of 20
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
1/20
9 YAZLPB# ANHWTHGXPB OA]H YAZLPB
9+ 1 Yazlpb
9+ 1+ 1 Zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph ca zphwbxkh glkwtakta a wx`wtakhclp
zxph
9+ 1+ 0 Npbnbch dh wtaph ach yazlpbclp
9+ 1+ 7 Phcaba ktph zphwbxkha b thnzhpatxpa dh watxpabh Hgxaba
Gcaxwbxw.Gcazhrplk
9+ 1+ 4 Tpakwilpnpbch dh wtaph ach yazlpbclp
9+ 0 Anhwthg ahp yazlpb &ahp xnhd"
9+ 0+ 1 Npbnbch wzhgbibgh ach ahpxcxb xnhd
9+ 0+ 0 Dbaopana f1%vva ahpxcxb xnhd
9+ 0+ 7 Zplghwhch dh phihpbk gx ahp xnhd
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
1
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
2/20
9+ 1 Yazlpb
Hvzhpbhkhch ax aptat ga zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph a wx`wtakhclp zxph wh dhwilap k
glkdbbb dh zphwbxkh b thnzhpatxp glkwtakt+ ktph zphwbxkha b thnzhpatxpa dh yazlpb}aphhvbwt l glphwzlkdhk `bxkbylgz>i&Tw+ Dhzhkdhka dbktph aghwth dlx npbnb hwth dat dhgxp`a zphwbxkbb yazlpbclp# gaph dhzbkdh dh katxpa icxbdxcxb+ Zhktpx l wx`wtak zxp gxp`a
zphwbxkbb dh yazlpb zph}hktat zh ibo+ 9+1 zlpkhth dh ca zxkgtxc tpbzcx# kltat gx bkdbghchbkihpblptp# b wh lzphth k zxkgtxc gpbtbg# kltat gx bkdbghch bkihpblpgp# ab gapxb zapanhtpbzgp# Tgpdhzbkd kxnab dh katxpa icxbdxcxb+
z U`ap^
Tgp>7?7#24 G5zgp>00:#9729 `ap
Ttp>:#:1G5ztp>:#::911 `ap
:
8:
1::
18:
0::
08:
: 8: 1:: 18: 0:: 08: 7:: 78: 4::
T UG^
Ibo 9+ 1 Dbaopana zphwbxkh thnzhpatxp ca hgfbcb`px ca yazlpbb dh az
Dhzhkdhka dbktph zapanhtpbb dh wtaph z# T# hvzpbnat zpbk gxp`a zphwbxkbb dh yazlpb#tph`xbh wa watbwiag glkdbbbch dh hgfbcb`px dbktph ia}h+ Aghwtha zphgb}ha} g wbwthnxc hwth khgfbcb`px# atxkgb gkd ghch dlxa ia}h ax thnzhpatxpbch# zphwbxkbch b zlthkbachch gfbnbgh hoach+Awtihc# ktp.xk wbwthn zlcbglnzlkhkt glnzxw dbk glnzlkhkb b ia}h# glkilpn chobbia}hclp a cxb Ob``w# kxnpxc ia}hclp gh zlt hvbwta wbnxctak k hgfbcb`px hwth nab nbg wax ghcnxct hoac gx %0# ghha gh glkdxgh ca xk kxnp dh opadh dh cb`hptathi=
i %0. &9+1
Zhktpx xk wbwthn nlklglnzlkhkt >1 b ph}xct kxnpxc navbn dh opadh dh cb`hptathi>7.+ Dhgb# atxkgb gkd i>:# kxnpxc navbn dh ia}h gh zlt glhvbwta hwth >7# ghha ghglphwzxkdh zxkgtxcxb tpbzcx# k gaph glhvbwt ia}hch . wlcbd# cbgfbd# yazlpb .# dh zapanhtpbbbkthkwbyb ibvab gapagthpbwtbgb ibhgphb wx`wtakh+ Zhktpx xk wbkoxp opad dh cb`hptathi>1# kxnpxcdh ia}h ca hgfbcb`px hwth >0 &wlcbd.cbgfbd5 cbgfbd.yazlpb5 wlcbd yazlpb+ k aghwt ga} wtapha dhhgfbcb`px hwth dhzhkdhkt dh xk wbkoxp zapanhtpx# xkxc dbk zapanhtpb bkthkwbyb zphwbxkha waxthnzhpatxpa+ Gkd wbwthnxc aph dlxa opadh dh cb`hptathi>0+ Zhktpx xk wbwthn nlklglnzlkhktkxnpxc ia}hclp ca hgfbcb`px ph}xct >1 &wlcbd# cbgfbd# yazlpb+ k aghwt ga} kxnpxc
zapanhtpbclp bkdhzhkdhkb hwth dlb= zphwbxkha b thnzhpatxpa# thnzhpatxpa b ylcxnxc wzhgbibg&wax dhkwbtatha# zphwbkha b ylcxnxc wzhgbibg &dhkwbtatha+
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
0
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
3/20
9+ 1+ 1 Zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph ca zphwbxkh glkwtakta a wx`wtakhclp zxph
Zhktpx wtxdbxc zplghwxcxb wh hihgtxha} l hvzhpbhk k gaph wh glkwbdhp ga k gbcbkdpx whaica 1 eo dh cbgfbd gaph hwth wxzxw xkhb kgc}bpb b}l`aph+ Zpbk kgc}bph thnzhpatxpa cbgfbdxcxbwh nphth# bap ca namlpbtatha wx`wtakhclp ylcxnxc kphobwtpha} l xlaph gphthph+ Wbkoxpa
hvghzbh l phzph}bkt aza# ca gaph ktph : b 4l
G ylcxnxc wzhgbibg wgadh# dxz gaph xpnha} lgphthph a wa gx thnzhpatxpa+ k nlnhktxc k gaph thnzhpatxpa dhybkh hoac gx thnzhpatxpa dhwatxpabh Tw# glphwzxk}tlaph zphwbxkbb ca gaph aph clg yazlpb}apha# zh nwxpa gh hvbwt xkazlpt dh gcdxpa ca zphwbxkh glkwtakt# wh zpldxgh yazlpb}apha ia}hb cbgfbdh & zplghw b}l`ap.b}lthpn# zplghw kwlbt dh l gphthph agghktxat a ylcxnxcxb wzhgbibg+ k aghawt zhpblad ia}adh yazlpb b ia}a cbgfbd glhvbwt# bap yazlpbb zlapt kxnhch dh yazlpb watxpab xnh}b &T>Tw+kgc}bpha glktbkxa zk gkd wh yazlpb}ha} b xctbna zbgtxp dh cbgfbd b wh atbkoh awtihc
wtapha dh yazlpb watxpab xwgab &T>Tw+ Zpbk kgc}bpha yazlpbclp watxpab xwgab ca zphwbxkhglkwtakta wh glkwtat l gphthph dh thnzhpatxp# zphgxn b a ylcxnxcxb l`bkkdx.wh yazlpb
wxzpakgc}bb &wtapha oa}lawa a wx`wtakhclp+ k dbaopana T.y &ibo+ 9+ 0 hwth phzph}hktat zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph ca zphwbxkh glkwtakt zpbk b}l`apa 1.0.7.4.8+ Bk aghawt dbaopan#
zlpbxkha 1.0 glphwzxkdh kgc}bpbb cbgfbdxcxb zk ca wtapha dh watxpabh5 zlpbxkha 0.7.4glphwzxkdh yazlpbclp xnh}b# xk anhwthg `bia}bg cbgfbd.yazlpb b zlpbxkha 4.8 glphwzxkdhyazlpbclp wxzpakgc}bb+
T>22#9 G5
z>1 `ap
:
8:
1::
18:
0::
08:
7::
78:
4::
48:
8::
:#::: :#::1 :#:1: :#1:: 1#::: 1:#:::
yUn7,eo^
TUG^
cbgfbd
watxpat yazlpb watxpatb
xwgatb
cbgfbd
yazlpb
wxzpakgac}btb
&oa}"
yazlpb watxpatb
xnh}b1
0
7
4
8
Ibo+ 9+ 0 Dbaopana T.y zhktpx yazlpbb dh az ca zphwbxkha dh 1 `ap
Yazlpbb glphwzxk}tlpb zxkgtxcxb 7 zlapt kxnhch dh yazlpb watxpab xnh}b b wxktgapagthpb}ab dh ipagba nawbg dh yazlpb dbk anhwthgxc `bia}bg yazlpb.cbgfbd# ipagbh gaph
dhibkhth tbtcxc yazlpbclpwax gacbtatha yazlpbclpb a gpxb hvzphwbh hwth=
cy
y
nn
nv
%> Ueo yazlpb,eo anhwthg cbgfbd . yazlpb^ &9+0
k gaph ny wb ncphzph}bkt nawa dh cbgfbd# phwzhgtby dh yazlpb+ Zhktpx cbgfbdxc ca watxpabhtbtcxc v>:# zxkgtxc 0 dh zh ibo+ 9+ 0# bap zhktpx yazlpbb watxpab xwgab v>1# zxkgtxc 4 dh zhaghhab iboxp+ Zh dbaopana dbk ibo+ 9+ 7 hwth phzph}hktat b}l`apa dh yazlpb}aph k dbaopanaT.w# zphgxn b gxp`hch cbnbta dh whzapaph dbktph ia}h+ Awtihc gxp`a dbk wtkoa glphwzxkdhcbgfbdxcxb ca watxpabh# zhktpx gaph tbtcxc v>:# bap gxp`a dbk dphazta glphwzxkdh yazlpbclpwatxpab xwgab# ca gaph tbtcxc yazlpbclpv>1+ Zh dbaopanhch dh zh ibo+ 9+ 4# ibo+ 9+ 8 b ibo+ 9+ 9
hwth zph}hktat zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph ca zphwbxkh glkwtakt# nzphxk gx gxp`hch dh watxpabhglphwzxk}tlaph k dbaopanhch dh cxgpxz.y# f.w# phwzhgtbyz.f+
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
7
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
4/20
gp
v>1
:
1::
0::
7::
4::
8::
9::
?::
: 0 4 9 6 1:
wUeM,&eo E"^
TUE^
z>1 `ap
]lka anhwthgxcxb `bia}bg
:3v31
v>:#9
v>:
1
07
8
4
Tgp
Cbgfbd
Yazlpb
}lka wxzpagpbtbga
Ibo+ 9+ 7 Yazlpb}apha b}l`ap ca az k dbaopana T.w
.
:
8:
1::
18:
0::
08:
7::
78:
:#::1 :#:1: :#1:: 1#::: 1:#::: 1::#::: 1:::#:::
y Un7,eo^
z U`ap^
gp
v>1
v>:
v>:#9
z>1 `ap
8
4701
zphwbxkh wxzpagpbtbga
nhdbx `bia}bgcbgfbd . yazlpb
yazlpbcbgfbd
yazlpb
Ibo+ 9+ 4 Zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph b}l`ap ca az zh dbaopanaz.y
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
4
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
5/20
:
8::
1:::
18::
0:::
08::
7:::
78::
4:::
48::
:#:: 0#:: 4#:: 9#:: 6#:: 1:#:: 10#::
w UeM,eo E^
f UeM,eo^
v>:#9
8
4
0
1
7
v>1
v>:
gp
z>1 `ap
nhdbx `bia}bg
cbgfbd . yazlpb
:3v31
yazlpb wxzpakgac}btb
Ibo+ 9+8 Zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph b}l`ap ca az zh dbaopana f.w
v>:
gp
v>1
:#::1
:#:1
:#1
1
1:
1::
1:::
: 8:: 1::: 18:: 0::: 08:: 7::: 78:: 4::: 48::
fUeM,eo^
zU`ap^
z>1 `apv>:#9
1 0 7 4 8anhwthg bia}bg
:3v31yazlpb
wxzpakgac}btb &oa}"
cbgfbd
zphwbxkh wxzpagpbtbgazgp
Ibo+ 9+9 Zplghwxc dh yazlpb}aph b}l`ap ca az zh dbaopanaz.f
Zh tlath dbaopanhch ax ilwt zxwh k hybdhk phobxkha nhdbxcxb `bia}bg cbgfbd yazlpb#}lka yazlpbclp wxzpkgc}bb# zphgxn gxp`hch cbnbt gaph whzap ia}hch wx`wtakhb+
Zpbk glkyhkbh npbnbch dh wtaph ach cbgfbdxcxb watxpat wh kltha} gx bkdbghch wxzhpblpzpbn / &f/# x# w# y/# bap npbnbch dh wtaph zhktpx yazlpbb watxpab xwgab wh kltha} gx bkdbghchwxzhpblp whgxkd &f# x# y# w+ Zpbk phzhtapha zplghwxcxb dh yazlpb}aph zhktpx acth zphwbxkbwh l`bk gxp`h wbnbcaph+ Zh naxp gh zphwbxkha gphth wh nphth thnzhpatxpa dh watxpabhglphwzxk}tlaph# bap dbihphka dbktph ylcxnhch wzhgbibgh y .y wgadh# zk gkd k zxkgtxcgpbtbg wh akxcha} &ygp.ygp > :+ Bk ga}xc yazlpbclp dh az npbnbch ib}bgh dh wtaph ach zxkgtxcxbgpbtbg wxkt=
zgp>00:#9729 ap5 Tgp>7?7#24lG > 94?#7 E5 ygp>:#::709 n
7,eo
Clgxc ohlnhtpbg ac zxkgthclp dh kghzxt wb wipbt dh yazlpb}aph phzph}bkt gxp`a cbnbt
wax gxp`a dh watxpabh &gxp`av>: . gp v>1 dbk ibo+ +
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
8
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
6/20
9+ 1+ 0 Npbnbch dh wtaph ach yazlpbclp
Npbnbch gaclpbgh dh wtaph x# f# w zhktpx yazlpb wh dhthpnbk zpbk nwxpatlpb thpnbgh# waxwh gacgxcha} gx amxtlpxc hgxabhb dh wtaph aihphkth wx`wtakhb phwzhgtbyh+ Wh adnbth zpbkglkyhkbh ga yaclpbch hkhpobhb bkthpkh# hktaczbhb b hktplzbhb glphwzxk}atlaph zxkgtxcxb tpbzcx
wxkt kxch+k dbaopana T.w dbk ibo+ 9+ ? hwth zph}hktat zplghwxc dh kgc}bph b}l`ap 1.0.7.4.8+Gaktbtatha dh gcdxpa khghwap kgc}bpbb b}l`aph a xkxb eo dh cbgfbd dh ca wtapha 1 dhthnzhpatxp T1 zk ca wtapha 0# gphba b glphwzxkdh thnzhpatxpa dh watxpabh a cbgfbdxcxbT0>Tw# gx tbtcxcv>:# hwth hoac gx yapbaba glphwzxk}tlaph a hktaczbhb# dhgb=
UM,eo^& " 110110 /1
ffffTTgdTgqq wcn
T
T
cc
w
>>>>> k gaph gcn phzph}bkt gcdxpa wzhgbibg nhdbh a cbgfbdxcxb zh bkthpyacxc dh thnzhpatxpa 1.
0+ k dbaopana T.w gcdxpa aihphkt zplghwxcxb dh kgc}bph q10 hwth phzph}hktat dh apba a10`
&ibo+ 9+ ?+Yapbaba hktplzbhb k zplghwxc dh kgc}bph b}l`ap a cbgfbdxcxb hwth dat dh phcaba=
1110 ck/
1 1T
Tg
T
dTg
T
qwwww wcn
T
T
T
T
c
w w
>>>>
UM,&eo E^
v>1
gp
:
1::
0::
7::
4::
8::
9::
?::
: 0 4 9 6 1:
wUeM,&eo E"^
TUE^
z>1 `ap
]lka anhwthgxcxb `bia}bg
:3v31
v>:#9
v>:
1
07
8
4
Tgp
Cbgfbd
Yazlpb
}lka wxzpagpbtbga
a ` g d
qy az>py qwbqc
Ibo+ 9+ ? Zplghwxc dh kgc}bph b}l`ap a wx`wtakhb zxph k dbaopana T.w
Yapbaba hkhpobhb bkthpkh a cbgfbdxcxb bkgc}bt zk ca wtapha dh watxpabh wh l`bkh dbkzpbnxc zpbkgbzbx ac thpnldbkanbgbb=
.y.z&yq.y.z&yq.xx // 11010101 >> UeM,eo^ &9+ 7
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
9
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
7/20
Gcdxpa dh yazlpb}aph khghwap tpakwilpnapbb# ca zphwbxkh glkwtakt# a xkxb eo dh cbgfbd
watxpat# k yazlpb watxpab xwgab# hwth hgfbyachkt gx gphthpha hktaczbhb k tbnzxc yazlpb}apbb bhwth dat dh phcaba=
q07>qyaz>py>f4.f0>x4.x0%z&y4.y0>f.f>x.x%z&y.y>% UeM,eo^ &9+ 4
k gaph=>x.x/phzph}bkt gcdxpa bkthpka dh yazlpb}aph# bap>z&y.y phzph}bkt gcdxpahvthpk dh yazlpb}aph+ Gcdxpa aihphkt zplghwxcxb dh yazlpb}aph q04> py hwth phzph}hktat dhapba `07g &ibo+ 9+ ?+
Gcdxp bkthpk dh yazlpb}aph whpyhth ca bkybkohpha ilpthclp dh atpagbh dbktphnlchgxchch cbgfbdxcxb b hwth dat dh yapbatba hkhpobhb bkthpkh gaph aph clg bk gxpwxc zplghwxcxbdh yazlpb}aph+ Gacdxpa hvthpka dh yazlpb}aph phzph}bkt hgfbyachktxc cxgpxcxb nhgakbg
zpldxw dh 1 eo dh cbgfbd gaph wh yazlpb}ha}a ca zphwbxkha glkwtaktaz wb a gapxb ylcxn wzhgbibggphwth dh ca y ca y+ Yapbaba aghwtlp npbnb gx thnzhpatxpa hwth aptat k iboxpa 9+ 6+ Whglkwtat dbk aghawt dbaopan g zlkdhpha gha nab naph l aph gacdxpa bkthpka dh yazlpb}aph+
py
:
8::
1:::
18::
0:::
08::
7:::
: 8: 1:: 18: 0:: 08: 7:: 78: 4::TUG^
pyUeM,eo^
Ibo+ 9+ 6 Yapbaba gcdxpbb dh yazlpb}aph a azhb gx thnzhpatxpa
Yapbaba hktplzbhb wzhgbibgh k gxpwxc zplghwxcxb dh yazlpb}aph &z>glkwt# T>glkwt hwth=
ww
y
T
f/f"
T
p
T
qw".w/.ww
>>>>
0
0474 UeM,&eo E^ &9+ 8
Gcdxpa khghwapa wxzpakgc}bpbb yazlpbclp zk ca thnzhpatxpa T8 hwth=
UeM,eo^ &9+ 9 >>>88
"
48
w
w
T
T
zwb TdwdTgqq
w
Bk gaph gz hwth gcdxpa wzhgbibga a yazlpbclp wxzpakgc}bb+ Aghawta gaktbtath dh gcdxphwth phzph}hktata bk dbaopana T.w &ibo 9+?# dh apba g48d+ Hktaczba yazlpbclp wxzpakgc}bb hwth=
UeM,eo^ &9+ ?%>%>wbT
T
zwb dTgfqff
8
""8
Hkhpoba bkthpka a yazlpbclp wxzpakgc}bb ph}xct=
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
?
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
8/20
UeM,eo^ &9+ 6%>>wbT
T
ywb dTgxxx
8
"8
Hktplzba yazlpbclp wxzpakgc}bb wh dhthpnbk gx phcaba=
%>%>88
4
"48
T
T
z
T
T
z
wTdTgw
TdTgww UeM,&eo E^ &9+ 2
k dlnhkbxc yazlpbclp watxpab xnh}b# dhgb k }lka nhdbxcxb `bia}bg cbgfbd.yazlpb#npbnbch dh wtaph zhktpx l akxnbt gacbtath a yazlpbclp# wax xk akxnbt tbtcx nawbg v# gaphglphwzxkd zxkgtxcxb 7 dh zh dbaopana T.w &ibo+ 9+ ?# wxkt dath dh hvzphwbbch=
y>&1.vy%yv>y%v&y.y Un7,eo^ &9+ 1:
f>&1.vf%fv>f%v&f.f>f%vpy UeM,eo^ &9+ 11
x>&1.vx%xv>x%v&x.x>x%v UeM,eo^ &9+ 10
w>&1.vw%wv>w%v&w.w>w%py,Tw UeM,eo E^ &9+ 17
Dbk aghwth phcabb ph}xct hvzphwba tbtcxcxb yazlpbclp hvzpbnat zpbk=
0447
/"/
/"/
/"/
>
>
>
>ww
ww
ff
ff
yy
yyv Ueo yazlpb,eo anhwthg cbgfbd . yazlpb^ &9+ 14
k gaph 0 7 b 0 4 phzph}bkt whonhkthch dh wx` gxp`a dh watxpabh dbk ibo+ 9+ 0 9+ ?+ Npbnbch
dh wtaph ach azhb b yazlpbclp# att watxpab gt b wxzpakgc}bb# wxkt dath wx` ilpn dh hgxabbzh dlnhkbb# zphgxn b wx` ilpna dh ta`hch b dbaopanh+
9+ 1+ 7 Phcaba ktph zphwbxkha b thnzhpatxpa dh watxpabh Hgxaba Gcaxwbxw.Gcazhrplk
Wh glkwbdhp xk wbwthn thpnldbkanbg nlklglnzlkhkt `bia}bg# dhgb ca watxpabh# nhkbkxtca thnzhpatxpa b zphwbxkh glkwtakt# ilpnat dbk ia}a cbgfbd b ia}a oa}law# ia}h gaph wh aick glktagt dbphgt+ Wh khocbmha} hihgthch ca bkthpiaa b k glkwhgbk# att thnzhpatxpa gt b
zphwbxkha ylp ib xkbilpnh k tlt wbwthnxc+ Ia}a cbgfbd aph nawa n1 b zlthkbacxc Ob``w zhktpxxk eo dh wx`wtak o1# bap ia}a dh yazlpb aph nawa n0 phwzhgtby zlthkbacxc b}lthpn.b}l`ap zh
xkbtatha dh nawo0+ Zlthkbacxc Ob``w ac wbwthnxcxb awtihc ilpnat hwth=
O>n1o1%n0o0 &9+ 18
Dagz b Twxkt glkwtakth# gxn O>O&z#T# atxkgb glkdbba dh hgfbcb`px hwth=
dO>o1dn1%o0dn0> : &9+ 19
Dhlaphgh wbwthnxc hwth kgfbw# bap nawa wh glkwhpy# ph}xct=
dn1%dn0>: &9+ 1?
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
6
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
9/20
Dbk hgxabbch 9+19 b 9+1? ph}xct ga zlthkbacxc Ob``w a ghclp dlxa ia}h k glkdbbb dhhgfbcb`px tph`xbh wa ibh hoach# dhgb o1>o0+ Dhlaphgh aghawt glkdbbh hwth kdhzcbkbt zhktpxlpbgaph zphwbxkh wax thnzhpatxp# tph`xbh ga b yapbaba zlthkbachclp wa ibh hoac# dhgb do1>do0+Atxkgb=
& " dTwdzywdTTdwydzTdwwdTTdwdf
TwfddTT
o
dzz
o
do zT
1111
11
1
&&
>%>>>>
%
> &9+ 16
k nld wbnbcap wh apat g=do0>y0dz.w0dT &9+ 12
Zpbk hoacapha ghclp dlxa hvzphwbb ph}xct=
& "/"/"
/"
10
10
yyT
p
yy
ww
y
w
yy
ww
dT
dz
w
y
>
>
>
> &9+ 0:
xkdh py hwth gcdxpa dh yazlpb}aph# w.w phzph}bkt yapbaba dh hktplzbh k zplghwxc dhyazlpb}aph# y.yglkwtbtxbh yapbaba ylcxnxcxb wzhgbibg dh ca cbgfbd watxpat ca yazlpb watxpabxwgab+ Phcaba &9+ 0: hwth gxklwgxt wx` kxnhch dh phcaba Gcaxwbxw.Gcazhrplk zhktpx yazlpbb apat ybth}a dh yapbabh a zphwbxkbb gx thnzhpatxpa# atxkgb gkd ia}hch wh aic k hgfbcb`px+k ga}xc zphwbxkbclp phdxwh ylcxnxc wzhgbibg ca yazlpbclp watxpab xwgab hwth nxct nab pbdbgatdhgt ac cbgfbdxcxb ca watxpabh# y;;y+ Awtihc ca az ca zphwbxkha dh :#8 `ap y> 7#04:18n7,eo b y> :#::1:07n7,eo# dhgb y,y> 719?5 ca zphwbxkha dh 1 `apy> 1#924 n7,eo b y>:#::1:47 n7,eo# bap pazlptxc y,y> 19045 phwzhgtby ca zphwbxkha dh 8 `apy> :#7?46:4440n7,eo b y> :#::1:208 n7,eo# dh xkdh y,y>747+ Zh dlnhkbxc dh zphwbxkb nhkblkat
yaclapha gcdxpbb dh yazlpb}aph wh nldbibg zxbk# dhgb wh zlath glkwbdhpa l yaclaph nhdbh aaghwthba py ga ibbkd glkwtakt+ Zhktpx yazlpbb watxpab# datlpbt zphwbxkbb gl`lpth wh zlathazcbga hgxaba dh wtaph a oa}hclp zhpihgthzy>PTw+ Gx aghwth zphgb}pb hgxaba &9+ 0: dhybkh=
0w
y
PT
p
dT
dz> &9+ 01
gaph bkthopat k glkdbbbch dh nab wxw glkdxgh ca=
+ck glkwtPT
pz
w
y %> &9+ 00
phcabh gaph wh zlath zxkh wx` ilpna Aktlbkh=
T
@Az %>ck &9+ 00
k gaph Tw w.a kclgxbt gx T# hvzpbnat k E+ GlhibgbhkbbA b@ wxkt gapagthpbwtbgb ibhgphbwx`wtakh+
Zhktpx a hvtbkdh dlnhkbxc dh azcbga`bcbtath a hgxabhb Gcaxwbxw.Gcazhrplk# wh glkwbdhp lyapbabh cbkbap a gcdxpbb dh yazlpb}aph gx thnzhpatxpa# py > a %` T+ k aghawt wbtxabh# zpbkbkthopapha hgxabhb Gcaxwbxw.Gcazhrplk &9+ 0:# wh l`bkh =
+ckck glkwtTT
`
PT
az %> &9+ 07
phcabh gaph zlath ib zxw b wx` ilpna=
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
2
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
10/20
TGT
@Az ckck %%> &9+07
xkdh glkwtakthch A# @ b Gwxkt wzhgbibgh ibhgphb wx`wtakh# hch ibbk dhthpnbkath zh akxnbthbkthpyach dh thnzhpatxp# awtihc kgt hplpbch ia dh dathch hvzhpbnhktach w ibh gt nab phdxwh+
Zh dbaopana dbk ibo+ 9+ 2 wxkt dath gxp`hch dh hgfbcb`px zphwbxkh.thnzhpatxp# ca yazlpb}aph#zhktpx dbihpbth wx`wtakh+
1::
z U`ap^
6:
9:
4:
0:
: 8: 1:: 18: 0:: 08: 7:: 78: 4:: 48:
UE^
8::
T
F0
gp
Kh
K0Ap
tp
gp
gp
GL0
KF7
WL0 F L0
gp
gp
gp
tptp
Ibo+ 9+ 2 Gxp`hch dh hgfbcb`px zphwbxkh.thnzhpatxp ca yazlpb}aph zhktpx wx`wtakh zxph
Cbkbapb}apha dhzhkdhkhb zphwbxkh.thnzhpatxp hwth zph}hktat zh dbaopana dbk ibo+ 9+1: gaixkgbh coz&1,T+
Ibo+ 9+ 1: Gxp`hch dh hgfbcb`px k dbaopana cloapbtnbg coz&1,T
9+ 1+ 4 Tpakwilpnpbch dh wtaph ach yazlpbclp
k zapaopaixc 9+ 1+ 1+ a ilwt zph}hktata b}l`apa ca nhdbxc cbgfbd yazlpb# k tlath ia}hch+ kglktbkxaph wh ylp zph}hkta ghchcacth tpakwilpnapb+
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
1:
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
11/20
a Tpakwilpnapha b}lglp &y>glkwtakt+ Zplghwxc dh kgc}bph b}lglp hwth zph}hktat zhdbaopanhchz.y# T.w b f.w &ibo+ 9+ 11# ibo+ 9+10+ k dbaopanaz.y b}lglphch wxkt phzph}hktath dhcbkbb yhptbgach &ibo+ 9+11+ Whkwxc zplghwxcxb dh kgc}bph b}lglp hwth dh mlw k wxw# dhlaphghkgc}bpha hwth kwlbt dh gphthpha zphwbxkbb+ Wh glkwtat g b}lglpa 7.4# wbtxat ca xk ylcxn
wzhgbibg nab nbg dhgt ylcxnxc wzhgbibg aihphkt zxkgtxcxb gpbtbg &y 3 ygp# zlpkhth dbk }lkayazlpbclp xnh}b b wh thpnbk k }lka cbgfbdxcxb+ Dag zplghwxc 7.4 ap ayha clg kxnab k }lka`bia}bg# zpbk kgc}bph b}lglp# tbtcxc yazlpbclp w.ap phdxgh+ k wgfbn` ca b}lglpa 8.9# gaph aphylcxn wzhgbibg nab pbdbgat dhgt ylcxnxc wzhgbibg gpbtbg# zpbk kgc}bph anhwthgxc `bia}bg whtpakwilpn k yazlpb wxzpakgc}bb+ k ga}xc k gaph zplghwxc 8.9 ap ayha clg kxnab k }lka
`bia}bg# zpbk kgc}bph b}lglp# tbtcxc yazlpbclp ap gphth+ k dbaopanhch T.w b f.w# k }lkacbgfbdxcxb# datlpbt glnzphwb`bcbtbb wach phdxwh# b}lglphch wxkt zpagtbg cbkbb yhptbgach+Dhlaphgh# k dbaopanhch T.w b f w b}lthpnhch b b}l`aphch k }lka cbgfbdxcxb wxkt ilapthazplzbath# k aghwth dbaopanh wh ya phzph}hkta kxnab b}lglpa 8 9 dbk }lka yazlpbclp+ Zpbkkgc}bpha b}lglp hktaczba b hktplzba gphwg+ k }lka yazlpbclp xnh}b b}lglphch wxktphzph}hktath dh gxp`h gx l zakt gaph wgadh zh nwxp gh tbtcxc yazlpbclp wgadh+ k }lka
yazlpbclp wxzpakgc}bb zakta b}lglphb gphth gx thnzhpatxpa b zphwbxkha+Gcdxpa wgfbn`at k gxpwxc xkxb zplghw b}lglp hwth dat dh dbihphka hkhpobbclp bkthpkhaihpkth+ Awtihc zhktpx xk eo dh yazlpb# zhktpx tpakwilpnapha 8.9 ph}xct=
q8#9> x9 x8> f9 f8 y &z9.z8 &9+04
cxgpxc nhgakbg dh zplghw hwth kxc# bap cxgpxc nhgakbg tltac hwth=
ct8#9> y &z9.z8 &9+08
v>:
v>1
gp
:
8:
1::
18:
0::
08:
:#::1 :#:1 :#1 1 1: 1::
y Un7,eo^
zU`ap^
yazlpb wxzpkgac}btb
nhdbx `bia}bg
:3v31
z0
z1
9
87
40
1
v>1
z>1`
ap
z>8`
ap
v>:#8
v>:#0
v>:#4
v>:#9
v>:#6
z>19:
`ap
:
8::
1:::
18::
0:::
08::
7:::
78::
4:::
48::
8:::
: 0 4 9 6 1: 10
wUeM,&eo E"^
fUeM,eo^
8
9
y>:#:0 n7,eo
gp
Ibo+ 9+ 10 Phzph}hktapha b}lglphbIbo+ 9+ 11 Phzph}hktapha b}lglphclpca yazlpb k dbaopanaz.y ca yazlpb k dbaopana f.w
` Tpakwilpnaph b}lthpn &T> glkwtakt+ Aghawt tpakwilpnaph aph clg att gx wgfbn` dhgcdxp gt b dh cxgpx+ Zh dbaopanhch dbk ibo+ 9+ 17 . 9+18 wxkt phzph}hktath tpakwilpnpbchb}lthpnh+ k ga}xc zplghwhclp dh kgc}bph hylcxba zplghwxcxb hwth k whkwxc gphthpbb ylcxnxcxbwzhgbibg# phwzhgtby a hktplzbhb+ Zhktpx l hylcxbh dh ca l wtaph ibkac 1 ca l wtaph ibkac 0# gaph apayha clg ktph dlx zphwbxkb#z1;z0# gcdxpa wgfbn`at dh xkbtatha dh gaktbtath dh icxbd hwth=
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
11
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
12/20
0#110100#1 && cxxwwTq %>> &9+09
phwzhgtby
0#110100#1 && tcffwwTq %>> &9+0?
k gaph cxgpxc dh zplghw hwth dhthpnbkat dbk phcaba dh dhibkbbh # bap zhktpx cxgpxc
tltac c + Dhthpnbkapha aghwtlp cxgpxpbk wh zlath iagh zpbk xtbcb}apha phcabbclp gaph wh
`a}ha} zh npbnbch dh wtaph aihphkth yazlpbclp# awtihc=
>0
1
0#1 zdyc
>0
1
0#1 ydzt
zhktpx cxgpxc dh zplghw=
^
U &&&& 11001010100#10#1 yzyzffwwTxxqc >> &9+06bap zhktpx cxgpx thfkbg wh l`bkh=
&&&& 11000#11010100#10#1 yzyzcffwwTffqct %>>> &9+02
gp
78:G
1
T>18:G
T>08:G
0
T>48:G
:
8:
1::
18:
0::
08:
7::
78:
4::
48:
:#::1 :#:1 :#1 1 1: 1:: 1:::
z U`ap^
yUn7,eo^
v>1
gp
Ttp
v>:
Ttp>0?7#19 E
Tgp>94?#18 E
T>7?7#18 E
T>807#18 E
48:G5 ?07 E
T>907#18 E
:
0::
4::
9::
6::
1:::
: 0 4 9 6 1
TUE^
w UeM,&eo E"^:
Ibo+ 9+ 17 B}lthpnh ca yazlpb k dbaopanaz.y 9+ 14 B}lthpnh ca yazlpb k dbaopana T.w
v>1
v>:#8
v>:#0
v>:#4
v>:#9
gpv>:#6
T> 1:: G
T>08:G
T>9::G
T>6::G
0T>78:G
1
:
8::
1:::
18::
0:::
08::
7:::
78::
4:::
48::
8:::
: 0 4 9 6 1: 10 14
f UeM,eo^
w UeM,&eo E"^
Ibo+ 9+ 18 B}lthpnh ca yazlpb k dbaopana f.w
` Tpakwilpnapha adba`at phyhpwb`bc &w>glkwtaktAghawt tpakwilpnaph 1.0 aph clg ip wgfbn` dh gcdxp# dhgb hktplzba wa wh nhkbkh
glkwtakt+ Zhktpxwbwthnhch kgfbwh cxgpxc nhgakbg hwth dat dh yapbaba dh hkhpobh bkthpk# dhgbzhktpx xk eo dh icxbd ph}xct=
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
10
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
13/20
& " & 11000110 zyfzyfxxc >> UM,eo^ &9+ 7:
Zhktpx wbwthnhch dhwgfbwh cxgpxc nhgakbg thfkbg ac tpakwilpnpbb adba`ath phyhpwb`bch hwth=
0110# ffct > UM,eo^ &9+71
Zplghwxc adba`at hwth phzph}hktat zh dbaopanhchz y# z.f#T.w b f.w dbk iboxpbch 9+ 17. 9 19+ kwhkwxc dh ca 1 ca 0 zplghwxc adba`at phyhpwb`bc hwth xkxc dh dhwtbkdhph# bap k whkwxc dh ca 0 ca 1wh phacb}h} l glnzpbnaph+
Ibo+ 9+ 19 Tpakwilpnapha adba`ata ca yazlpb k dbaopanaz y
9+ 16 Tpakwilpnapha adba`ata cayazlpb k dbaopana f. w
9+ 1? Tpakwilpnapha adba`ata cayazlpb k dbaopana T . w
gCanbkapha yazlpbclp+ Zplghwxc dh canbkapha aph clg ca hktaczbh glkwtakt# k whkwxc gphthpbbhktplzbhb b a wgdhpbb zphwbxkbb+ Ca yazlpb# dxz gxn wh l`whpya dbk dbaopana f.w# zplghwxc dhcanbkaph glkdxgh ca l phdxghph a thnzhpatxpbb b ca l xwgaph a aghwtlpa# k wzhgbac k }lka dhyazlpb wxzpkgc}bb &ibo+ 9+ 19+ k }lka yazlpbclp xnh}b aghawt phdxghph dh thnzhpatxp wh
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
17
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
14/20
datlpha} wgdhpbb zphwbxkbb dh watxpabh+ Tlt k aghawta }lk# xpnaph a canbkpbb# wh l`whpy lgphthph a tbtcxcxbv# dhgb l xwgaph a aghwtlpa+ Dhlaphgh f1>f0# ph}xct k }lka yazlpbclp xnh}b=
0000000011111111 5 yy p/%v/>f".f&f/%v>ffp/%v/>f".f&f/%v>ff &9+ 70
phwzhgtby=
0
01
0
110
&yy
y
p/f/f
ppvv %> &9+ 77
Dhlaphghz1;z0# atxkgb# bap # dhgb ac dlbcha thpnhk hwth zl}btby# bap zhktpx #
ph}xct v
/f/f 01 ; 0yp 1yp
0;v1+ Ca zphwbxkb nbgb# k }lka dh wxzpakgc}bph thnzhpatxpa pnkh zpagtbgglkwtakt &ga}xc glnzlptpbb yazlpbclp ga xk oa} zhpihgt# y+ 7+ 0+ Zh dbaopana f.w zph}hktatk ibo+ 9+ 19 w.ax tpawat zplghwhch dh canbkaph ktph dlx zphwbxkb k dbihpbth }lkh achdbaopanhb+
v>1
v>:#9
v>:#6
T> 1:: G
T>18:G
T>08:G
T>78:G
gp
T>9::G
T>6::G
v>:#8v>:#4
8 9
? 6
1 0
2 1:
7 4
1110
18::
0:::
08::
7:::
78::
4:::
48::
8:::
7 4 8 9 ? 6 2 1: 11
f UeM,eo^
w UeM,&eo E"^
f&w" cbgfbd . yazlpb aza
Ibo+ 9+ 12 Canbkapha yazlpbclp k dbaopana f.w
Wh glkwtat g ca zplghwxch 1.0 b 7.4# gaph ax clg k }lka xnhd tbtcxc yazlpbclp gphth# bap
thnzhpatxpa wgadh# ha ibbkd glphwzxk}tlaph zphwbxkbb ca watxpabh+ Canbkapha dbktph zxkgthch11 .10 gaph aph clg ktph zphwbxkha dh 0: `ap b 1 `ap glkdxgh ca l xwgaph a yazlpbclp dap gx lphdxgph dh thnzhpatxp+ Zplghwhch 8.9# ?.6 b 2.1: ax clg k }lka wxzpakgc}bt+ Wh glkwtat#
zhktpx zplghwhch gaph ax clg ktp.l }lk nab azplzbat dh gxp`a dh watxpabh g yapbaba dhthnzhpatxp hwth nab zplkxkat dhgt k }lka nab dhzptat dh gxp`a dh watxpabh &a whglnzapa zplghwxc 8.9# ca gaph yapbaba dh thnzhpatxp hwth dh gbpga 1:: E# ia dh zplghwxc 2.1: xkdh yapbaba dh thnzhpatxp wh phdxgh ca gbpga 7: E+
9+ 0 Anhwthg ahp yazlpb &ahp xnhd"
Ahpxc xnhd hwth glnzxw dbk ahpxc xwgat b yazlpb dh az+ Zphwbxkha tltac a ahpxcxbxnhd hwthz b phzph}bkt wxna dbktph zphwbxkha ahpxcxb xwgat zab zphwbxkha yazlpbclp dh az
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
14
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
15/20
gaph wh aic k wtaph wxzpkgc}btzy+ Zhktpx an`hch oa}h# glkwbdhpath ga ibbkd oa}h zhpihgth whazcbg chobch oa}hclp zhpihgth+ Ahpxc xwgat wh glnzxkh k zpbkgbzac dbk lvbohk L0# a}lt K0#
zphgxn b acth oa}h GL0# Fh# Ap htg+ Awtihc ahpxc xnhd wh glkwbdhp xk anhwthg dh oa}hglnzxw dbkzaptha xwgat# ahpxc xwgat# b zaptha xnhd# ilpnat dbk yazlpbb dh az gaph zltw.b nldbibgh gaktbtatha k xpn hyazlppbb# phwzhgtby glkdhkwpbb# ixkgbh dh thnzhpatxp+
y
a
zLF
z
Ap
F
Fh
LK
z
zaptbacazphwbxkhazayazlpb
zaptbacazphwbxkhdhxwgatahptltacazphwbxkhdhxnhdAhpxc
0
0
0
0
&9+ 74
9+ 0+ 1 Npbnbch wzhgbibgh ach ahpxcxb xnhd
Xnbdbtatha phcatbya ahpxcxb xnhd# kltat gx # phzph}bkt opadxc dh watxpabh acyazlpbclp dh az dbk ahp# ca thnzhpatxpa anhwthgxcxb dhkxnbt ahp xnhd+ Phcaba dh gacgxc hwth =
U ^(1::&&
zplghktxacwax&&
>>Tz
Tz
Tz
Tz
yw
y
yw
y &9+ 78
k gaph zyw&T hwth zphwbxkha zapbac a yazlpbclp ca watxpabh# dhgb ca wtapha dh hgfbcb`px gxthnzhpatxpa anhwthgxcxb T+ Zphwbxkha dh watxpabh wh dhthpnbk ibh dbk ta`hchch dh watxpabh ach
yazlpbclp dh az# ibh gx phcabbch=
U ^
U ^Fonnck696#78#947
?64#49hvz&
n`apck:2#896:6
42#87hvz11#9&
>
>
TT
Tz
TT
Tz
yw
yw
&9+ 7:
xkdh thnzhpatxpa wh hvzpbn k E+ Aghwth phcabb wxkt yaca`bch zh dlnhkbxc .0:G5 0::G+
Xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt# kltat gxv# phzph}bkt pazlptxc dbktph nawa dh yazlpb ny gaph wh
aic k anhwthg gx nawa dh ahp xwgat na xwktp.xk akxnbt ylcxn# b wh hvzpbn zpbk =
>
xwa
yaz
xwa
yaz
xwa
y
eo
o
eo
eo
n
nv wax &9+79
Gaktbtatha &1%v phzph}bkt anhwthgxc xkxb eo dh ahp xwgat gxv eo dh yazlpb+Chotxpa dbktph ghch dlx xnbdbtb wh iagh zpbk azcbgapha hgxabhb dh wtaph a oa}hclp zhpihgth zhktpxan`bb glnzlkhkb dbk anhwthg+ Zh `a}a chobb cxb Dactlk ph}xct=
y
Nyy
xwa
Nxwaa
N
TPnz
N
TPnz >> 5 &9+ 7?
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
18
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
16/20
bap pazlptxc dbktph ghch dlx nawh glkdxgh ca
& "& "Tzz
Tz
zz
z
z
z
N
N
n
nv
yw
yw
y
y
a
y
xwa
y
xwa
y
>
>>> 900#:900#: &9+ 76
k gaph yaclapha :#900 ph}xct dbk pazlptxc nawhb nlcaph azhb b a ahpxcxb xwgat+ Zphwbxkhazapbac a yazlpbclp dh az ixkgbh dh xnbdbtatha a`wlcxtv ph}xct =
900#:%>
v
vzzy &9+ 72
xkdhv wh bktpldxgh k eo yaz,eo ahp xwgat+Dhkwbtatha ahpxcxb xnhd+ Wh glkwbdhp l naw dh &1%vahp xnhd gx xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt
v# gaph wh aic ca thnzhpatxpa Tb zphwbxkha zapbac a yazlpbclp dh azzy# gx zphwbxkha tltaczgaph lgxz ylcxnxc Y+ Dhkwbtatha ahpxcxb xnhd# zpbk azcbgapha chobclp oa}hclp zhpihgth zhktpxghb dlb glnzlkhkb hwth =
& "yyxwa
y
N
xwa
y
xwa
ya
N
xwazz
Tz
N
Nz
TP
Nz
N
Nz
TP
N
Y
v76?#:
06?1
11
>
%>
%>
%> &9+4:
k gaph glkwtakta wzhgbibg a ahpxcxb xwgatP>PN,N> 06? M,&eo EDhkwbtatha ahpxcxb xnhd ca l zphwbxkh tltacz# k ixkgbh dh dhkwbtatha ahpxcxb xwgat k glkdbbbklpnach ib}bgh # hwth=7# ,027#1 neoxwaK >
& " U ^7# eo,n900#:1900#:
v
v
z
z
T
T
K
KxwaK %
%> &9+41
9+ 0+ 0 Dbaopana f1%vva ahpxcxb xnhd
Dbaopana dh ahp xnhd+ Wglzxc hwth dh a glkwtpxb l dbaopan dh cxgpx gaph# zpbk gbtbph# wzhpnbt dhthpnbkapha yaclpbclp npbnbclp dh wtaph ach anhwthgxcxb ahp.yazlpb dh az+ Zh ibo+ 9+0: hwth zph}hktat gacbtatby dbaopana dh cxgpx f1%vv# kxnbt dbaopana Nlccbhp# zhktpx
zphwbxkha tltac glkwtakt dh ?9: nnFo &1 atn+ Zhktpx a dhthpnbka zplzpbhtbch aihphphkthxkxb zxkgt tph`xbh gxklwgxth dlx dbktph hch+ Zh iboxpa 9+ 1? wh glkwbdhp gxklwgxth zhktpx
zxkgtxc A thnzhpatxpa ca thpnlnhtpxc xwgat TA b xnbdbtatha phcatby A+ Zpbk gbtbph zhdbaopan wh l`bk# zhktpx ahp xnhd k zxkgtxcA= hktaczba ahpxcxb xnhd fA#1%v 5 thnzhpatxpa dh
plx TA#p# thnzhpatxpa ca thpnlnhtpxc xnhd T A# xn# xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt vA+ Thnzhpatxpa cathpnlnhtpxc xnhd gbtbt ca hktaczbh glkwtakt hwth zxbk nab gl`lpt dhgt aghha phac#datlpbt glktpb`xbhb gcdxpbb glkbkxt dh aza cbgfbd gcTxn+ Dhgb thnzhpatxpa ca thpnlnhtpxcxnhd ap tph`xb gbtbt ca hktaczbaf1%v vgcTxn+ Zhktpx gacgxchch zpagtbgh w# aghawt dbihphkkx hwth whnkbibgatby+
Hktaczba wzhgbibg a ahpxcxb xnhdwh dhthpnbk zhktpx anhwthgxc a 1 eo ahp xwgat gxv eodh yazlpb dh az# wh kltha} f1%v# b wh hvzpbn zpbk phcaba =
& " "GyzyGxwazGv TgpvTgvTf % %%> #:#1 # UeM, eo a xw^ &9+40
k gaph wh glkwbdhp yaclpbch gcdxpbclp wzhgbibgh nhdbb ca zphwbxkh glkwtakt zh xk bkthpyac
x}xac dh thnzhpatxp awtihc gz#a xw> 1#::9 eM,&eo E5 gz#y > 1#66 eM,&eo E# gcdxpa cathkt dh
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
19
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
17/20
yazlpb}aph a azhb ca :G# py: > 0 81: eM,eo+ Ca thnzhpatxpa dh :G b xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt v>:eo yaz,eo a xw# hktaczba wzhgbibg a ahpxcxb xnhd hwth }hpl+
Zakta dphzthclp b}lthpnh hwth =
& "U ^Gyzy
glkwtT
Gv Tgp
v
vTf
>
% %>
#:
+
1 # &9+47
Dhgb l dphazt ilapth kgcbkat ia dh a`wgbw datlpbt yaclpbclp pbdbgath ach npbnbclpaihphkth & py: > 0 81: eM,eo5 gz#y > 1#66 eM,&eo E+ Zhktpx a nbglpa aghawt zakt dbaopanaf1%v v hwth glkwtpxbt gx l av axvbcbap# pltbt k whkw lpap awtihc kgt b}lthpna dh :G w ibhlpb}lktac+ Zhktpx a npb zphgb}ba dh gbtbph zh dbaopan aghwt xkofb wh ba dh phoxc dh 48+Awtihc
& "U ^
:
#
:
1
1
#
toy
Gyz
y
Gv
nldbip
Tg
p
v
vTf
%
%>
> &9+44
Ca T>:G ph}xct xkofbxc nldbi > 48# dhgb i dh ava kgcbkat b}lthpna dh :G hwthlpb}lktac &wh wxzpazxkh zhwth ava dh v>glkwtakt+ Cbkbbch dh hktaczbh glkwtakt wxkt b hchkgcbkath gx 48 ga ph}xctat ac klbb avh# hch ibbkd zapachch+ k ghha gh zpbyhth cbkbbch b}lthpnhhch dhybk dbk gh k gh nab kgcbkath iaa dh ava hktaczbhb# pltbt gx 48# wax ia dh ava
xnbdbtbb phcatbyh zh nwxp ghgphth thnzhpatxpa+ Aghawta wh
datlpha} thpnhkxcxb:
#
y
yz
p
Tg G dbk
phcaba dh nab wxw+ Awtihc# zh nwxpgh thnzhpatxpa gphth# zaktabtlthpnhclp gphth xlp ghha ghglkdxgh ca dbyhpohka aghwtlpa &ibo+9+ 0:+ Dxz gxn wh l`whpydbaopana f1%v.v hwth tpawat zhktpx
zphwbxkha dh ?9: nnFo &1 atn+Dhgb# ca thnzhpatxpb wxzhpblaph ca1::G kx nab ayhn cbgfbd gaph whyazlpb}ha}# awtihc zphwbxkbch zapbachach yazlpbclp# att dbk ahp gt b aghha
dh watxpabh kx nab gphwg# dhgbxnbdbtatha phcatby >glkwtakt+
vUeo yaz,eoa xw
f1%v> glkwtakt
f1%v. v
T >1::G
z>?9:nn Fo>1atn
f1%v>:eM,eoa xw
48
>1::(
>glkwt+ 31::(
>glkwt+
vA> glkwt+
TA#xn
TA
TA# p
A
Zxkgtxcdhplxa
A
T >glkwt+
fA#1%v> glkwtakt
Ibo+ 9+ 0: Dbaopana dh cxgpx gx ahpxnhd f1%v.v
Cbkbbch dh xnbdbtath phcatby glkwtakt# zhktpx thnzhpatxpb wxzhpblaph ca 1::G wxktyhptbgach &zhktpx zphwbxkha tltac dh 1 atn# dhlaphgh kbgb xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt kx wh nldbibg
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
1?
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
18/20
Zk agxn ax ilwt dhibkbth lzt npbnb gaph gapagthpb}ha} wtapha ahpxcxb xnhd# b akxnh=T# Txn# Tp# # v# zy# f1%v b + Zpl`chna gaph wh zxkh hwth aghha dh a dhibkb npbnbchbkdhzhkdhkth# nwxpa`bch# gaph zhpnbt dhthpnbkapha wtpbb ahpxcxb xnhd+ Dhlaphgh aghwthnpbnb wxkt choath ktph hch zpbk awh phcabb bkdhzhkdhkth# ph}xct g tph`xbhwg gxklwgxth dlxdbk npbnbch nhkblkath nab wxw zhktpx a ch dhthpnbka zh ghchcacth awh+
Thnzhpatxpa ca thpnlnhtpxc xnhdTxn hwth xk zapanhtpx gaph apat opadxc dh xnbdbtath acahpxcxb+ Ha wh dhibkhth ga thnzhpatxpa dh hgfbcb`px ph}xctat zpbk hyazlpapha xkhb nawh dh azcbgfbd k ahp# gcdxpa khghwap hyazlppbb ibbkd zphcxat kxnab dbk ahp+ Dhgb# dbihphka dbktphthnzhpatxpa ca thpnlnhtpxc xwgat b ca thpnlnhtpxc xnhd# T.Txn# phzph}bkt l nwxp aopadxcxb dh watxpabh ac ahpxcxb gx yazlpb dh az+ Wh glkwbdhp xk thpnlnhtpx a gpxb `xc` gaphhwth kixpat dh l nha dh zk} zlplaw n`b`at k az cbgfbd b gaph wh aic ktp.xk gxphktdh ahp+ Zpbk dhibkbbh thnzhpatxpa bkdbgat dh thpnlnhtpx# gaph hwth aghha a azhb dbk nh ghwh aic k hgfbcb`px gx ahpxc# hwth thnzhpatxpa ca thpnlnhtpxc xnhd Txn+ Wh hihgtxha} xk
`bcak dh hkhpobh ac wbwthnxcxb dhwgpbw gaph hylcxha} ktph wtapha bkbbac 1 b wtapha ibkac 0 bwh l`bkh=
f1# %v vxn v1 gcTxn > f0# %v &9+481 1 % &Wh glkwtat g hktaczba ibkac a ahpxcxb xnhd hwth nab pbdbgat dhgt hktaczba bkbbac gxgaktbtatha &vxn v1 gcTxn#dhgbzplghwxc hwth zwhxdl adba`atbg+ k pazlpt gx gcdxpa khghwapayazlpb}pbb dbihphkhb dh xnbdbtath &vxn v1 py: thpnhkxc &vxn v1 gc Txn aph l bkicxhkaphdxw+ Atxkgb gkd wh glkwbdhpv1>:# phcaba dh nab wxw dhybkh=
f1# %v vxn gcTxn > f0# %v1 &9+ 491 %
ghha gh hvzcbg dh gh k dbaopana f1%vv# cbkbbch dh thnzhpatxp xnhd glkwtakt kx wxktzapachch gx cbkbbch dh hktaczbh glkwtakt+
Thnzhpatxpa dh plx Tp wh dhibkhth ga ibbkd thnzhpatxpa ahpxcxb xnhd ca watxpabh# >1#atxkgb gkd xnbdbtatha a`wlcxtv hwth glkwtakt+ k aghawt wbtxabh ph}xct=
& "&&dhgb#1
&1
1pywy
pyp
y TzTzTz
Tz>>> &9+4?
Awtihc ca aghawt zphwbxkh wh l`bkh thnzhpatxpa dh plx a zxkgtxcxb phwzhgtby dbk
phcaba dh dhzhkdhk a thnzhpatxpbb gx zphwbxkha zh gxp`a dh watxpabh a azhb+ Atxkgb gkd whilclwhth xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt v# ph}xct zhktpx >1 zphwbxkha zapbac glphwzxk}tlaph
zxkgtxcxb dh plx=
& yp zT
zv
vTz pyw 900#:
&%
> &9+46
dh xkdh wh l`bkh thnzhpatxpa dh plx Tp&zyw+
9+ 0+ 7 Zplghwhch dh phihpbk gx ahp xnhd
Zpbkgbzachch zplghwh gx ahp xnhd wxkt zph}hktath k dbaopana dbk iboxpa 9+ 16+ Whglkwbdhp xk dh`bt nawbg dh ahp xwgat glkwtakt gaph hylcxha} k zplghwhch gaph ylp ib
zph}hktath nab mlw+xwan #)
Zh iboxpa 9+ 01 wh dbwtbko xpntlaphch zplghwh=
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
16
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
19/20
a kgc}bpha xwgatA 1 aph clg ca xnbdbtath a`wlcxt glkwtakt#vA>v1>glkwt+Icxvxc dhgcdxp zphcxat dh ahpxc xnhd hwth=
& "vAvxwaA ffnQ %% > 1#1#1#1# )) Ue_# eM,w^ &9+42
Hktaczba ahpxcxb xnhd ca wtapha ibkac# atxkgb gkd wh gxklath icxvxc dh gcdxp #
ph}xct=1#AQ
)
xwa
A
vAvn
Qff
#
1#1#1#1
)
)
%> %% UeM,eo a#xw^ &9+8:
Wh glkwtat g xnbdbtatha phcatby wgadh k gxpwxc zplghwxcxb dh kgc}bph xwgat 1 3 A
` Pgbph xwgat zhwth thnzhpatxpa dh plx# A 0# aph clg ca xnbdbtath a`wlcxt glkwtakt#vA>v0>glkwt+ k gxpwxc aghwtxb zplghw icxvxc dh gcdxp hvtpaw dh ca ahp hwth=
& "vAvxwaA ffnQ %% > 1#1#0#0#))
Ue_# eM,w^ &9+81
bap hktaczba wzhgbibg a ahpxcxb ca wtapha 0 dhybkh=
xwa
A
vA
xwa
A
vAvn
Qf
n
Qff
#
0#
1##
0#1#1#0
)
)
)
)
%>%> %%% UeM,eo a#xw^ &9+80
Xnbdbtatha phcatby ibkac gphthk gxpwxc zplghwxcxb dh pgbph xwgat 0 ; A+
g Pgbph xwgat wx` thnzhpatxpa dh plx# A. 0.7.4# aph clg ca xnbdbtath a`wlcxt glkwtakt
zk k zxkgtxc 7# ibbkd kwlbt dh glkdhkwapha zapbac a yazlpbclp gx phdxghpha xnbdbtbba`wlcxth a ahpxcxb# 7.4# awtihcv43vA+k aghawt wbtxabh icxvxc dh gcdxp hvtpaw dh ca ahp hwth=
& "vAvxwaA ffnQ %% > 1#1#4#4# )) &9+87
Htaczba wzhgbibg ibkac ph}xct=
xwa
A
vA
xwa
A
vAvn
Qf
n
Qff
#
4#
1##
4#1#1#4
)
)
)
)
%>%> %%% &9+84
bap xnbdbtatha a`wlcxt a yazlpbclp wgadh# awtihc dh`btxc dh cbgfbd l`bkxt zpbk glkdhkwapha
yazlpbclp hwth=
"4#4# vvnn AxwaAc > )) Ueo,w^ &9+88
Xnbdbtatha phcatby ibkac 4>1 &1::(+
d Xnbdbibgapha adba`at#A.8# aph clg ca hktaczbh glkwtakt 3 gx a`wlp`ba dh
cbgfbd k ahp# gxvvAf %1# vf %1#8
8;vA+ Dh`btxc dh cbgfbd a`wlp`bt k gxpwxc aghwtxb zplghw hwth=
"8#8# vvnn AxwaAc > )) Ueo,w^ &9+89
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZpli+ Achvakdpx Gfbwagli# 0::2
12
8/3/2019 vapori si amestecuri de gaze
20/20
Xnbdbtatha phcatby ibkac 8; A+ Zxkgtxc 8 wh zlath aica ibh zh gxp`a dh >1# ibh zh lgxp` dh xnbdbtath phcatby nab phdxw+
h Anhwthgapha a dlx gaktbtb dh ahp xnhd gx zapanhtpbb aihphkb a dlx zxkgth@ b G#phwzhgtby n@# v@# f@ b nG# vG#fGghha gh glkdxgh ca zapanhtpbb zxkgtxcxb Ndh anhwthg=
G@
GvG@v@
vN
G@
GG@@N
ff
vfvff
nn
vnvnv
%
%>
%%
> %%%1#1#
1#5 &9+8?
Gx aghwth yaclpb wh dhthpnbk dbk dbaopana f1%v v xnbdbtatha phcatby b thnzhpatxpazxkgtxcxb dh anhwthg N# TN+ Zh iboxpa 9+ 01 w.ax kltat hktaczbbch ahpxcxb xnhd ip bkdbghch1%v# dhgb f1%v>f+
vUeo yaz,eoa xw
f0#1%v> glkwt+
T >1::G
z>?9:n n Fo>1atn
f1%v>:eM,eoa xw
>1::(
>glkwt+31::(
>glkwt+
vA>v1>v0>v7>glkwt+
A
fA#1%v> glkwt+
TA
A
1
7
0
4
8
v4
0
T1
v8
1
f8f0
f4
f7
f1#
v@ vGvN
@
G
N
f@
fG
fN
N
f1%v.v
Ibo+ 9+ 01 Zplghwh gx ahp xnhd
Aghwth dbaopanh wtax ca `a}a zplghwhclp dh glkdbblkaph.gcbnatb}aph b dh xwgaph anathpbachclp+ Dh awhnhkha# zplghwhch dh tbz ahp xnhd kwlhwg hyazlpapha cbgfbdxcxb bglkdhkwapha yazlpbclp dbk anhwthgxpb yazlpb.oa}h+
@a}hch Thpnldbkanbgbb Thfkbgh BZ i Ac d Gfb i 0::2
0: