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Coperta revistei Urbanismul, nr. 5-6, mai-iunie 1937, n facsimilCover of Urbanismul magazine no. 5- 6, may-june 1937, in facsimileCouverture de la revue Urbanismul, no. 5-6 , mai-juin 1937, en facsimile

Arhiva personal / Personal archive / Archive personnelleerban Popescu-Criveanu

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2 11 / 2012 URBANISMUL

Colegiul de redacie / Editorial College / College de rdactionerban Popescu-Criveanu PreedinteGabriel Pascariu Coordonatorul numrului 11/2012Doina BubuleteLiviu IaniKzmr KovcsVintil Mihilescu

Crian Victor PopescuAlexandru M. SanduIleana Tureanu

Redactor e / Editor in chie / diteur en cheMaria Mnescu

Secretar general de redacie /Secretary editor / Secrtaire de rdactionAdrian Abrudan

Graphic Design - DTPMB StudioOctavian Carabela, Marius Marcu-Lapadat

Colaboratori / Collaborators / Collaborateurs

Mihai Alexandru

Traduceri / Translations / TraductionsIleana Plopeanu, Maria Mnescu

Fotograi / Photos / PhotosLorin Niculae

Tiprit de / Printed by / Imprim parArtix Plus SRL

Redacia / Editorial Ofce / RedactionStr. Tudor Arghezi nr. 21, Et. VI, Sector 2, 020943, BucuretiTel./Fax: 021. 3 11.83.38E-mail: revista.urbanismul@rur.ro

Editorul i redacia nu se consider responsabile pentru opiniilei ideile exprimate de autori n materialele publicate n revistaUrbanismul-Serie Nou.

Revista este indexat n baza de date Copernicus.http://www. journals.indexcopernicus.com/passport.php?id=6467

CUPRINS/CONTENT/ CONTENU

CUPRINS

Editat de Registrul Urbanitilor din RomniaPublished by the Register of Romanian Urban Planners

dite par le Registre des Urbanistes Roumains

EDITORIAL / EDITORIAL / EDITORIAL

Gabriel PascariuDespre regionalizare numai de bine! / Speak only well o regionalization! /Parlez en bien de la rgionalisation!4PORTRET / PORTRAIT

Ana VasilacheIn memoriam Nicole Ra8REPERE / REFERENCE POINTS / REPRES

Ion ConeaSugestii i indicaii geo-istorice pentru numirea i determinarea marilor uniti

administrative ale Romniei / Sugestions and geo-historical guidelines or thenomination and creation o the great administrative divisions o Romania /Sugestions et indications go-historiques pour la dnomination et la cration desgrandes divisions administratives de Roumanie 10

DREPT URBAN / URBAN LAW / DROIT URBAIN

Radu SgeatActe normative care au vizat organizarea administrativ-teritorial din Romnia /Normative acts reerring to the administrative and territorial organization o Romania /Actes normatis sur lorganisation administrative et territoriale de Roumanie(1859-2011)20INTERVIU / INTERVIEW

Coeziunea teritorial nu este o problem de costuri / Territorial cohesion doesnt cost

any additional money / La cohsion territoriale ne cote pas cherInterviu acordat de Andreas Faludi lui Gabriel Pascariu / Interview with AndreasFaludi taken by Gabriel Pascariu / Interview accord par Andreas Faludi GabrielPascariu22EVENIMENTE / EVENTS / VNEMENTS

Delia PopaConferina Coeziune teritorial i competitivitate n contextul Strategiei Europa 2020 /Conerence on Territorial cohesion and competitivity in the context o the Europe 2020Strategy / La conrence Cohsion territoriale et comptitivit dans le contexte de la stratgieEurope 2020 32Radu Matei CocheciPactul teritorial i Strategia Europa 2020Expoziia Activri urbane n Romnia/ The exposition on Urban Activations inRomania / Lexposition Activations urbaines en Roumanie 34

A. I. PetriorConerin Urbanconcept / The Urbanconcept Conrence / La ConrenceUrbanconcept35Radu Matei CocheciTrump in New York City36Clubul Studenilor Urbaniti37Lorin NiculaeOraul eemer. Fotografe, grafc, montaj otografc38

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NOI APARIII / New Releases / Nouvelles apparitions

Andrei tefan SabuPoliticile regionale n Romnia / Regional policies in Romania / Les politiques rgionalesen Roumanie40Kzmr KovcsCui i-e ric de cartierul Matache? / Whos araid o the Matache neighborhood? / Qui apeur du quartier Matache? 42

GLOSAR

Mihai Alexandru, Maria MnescuRegiune, Regionalism, Regionalizare. Concepte vechi i noi / Region, Regionalism,

Regionalization. Old and new concepts / Rgion, Rgionalisme, Rgionalisation.Concepts anciens et nouveaux.43DOSAR / FILE / DOSSIER.49Corneliu BucurOrganizarea administrativ - teritorial a Romniei ntre tradiie istoric, dictat politic,sincronism european, decizie administrativ i analiz tiinifc / The administrativeand territorial organization o Romania between historical tradition, political dictate,european sincronism, administrative decision and scientifc analysis / Lorganisationadministrative et territoriale de Roumanie entre la tradition historique, dictat politique,sincronisme europen, dcision administrative et analyse scientifque50

Ana Maria PetrescuROMNIA. Evoluia istoric a organizrii administrative. Delimitri teritoriale actuale /Historical evolution o the administrative organization / Evolution historique de lorgani-

sation administrative56Petru FilipRegionalizarea n Romnia. Tradiie i tendine europene / Regionalization in Romania.Tradition and european trends/La rgionalisation en Roumanie. Tradition et tendanceseuropennes62Dnu-Radu SgeatOrganizarea administrativ-teritorial a Romniei. Modelul interbelic / The territorial-administrative organization o Romania. The interwar model / Lorganisation administrative-territoriale de la Roumanie. Le modle dentre guerres67Gabriel PascariuMomente principale n implementarea politicii de dezvoltare regional n Romnia / Principalmoments o the implementation o the regional development policy in Romania/ Moments prin-

cipaux de limplmentation de la politique de dveloppement rgional en Roumanie71

Ioan Iano, Gabriel Pascariunceputurile politicii regionale n Romnia / First steps o the regional policy inRomania /Les premiers pas de la politique rgionale en Roumanie74Nicolae D. NeculaOrganizarea administrativ-teritorial a Bisericii Ortodoxe Romne / The territorial-administrative organization o the Romanian Orthodox Church / Lorganisationadministrative-territoriale de lEglise Orthodoxe de Roumanie80Mircea EnacheDinamism i continuitate: regionalizare n Romnia / Dynamism and continuity:regionalization in Romania / Dinamisme et continuit: rgionalisation en Roumanie82

Teol GhercDescentralizare i regionalizare n Frana / Decentralization and regionalization inFrance / Dcentralisation et rgionalisation en France85Maciej Jarosaw KolczyskiPolitica regional n Polonia Ctre o nou paradigm/ Regional policy in Poland Towards a new paradigm / La politique rgionale en Pologne Vers une nouvelleparadigme89Florin Pstoiu, Radu PetcuProgres, inovare i coeziune. Reorma administrativ i noua logic regional

n Danemarca / Progress, innovation and cohesion. The administrative reorm andthe new regional logic in Denmark / Progrs, innovation et cohesion . La rormeadministrative et la nouvelle logique rgionale en Danemark96

Jzsef BenedekModelul german de organizare a planifcrii teritoriale la nivel regional / The Germanmodel o territorial planning organization at the regional level / Le modle allemanddorganisation de la planifcation territoriale au niveau rgional100Pietro EliseiPactele teritoriale, instrumente de dezvoltare regional i local: de la experiena Italiei lapromovarea parteneriatului Europa 2020 / The Territorial Pacts, tools o regional and localdevelopment: rom the Italian experience to the promotion o the Europe 2020 partnership /Les Pactes Territoriaux, des outils de dveloppement rgional et local: de lexperience de lItalie la promotion du partenariat Europe 2020102Dumitru Sandun cutarea regionalizrii optime pentru dezvoltare / Searching or the optimal

regionalization or development / En qute de la rgionalisation optimale pour ledveloppement110PROIECTE / PROJECTS / PROJETS115Liviu IaniAmenajarea teritoriului ca subiect de cooperare transrontalier. Strategietransnaional de dezvoltare teritorial a bazinului rului Tisa (TICAD) / Spatialplanning as a subject o cross-border cooperation / Lamnagement du territoire commesujet de la coopration transrontalire116Pompei Cocean, Ana-Maria Pop, Lelia PappCooperare transnaional pentru gestionarea optim a resurselor din bazinul hidrografcal Someului / Transnational cooperation or the optimal management o resources inthe Some river catchment area / Coopration transnationale pour la gestion optimale deressources du bassin hidrographique de la rivire Some120Iulian Canov, Cristina ZlotaO abordare verde. Concurs de Urbanism la Kiev / A green approach. Spatial planningcompetition in Kiev / Une approche verte . Concours durbanisme Kiev125DOCUMENTE OFICIALE

Alexandru SanduOrdinul Arhitecilor din Romnia, 10 ani de activitate / 10 years o activity or the Order o the

Architects in Romania /10 ans dactivit de lOrdre des Architectes de Roumanie134Declaraia de la Bucureti / Declaration rom Bucharest / La Dclaration de Bucarest135ENGLISH ABSTRACTS / RESUMS EN FRANAIS136

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4 11 / 2012 URBANISMULEDITORIAL

Decizia de a consacra un Dosar temei regionalizrii asurvenit pe ondul dezbaterii care a inut pentru scurttimp, vara trecut, capul de a n media romneasc. Polemicaiscat de propunerea desinrii judeelor i crerii de regiuniadministrative s-a dovedit lipsit de prounzime i consistenideatic tipic dmboviean, marcat mai degrab depasiuni politice dect de argumente raionale sau doctrinare,conscat de personaje semidocte i srind lamentabil ntoropeala care cuprinde n general societatea romneasc spre

nalul verilor toride. Reaciile cu adevrat proesioniste au ostrare i au trecut relativ neobservate n hrmlaia general.Astel de voci singulare atrgeau atenia asupra seriozitii cucare trebuie abordat subiectul, asupra necesitii unor analizeatente i a unui dialog pertinent, deschis i extins.

De altel, chestiunea unei reorganizri teritoriale a aprutsporadic, dar cu o relativ ritmicitate n deceniile tranziieipost-decembriste, asociindu-se mai ales dup 2000 cu ideea dereorm a statului. Subiectul a ost abordat sau cel puin aa aost perceput de regul, n registru emoional i partizan, iaranalizele serioase, undamentate tiinic care au ost ntocmiten aceast perioad nu au avut impact la nivelul deciziei

politice. Dup tentativele euate ale Ligii judeelor abuzivdesinate de la nceputul anilor 90, discuiile s-au ocalizat njurul decupajului regional survenit ceva mai trziu, n contextulprocesului de aderare la Uniunea European (UE). Rspunzndsolicitrilor Comisiei Europene, constituirea celor 8 regiuni dedezvoltare la nele anului 1998 reprezint unul dintre puinelemomente de consens politic i social i rmne un reper alperioadei actuale. Acceptarea acestei ormule de regionalizarepare a posibil atta timp ct ea servete atragerii de ondurieuropene nerambursabile i oer un bun suport pentruanaliz i planicare. Problema de ond privind realizarea uneireorme administrativ-teritoriale nu este nicidecum rezolvat,actuala regionalizare ind strict statistic i de programare

investiional.Subiectul n legtur cu care vocea specialitilor s-a cutprea puin auzit n opinia public i a ost constant ignoratde ctre clasa politic i de media, n egal msur rmne,aadar, de interes i de actualitate. Este poate motivul pentrucare acesta este nsoit n continuare de tot elul de mituri,spaime i conuzii care ac dicil abordarea lui consecvent iconstructiv.

Prezentul numr al revistei nu i propune s oere soluii i nicis continue, s dezvolte sau s genereze noi polemici sterile.Oerind spaiu de exprimare unor personaliti cu experieni recunoatere proesional n domenii variate de la istorie i

geograe la sociologie i amenajarea teritoriului, Dosarul se

dorete a o colecie de opinii autorizate menite s reectecomplexitatea i diversitatea de puncte de vedere, abordrii perspective, numeroasele sensuri asociate termenuluiregionalizare. Sperm ca prin demersul nostru s crempremisele unei percepii mai corecte i mai adecvate de ctrepublicul larg n ceea ce privete situaia actual, contextuleuropean, relaiile instituionale i determinantele socio-economice i culturale.

Abordarea temei n paginile revistei este motivat i de unargument incontestabil: legtura esenial a proceselor deregionalizare cu teritoriul, cu spaiul geograc n generali, implicit, cu politicile de planicare i dezvoltare spaial.Subliniind aptul c teritoriul este, n ond, o construciecomplex social, economic, politic, instituional, Keatinginvoc remarca lui Gottmann care constata c este, totui,surprinztor c teritoriul a ost de attea ori neglijat ca un actorde analiz n tiinele politice. Regiunea este ea nsi o ormteritorial cu o multitudine de nelesuri. Cele mai importantesunt prezentate n Glosarulrealizat de Mihai Alexandru i MariaMnescu. Modul n care este neleas regiunea este denitoriupentru procesul de regionalizare. O bun parte a textelorcuprinse n Dosarvorbesc direct sau indirect despre eluritelesensuri i denumiri atribuite regiunilor de-a lungul timpului saun dierite locuri i conjuncturi politice i socio-economice.

Perspectiva istoric pe care o oer unele articole (Bucur,Sgeat) indic elemente de continuitate i permanen, dari transormri i adaptri generate de actori interni i externi.Fragmentele reproduse din revista interbelic Sociologieromneasc la rubrica Repere oglindesc preocuprile unorcercettori ai vremii de a gsi un optim ntre tradiie, identitatei aciune politic. Sunt evideniate, astel, rdcinile istoriceale unor orme teritoriale care sub dierite denumiri ri,judee, inuturi, pli au avut un rol denitoriu n organizareai administrarea teritoriului. Regionalizarea poate explicat i

neleas ca o construcie teritorial, rezultant a unui ansamblude actori care o pot inuena att de la nivelul local, comunitar,de jos n sus, ct i de la nivelul superior al statului n dieritelesale orme de existen democratic, autoritar, dictatorialsau de organizare unitar sau ederativ. Dieritele orme deregionalizare prezentate n cele ce urmeaz exprim, n ultimainstan, complexul joc de ore i interese care le determin.Sunt relevante n acest sens perspectivele cuprinztoaresau particularizante pe care le aduc unii autori cu reerire laRomnia (Filip) sau la alte state europene (Gherc, Kolczynski,Benedek, Pstoiu & Petcu). Exemplul unor re-modelri recenteale organizrii administrativ-teritoriale la nivelul unor statemembre ale UE poate util n perspectiva urmtorilor ani, n care

un demers similar este probabil inevitabil i n cazul Romniei.

Despre regionalizare...numai de bine!

Gabriel PASCARIU

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Cazul Poloniei, cu precdere, singurul stat est-european care aparcurs un proces complet de regionalizare dup 1990, meritcercetat cu atenie, avnd n vedere o serie de similitudini deorm, mrime i organizare teritorial cu ara noastr.

Un actor de presiune i direcionare a proceselor deregionalizare la scara UE l constituie, n ultimele decenii,politica de coeziune i dezvoltare regional. Nevoia crerii unuicadru legal i instituional i a unui nivel teritorial de planicareadecvat pentru utilizarea ondurilor de pre-aderare i a celorstructurale dup aderare a mpins Romnia spre o orm deregionalizare. Istoria recent a acestui proces ace obiectul altormateriale din Dosar(Iano, Pascariu), ind surprins tangeniali n cele de sintez mai sus-amintite (Bucur, Filip). n prezent,chestiunea regionalizrii capt conotaii noi i extinse ncontextul dezbaterii mai largi care are loc la nivel europeanpe tema coeziunii teritoriale. Conerina cu aceast tem,organizat n decembrie 2011 de ctre Ministerul DezvoltriiRegionale i Turismului, precum i alte evenimente conexeprecedente sau ulterioare, au adus n prim plan problemapoliticilor de dezvoltare spaial i regional pentru urmtorulexerciiu bugetar al UE (2014-2020). Un subiect derivat,

dar important, l reprezint pactul teritorial ca ormul deplanicare participativ bazat pe cooperare multi-nivel i peorme moderne de guvernare. Experimentul italian al anilor90 prezentat n detaliu n partea nal a Dosarului (Elisei)descrie modul n care utilizarea acestui instrument a contribuitla promovarea dezvoltrii endogene n Mezzogiorno i nalte zone dicile ale Italiei i a marcat puternic identitileregionale.

Coordonata identitar - comunitar este prezent, de asemenea,n paginileDosarului, constituind cu certitudine unul dintre celemai delicate i complicate aspecte ale regionalizrii. Cercetareaacesteia ine de sera studiilor sociale i antropologice, cucaracter istoric, etnograc sau arhitectural-urbanistic iilustreaz importana pe care regiunea ca entitate teritorialo are n analiza enomenelor sociale (Sandu). Regionalizareaapare, aadar, i ca o orm de studiu al teritoriului, aa cumtranspare din cuprinsul unor articole (Enache, Iano & Pascariu)sau din recenzarea unor lucrri de prol (Sabu).

Putem arma, totui, c regionalizarea este, nainte de toate, oorm de administrare a teritoriului prin care se urmrete, nuncie de variatele conjuncturi istorice, politice i economice,e exercitarea unui control mai puternic al statului, eoptimizarea utilizrii unor resurse, e o mai ecient uncionarea serviciilor publice, e o cretere a competitivitii economicei a emanciprii sociale i cultural, e o combinaie de astel

de elemente. Inedita succesiune de reprezentri grace privind

evoluia organizrii administrative a Romniei, realizat deAna Maria Petrescu ilustreaz asemenea tendine i aptul caceast administrare nu trebuie neleas doar ca ind globali determinat politic ci i sectorial i motivat uncional.Secvenele grace menionate includ i regionalizri asociateunor orme de instituionalizare: gestionarea resursei de appe bazine hidrograce, a patrimoniului construit pe structuracomisiilor zonale ale monumentelor istorice, a reelei de cierate pe regionale, a problemelor de mediu prin ageniiregionale. Organizarea justiiei urmeaz un model similar ila el cea a Bisericii Ortodoxe Romne. n privina ultimei, esteremarcabil apropierea decupajului teritorial de cel al regiuniloristorice cu excepia zonei de nord-vest dar i acoperireaextrateritorial la scar european i internaional (Necula).

n ne, nu poate omis aspectul transrontalier i transnaionalal regionalizrii. Crearea unor zone de cooperare de tipul euro-regiunilor decurge, n special, dintr-o nou nelegere i oabordare atent a problemelor de mediu, a celor culturale ieconomice ce transcend graniele administrative. Geograajoac aici un rol esenial denind o serie de spaii diuze

(Faludi) de planicare legate de mari bazine hidrograce, zonecostiere maritime i lanuri muntoase. Studiile incluse la rubricaProiecte se reer la bazinele hidrograce ale Tisei i Someuluii sunt relevante n acest sens (Iani, Cocean et al.).

Incontestabil, astzi, la nivelul statelor membre ale UE,regionalizarea se asociaz tot mai puternic proceselor dedescentralizare i este ghidat de principiului subsidiaritiii de obiectivul crerii unor instituii moderne i eciente.Parcurgerea Dosaruluii a altor materiale din cuprinsul revisteisugereaz c o ormul ideal de regionalizare a unei ri arputea cea care ar mbina optim cerinele de uncionalitatecu cele de natur cultural- identitar, cu anumite caracteristicidimensionale, cu resursele existente i cu o anumit capacitateinstituional-managerial. Actualul context european indic iaptul c o regionalizare ecient nu poate dect rezultatul uneicomplexe negocieri cu implicarea ct mai larg a specialitilor iopiniei publice, astel nct s rspund satisctor unei gamelargi de ntrebri i probleme (Enache). Nu n ultimul rnd,trebuie evaluate i acceptate costurile regionalizrii posibilridicate pentru un mai bine care ar urma...

Note

1 Michael Keating (1998), The New Regionalism in Western Europe, Edward Elgar Publishing, traducere

n limba romn, 2008, Institutul European.

EDITORIAL/EDITORIAL / EDITORIAL

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6 11 / 2012 URBANISMULEDITORIAL

Speak only well of regionalization!

The decision to dedicate a File to the theme o regionalization occurred on a history odebates that held the ront page last summer or a short time in the Romanian mass-media. The polemic aroused by the proposal to dissolve the districts and to create theadministrative regions proved to be lacking in depth and ideation consistencytypicalat the Gates o the Orient, being marked by political passions rather than rational ordoctrinaire arguments, conscated by semi-learned people and ending lamentably in

the lethargy usually comprising the Romanian society at the end o torrid summers.The real proessional reactions were rare and passed relatively unnoticed in the generalturmoil. Such singular voices drew attention on the seriousness the subject should beapproached, on the necessity to analyze attentively and to have a pertinent, open andextended dialogue.Furthermore, the problem o the territorial reorganization appeared sporadically, butwith a relative rhythmicity during the decades o the post-Decembrist transition, beingespecially associated ater 2000 with the idea o the states reorming. The subject wasapproached usually in an emotional and partisan range or, at least, it was perceivedas such; the serious and scientically grounded analyses that have been drawn up inthis period did not have an impact on the political decision. Ater the ailed attemptso the League o the Abusively Dissolved Counties at the beginning o the 90s, thediscussions ocused on the regional design that appeared a little later in the contexto the accession process to the European Union (EU). Responding to the EuropeanCommissions requests, the establishment o the 8 development regions at the end o1998 represents one o the ew moments o political and social consensus and remainsa reerence point o the current period. The acceptance o this regionalizing ormulaseems to be possible as long as it serves to gain European non-reimbursable unds andit oers a good support to analyzing and planning. The basic problem o achieving anadministrative-territorial reorm is not yet solved, the present regionalization beingstrictly statistical and o investment programming.Thereore, the subject over which the experts voice was too little heard in the publicopinion and ignored by both the political class and the media remains o interestand currently relevant. Maybe it is the reason or which the subject continues to beaccompanied along by all kinds o myths, ears and conusions that make difcult itsconsistent and constructive approach.This issue does not intend to oer solutions or to continue, to develop or to generatenew unproductive polemics. By providing a space to express their opinions on thetheme to certain personalities with experience and proessional recognition in dierentelds as history and geography, sociology and spatial planning, the File is intended togather a collection o authorized opinions meant to reect the complexity and diversityo points o view, approaches and perspectives, the various meanings associated tothe term o regionalization. Through our approach we hope to create the premises or

the large public to perceive more correctly and more adequately the present situation,the European context, the institutional relations and the cultural, socio-economicdeterminants.The approach o this theme in the Files pages is also motivated by an indisputableargument: the essential connection o the regionalization processes with the territory,with the geographic space in general and, implicitly, with the planning and spatialdevelopment policies. Underlying the act that the territory is basically a complex social,economic, political and institutional construction, Keating reers to Gottmanns remarkwho noticed that it is, however, surprising that the territory was neglected so manytimes as a actor o analysis in the political sciences. 1 The region itsel is a territorial ormwith a multitude o meanings. The most important o them are presented in the Glossarycarried out by Mihai Alexandru and Maria Mnescu. The way the region is understood isessential or the regionalizing process. Many o the texts included in the File bring intodiscussion directly or indirectly the various meanings and names given to the regions inthe course o time or in dierent places or political and socio-economic circumstances.The historical perspective some articles oer (Bucur, Sgeat) indicates not only elementso continuity and permanence but also transormations and adaptations generated

by internal and external actors. The ragments reproduced rom the interwar reviewRomanian Sociology in the column Reerence Points reect the preoccupations ocertain researchers o the time to nd an optimal balance between tradition, identityand political action. Thus, there are pointed out the historical roots o certain territorialorms that under dierent names ri, judee, inuturi, pli had a deningrole in organizing and governing the territory. The regionalization can be explainedand understood as a territorial construction, a resultant o a complex o actors thatcan inuence it both rom the local, community level (bottom-up), as well as rom thesuperior level o the state in its dierent orms o democratic, authoritarian, dictatorialexistence or o unitary or ederative organization. The dierent orms o regionalizationpresented in this issue express ultimately the complex game o orces and interests thatdetermine them. The comprehensive and particularizing perspectives oered by someauthors reerring to Romania (Filip) or to other European states (Gherc, Kolczynski,Benedek, Pstoiu & Petcu) are relevant in this context. The example o certain recent re-modeling o the administrative-territorial organization at the level o some EU memberstates can be useul in uture when, probably, a similar approach is inevitable in the caseo Romania. Especially the case o Poland, the only East-European state that covered a

complete process o regionalization ater 1990, is worth being researched attentively iwe take into account a series o similarities o orm, size and territorial organization withour country.In the last decades, the cohesion and regional development policy put a pressure on andhas been a guidance actor or the regionalizing processes at the EU scale. The need tocreate a legal and institutional ramework and a level o territorial planning adequate touse the pre-accession unds and the structural unds ater-accession thrusted Romaniatowards a orm o regionalization. The recent history o this process is the subject oother materials in the File (Iano, Pascariu), being also tangentially caught in the above-mentioned synthesis articles (Bucur, Filip). At present, the problem o regionalizationgets new and extended connotations in the context o a larger European debate on theterritorial cohesion. The conerence with this topic, organized on December 2011 by theMinistry o Regional Development and Tourism, as well as other previous or subsequentrelated events, brought in the oreground the problem o the spatial and regionaldevelopment or the next EU nancial programming or 2014-2020. One derived butimportant subject is represented by the territorial pact as a ormula o participativeplanning based on a multi-level cooperation and on modern orms o governance.The Italian experiment o the 90, presented in detail in the nal part o the File (Elisei),describes the way in which the use o this tool contributed to the promotion o theendogenous development in Mezzogiorno and in other difcult areas o Italy, markingstrongly the regional identities.The couple identity-community is also present in the File, constituting obviously oneo the most delicate and most complicated aspects o the regionalization. Its researchis related to the social and anthropologic studies with a historical, ethnographical orarchitectural-urban planning character and it illustrates the importance o the regionas a territorial entity in the analysis o the social phenomena (Sandu). Thereore, theregionalization also appears under the orm o a study on the territory, as it can benoticed in some articles (Enache, Iano & Pascariu) or out o the review o some works othe same prole (Sabu).However, we can assert that the regionalization is mainly a orm o managing theterritory that, according to the dierent historical, political and economic circumstances,intends either to exercise a more powerul control o the State, or to optimize the use ocertain resources, or to make public services unction more efciently, or to increase theeconomic competitiveness and the social and cultural emancipation, or a combinationo such elements. The original succession o the graphical representations regardingthe administrative organization o Romania carried out by Ana Maria Petrescu shows such tendencies as well as the act that this administration does not have tobe understood only as being global and determined politically but also sectorial andunctionally motivated. The mentioned graphical sequences include also regionalizations

associated to orms o institutionalization: the water resources management associatedto the hydrographical basins, the management o the built heritage associated to thestructure o the zonal commissions on the historical monuments, the railway networkmanagement associated to the regional network o railroads, the management oenvironmental problems through regional agencies. The organization o justice and theorganization o the Romanian Orthodox Church ollow a similar pattern. As regards thelast one, the likeness o the territorial design to that o the historical regions with theexception o the north-west area and the extra-territorial coverage to a European andinternational scale (Necula) are equally remarkable.Finally, the cross-border and transnational aspects o the regionalization cannot beomitted. The establishing o cooperating areas similar to the Euro-regions derivesespecially rom a new understanding and an attentive approach o the environmental,cultural and economic problems that transcend the administrative borders. Thegeography plays here an essential role by dening a series o sot planning spaces(Faludi) related to the big hydrographical basins, coastal maritime areas and mountainchains. The studies included in the Projects column reer to the hydrographical basins oTisa and Some and they are relevant in this respect (Iani, Cocean et al).

It is undeniable that, nowadays, at the level o the EU member states, the regionalizationis increasingly stronger associated with the processes o decentralization and it is guidedby the principle o subsidiarity as well as by the objective o creating modern and efcientinstitutions. The reading o the File and o the other articles in this issue suggests that anideal ormula o regionalizing a country could be the one that would connect optimallythe requests related to unctionality with those related to cultural-identity, with certaindimensional characteristics, with the existent resources and with a certain institutional-managerial capacity. The present European context also suggests that an efcientregionalization cannot be but the result o a complex negotiation involving widely theexperts and the public opinion so that it would respond satisactorily to a large range oquestions and problems (Enache). And last but not least, the costs possibly high othe regionalization have to be assessed and accepted or a better that could come inuture

Notes

1 Michael Keating (1998), The New Regionalism in Western Europe, Edward Elgar Publishing, trans-lated to Romanian, 2008, European Institute.

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7URBANISMUL 11 / 2012 EDITORIAL

Parlez en bien de la rgionalisation!

La dcision de consacrer un Dossier au thme de la rgionalisation est survenue surle ond du dbat qui a t tte dafche dans les mdias roumains pour une courtepriode de temps lt dernier. La polmique suscite par la proposition de la suppressiondes dpartements et la cration des rgions administratives sest prouve supercielleet sans consistance idique...typique aux portes de lOrient , caractrise plutt pardes passions politiques que par des arguments raisonns ou doctrinaires, consque

par des personnages semidoctes et nissant lamentablement dans la somnolence quienvahit toujours la socit roumaine la n des ts torrides. Les ractions rellementproessionnelles ont t rares et presque pas observs dans le vacarme gnral. Cesvoix singulires attiraient lattention sur la gravit du sujet, sur la ncessit des analysesattentives et dun dialogue pertinent, ouvert et large.Dailleurs, la question dune rorganisation territoriale a apparu sporadiquement, mais avecune relative rythmicit dans les dcennies de la transition post-dcembre, en sassociantparticulirement aprs 2000 lide de la rorme de lEtat. Le sujet a t abord ou aumoins peru gnralement, en registre motionnel et partisan, et les analyses srieuses,ondes scientiquement qui ont t labores dans cette priode nont pas eu delimpacte au niveau de la dcision politique. Aprs des tentatives choues de la Ligue desdpartements supprimes abusivement au dbut des annes 90, les discussions se sontocalises autour du dcoupage rgional survenu un peu plus tard, dans le contexte duprocs dadhsion lUnion Europenne. En rpondant aux sollicitations de la CommissionEuropenne, la constitution des huit rgions de dveloppement la n de lanne 1998reprsente un des rares moments de consensus politique et social et reste un repre dela priode actuelle. Lacceptation de cette orme de rgionalisation semble tre possible

condition quelle serve lattraction des onds europens non remboursables et quelleore un bon support pour lanalyse et la planication. Le problme de ond sur la ralisationdune rorme administrative-territoriale nest pas du tout rsolu, lactuelle rgionalisationtant strictement statistique et ddie la programmation dinvestissements.Le sujet pas sufsamment dbattu par les spcialistes et constamment ignor par laclasse politique et par les mdias, en gale mesure reste dintrt et dactualit. Celle-ci est probablement la raison pour laquelle le sujet est accompagn de suite par toutessortes de mythes, craintes et conusions qui ont difcile une approche consquente etconstructive.Ce numro de revue ne propose pas des solutions ou de continuer, dvelopper ou gnrerdes nouvelles polmiques striles. En orant de lespace dexpression aux personnalitsavec exprience et reconnaissance proessionnelle dans des domaines varis de lhistoire la gographie, la sociologie et lamnagement du territoire, le Dossiertente de crerune collection dopinions autorises qui retent la complexit et la diversit des points devue, approches et perspectives, les nombreux sens associs au terme de rgionalisation.Nous esprons crer par notre dmarche les prmisses dune perception plus correcte etadquate par le grand public en ce qui concerne la situation actuelle, le contexte europen,les relations institutionnelles et les dterminantes socio-conomiques et culturelles.Lapproche du thme dans les pages de notre revue est motive aussi par un argumentincontestable: la liaison essentielle des procs de rgionalisation avec le territoire,lespace gographique en gnral et, implicitement, avec les politiques de planicationet de dveloppement spatial. En soulignant le ait que le territoire est, en onds, uneconstruction complexe sociale, conomique, politique, institutionnelle, Keating invoque laremarque de Gottmann qui constatait quil est, cependant, surprenant que le territoire at tant de ois nglig comme acteur danalyse dans les sciences politiques 1. La rgionest elle mme une orme territoriale aux plusieurs signications. Les plus importantes sontprsentes dans le Glossaire ralis par Mihai Alexandru i Maria Mnescu. La manire dontla rgion est comprise est dnitoire pour le procs de rgionalisation. Une bonne partdes textes inclus dans le Dossierparlent directement ou indirectement des plusieurs senset noms attribus aux rgions au cours du temps ou dans dirents lieux et circonstancespolitiques et socio-conomiques.La perspective historique oerte par quelques articles (Bucur, Sgeat) indique deslments de continuit et permanence, mais aussi des transormations et des adaptationsgnres par des acteurs internes et externes. Les ragments reproduits de la revuedentre guerres Sociologie roumaine (Repres) retent les proccupations de quelques

chercheurs de cette priode de trouver une proportion optimale entre tradition, identit etaction publique. Sont ainsi mises en lumire les racines historiques des ormes territorialesqui sous diverses dnominations ri , judee , inuturi , pli ont eu unrle dnitoire dans lorganisation et ladministration du territoire. La rgionalisation peuttre explique et comprise comme construction territoriale, rsultante dun ensemblede acteurs qui peuvent linuencer au niveau local, communautaire, du bas en haut, etaussi au niveau suprieur de ltat dans ses ormes direntes dexistence dmocratique,autoritaire, dictatoriale ou dorganisation unitaire et drative. Les direntes ormes dergionalisation prsentes en ce que suit expriment, en dernire instance, le complexejeu de orces et intrts qui les dterminent. Les perspectives comprhensives etparticularisantes oertes par quelques auteurs avec rrence Roumanie (Filip) ou auxautres tats europens (Gherc, Kolczynski, Benedek, Pstoiu & Petcu) sont relevantes dansce sens. Lexemple de quelques re-modlisations rcentes de lorganisation administrativeterritoriale au niveau des tats membres de lUE peut tre utile dans la perspective desannes suivantes, dans laquelle une dmarche similaire est probablement invitabledans le cas de Roumanie. Le cas de la Pologne, en particulier, le seul tat est europenqui a parcouru un procs complet de rgionalisation aprs 1990, mrite tre analys

attentivement, ayant en vue une srie de similitudes de orme, grandeur et organisationterritoriale avec notre pays.Un acteur de pression et orientation des procs de rgionalisation a lchelle de lUE est,dans les dernires dcennies, la politique de cohsion et du dveloppement rgional.La ncessit de cration dun cadre lgal et institutionnel, dun niveau territorial deplanication adquate pour lutilisation des onds de pre-adhsion et de ceux structurels

daprs ladhsion a pouss la Roumanie vers une orme de rgionalisation. Lhistoirercente de ce procs ait lobjet dautres articles du Dossier (Iano, Pascariu) et elleest surprise tangentiellement dans les articles de synthse dj cits (Bucur, Filip). Aprsent, la question de la rgionalisation se charge des connotations nouvelles et pluslarges dans le contexte du grand dbat au niveau europen sur le thme de la cohsionterritoriale. La conrence avec ce thme, organise en dcembre 2011 par le Ministre duDveloppement Rgional et du Tourisme, et aussi quelques autres vnements connexesprcdentes et ultrieures, ont apport en premier plan le problme des politiques dedveloppement spatial et rgional pour le suivant exercice budgtaire de lUE (2014-2020).Un sujet driv, mais galement important, est le pacte territorial comme ormulede planication participative base sur une coopration multi-niveau et sur ormes degouvernement modernes. Lexprience italienne des annes 90 prsente en dtail la ndu Dossier(Elisei) dcrit la manire en laquelle lutilisation de cet instrument a contribu la promotion du dveloppement endogne en Mezzogiorno et en dautres zonesdifciles de lItalie et a marqu ortement les identits rgionales.La coordonne identitaire-communautaire certes, un des aspects les plus dlicats etcompliques de la rgionalisation est prsente aussi dans les pages duDossier. La recherchede celle-ci appartient au domaine des tudes sociaux et anthropologiques, au caractrehistorique, ethnographique ou architectural-urbanistique et dmontre limportance dela rgion comme entit territoriale dans lanalyse des phnomnes sociaux (Sandu). Enparcourant une srie darticles (Enache, Iano & Pascariu) et la recension dun livre surce sujet (Sabu), on peut remarquer que la rgionalisation apparat aussi comme ormedtude du territoire.Mais la rgionalisation est avant tout une orme dadministration du territoire visant, entroite dpendance avec les circonstances historiques, politiques et conomiques varies,lexercice dun contrle plus ort de lEtat, ou loptimisation de lutilisation de certainesressources, ou un onctionnement plus efcace des services publics, ou une croissance dela comptitivit conomique et de lmancipation sociale et culturelle, ou une combinaisonde ce type dlments. La succession indite des reprsentations graphiques de lvolutionde lorganisation administrative de la Roumanie, ralise par Ana Maria Petrescu illustrecette tendance et le ait que cette administration ne doit pas tre comprise seulementcomme globale et politiquement dtermine, mais aussi sectorielle et onctionnellementmotive. Les squences graphiques mentionnes incluent aussi des rgionalisations

associes aux ormes dinstitutionnalisation: la gestion de la ressource deau associe auxbassins hydrographiques, la gestion du patrimoine construit associe lorganisation parcommissions zonales des monuments historiques, la gestion du rseau erroviaire associeaux rgionales erroviaires, la gestion de lenvironnement associe lorganisation paragences rgionales. Lorganisation de la justice suit un modle similaire et celle de lEgliseOrthodoxe Roumaine aussi. En ce qui concerne la dernire, on doit remarquer lapprocheentre le dcoupage territorial et celui des rgions historiques ait exception la zonede nord-ouest mais aussi llargissement extraterritorial lchelle europenne etinternationale (Necula).Enn, laspect transrontalier et transnational de la rgionalisation ne peut pas tre omis.La cration des zones de coopration du type d euro-regions dcoule, en gnral, dunenouvelle comprhension et dune approche attentive des problmes de lenvironnement,culturelles et conomiques qui transcendent les rontires administratives. La gographiejoue ici un rle essentiel en dnissant une srie despaces uides (Faludi) de planicationlis aux grands bassins hydrographiques, zones costires maritimes et chanes demontagnes. Les tudes inclus aux Projets ont rrence aux bassins hydrographiques deTissa et Some et sont relevantes dans ce sens-l (Iani, Cocean et al.).

Incontestable, aujourdhui, au niveau des tats membres de lUE, la rgionalisationsassocie de plus en plus ortement aux procs de dcentralisation et est guide par leprincipe de la subsidiarit et par lobjecti de la cration des institutions moderneset efcaces. Le parcours du Dossier et dautres articles inclus suggre quune ormuleidale de rgionalisation dun pays pourrait tre celle qui combinerait dans une manireoptimale les exigences de onctionnalit avec celles culturelles-identitaires, avec certainescaractristiques dimensionnelles, avec les ressources existantes et avec une certainecapacit institutionnelle et de gestion. Le contexte europen actuel indique aussi quunergionalisation efcace ne peut pas tre que le rsultat dune ngociation complexe avecla participation aussi large que possible des spcialistes et de lopinion publique, ainsi quela rponse une gamme large de questions et problmes (Enache) soit satisaisante. Enn,les cots possiblement levs de la rgionalisation doivent tre valus et acceptspour un mieux suivre...

Notes

1 Michael Keating (1998), The New Regionalism in Western Europe, Edward Elgar Publishing, traducti-on en roumain, 2008, lInstitut Europen.