkhehadhf+ Fmh}v~d ]fjkha# Nvav~f}h+48+ Alzvn Ij+# Nckv D+# Q~ijh A+ h alcdn+ Ad~}fduhkhehad}l~vcvh+ Fmh}v~d Vkhvkhh Qa~hh}l~hcl~ mhk Glcmlud# Ajhhkv#488>+>2+ Ad~rlu Q+ ]fjklclihd ifkf~dc d hkmvq}~hfh dchgfk}d~f+ Fmh}v~d}hhkd# Ajhhkv# 4889+>4+ Alzvn Ij+# ^vqv F+ R~lmvaf~fd uhkv~hcl~ k Glcmlud+ Fmh}v~d

    Ch}f~d# Ajhhkv# 4885+>>+ Rlgljdah K+# Kglcldkv H+# Kglcldkv Dm~hdkd# ' R~lmvaf~fdh ki~hoh~fd uhkv~hcl~+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq# Nvav~f}h# >222+>1+ Rlgljdah K+# Q}lhdkU+# Ijfl~ijh G+# Q~ijh A+# Al}fd U+U+#

    Kglcldkv H+ Lfklclihf# ulc H+ Fmh}v~d Af~fq# Nvav~f}h# >222+>=+ Kglcldkv H+ Elclqh~fd dkjhm~hmfh qvcev~ldqf k uhkhehadhf+Ef~ghf~vc+ Dkvc U# k~+ 44'4># Nvav~f}h# 4889+>6+ ^vqv F+ Uhkhehadhd Glcmdu+ Ajhhkv# >225+>5+ Dr~vmd R+# Avjd~qajh G+# Ahlndkv U+# Mfi}hd~h U+# Ghjdcdajf H+#

    Kfmlu R+# ]d~dk K+# vva U+# Uhfcd~v A+ Ijhmvc uh}h'uhkhalc dcef~ghf~vcvh+ Fmh}v~d DIFRH# Ajhhkv# >221+>9+ Du~dg M+ ]vmlqhf+ Uhd mf uhf ~lm dc rgk}vcvh h dcgvkahh+ Fmh}v~d Vkhuf~qh}dq# Ajhhkv# 488>+>:+ 1 + ## 48:5'48:9+>8+ Ad}dclil Ifkf~dcf+ Uhudh Allrf~d}huh ^dvqafml Qlahf}dAllrf~d}hud d+~+H+ Uhd Vmhkf# 18+ 11282 ^dvqafml *RK( H}dchd+

    12

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    12+ ^fihq}~vc qlhv~hcl~ mf rcdk}f dc ^frvnchahh Glcmlud rfk}~v dkvc>221+ Ajhhkv# Fmhhf lehahdc# >221+

    14

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    Avr~hkq

    4+ Hdkvd~hf k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++1+

    >+ Efn~vd~hf k uhf h k a~dg+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++=1+ Gd~}hf k uhf h k a~dg+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9+

    =+ Dr~hchf k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++42+

    6+ Gdh k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4>+

    5+ Hvkhf k uhf h k a~dg+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4=+

    9+ Hvchf k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++49+:+ Dvivq} k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++48+

    8+ Qfr}fgn~hf k uhf h k a~dg+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>4+

    42+ La}lgn~hf k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>=+

    44+ Klhfgn~hf k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>6+

    4>+ Mfafgn~hf k uhf h k a~dg++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++>9+

    1>

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    Uh}havc}v~# Dgrfcli~dehf h Lfklclihf

    Ijhm r~da}ha uh}h'uhkhalc

    Fcdnl~d~f? Udqhcf D~jhr

    Dchlkd Qachelq

    Mdkhfcd Rlrd

    ^fmda}l~? Fcuh~d Ijfl~ijh}fdkv

    Nvk mf }hrd~ 45+26+>229 El~gd}vc j~}hfh 52 := 4,45

    J~}hf leqf}+ ]hrd~ ^HQL ]h~dovc+62 f+

    Alch mf }hrd~ >#2 Algdkmd k~+

    V+]+G+# >22= Ajhhkv# nm+ }fedk afc Gd~f h Qek}# 45:

    Qfahd ^fmda}d~f h Fmh}d~f d V+]+G+

    >25:# Ajhhkv# q}~+ Q}vmfkhcl~# 8,8

    VKHUF^QH]D]FD ]FJKHA D GLCMLUFH11

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    UH]HAVC]V^# DGRFCLI^DEHF H

    LFKLCLIHF

    IJHM R^DA]HA UH]H'UHKHALC

    AJHHKV>229


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