9istoria

nodar asaTiani, mariam lorTqifaniZe, farnaoz lomaSvili, roin metreveli, giorgi sanikiZe

saqarTvelos

sarCevi

saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba

I

II

1. 8 2. 13 3. 19 4. 23

saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi da istoriul-geografiuli daxasiaTeba pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSiSua da gvian brinjaos xana saqarTveloSiqarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis sakiTxi

5. 28 6. 31 7. 34 8. 37 9. 40 10. 45 11. 51

12. 56 13. 60 14. 65 15. 69 16. 74 17. 78 18. 84 19. 89 20. 93 21. 97 22. 102 23. 105 24. 110

daiaeni _ diaoxikolxa (kolxeTi) miTsa da sinamdvileSikimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebiegrisis (kolxeTis) samefo Cv.w-aR-mde VI-I saukuneebSifarnavaz mefe da misi epoqasaqarTvelo-romis urTierTobebi antikur xanaSiantikuri saqarTvelos religia da kultura

feodaluri urTierTobis Casaxva da gavrceleba saqarTveloSiqristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba qarTveli xalxis brZola dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg IV s-is bolos da V s-is pirvel naxevarSivaxtang gorgaslis gamefeba da moRvaweobis pirveli periodiqarTlis brZola iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiTsaqarTvelo VI saukuneSiiranelTa gandevna qarTlidansaqarTvelo VII s-is pirvel naxevarSiarabebis pirveli gamoCena, `dacvis sigeli~ qarTlSi. arabebi dasavleT saqarTveloSisaqarTvelo arabTa batonobis xanaSisaqarTvelos ganTavisufleba arabTa batonobisaganaxali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmnasaqarTvelos gaerTianebis wina periodi

saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi

saqarTvelo IV-XI saukuneebSi

III

13

19

31

33

60

67

69

78

87

saqarTvelos `oqros xana~

25.

115 26. 118 27. 123 28. 136 29. 141 30. 146

qarTuli qveynebis erTi saxelmwifod gaerTianebis istoriuli pirobebi da Taviseburebanibagrat III _ erTiani Suasaukunovani saqarTvelos pirveli mefeqarTuli kultura IV-X saukuneebSigiorgi I. bagrat IVsaqarTvelo-selCukebis urTierToba XI saukuneSiganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanis kultura

III

IV31. 153 32. 157 33. 161 34. 165 35. 169 36. 173 37. 177 38. 181 39. 185 40. 191 41. 193

daviT IV-is gamefebadaviT aRmaSeneblis RonisZiebebi amierkavkasiidan TurqTa gasadevnaddidgoris brZola da misi SedegebisaqarTvelo _ kavkasiis gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifosaqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis drosTamaris gamefeba da saSinao politikuri krizisisaqarTvelos sagareo politika XII-XIII ss. mijnazesaqarTvelo _ wina aziis uZlieresi saxelmwifosaqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba XII s. da XIII saukunis dasawyisSisaqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba XIII saukunis dasawyisSiqarTuli kultura XII saukunesa da XIII s. dasawyisSi

42. 19843. 20444. 21245. 218

laSa-giorgis mefoba da jalal ed-dinis Semosevebi. monRolTa batonobis damyarebabrZola monRolTa batonobis winaaRmdeggiorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis aRdgenaqveynis daSla samefo samTavroebad

qarTuli saxelmwifos daknineba da daSla

V

88

120

134

153

161

171

182

200

207

61. 304 62. 308 63. 313 64. 316

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da misi SedegebiruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis politikuri Sedegebi1832 wlis SeTqmulebasaqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba XIX s.-is 30-50-ian wlebSi

saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi

VIII

46. 22647. 23348. 23749. 24450. 24951. 252

52. 25653. 26254. 26855. 27256. 27757. 28158. 28759. 29260. 297

qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg XV saukunis bolos da XVI saukunis pirvel naxevarSisaqarTvelo XVI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVII saukunis dasawyisSibrZola yizilbaSTa winaaRmdegmuslimi mefeebis mmarTveloba qarTl-kaxeTSisaqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba XVI-XVII saukuneebSiqarTuli kultura

vaxtang VI. qarTli XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSisamarTali da etiketi Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSiTeimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is erToblivi mefobaqarTl-kaxeTi XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSiqarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba. urTierToba ruseTTansolomon IsaqarTvelo ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg. georgievskis traqtatis momzadebageorgievskis traqtatiqarTuli kultura XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi

saqarTvelo XVI-XVII ss.-Si. brZola yizilbaSebisa da osmalebis winaaRmdeg

saqarTvelo XVIII saukuneSi. sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi

VI

VII

233

237

242

257

268

281

287

304

313

65. 318 66. 322 67. 326 68. 334 69. 338 70. 343 71. 349 72. 354

75. 373 76. 378 77. 384 78. 388 79. 394 80. 401 81. 410

73. 360 74. 366

saqarTvelo XIX saukunis Sua xanebSiqarTuli kultura XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSifeodaluri wyobilebis krizisi ruseTsa da saqarTveloSiaWaris SemoerTeba da erovnuli moZraobis xasiaTi XIX s-is II naxevarSiglexTa moZraoba da xalxosnebiqarTuli kultura XIX saukunis meore naxevarSisaqarTvelo ruseTis pirveli (1905-1907) revoluciis periodSisaqarTvelo ruseTis pirvel da meore revoluciebs Soris

sabWoTa ruseTis mier demokratiuli saqarTvelos dapyrobasabWoTa reJimis damyarebaqarTveli xalxis brZola sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg 1921-30 wlebSisaqarTvelo da meore msoflio omisaqarTvelo ssrk-Si meore msoflio omis SemdegqarTuli kultura sabWoTa periodSisaqarTvelo gardaqmnis (`perestroikis~) periodSi

saqarTvelo oqtombris gadatrialebis drossaqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Camoyalibeba

saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika

VIII

X

IX

damoukidebeli saqarTvelo

XI82. 41583. 420

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da saomari konfliqtebisaqarTvelo damoukideblobis periodSi. `vardebis~ revolucia. integracia evrostruqturebSi

322

329

347

350

360

390

399

413

420

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winareistoriuli xana

rogorc yvela xalxis, ise qarTveli xa-lxis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, romelSic mas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi uxdeboda cxovreba. saqarTvelo ori didi kontinentis – evropisa da aziis Sesayarze mdebareobs. misi miwa atarebs im didi cvli-lebebis kvals, rasac Cveni planeta milio-nobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida.

erT dros kavkasiis mTeli teritoria zRviT iyo dafaruli. sxvadasxva geolo-giuri movlenis Sedegad xmeleTi ramden-jerme amoizida, iyo mZlavri vulkanuri amofrqvevebi. Semdeg miwis zedapiri kvlav qveviT iwevda da teritoriis didi nawili isev zRvas eWira. daaxloebiT 25 milioni wlis win mTaTa warmomqmnelma Zalam kvlav amoswia xmeleTi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmna kavkasiis qedis mTaTa sistema, xolo 10-15 milioni wlis win Camoyalibda aWara-TrialeTisa da sxva qedebis sistema, romlebic dRes qmnian samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTs. aRniS-nuli geologiuri movlenebis Sedegad kaspiis zRva mowyda Sav zRvas da maT Soris kavkasiis yeli gaCnda. am droidan iwyeba saqarTvelos teritoriis Tana-medrove reliefis Camoyalibeba. daaxloebiT 1 milioni wlis win saqarTvelos bunebrivma pirobebma TiTqmis iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoric amJamad aris. adre hava SedarebiT ufro Tbili iyo, magram drodadro adgili hqonda gamyinva-rebas, romlis drosac maRalmTiani adgilebidan dablobisaken moemarTeboda myinvarTa uzarmazari masebi, rasac mohyveboda acieba da bunebrivi pirobebis Secvla. CvenSi gamyinvareba oTxjer ganmeorda. sabolood, ramdenime aTasi wlis win Camoyalibda saqarTvelos is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, romel-Sic amJamad uxdeba adamians cxovreba.

saqarTvelos teritoriis bunebriv-geografiuli daxasiaTeba

CrdiloeTis mxridan saqarTvelos maRalmwvervalebiani da mudmivi myinva-rebiT dafaruli kavkasionis qedi esazRvreba, samxreTiT ki vrcladaa gaSlili mcire kavkasionis mTaTa sistema, anu saqarTvelos samxreTi mTianeTi. TviTon kavkasionidan samxreTisaken ramdenime SedarebiT mcire simaRlis qedi eSveba, romelTagan lixis, anu suramis qedi saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebad hyofs. am mTebis maRlobebze SesaniSnavi sazafxulo saZovrebia, ufro qvemoT mTis kalTebi xSiri tyiTaa dafaruli. mTagoriani ad-gilebi TandaTan zegnebsa da dablobebSi gadadis. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis

1. saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli

pirobebi da istoriul-geografiuli

daxasiaTeba

I saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis

warmomavloba

guria

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mTaTa masivebs Soris moqceulia saqarTvelos bari. dasavleTiT kolxeTis bari samkuTxedis formisaa, romlis fuZe Savi zR-viskenaa miqceuli. misi yvelaze dabali adgili – kolxeTis dab-lobi Zvelad gauvali WaobiT iyo dafaruli. kolxeTis dablobi mTebis mimarTulebiT TandaTan maRldeba da zeganSi gadadis. es adgilebi gansakuTrebiT xel-sayreli iyo dasasaxleblad da meurneobis warmoebisaTvis.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bari Sedgeba ramdenime nawili-sagan: Sida qarTlis, qvemo qarTlisa da kaxeTis bari. aqac es dablobi adgilebi zegnebsa da maRlobebSi gadadis. hava dasavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT mSralia, amitom soflis meurneobisaTvis xelovnur morwyvas aq didi mniS-vneloba aqvs.

saqarTvelos hava, iseve rogorc misi reliefi, didi mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. maRalmTian adgilebSi hava mkacria, dablobSi ki igi TandaTan rbildeba. zegnebsa da dablobebSi ZiriTadad zomieri hava batonobs, Tumca adgil-adgil aqac didad gansxvavebuli klimaturi raionebia. magaliTad, SavizRvispireTSi hava nestiani da subtropikulia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi zogan rbili da zomierad mSralia, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi ki uda-bnos cxeli sunTqvac aRwevs.

saqarTveloSi mravladaa didi da mcire mdinareebi. isini saTaves iReben rogorc kavkasionis mTavar qedze da mis ganStoebebze, ise samxreT mTianeTSi. mdinareebi aTeulobiT xevebs qmnian da Semdeg erTvian ufro did mdinareebs – mtkvars, rions, Woroxs, alazans da sxv., an uSualod zRvas uerTdebian. es didi mdinareebi (mtkvari, rioni) Zvel droSi sanaosnodac iyo gamoyenebuli.

saqarTvelo mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT: madneuliT, saTbobiT, saSeni masaliT. madneulidan aRsaniSnavia spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebi, romlebsac didi mniSvneloba hqondaT aq metalurgiis adreve warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas Cven SevxvdebiT istoriul-geografiul saxelwodebebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos esa Tu is kuTxe an mxare atarebda garkveul periodSi. istoriuli movlenebis swori da TvalnaTeli warmodgeni-saTvis unda vicodeT am mxareebis (anu qarTuli `qveynebis~) adgilmdebareoba da istoriuli sazRvrebi. drodadro maTi saxelwodebebi icvleboda, sazR-vrebi ufro vrceli xdeboda, farTovdeboda, zogjer ki piriqiT, mcirdeboda – `qveyana~ ufro patara kuTxeebad iyofoda.

saqarTvelos centraluri mxarea qarTli. misi saxelwodebebidan momdina-reobs `qarTveli~ da `saqarTvelo~. qarTli Sedgeba calkeuli nawilebisagan: Sida, qvemo da zemo qarTlisagan. Sida qarTls dasavleTiT lixis qedi esazR-

svaneTi

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vreboda, CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari qedi, aRmosavleTiT – md. aragvi, samxreTiT – TrialeTis qedi. qvemo qarTli ki TrialeTis qedis samxreTiT mdebareobda da mdinareebis – algeTisa da xramis xeobebs moicavda. igi da-savleTis javaxeTis, xolo samxreTiT bambaki-erevnis qediT iyo SemosazRvru-li. zemo qarTli anu mesxeTi, aerTianebda md. mtkvris Semogarens, mdinaris saTavidan taSiskaramde da Woroxis auzs – saTavidan aWariswylis xeobamde.

qarTls aRmosavleTiT kaxeT-hereTi esazRvreboda. adre kaxeTi md. ivrisa da alaznis zemo wels moicavda, hereTi ki am mdinareebis Sua da qvemo wels. XV saukunidan es ori qveyana erTianad kaxeTad iwodeba.

dasavleT saqarTvelo uZveles xanaSi egrisad moixseneba. XI-XIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos am mxares imereTi daerqva. TandaTanobiT imereTi dasavleT sa-qarTvelos erT nawils ewoda, romelc lixis qedsa da md. cxeniswyals, raWis qedsa da mesxeTis qeds Soris iyo moqceuli. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT anakofia-mde odiSi anu samegrelo mdebareobda. nikofsiis (dRevandeli axali aTonis) Crdilo-dasavleTi ki afxazeTs ekava. XVIII s. dasawyisSi afxazeTis samTavros samxreT-aRmosavleTis sazRvarma md. enguramde gadmoiwia.

mdinare rionis samxreTiT, mesxeTis qedsa da Sav zRvas Soris, guria mdeba-reobda. ukidures samxreT-dasavleTiT ki aWara da lazeTi, anu WaneTi mdeba-reobda.

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi svaneTs, leCxumsa da raWas ekava (raWa-leCxums Zvelad Takvers eZaxdnen). saqarTvelos sazRvari kavkasionis qedis iqiTac gadadioda, sadac mdebareobda xevi, dvaleTi, TuSeTi, nawilobriv xev-sureTi, piraqeT – mTiuleTi, fSavi da xevsureTis didi nawili. fSav-xevsureTi adre fxovis saxeliT iyo cnobili.

quTaisi

zugdidi

axalqalaqi

Tbilisi Telavi

soxumi

axalcixe

kaxi

foTi

baTumi

gori

saqarTvelosistoriul-geografiuli mxareebi

pirobiTi aRniSvnebi

dedaqalaqi

dasaxlebuli punqti

saqarTvelos TanamedrovesazRvari

© M.Shekiladze, 2002

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wya­ro 1

vaxuSti bagrationi, XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieri

– istorikosi da geografi:

`matiane ganarCevs keTilsa da borotsa, matiane aRamaRlebs

keTilis qmnulebasa da hgmobs ukeTurT qmnulebasa, matiane

metyvelebs WeSmaritsa da ara scbis da mowmobs sxvaTa da

sxvaTa, matiane ganamxnobs kacsa da erTgul hyofs qveynisad,

matiane acnobebs naTesavT Camomavlobasa da dasdebs Tavsa

sarwmunoebisaTvis da moyvarul hyofs moyvassa moyvasisa

mimarT~.

ilia WavWavaZe:

`daviwyeba istoriisa momaswavebelia eris suliT da xorciT

moSlisa, darRvevisa da warwymedisac. warsuli mkvidri

safuZvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo – momavlisa. romelia

simagre Cveni cxovrebisa da romeli sifuye da sisuste,

amas axsnis xolme marto istoria. da Tu igi daviviwyeT,

maSin dagviviwynia Cveni cxovrebis saTave, Cveni cxovrebis

saZirkveli da Tu es asea, raRazed unda davamyaroT Cveni awmyo,

Cveni mermisi?~

ivane javaxiSvili:

`saWiroa xalxma icodes Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis istoria... unda icodes, rasakvirvelia, utyuari,

WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi~.

gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweni `saqarTvelos istoriis~ mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb:

wya­ro 2

wya­ro 3

rmatiane – vaxuSti bagrationi aq `matianes~ istoriis mniSvnelobiT xmarobs.

rara scbis – ar ayalbebs.

leqsikoni

1. romeli qedi yofs saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT

saqarTvelod?

2. saqarTvelos romeli didi mdinareebi ekuTvnis Savi zRvis auzs?

3. sad iRebs saTaves da romel zRvas uerTdeba md. mtkvari?

klasSi samuSao

1. saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze moxazeT istoriuli qveynebisa da kuTxeebis sazRvrebi: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis, odiSis (samegrelos), guriis, aWaris, afxazeTis, svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis, fSav-xevsureTis) sazRvrebi.

2. daxazeT saqarTvelos sqematuri istoriuli ruka aRniSnuli mxareebis saxelebiT. Semdeg gakveTilebze gamoiyeneT Tqven mier daxatuli ruka.

saSinao­davaleba

kavkasionis erT-erTi ulamazesi mwvervali – uSba

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paleoliTi, neoliTi, eneoliTi

ukanaskneli xanis gamokvlevebiT dad-genilia, rom adamiani warmoiSva 2 milion-ze meti xnis win afrikis kontinentze. adamians danarCeni cocxali arsebebidan ganasxvavebda mTavari – iaraRis damza-debis unari. am uZvelesi adamianis mier masalad ZiriTadad qva iyo gamoyenebuli. qvis iaraRis gaumjobeseba da pirvelyo-fili adamiani fizikurad Tav dapirvelad Zalian nela viTardeboda. mecnierebi am xanas paleoliTs uwodeben.

uZvelesi adamianis universalur iaraRs Tavdapirvelad uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis xelnajaxi warmoadgenda. TandaTan, xangr-Zlivi gamocdilebis Sedegad igi am iaraRe-bs aumjobesebda, ufro mravalferovans xdida maT. qvis xelnajaxTan erTad igi ukve amzadebda qvis danebs, safxekebs, wvetane-bs. qvis iaraRebis ganviTareba TviT ada-mianebsac cvlida, uviTarebda azrovnebas. garegnuladac sul ufro uaxlovdeboda Tanamedrove adamians.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze bevrga-naa aRmoCenili pirvelyofili adamianis cxovrebis nakvalevi. ukanasknel xans na-qalaqar dmanisis teritoriaze aRmoCnda uZvelesi adamianis winapris (`hominidis~) sadgomi, sadac misi Zvlovani naSTebi (Ta-vis qala, qveda yba kbilebiT da sxv.) da qvis primitiuli iaraRebi iyo napovni.

dmaniseli `adamiani~ saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze daaxl. 1,8-1,7 mln wlis winaT unda gamoCeniliyo da rogorc Cans, Semdeg igi samxreT kavkasidan gansaxlda evropisa da aziis kontinentebze.

kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze, rodesac Sromis iaraRebi jer kidev me-tad primitiuli iyo da sakvebis mopove-ba – sakmaod rTuli, uZvelesi adamiane-bi upiratesad calkeul jgufebad cxo-

2. pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi

dmanisSi aRmoCenili hominidis Tavis

qala. Zv.w. 1.75 mln w.

dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi

frangi mecnieri, elizabet dene aRadgens

dmaniseli adamianis saxes

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vrobdnen. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis es sawyisi periodi winagvarovnul epoqas miekuTvneba. daaxloebiT 40-30 aTasi wlis winaT mTavrdeba Tanamedrove tipis `gonie-ri adamianis~ (homo sapiensis) Camoyalibeba, safuZveli eyreba naTesaur gaerTianebebs, sadac upiratesoba da xelmZRvaneloba Ta-vdapirvelad qals hqonda miniWebuli (ma-triarqati). am dros adamiani sacxovreblad farTod iyenebda bunebriv TavSesafrebs – gamoqvabulebs, bunebriv fardulebs, mRvi-meebs, xeebs da sxv. am drois adamianma ukve iswavla cecxlis gamoyeneba. banakSi Tu mRvimeSi danTebuli cecxli kidev ufro aaxloebda erTmaneTTan pirvelyofil adamianTa jgufis (gvaris) wevre-bs. iaraRis gaumjobesebiT da cecxlis gamoyenebiT igi ufro advilad icavda Tavs mtacebeli cxovelebisagan, meti warmatebiT nadirobda da sistematurad ikvebeboda xorceuliT. es kidev ufro uwyobda xels mis fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas. iaraRis winaswargamiznuli damzadeba, sxva adamianebTan erTad cxovreba da Sroma mas cnobierebas da metyvelebas uviTarebda. aseul aTaso-biT wlis manZilze dagrovili gamocdilebiT da SromiTi Cvevebis gamomuSave-biT adamiani sul ufro da ufro srulyofda Tavis iaraRs. bolos, qvispirian SubTan erTad adamianma mSvild-isaric gamoigona.

qvis iaraRebis gaumjobesebis am xanas arqeologebi Zveli qvis xanis (paleo-liTis) zeda safexurad gamoyofen. gamravlebuli gvarebi axal gvarebad iyo-fodnen, magram isini erTmaneTTan urTierTobas ar wyvetdnen. aseTi monaTesave gvarebi erT Tems qmnidnen. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, misi Taviseburi geo-grafiuli pirobebis gamo, Cveulebriv, erTi Temi erT xevSi iyo gansaxlebuli. ramdenime mezobeli Temis gaerTianeba ukve toms Seadgenda. tomSi Semavali Temebisa da gvarebis salaparako ena da zne-Cveuleba ZiriTadad erTnairi iyo.

zeda paleoliTSi adamiani TiTqmis aRar gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove ada-mianisagan. sakmaod maRal doneze iyo misi cnobierebac. igi ara marto aRi-qvamda mis irgvliv ganviTarebul movlenebs, aramed cdilobda, aexsna kidec isini. igi amCnevda, rom zogi bunebrivi movlena misTvis sasargeblo iyo, zogi ki piriqiT, saziano. misi warmodgeniT, garemomcveli buneba dasaxlebuli iyo keTili da boroti ZalebiT, anu sulebiT. adamiani cdilobda, maTze zemoqme-deba moexdina: keTili sulebisTvis pativi eca da boroti suli an SeeSinebina, an rogorme misi guli moego. pirvelyofili adamiani Tayvans scemda bunebis movlenebs, frinvelebs, cxovelebs. gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, romlebsac didi mniSvneloba hqondaT mis cxovrebaSi.

zeda paleoliTSi adamiani ukve zrunavda micvalebulebze da samarxebSi krZa lavda maT, gauCnda warmodgena sulebiT dasaxlebul imier samyaroze da a.S.

neoliTi

zeda paleoliTis periodSi adamiani SesamCnevad aumjobesebda Tavis iara-Rebs. magram didi gardatexa qvis damuSavebis teqnikaSi moxda daaxloebiT 7-8

qvis uZvelesi iaraRebi

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aTasi wlis win, rodesac adamianma iswavla qvis iaraRebis gaprialeba, xerxva, gaxvreta. aseTi iaraRi gacilebiT ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo sanadirod da samuSaod. ase axleburad damuSavebuli iaraRis mixedviT am xanas `axali qvis xana~ anu neoliTi ewodeba.

didi Zvrebi moxda meurneobaSic. Tu aqamde adamiani mxolod Semgrovebeli da monadire iyo, neoliTSi man daiwyo sakvebad gamosadegi mcenareulis xelo-vnurad gaSeneba, cxovelebis moSinaureba da movla-gamravleba, e.i. safuZveli Caeyara martiv miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas, anu adamiani gaxda mwar-moebeli. es imdenad didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo meurneobis ganviTarebaSi,

rom mas mecnierebi `neoliTur revolucias~ uwodeben. axali qvis xanaSive safuZveli Cae-yara martiv xelosnobas: adamianma iswavla meTuneoba (Tixisgan WurWlis damzadeba da gamowva), rTva, qsova, kalaTebis mowvna da sxv. neoliTis bolosTvis ukve yalibdeba binadari (erT adgilze myarad, mudmivad mcxovrebi) adresamiwaTmoqmedo dasaxlebebi. mosaxleoba ukve ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqon-leobas misdevs.

eneoliTi

daaxloebiT 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT saqarTve-los teritoriaze adamianma iaraRis dasam-zadeblad qvasTan erTad liTonis gamoyene-bac daiwyo. saqarTvelos teritoriaze spi-lenZis madani bevrgan iyo, romlis ZarRvebi xSirad TviT dedamiwis zedapirzec amodio-da. qarTvelTa winapar tomebs garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRviT liTonis metalurgiis dawyebis, aTvisebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

liTonis aTvisebis am adreul etapze Ziri-Tadi sameurneo iaraRebi kvlav qvisgan, Zvlisa da xisagan mzaddeboda. qvis damuSavebis teqnika am dros umaRles doneze iyo da misgan damza-debuli iaraRi mainc rCeboda adamianis Ziri-Tad sawarmoo saSualebad. amitom am axal xanas spilenZ-qvis, anu eneoliTis xanas uwodeben.

eneoliTis xana adamianis sameurneo saq-mianobis SesamCnevi dawinaurebiT gamoirCe-va. miwaTmoqmedebaSi zogan SeiniSneba xelo-vnuri morwyvac. miwis dasamuSaveblad ukve iwyeben metismetad primitiuli (magaliTad, irmis rqisagan damzadebuli) saxnavi iaraRis gamoyenebas. am siaxleebis Sedegad meurneoba ufro Semosavliani xdeba.

antropomorfuli figura. kotias

kldis mRvime. eneoliTi

spilenZis sakidebi xizanaanT goridan.

Zv. w. III aTaswleulis I naxevari

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am dros adamiani sacxovreblad ukve iS-viaTad iyenebs gamoqvabulebs. bunebrivi gamravlebis gamo igi iq veRar eteva da Tvi-Ton aSenebs sacxovrebel saxlebs. saxlebi iyo aliziT nagebi mcire zomis wriuli da ovaluri formis, sxvadasxva saTavsoebiT. am sacxovreblis SigniT an mis gverdiT Tixis keriebSi mudmivad enTo cecxli.

ramdenime aTeuli aseTi saxli erT da-saxlebas qmnida, romelic ZiriTadad mo-maRlo adgilebze, borcvebsa da gorakeb-ze iyo ganlagebuli. am gorakebs zogjer TavdacvisTvis gamiznuli Txrili an yore hqonda Semovlebuli. gamravlebuli mo-saxleoba sacxovreblad maxloblad mde-bare sxva gorakebze gadadioda. ramdenime aseTi gora dasaxlebaTa garkveul jgufs qmnida, romelic gvarovnul-tomobriv erTeuls warmoadgenda. am dasaxlebaTa jgufis centrad xSirad is Tavdapirveli gora rCeboda, saidanac daiwyes gansaxle-ba. aqve iyo maTi mTavari salocavi, Tav-dasacavi gamagrebuli adgili, aqve ikri-bebodnen Temis uxucesebi saTaTbirod da sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasawyvetad. samiwaTmoqmedo meurneoba axlomdebare miwebze iyo gaSlili, saqonelsac axlo-maxlo saZovrebze aZovebdnen. mwyemsebad ZiriTadad mamakacebi iyvnen.

rpaleoliTi – Zveli qvis xana (berZnuli sityvebidan `palaios~ – Zveli, `liTos~ – qva)

rne o li Ti – (berZn. `neos~axa-li `liTos~ qva) axa li qvis xa na VIII da VI aTas wle u lebs So ris. `ne o li Tur re vo lu ci as~ uwo-de ben QZv.w. 8000 wli saT vis mom-xdar gar da te xas ka cob ri o bis is to ri a Si. amiT srul de ba ka-cob ri o bis `ve lu ro bis~ xa na, ro ca ada mi a ne bi mxo lod mo na-di re o bas da Sem gro veb lo bas ewe od nen da iwy e ba `bar ba ro-so bis~ epo qa, ro ca ada mi a ne bi cxov re bis bi na dar wess ir Ce ven da mi waT moq me de ba sa da mecx o-ve le o bas mis de ven.

reneoliTi – `eneos~ laTinurad spilenZi, `liTos~ – berZnulad qva.

rpatriarqati – `patre~ laTinurad mama, `arqe~ – berZnulad Zalaufleba

leqsikoni

saqonlis momravlebam, soflis meurneobis produqtebisa da liTonis iara-Ris dagrovebam calkeuli Temis Tu gvaris xelSi maT Soris saomari Setakebebi gaaxSira. swored amis gamo gaxda aucilebeli dasaxlebuli adgilebis gamagre-ba. saomari Sejaxebebi da konfliqtebi gamowveuli iyo ufro mosaxerxebeli sacxovrebeli adgilebis, produqtebis, saqonlisa Tu liTonis iaraRis xelSi Cagdebis mcdelobiT da masSi umTavresad mamakacebi monawileobdnen. liTon-sac isini moipovebdnen da amuSavebdnen. ase rom, mamakacis roli gvaris cxo-vrebaSi dRiTi dRe izrdeboda. aman gamoiwvia gvarisa da tomis mmarTvelobaSi mamakacis win wamoweva. dedamTavrulma gvarma (matriarqatma) adgili dauTmo mamamTavrul gvars (patriarqats).

mtkvar-araqsis kultura

Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulis mijnaze qarTvelTa winaparma tomebma ukve iswavles iaraRis masalad brinjaos gamoyeneba. brinjaos amzadebdnen cecxlze gamdnar spilenZSi sxvadasxva nivTierebis (kalis, dariSxanis, anTimonis) SereviT. amiT liToni ufro magari xdeboda. gamdnar brinjaos yalibebSi asxamdnen da aseTi

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gziT saWiro formis iaraRs iRebdnen. sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebi swra-fad umjobesdeboda. amis mixedviT brinjaos xanas mecnierebi sam periodad yofen: adre, Sua da gvian brinjaos xanad.

Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis bolos da III aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTve-loSi Camoyalibda adreuli brinjaos sakmaod maRali kultura. igi mecnie-rebaSi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeliT aris cnobili, radgan ZiriTadad am ori mdinaris auzs moicavda, Tumca ufro gvian es kultura sakmaod farTo teritoriaze gavrcelda.

Tavdapirvelad miwaTmoqmedebaSi progresi naklebad SeiniSneba – miwas Ziri-Tadad isev qvis iaraRiT amuSaveben, mesaqonleobaSi wamyvani adgili msxvilfexa rqosan saqonels ukavia. adre brinjaos mTeli periodis manZilze dawinaurda xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargi, gansakuTrebiT – keramikuli warmoeba. Tixis WurWeli xeliTaa naZerwi da daxvewili da Taviseburi formebiT gamoirCe-va. aseve liTonis nawarmi migvaniSnebs, rom am kulturis matarebel tomebs garkveuli kavSiri hqondaT wina aziis Zvel xalxebTan. TandaTan soflis meur-neobaSic vrceldeba liTonis iaraRi, rac amaRlebs Sromis nayofierebas, xolo sabrZolo iaraRis gaumjobeseba – brZolisunarianobas.

adrebrinjaos xanaSi jer kidev ar arian erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli klasebi – gvarisa Tu tomis wevrebi Tanaswori uflebiT sargebloben; mniSvne-lovani sakiTxebis gadawyveta, rogoric iyo omisa da zavis sakiTxi, beladis arCeva, mZime danaSaulisais sasjelis gamotana da sxv., saerTo-saxalxo krebaze xdeboda; yvela mamakaci gamodioda sabrZolvelad da saerTo RonisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad.

1. romeli liToni gamoiyena adamianma pirvelad da ratom?

2. ras ewodeba eneoliTi?

3. rogori iyo eneoliTis xanis adamianTa dasaxlebani?

4. ra iwvevda saomar Sejaxebebs tomebs Soris?

5. ra periods moicavs adre brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi?

klasSi samuSao

1. daakvirdiT wina gverdze mocemul rukas da CamowereT qvis xanis Zeglebi Semdegnairad:

qveda

paleoliTi

zeda

paleoliTimezoliTi neoliTi eneoliTi

wofi

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saSinao­davaleba

keris sadgari. amiranis gora. Zv. w. III aTasw. I nax.

xaris qandakeba berikldeebis

namosaxlaridan. Zv. w. IV aTasw. II nax.

ZiriTadi­TariRebi

X s. V s. 0

1 mln. 800 aTasi wlis win – pirvelyofili adamianis dasaxleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze

8-6 aTasi wlis win – neoliTis dasawyisi

35 aTasi wlis win – zeda paleoliTis dasawyisi. gvarovnuli wyobilebis Camoyalibeba

6-7 aTasi wlis win – eneoliTis dasawyisi

Zv. w. IV-III aTasw. mijna – brinjaos xanis dasawyisi. mtkvar-araqsis kultura

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adreyorRanuli kultura

Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaTvis saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma tomebma ganvi-Tarebis sakmaod maRal dones miaRwies. am periodis arqeologiur masalas ZiriTa-dad yorRanebSi pouloben. yorRani didi miwayrilia, romelic romelime gamoCeni-li piris samarxs warmoadgenda. micvale-bulis dasakrZalavad momzadebuli iyo qvis an xis morebisagan nagebi darbazi, xSirad CaRrmavebul miwaSi Cadgmuli da zemodan xis ZelebiT gadaxuruli. Zelebi gadaglesili iyo TixiT da Semdeg dafa-ruli qvayriliT, romelsac miwis sqeli fena eyara. ase iqmneboda xelovnuri go-raki, romlis simaRle zogjer 10-15 metrs aRwevda. Tavidan yorRanebi micvalebu-lisTvis Catanebuli nivTebis siuxviT ar gamoirCeoda, Semdeg TandaTan maTi rao-denoba mravldeba. es imas mowmobs, rom pirvelyofili sazogadoeba did cvli-lebas ganicdis da misgan gamoiyofian ca-lkeuli dawinaurebuli pirebi, romleb-sac gansakuTrebuli pativiT krZalaven. eseni arian tomis an tomTa kavSirebis beladebi, romlebic tomis rigiT wevre-bze ufro maRla dganan da didi pativiT sargebloben ara marto sicocxleSi, ara-med gardacvalebis Semdegac. es mowmobs imas, rom gardatexa xdeba adamianis war-modgenebSi da beladis dawinaureba ukve zebunebrivi Zalis nebiT aixsneba. amis ga-moa albaT, rom tomis rigiTi wevrebi ar iSureben gardacvlil beladebs Caatanon sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nivTebi, fufu-nebis sagnebi, sabrZolo da ritualuri iaraRebi. yorRanebSi didi raodenobiT aris aRmoCenili sxvadasxva zomis Tixis WurWlis naSTebi, romliTac sagzal-saW-mels atandnen micvalebuls saiqio sacxo-vrebelSi.

3. Sua da gvian brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi

brinjaos xanis culebi cxinvalidan Zv.

w. VIII-VII ss.

oqros Tasi TrialeTidan. Zv. w. II

aTasw. I naxevari

verZis Tavis formis brinjaos sakidi

brinjaos WurWeli. Zv. w. XIV-XIII ss.

X s. V s. 0

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didmniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi TrialeTSi

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi didi aRmoCenebi ganxorcielda samxreT saqarTve-loSi. TrialeTis zeganze gaiTxara aTeulobiT yorRani, romlebic Sua brin-jaos xaniT daTariRda. am yorRanebSi aRmoCenili nivTebi mowmobs, rom aq mcxo-vreb qarTvelTa winapar tomebSi dawinaurebuli iyo meurneoba, gansakuTrebiT mesaqonleoba, agreTve xelosnobis calkeuli dargebi – liTonis damuSaveba da oqromWedloba. sakmaod darRveulia pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobileba. TvalnaTlad dasturdeba wina aziis qveynebTan kulturuli da ekonomiuri kavSirebi.

TrialeTis yorRanebSi aRmoCnda bevri iseTi nivTi, rac am periodis sa-qarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturul dawinaurebas mowmobs; magaliTad, os-taturad damzadebuli oqros Tasi Zvirfasi TvlebiT (ix. sur.) da sxvadasxva samkaulebi. TviTon yorRanebic da dakrZalvis wesic qarTveli tomebis sa-zogadoebriv winsvlas gviCvenebs. am drois yorRanebi sakmaod didi zomisaa. zogis diametri 100 metrsac aRemateba. dasakrZalavi darbazebic didi zomisaa da datovebuli aqvT Sesasvlelebi, romelSic mokirwyluli gziT xis etli Se-hqondaT. etlze dasvenebuli iyo micvalebulis neSti, romelsac Catanebuli hqonda liTonis nivTebTan erTad didi raodenobis Tixis WurWeli, Semkuli sxvadasxva ornamentiT. aseTi didi da mdidruli yorRanebi gankuTvnili iyo tomTa didi kavSirebis beladebisaTvis. maTi ageba adamianTa mravalricxovani koleqtivis did da xangrZliv Sromas yorRanebis gegma moiTxovda. tomTa ka-vSirebis Camoyalibeba aucilebeli gamxdara samxedro Sejaxebebis gaxSirebis gamo. erToblivi TavdacvisaTvis anda sxva tomebze upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT calkeuli tomebi erTiandebodnen kavSirebad. maT saTaveSi arCeul beladebTan erTad idgnen qurumebi. eseni qmnidnen gvarovnul aristokratias, rac Temuri wyobilebis daSlis procesis dawyebas migvaniSnebs.

adreklasobrivi urTierTobis Casaxva qarTvel tomebSi

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis manZilze brinjaos iaraRis gaumjobeseba da srulyofa meurneobis Semdgom dawinaurebas iwvevda.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori didi kulturuli wre Camoyalibda: da-savlur-qarTuli, romelic kolxuri kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili, da aR-mosavlur-qarTuli. aseTi erTgvarovani kulturuli wreebis arseboba aq mcxovrebi tomebis erTmaneTTan daaxloeba-SekavSirebas mowmobs. Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba gvian brinjaos xana – am dros didi progre-sia miRweuli rogorc brinjaos miRebisa da damuSavebis teqnikaSi, ise soflis meurneobasa da xelosnobaSi. Tixis WurWlis dasamzadeblad ukve iyeneben mbrunav morgvs, rac xelosnis Sromas aadvilebda. am droidan farTod gamoi-yeneba moSinaurebuli cxeni, rac xels uwyobda rogorc mejoge mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas, ise samxedro saqmeSi winsvlas. cxenze amxedrebuli meomrebi swrafadac moZraobdnen da grZeli maxvilebiT advilad uswordebodnen qvei-Tebs.

gvian brinjaos xanaSive pirvelad Cndeba rkinis nakeTobani. kerZo saojaxo meurneobis da kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTareba imas iwvevda, rom calkeul ojaxe-bs meti simdidre daugrovdaT, vidre sxva meTemeebs. amave dros tomis arCeuli

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xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad aseTi dawinaurebuli ojaxebidan iyvnen, cdilobdnen, samudamod dauflebodnen da memkvidreobiTac gadaecaT Ta-vianTi xelisufleba. maT mxars uWerdnen maTi uaxloesi meomari-razmelebi, romlebic sargeblobdnen TavianTi mdgomareobiT da miwis saukeTeso nakveTe-bs isakuTrebdnen. brZolis dros nadavlis did nawilsac isini euflebodnen da kidev ufro mdidrdebodnen. igive iTqmis maSindeli religiis msaxurebis – qurumebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ama Tu im salocavisTvis Sewirul simdidres da miwas TviTon euflebodnen da Tavis sasargeblod iyenebdnen. tomis beladebi xSirad umaRlesi qurumebic iyvnen. es kidev ufro zrdida maT Zalauflebasa da avtoritets. omidan wamoyvanil tyveebs aRar xocavdnen, rogorc winaT, aramed monebad aqcevdnen da mZime samuSaoebze iyenebdnen. didi raodenobiT swiravdnen salocavebs tyve-monebs, romlebic faqtobrivad qurumebis mf-lobelobaSi eqceodnen.

Temidan gamoyofili aseTi dawinaurebuli didkacoba TandaTan calke kla-sad Camoyalibda, romelic Cagravda da batonobda ara marto monebze, aramed Tavisufal meTemeTa did nawilzec.

pirvelyofili sazogadoebis gaTiSva sxva gziTac xdeboda. ufro Zlieri da dawinaurebuli tomi ZaliT imorCilebda sxva ufro sust toms, romlis meTe-meni iZulebulni iyvnen, gabatonebuli tomis sasargeblod gaeRoT gadasaxadi da misi brZanebiT laSqrobaSi gamosuliyvnen. ase rom, tomTa gaerTianebebi da kavSirebi TandaTan batonoba-morCilebis principiT iqmneboda da ewyoboda. aseTi kavSirebi ufro myari da xangrZlivi iyo. ase TandaTan iSleboda pir-velyofili Temur-gvarovnuli wyobileba da yalibdeboda adreklasobrivi sazogadoeba, warmoiqmneboda saxelmwifoebi.

oqros yelsabami TrialeTidan. Zv. w. II aTasw. I nax.

oqros lomi TrialeTidan

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1. ra aris yorRani da ra daniSnulebiT agebdnen mas?

2. ras mowmobs yorRanebSi Catanebuli didi raodenobiT mdidruli

nivTebi?

3. rogor yalibdeba adreklasobrivi sazogadoeba qarTvelTa winapar

tomebSi?

4. kargad daakvirdiT gakveTilSi mocemul suraTebs da imsjeleT brinjaos

xanis kulturaze

klasSi samuSao

rrituali – religiuri ceremoniali

leqsikoni

oqros yelsabami ananauridan. III aTasw.

II nax.

oqros disko TrialeTidan. Zv. w. II aTasw.

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ZiriTadi­TariRebi

XXX s. XXV s. XX s. 1500 1000 1050

Zv. w. II aTasw. I nax. – TrialeTis kultura

Zv. w. III aTasw. II naxevari – adreyorRanuli kultura

Zv. w. II aTasw. II nax. – gvianbrinjaos xana. rkinis metalurgis dasawyisi

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4. qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis sakiTxi

qar Tve li xal xis war mo mav lo bisa da mo-na Te sa ve o bis sa kiTxi jer ki dev Zvel ber-Znebs ain te re seb daT. is to ri is ma mad wo-de bu li he ro do te (QZv.w.-mde V s.) fiq rob da, rom kol xe bi eg vip tu ri war mo So bi s iy vnen. uf ro ad re ber Zneb Si gav r ce le bu li iyo Se xe du le ba, rom qar Tvel Ta anu iber Ta wi nap re bi gad mo sax le bul ni iy vnen es pa ne-Ti dan, ro mel sac ase ve ibe ria ewo de bo da. Zve li eb ra e li is to ri ko si, io seb fla vi u si (Zv.w-dan I s.) qar Tvel Ta war mo mav lo bas bib-li ur per so na Jebs ukav Si reb da. ase ve Zve li qar Tve li is to ri ko se bic qar Tve lebs bib-li u ri no es me sa me Svi lis – ia fe tis STa-mo mav le bad miiCnevdnen. uZ ve les qar Tul sa is to rio Txzu le ba Si – `moq ce vai qar-Tli sa i~-s qro ni ka Si ki moTx ro bi lia sa qar-Tve los te ri to ri a ze qar Tvel Ta gad mo-sax le ba sam xre Ti dan, e.w. ari an qar Tli dan.

me o re qar Tu li wya ro – `cxov re ba qar-Tvel Ta me fe Ta da pir vel Ta gan Ta ma ma Ta~ (XI s.) gan sxva ve bu lad war mog vid gens qar-Tvel Ta war mo mav lo bas. mi si av to ris (le-on ti mro ve lis) mtki ce biT, kav ka si is xal-xe bi er Ti a ni war mo mav lo bi s ari an da `a maT Tvis Ta er Ti iyo ma ma, sa xe liT Tar ga mos...~, ro me lic ba bi lo nis godolis mSe neb lo-bisa da ena Ta aR re vis Sem deg Ta vi si col -Svi li Ta da mra val ricx o va ni na Te sa ve biT kav ka si a Si da sax lda, mis ma Svi leb ma mis ces da sa ba mi aq mcxov reb xal xebs: qar Tve lebs, som xebs da sxv.

es uka nas kne li Tval saz ri si qar Tul is-to ri og ra fi a Si gav rce le bu li iyo TviT XIX sa u ku nem de, ro de sac wi na azi a Si far-Tod ga i Sa la ar qe o lo gi u ri sa mu Sa o e bi da ara er Ti aR mo Ce na mar Tlac sen sa ci u ri gax da. ga moC nda manam de uc no bi qvey ne bi da xal xe bi, gan sxva ve bu li kul tu riTa da eniT. win wa vi da enaT mec ni e re ba, e.w. `mkvda-ri ene bis~ Ses wav la. mec ni e reb ma Se Zles zo gi er Ti am enis da kav Si re ba manam de cno-

rari an (arianam) – Zvel spar-sul Si ira nis (spar se Tis) sa xel-mwi fos sa xel wo de ba

rindoevropuli enebi – msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli, mo na Te sa ve ene bis di di oja xi, ro mel Sic Se di s in du ri, ira nu li, sla-vu ri, ro ma nu li, ger ma nu li, ber Znu li da mTe li ri gi mkvda-ri ene bi. indoevropul enaTa ojaSi daaxloebiT 400 enas aerTianeben.

rbaskebi – espaneTisa da safrangeTis sazRvarze mcxovrebi xalxi, romelTa ena da kultura evropulisgan gansxvavebulia

leqsikoni

vercxlis Tasi TrialeTidan. zed

gamosaxulia ritualuri scena

24

Tavi pir

vel

i

bil ena Ta oja xeb Tan, zo gi er Tis ki – ve ra. ma ga li Tad, xmel Ta Su azR vis pi re Ti sa da mci re azi is uZ ve les mcxov reb Ta (vid re aq in do ev ro pe le bi ga moC de bod nen) ene bi ma-nam de cno bil ar cerT ena Ta ojaxs ar ekuT-vno da. verc kav ka si u ri ene bis da kav Si re bac mo xer xda ro me li me ena Ta ojax Tan, ami tom war mo iq mna va ra u di, rom kav ka si u ri (qar-Tve lu ri, Crdi lo kav ka si u ri) da wi na re in do ev ro pu li `mkvda ri~ ene bi er Ti war mo-mav lo bi s iy vnen. amas TiT qos eTan xme bo da mi To lo gi u ri gad mo ce me bi, eT no lo gi u ri da kulturis kvlevebiT dadgenili sxva-dasxva faq ti. ma ga li Tad, cno bil ma enaT-mec ni er ma ni ko mar ma, ro me lic war mo So biT gu ri i dan iyo, bas ke bis qve ya na Si mog za u-robisas im de ni si ax lo ve da i na xa bas kur da gu ri is cxov re bis wess So ris, rom Ta-vis naS roms uwo da `mog za u ro ba pi re ne-is gu ri a Si~. mag ram es hi po Te za sa Ta na do da sa bu Te bas mo iTx ov da. amas sWir de bo da di di mu Sa o ba ro gorc enaT mec ni e re bis xa ziT, ise ar qe o lo gi u ri, eT no lo gi u ri, an Tro po lo gi u ri da sxva dis cip li ne bis Ta na med ro ve me To de biT kvle va. mec ni e-ru lad swo ri das kvnis ga mo sa ta nad enaT-mec ni e reb ma un da Se Zlon da aRad gi non is Tav da pir ve li anu wi na re ene bi, ro mel Ta daS li Ta da gan vi Ta re biT war mo iq mna Ta-na med ro ve ene bi. dRes dRe o biT Seg viZ lia vTqvaT, rom qar Tve lu ri ene bi: qar Tu li, meg rul -Wa nu ri da sva nu ri er Ti Zi ri dan, sa er To qar Tve lu ri dan mo di an. sxva das-xva mi ze zis ga mo mox da cal ke u li eT ni ku-ri jgu fe bis er Tma ne Ti sa gan ga mo yofa da

borjRali

WurWeli berikldeebis

namosaxlaridan. Zv. w. III aTasw. II nax.

cal ke gan vi Ta re ba. ma Ti ene bic da Sor da er Tma neTs.ar qe o lo gi u ri faq te biT mtkic de ba, rom sa qar Tve los te ri to ri a ze ada mi-

a ni mud mi vad cxov rob da ka cob ri o bis dasabamidan. aq gan vi Ta re ba Si ra i me mniS-vne lo va ni Cavardna ar Se i niS ne ba. ra Tqma un da, sxva das xva eT ni ku ri jgu fis Tu to mis Se moR we vas da ad gi lob riv mo sax le o ba Si asi mi la ci as u Tu od eq ne bo da ad gi li, ase ve ad gi lob riv mo sax le o bas mud mi vi kul tu ru li, eko no mi ku ri da sxva xa si a Tis kon taq te bi hqon da ax lo bel Tu So re ul qvey neb Tan, xal xeb Tan. es yve la fe ri ai sa xe bo da ad gi lob riv eneb sa da kul tu raze. uZ ve le si leq si kis sa Su a le biT Se iZ le ba aR vad gi noT is bu neb ri vi ga re moc, ro mel Sic ada mi ans ux de bo da cxov re ba, da vad gi noT is xal xe bi, rom le bic eme zob le bod nen Cvens

25

saqar

Tvel

o d

a qar

Tvel

i xal

xis war

mo

mavl

oba

wi nap rebs da a.S. am sa kiTx e bis gar kve va Si mec ni e rebs did dax ma re bas uwevs ro-gorc enaT mec ni e re ba, ise ar qe o lo gi a.

dad ge ni li a, rom ne o li Tis xa na Si me ur ne o bis axal sis te ma ze ga das vlam (`ne o li Turma re vo lu ci am~) di di gav le na iqo nia de mog ra fi ul pro ce seb-ze, sa qar Tve lo Si sag rZnob lad ga i zar da mo sax le o bis ricx vi, ro me lic sul uf ro far To te ri to ri ebs iT vi seb da. sa qar Tve los re li e fis Ta vi se bu re bam xe li Se uwyo mi si mo sax le o bis gan mxo lo e bas – cal ke u li eT ni ku ri jgu fe bis gan cal ke ve biT gan vi Ta re bas. Tum ca Se i niS ne ba am to me bis di di kul tu ru li si ax lo ve, kul tu ru li da eT ni ku ri er To ba. ad reb rin ja os xa na Si sa qar Tve lo-Si sak ma od ma Ra li do nis e.w. `mtkvar -a raq sis kul tu ra~ gavrcel da. QZv.w-mde III aTas wle u lis me o re na xe var Si aR mo sav leT sa qar Tve lo Si Se mo iW rnen Crdi lo e-Tis ste peb Si mom Ta ba re, `yor Ra nu li kul tu ris~ ma ta re be li to me bi, rom le bic Se saZ loa, in do ev ro pu li war mo mav lo bi sa iy vnen. rogorc Cans, isi ni er Txans `mtkvar -a raq sis kul tu ris~ ma ta re bel to meb Tan Ta na ar se bob dnen, mag ram es did xans ar gag rZe le bu la. axal mo su leb ma ad gi lob ri vi mo sax le o bis kul tu-ra aiT vi ses, mag ram Tvi To nac gav le na mo ax di nes cxov re bis ad gi lob riv wes ze, dak rZal vis ri tu al ze da ena zec.

ad re yor Ra nuli kul tu ris xa na Si da sav leT sa qar Tve lo Si gan sax le bu li iy vnen sva nur ena ze mo la pa ra ke to me bi, xo lo qar Tul -za nu ri er To bis ma ta-re be li mo sax le o ba vrcel de boda sam xreT kav ka si o nis bor cvo van zol Si, Tri-a le Tis ze gan ze, sa dac axa li kul tu ris Camoyalibebis pro ce si mim di na re obda. am kul tu ris for mi re bas da aR ze ve bas xe li Se uwyo wi na a zi ur xe Tur -xu ri tul sam ya ros Tan ur Ti er To ba mac. es faq te bi ar qe o lo gi ur ma sa la Sic kar gad Cans.

Q Zv. w. II aTas wle u lis Sua xa neb Si daS las iwy ebs qar Tul -za nu ri er To ba. za-nur (a nu meg rul, kol xur) eno va ni eT no si Tan da Tan da sav leT sa qar Tve lo Si vrcel de ba da aviw ro ebs sva nu re no van mo sax le o bas, ro me lic Crdi lo e TiT, kav ka si o nis mTa va ri qe dis sam xreT kal Tebs ika vebs. za nu ri (kol xu ri) enis ma-ta re be li eT ni ku ri jgu fi TiT qmis mTel da sav leT sa qar Tve los da sam xre TiT mde ba re mxa re ebs ika vebs.

qar Tul -za nu ri er To bis daS lis, mis gan za nu re no va ni mo sax le o bis ga mo-yo fis da da sav leT sa qar Tve lo Si gan sax le bis Sem deg, sa er To qar Tve lu ri enis dar Ce ni li di a leq te bis sa fuZ vel ze Tan da Tan Ca mo ya lib da qar Tu li ena, rom lis ma ta re be li eT no si TiT qmis mTel aR mo sav leT sa qar Tve lo Si da mim-de ba re mxa re e bis mi wa- wyal ze vrcel de ba. mis sam xreT na wil Si wi na azi i dan Ca-mo sax ldnen xe Tur kul tu ras zi a re bu li mes xu ri to me bi. uf ro gvi an, qar Tlis sa me fos Ca mo ya li be bis Sem deg, qar Tu li ena iq ca am ax lad Seq mni li qar Tu li sa me fos sa xel mwi fo enad, ro mel mac Ta vi si gav le na ga av rce la da sav leT sa-qar Tve lo zec.

am ri gad, Zv.w-mde II aTas wle u li dan qar Tve lu ri ene bis da qar Tu li kul tu-ris ma ta re be li to me bi aq ti u rad iwy e ben mo na wi le o bas ax lo aR mo sav le Tis rTul po li ti kur cxov re ba Si. dge ba uZ ve le si qar Tu li sa xel mwi fo eb ri vi ga er Ti a ne be bis da Zve laR mo sav lu ri ti pis qar Tu li sa xel mwi fo e bis Ca mo ya-li be bis epo qa.

wya­ro 1

wya­ro­2

wya­ro­3

herodote (Zv.w-mde 484-425 ww) kolxebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb:

`kolxebi rom egviptelebi arian, amas me TviTon mivxvdi uwin, vidre movismendi

sxvaTagan... SevekiTxe orives, kolxebs ukeT axsovT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs

kolxebi. egviptelebi amboben, rom maT miaCniaT, rom kolxebi arian sesostrisis1

laSqridan, xolo TviT mec aseve meCveneba, radgan kolxebi arian Savgvremanebi

da xuWuWTmianebi... kidev sxva ramec SeiZleba, rom kolxebis Sesaxeb vTqva maTi

egviptelebTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb: mxolod eseni da egviptelebi amuSaveben sels

erTnairad; mTeli cxovreba da ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTisa...~

1 se sos tri si – sa va ra u dod, eg vip tis fa ra o ni ramses II.

leonti mroveli (XI s.) qarTvelTa kavkasiaSi Camosaxlebis da mezobel

xalxebTan monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb:

`ambavi rvaTa ZmaTa TargamosianTa. saxeliTa mamisaTa, ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa

viwyo moTxrobad qarTvelTa mefeTa da winaparTa cxovrebisa. somexTa da

qarTvelTa, ranTa da movakanelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa erTi

iyo mama – saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Zis wuli iafeTisi – Zisa

noesi. iyo ese Targamos kaci gmiri. roca aRaSenes babilonis godoli, da rodesac

gaiyo iq enebi da gaifantnen adamianebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi, wamovida Targamos

Tavisi naTesaviTurT da daemkvidra orTa mTaTa Sua – araratsa da masissa~...

qarTveluri tomebis mezobel xalxebTan kontaqtis damadasturebeli leqsikuri

faqtebi

qarTul-Sumeruli: Torne (qarT.) – Tunir (Sumer.), doqi (qar.) – duq (Sum.), Tixa

(qar.) – dix (Sum.), xari (qar.) – xar (Sum.), marani (qar.) – marun (Sum.), ezo (qar.)

– izi (Sum.) da sxv. qarTul-aqaduri: aguri (qar.) – aguru (aqad.), tixari (qar.) –

tix (aqad.), Suka (qarT.) – Suk (aqad); qarTul-urartuli: arwivi (qar.) – arcivi

(urart.), SarSan (qar.) – Sal iSan (iqiTa weli urart.), yira (miwa, Tavdayira qarT.)

– kira (urart.).

26

Tavi pir

vel

i

1. gaiazreT, ratom cdilobs XI saukunis istorikosi leonti mroveli,

warmogvidginos kavkasiis xalxebi erTmaneTis monaTesaved?

2. dak vir ve biT wa i kiTx eT he ro do tes cno ba kol xe bis Ca mo mav lo bis Se sa­xeb da im sje leT, ram de nad sar wmu noa igi.

klasSi samuSao

1. teq stze da wya ro eb ze 1, 2, 3 day rdno biT werilobiT Ca mo a ya li beT qar­Tvel Ta war mo mav lo bis Se sa xeb ga moT qmu li gan sxva ve bu li va ra u de bi. im­sje leT, ram de nad da ma je re be lia Ti To e u li maT ga ni.

saSinao­davaleba

brinjaos samajurebi orxevidan, Zv. w. XIV-XIII aTasw.

27

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28

Tavi meo

re

5. daiaeni _ diaoxi

II saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi

daiaeni-diaoxi Cv. w.-aR-mde II-I

aTaswleulebis mijnaze

cnobebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis Sesaxeb Cndeba ZvelaRmosavlur lursmul warwerebSi. Cv. w.-aR-mde II aTaswleulebis bolos samxreTis mxridan saqarTvelos esazRvreboda miTani da asureTi. miTani Cv. w.-aR-mde XIII saukuneSi gaanadgures asurelebma da daiwyes Seteva CrdiloeTis mimarTulebT. aq isini Seejaxnen did saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas (daiaeni, diaoxi, taoxi), romlis saTaveSic idga mefe sieni. mefe sienTan kavSirSi iyo sxva 23 mefe. eseni, rogorc varaudoben, misadmi damorCilebuli tomebis beladebi iyvnen. asureTis mefe tiglaTfa-lasar I-ma SesZlo tomTa am kavSiris damarcxeba da brZolaSi datyvevebuli beladebi Tavis erTgulebaze daafica, xolo maTi mbrZanebeli, mefe sieni wamoiyvana Tavis sataxto qalaq asurSi, aq saTanado ceremonialis aRsrulebis Semdeg gaaTavisufla da Tavis qveyanaSi daabruna.

samxreTiT diaoxis sazRvrebSi dRevandeli q. arzrumis midamoebic Sedioda, CrdiloeTiT javaxeTi esazRvreboda, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTiT misi gavlena Sav zRvamde aRwevda.

Cv. w.-aR-mde XII saukunis bolodan asuruli wyaroebi qarTvel tomebs aRar axseneben. es imis gamo, rom asureTi amis Semdeg dasustda da veRar awarmoebda Soreul SeteviT omebs. Cv. w.-aR-mde IX saukunidan ki mas upiratesoba CamoarTva axladwarmoqmnilma samefom – urartum.

urartus mefis, menuas droindeli

lursmuli warwera

saqarTvelo da wina azia

sparseTisyure

k a s p i i s

z R va

S a v iz R v a

Su

me

re b i

2010qalaqi

29

saqar

Tvel

o ant

ikur

xanaSi

saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi

urTierToba urartusTan

urartus saxelmwifo warmoiqmna Cv. w.-aR-mde IX saukuneSi, amierkavkasiis samxreT nawilSi. urartuelebi lursmul damwerlobas iyenebdnen da TavianT warwerebSi gadmogvcemdnen maTi istoriis umniSvnelovanes ambebs. magaliTad, urartus mefe menua, romelic mefobda Cv. w.-aR-mde IX saukunis bolosa da VIII saukunis dasawyisSi, kldeze amokveTil erT-erT Tavis warweraSi laparakobs diaoxis winaaRmdeg brZolebze. diaoxi urartulad daiaenis qveyanas ewodebo-da. mas daurbevia diaoxis qveyana da misi mefe utufursi daumorCilebia, magram diaoxis mefe male ajanyebula da menuas memkvidres, argiSTi I-s xelaxla mouxda utufursis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba. urartus mefeebma diaoxs samxreTi nawili waarTves da iq TavianTi batonobis gansamtkiceblad cixesimagreebi aages.

diaoxi mainc Zlier qveynad Cans. urartus mefe menua Tavis warwerebSi diaoxs `Zlevamosil~ qveyanas uwodebs. diaoxis simdidres mowmobs is uxvi nadavli, rac dampyroblebs gahqondaT am qveynidan, anda is didi raodenobis xarki, rasac diaoxi uxdida urartus mefeebs. diaoxSi ganviTarebuli iyo mesa-qonleoba, metalurgia, Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSaveba. am didi gaerTianebis saTaveSi erTi mefe idga, romelic qveynis uzenaesi xelisufali iyo da swored masTan hqondaT urTierToba mezobel qveynebs.

diaoxis gaerTianebis aRsasruli

urartus mefeebis Semosevebma daasusta diaoxi, magram misi mTliani da-pyroba maT ver SeZles. diaoxis saboloo ganadgurebaSi monawileoba miiRo dasavleT saqarTvelos meore didma saxelmwifoebrivma gaerTianebam – ko-lxam. adre, Cv. w.-aR-mde XII-XI saukuneebSi kolxuri tomebis nawili diaoxis politikuri gavlenis qveS iyvnen moqceulni da asureTis mefeebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mis mokavSireebadac gamodiodnen. Semdeg isini TandaTan ganTavi-sufldnen diaoxis qveSevrdomobisagan da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba Seqmnes. CrdiloeTidan kolxas, xolo samxreTidan – urartus Semotevebis Sedegad Cv. w.-aR-mde VIII saukuneSi diaoxma arseboba Sewyvita. misi teritoriis nawili urartuelebma daisakuTres, xolo CrdiloeTi nawili kolxas SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.

ufro gvian Zveli berZnebi diaoxis teritoriaze mcxovreblebs taoxebs eZaxdnen. es saxeli SemorCa erT-erT Zvel qarTul provincias – taos.

wya­ro 1

urartus mefe, argiSTi I diaoxSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb:

`...qalaqi zua, diaoxis qveynis samefo qalaqi, me davwvi... diaoxis mefe davimorCile,

Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. ai, ra xarki misca diaoxelma argiSTis: 41

mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli, ... aTiaTasi mina spilenZi, aTasi sajdomi cxeni, 300

suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. ai, rogori xarki davade me diaoxis qveyanas, raTa

mas yovelwliurad elia: (amdeni) mina sufTa oqro, 10 000 mina spilenZi, (amdeni)

xari, 100 Zroxa, 500 cxvari, 300 sajdomi cxeni... mefeebi, romlebic diaoxis mefis

dasaxmareblad movidnen, me gavanadgure~.

ZiriTadi­TariRebi

1. rogori saxelmwifo iyo daiaeni, romlis saTaveSic idga mefe sieni?

2. rogori damokidebuleba arsebobda daiaenis mefesa da mis mezobel

tomebs Soris?

3. rogori urTierToba hqonda daiaeni-diaoxs urartus samefosTan?

4. ra viciT diaoxis mefe utufursis Sesaxeb?

5. ram ganapiroba diaoxis ganadgureba?

6. ras adasturebs wyaroSi moxseniebul qalaq zuas `diaoxis samefo

qalaqad~ moxsenieba?

7. ratom modiodnen diaoxis dasaxmareblad sxva `mefeebi~?

8. wyaros mixedviT gaarkvieT, meurneobis ra dargebi yofila ganviTarebuli

diaoxis qveyanaSi.

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT mokle Tema: `diaoxi da urartu~.

saSinao­davaleba

rmina – wonis erTeuli, udrida 505 grams.

leqsikoni

XIV s. XII s. X s. VIII s. VI s. IV s.

Zv. w. XII-VIII ss. – kolxas saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba

Zv. w. XII saukune - daiaenis mefe sieni

Zv. w. IX- VIII saukuneebis mijna – utufursis mefoba diaoxSi

Zv. w. IX s. – urartus samefos warmoqmna

Zv. w. VII s. dasawyisi – diaoxis dapyroba urartusa da kolxas mier

30

Tavi meo

re

6. kolxa (kolxeTi) miTsa da sinamdvileSi

kolxa Zvel aRmosavlur

wyaroebSi

asuruli da urartuli lursmuli warwerebi dasavleT saqarTvelos teri-toriaze Cv. w.-aR-mde XI-VIII saukuneebSi asaxeleben meore did qarTul saxelmwi-foebriv gaerTianebas – kolxas. kolxa mdebareobda Savi zRvis samxreT da aRmo-savleT nawilSi. mis saTaveSi mefe idga, romelic Tavis samefos moxeleebis (me-fis nacvlebis) meSveobiT ganagebda. aq iyo araerTi samefo qalaqi, romelTa Soris gamoirCeoda qalaqi ildamusa.

diaoxis ganadgurebis Semdeg urar-tu uSualod gaumezoblda kolxas da maT Sorisac daiwyo saomari Sejaxebebi. erT-erT aseT laSqrobas aRwers urar-tus mefe sardur II, romelmac Cv. w.-aR-mde VIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi daarbia kolxas samefos samxreTi teritoria da aqedan didZali pirutyvi da simdidre waiRo nadavlis saxiT. wyaro sardur II-is laSqrobis Sesaxeb mowmobs kolxeTSi rki-nis warmoebis ganviTarebas da saerTod gvianbrinjaos da adre rkinis xanaSi e.w. `kolxuri kulturis~ maRal dones. amas kargad adasturebs mopovebuli arqeolo-giuri masala da Zveli berZnebis miTebSi daculi cnobebi.

miTi kolxeTSi argonavtTa

laSqrobis Sesaxeb

Zvel saberZneTSi farTod iyo gavr-celebuli miTi argonavtebze, romelSic aisaxa Zveli berZnebis warmodgena kolxe-Tis samefos Sesaxeb. am miTis mixedviT, ko-lxeTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo, romlis saTaveSi mefe aieti idga. aiets didebuli sasaxle hqonda qvis maRali svetebiTa da spilenZis qongurebiT damSvenebuli. sa-saxleSi dauSreteli Sadrevnebi Cqefda, romlidanac wyalTan erTad rZe da sur-

argonavtTa xomaldis rekonstruqcia

medea da iazoni oqros sawmiss itaceben.

mxatvroba larnakze

31

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ikur

xanaSi

nelovani zeTi iRvreboda. aiets, mzis RmerTis, heliosis, Svils, cecxlisa da mWedlobis RmerTma hefestom gamouWeda spilenZisfexebiani, cecxlis mfrqve-veli xarebi. manve gaukeTa magari foladis guTani. aietTan inaxeboda magiuri oqros sawmisi – verZis oqros matyliani yvavi. ai, am aietTan oqros sawmisis wasaRebad saberZneTidan gamoemgzavrnen saxelganTqmuli gmirebi iazonis meTaurobiT. maTi xomaldis saxelis – argos mixedviT, am eqspediciis monawi-leebs argonavtebi daarqves.1

argonavtebma Zneli, xifaTiani mgzavrobis Semdeg miaRwies kolxeTis napirs da warudgnen mefe aiets. kolxeTis mefem iazons aRuTqva oqros sawmisis mi-cema, Tu is spilenZisCliqebian, cecxlis mfrqvevel xarebs uRelSi Seabamda, Semdeg foladis saxnisiani guTniT mindors moxnavda da xnulSi urCxulis kbi-lebs daTesavda, bolos am kbilebidan aRmocenebul spilenZisjavSnian meomre-bs daxocavda. yovelive amas TviTon aieti advilad akeTebda. iazoni amas ver Seasrulebda, kolxTa mefis grZneuli qaliSvili, medea rom ar daxmareboda. berZeni RmerTebis nebiT medeas TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda iazoni da aswavla mas, Tu rogor Seesrulebina es mZime davaleba. Semdeg medea iazons oqros sawmisis motacebaSi daexmara.

am miTSi legendarul ambebTan erTad istoriuli sinamdvilec aris asaxuli. magaliTad, berZnebma am TqmulebaSi asaxes kolxeTis maRali metalurgiuli da samiwaTmoqmedo kultura, qveynis politikuri siZliere da sxv. fola-dis saxnisiani guTani aq SemTxveviT rodi aris naxsenebi. esec Zvel kolxeTSi rkinis metalurgiis da miwaTmoqmedebis dawinaurebas mowmobs. Cv. w.-aR-mde II aTaswleulis bolodan saqarTveloSi ukve icnobdnen rkinas, romlis dane-rgvasa da aTvisebaSi qarTvel tomebs, kerZod Savi zRvis samxreT mTianeTSi mcxovreb xalibebs2, garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRviT.

qarTveli tomebis did damsaxurebas metalurgiis danergva-ganviTarebis saqmeSi asaxavs meore Zveli berZnuli miTi promeTes Sesaxeb, romelic Zalian hgavs uZveles qarTul Tqmulebas amiranze. promeTem zevss cecxli mostaca da adamianebs misca. am cecxliT adamianebma liTonis gamodnoba SeZles. promeTes Tqmulebis kavSirs saqarTvelosTan isic amtkicebs, rom es adamianebisaTvis Tavdadebuli gmiri zevsma sabolood saqarTveloSi, kavkasionis mTaze mia-jaWva.

1 1984 wels argonavtebis marSruti gaimeora ingliselma mecnierma tim severinma. amiT daamtkica maSin-deli teqnikuri pirobebiT aseTi mogzaurobis SesaZlebloba.2 xalibebis saxelidanaa nawarmoebi foladis berZnuli saxelwodeba `xalufs~, rac xalibur liTons niSnavs.

wya­ro 1

urartus mefe sardur II-s warweridan kolxaSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb:

`sarduri ambobs: gavemarTe salaSqrod kolxas qveynis winaaRmdeg... qalaqi

ildamusa, samefo qalaqi kolxas qveynis mefisa, brZoliT davipyari, misi mosaxleoba

gadavbuge. kolxas mefis nacvlebi, romelnic iq iyvnen, gavJlite. rkinis beWedi

gavakeTebine, warwera davdgi qalaq ildamusaSi. cixesimagreebi, qalaqebi davwvi da

davangrie, qveyana gavaCanage, kacebi da qalebi gavreke~.

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ZiriTadi­TariRebi

1000 950 900 850 800 750

Zv. w. VIII 40-iani wlebi – urartus mefis, sardur II-is mier kolxas dalaSqvra

Zv. w. XI-VII s. Sua xanebi –kolxas samefo

1. sad mdebareobda asurul da urartul lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli

kolxa?

2. ra urTierToba iyo kolxasa da urartus Soris?

3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs Zvel xalxur gadmocemebs da miTebs istoriuli

faqtebis dadgenisaTvis?

4. warweraSi kolxas mefis romeli moxeleebi arian dasaxelebuli?

5. raze migviTiTebs warweraSi rkinis beWdis dasaxeleba?

6. gaixseneT Zveli qarTuli Tqmuleba amiranis Sesaxeb da SeadareT berZnul

miTs promeTeze.

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba: `zRapari da realoba miTebSi~.

saSinao­davaleba

sabrZolo etlis

modeli. goxebis gora.

Zv. w. IX s.

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kolxeTis Zveli samefos ganadgureba

kimerielTa mier

Cv. w.-aR-mde VIII saukunis ukanasknel meo-TxedSi CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTis vrce-li tramalebidan amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWr-nen momTabare-meomari tomebi, romlebic kimerielebis saxeliT arian cnobilni. ki-merielTa cxenosanma urdoebma grigaliviT gadauara dasavleT saqarTvelos terito-rias. kimerielebma Tavzardamcemi STabeW-dileba moaxdines mTel maSinde wina aziaze. qarTveli xalxis metyvelebaSi maTi saxeli daumarcxebeli adamianis epiTetad SemorCa. sityva `gmiri~ warmodgeba kimerielTa saxe-lwodebidan – `gimir~.

kolxeTis samefos ganadgurebis Semdeg kimerielebma daamarcxes urartus same-foc da mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilsa da samxreT amierkavkasiaSi dasaxldnen. aqedan isini SiSis zars scemdnen mezobel qveynebs. kolxeTma am momTabareebis Semo-sevis Sedegad didi ziani ganicada. baris mo-saxleobis didi nawili amowyda, samefos te-ritoriac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Seqmni-li viTarebiT isargebles mTielma tomebma da kolxeTis barSi masobrivad Camosaxleba daiwyes. es tomebi jer kidev pirvelyofi-li-Temuri wyobilebis safexurze idgnen da kolxeTis baris mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT primitiul meurneobas misdevdnen. aman gamoiwvia kolxeTis meur-neobis da sazogado wyobilebis daqveiTeba da saxelmwifo wyobilebis moSla.

skviTebi amierkavkasiaSi

amave saukunis bolos volgispira stepebidan darubandisa da darialis gadmosasvlelebiT amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen skviTebi – iranuli modgmis mejoge-momTabare tomebi, romlebic kimerielebis msgavsad jer kidev Temur-patriarqaluri wyobis safexurze idgnen. maT daamarcxes imierkavkasiaSi mcxo-vrebi sxvadasxva tomebi, bevri maTgani SeierTes da maTTan erTad gaagrZeles laSqroba samxreTis mimarTulebiT. skviTebma, iseve, rogorc kimerielebma, didi ngreva da ganadgureba moutanes amierkavkasiis da wina aziisa saxelmwi-foebs. arqeologebi bevrgan pouloben skviTuri tipis iaraRebs da maT samar-xebs. skviTuri masalebi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda dRevande-li somxeTis teritoriaze. aq erT-erT did olqs ewodeboda `sakaSeni~. `saka~ skviTebis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebaa.

7. kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi

kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi

urartueli mxedrebi saomar etlebze

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skviTi tomebis urdoebma cecxliTa da maxviliT gadaiares mcire aziis teritoria, siria, palestina da TviT egviptemde miaRwies. nawili skviTebisa amierkavkasiaSi darCa da monawileobda sxvadasxva brZolaSi, rogorc daqira-vebuli samxedro Zala.

urartus samefos ganadgureba

Cv. w-aR-mde 590 w. urartus samefos bolo mouRes midielebma. midielebi iranuli modgmis tomebi iyvnen, romlebmac Zlieri saxelmwifo Camoayalibes dRevandeli iranis azerbaijanis teritoriaze. maT daamarcxes da gaanadgures asureTi, Semdeg ki Seuties urartus samefosac. am brZolebSi maTTan erTad monawileobdnen skviTebi da amierkavkasiis xalxebi. brZola urartus sabo-loo ganadgurebiT damTavrda. amiT isargebles urartus mezobelma tomebma, kerZod somxebma, romlebic urartus dasavleT ganapira mxareebSi cxovrobd-nen, da masobrivad iwyes Camosaxleba urartus teritoriaze. aq mcxovrebi urartuelebis didi nawili somxur tomebSi gaiTqvifa, nawili ki CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlda da qarTveli tomebis qveSevrdomobaSi moeqca. isini TandaTan gai-Tqvifnen qarTvelebSi da qarTveli xalxis kulturasa da metyvelebaSi bevri sagulisxmo elementi Semoitanes. magaliTad, qarTulSi dRes damkvidrebulia gamoTqmebi – yiramala, Tavdayira, yiraze gadasvla da sxv. `yira~ qarTulad arafers niSnavs, urartulSi ki igi miwas aRniSnavda. aSkaraa, am gamoTqmebSi urartuli sityvaa naxmari: yira (miwa) ma(R)la, Tavda (TaviT) yira (miwisken) da a.S. urartuelebma qarTvelTa yofasa da metyvelebaSi Semoitanes maTi mo-savlianobis RvTaebis `arales~ kulti da saxeli. dRemde qarTul sameurneo simRerebSi am RvTaebis saxeli da misadmi mimarTa ismis. magaliTad, cnobili qarTuli simRera `orovela~, romelsac guTnisdeda mReroda pirveli xnulis gavlebis dros, iwyeba mowodebiT RvTaeba aralesadmi: `ari arale!~ `ari~ urar-tulad niSnavs `mogveci~, e.i. am simReraSi guTnisdeda evedreba mosavlianobis RvTaeba arales. saxeli `arale~ sxva qarTul simRerebSic moixsenieba.

sasperebi1 da mosxebi

berZeni istorikosi herodote Tavis saistorio TxzulebaSi aRniSnavda, rom `maetidis tbidan (e.i. azovis zRvidan) vidre mdinare fazisamde (e.i. md. rionamde) da kolxebamde 30 dRis savalia msubuqad SeiaraRebuli kacisaTvis, xolo kolxeTidan midiaSi gadasasvleli didi araa, mxolod erTi tomia am qve-ynebs Soris, esaa sasperebis tomi~. sasperebs herodote sxvaganac asaxelebs, romelTa nawili aqemenianebs daupyriaT da sxva tomebTan erTad me-18 satra-piaSi gauerTianebiaT. maT Sewerili hqoniaT: xarki 200 talantis odenobiT da monawileoba saberZneTis winaaRmdeg omSi. herodote aRwers sasperebis Seia-raRebasac: maT kolxebis msgavsad Tavze xis muzaradi exuraT da xelT epyraT gamouqneli tyaviT dafaruli patara farebi da mokle Subebi.

sasperebTan erTad herodote asaxelebs sxva qarTul tomebsac. magaliTad, mosxebs anu mesxebs, romlebic Cv. w-aR-mde VI saukunis bolos mcire aziidan Cagadmosaxldnen samxreT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. maTi

1 varaudoben, rom sasperebis saxelidan momdinareobs Zveli berZnebis mier aRmosavleT saqarT-velos aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba – iberia (speri – hberi – iberi, sa– qarTuli prefiqsia).

wya­ro 1Zveli berZeni istorikosi herodote (V s.) skviTebis Sesaxeb:

`skviTebi Semovidnen aziaSi mas mere, rac gayares evropidan kimerielebi, ltolvil

kimerielebs misdevdnen da ase miaRwies midielTa qveyanas. (isini aziaSi sxva gziT

Semovidnen, vidre kimerielebi) gadauxvies zemoTa gzaze, romelic bevrad ufro

grZelia, marjvniv ki kavkasionis mTebi hqondaT. am adgilas SeebrZolnen midielebi

skviTebs, magram daZleul iqnen brZolaSi da dakarges mmarTveloba, skviTebma ki

mTeli azia Caigdes xelSi...

daaxloebiT 28 weli eWiraT skviTebs azia da yovelive gaatiales TavianTi

TavnebobiTa da udardelobiT. garda imisa, rom skviTebma TiToeuli tomi dabegres

da xarks axdevinebdnen, isini yaCaRobdnen da ezidebodnen TiToeuli tomisgan, rac

ki ram hqondaT~.

1. ra Sedegebi moutana kolxeTs kimerielebis Semosevam?

2. vin iyvnen skviTebi da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ra safexurze idgnen

isini?

3. vin gaanadgura urartus samefo?

4. ra bedi ewia urartus mosaxleobas?

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT aRwereT amierkavkasiasa da wina aziaSi kimerielebisa da skviTebis SemoWris istoria.

saSinao­davaleba

rsatrapia – aqemenidebis imperiis samxedro olqi

r talanti – wonis erTeuli, udrida 10 mina vercxls.

leqsikoni

saxeli dResac SemorCenilia samxreT saqarTveloSi: mesxeTi, samcxe (samesxe), TviT mcxeTac mesxTa qalaqs unda niSnavdes.

`Zveli qveynebis istoriidan~ Tqven gaxsovT, rom Zv. w. IV saukuneSi iranis aqemenianTa saxelmwifos bolo mouRes berZen-makedonelebma maTi saxelovani mefis, aleqsandre makedonelis (356-323 ww.) meTaurobiT. amas mohyva berZnuli-(elinuri) kulturis swrafi gavrceleba aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, amitom am periods (Zv. w. IV saukunidan I saukunemde) elinizmis xana ewoda. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis 323 w.) Semdeg misi imperia swrafad daiSala calke saxelmwifoebad. Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia am movlenebs ukavSirebs qarTlis samefos warmoqmnas.

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8. egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo Cv.w-aR-mde

VI-I saukuneebSi

dasavleT saqarTvelo kimerielTa

Semosevis Semdeg.

kimerielTa gamanadgurebelma Semosevam dasavleT saqarTvelos didi ziani miayena, magram adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebrioba da mefis xelisufleba mainc ar gauqmebula. kolxeTis, anu rogorc qarTuli wyaroebi uwodeben – egrisis samefom TandaTan SeZlo welSi gamarTva da Cv. w-aR-mde VI-V saukuneebSi kvlav miaRwia Tavis siZlie-res, rasac adasturebs berZeni istorikosi herodote. am droidan berZnebis cnobebi kolxeTis (egrisis) Sesaxeb sakmaod mravl-deba, radgan maT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze daaarses axalSenebi, romlebic adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan gacxovele-bul vaWrobas eweodnen. aseTi axalSenebi iyo: fazisi (dRevandeli q. foTis maxlo-blad), dioskuria (q. soxumis maxloblad), gienosi (q. oCamCiresTan) da pitiunti (biW-vinTa) sxv.

berZnebi kolxeTTan vaWrobas did mniS-vnelobas aniWebdnen. saberZneTidan Zi-riTadad SemohqondaT xelosnobis nawar-mi: qsovili, WurWeli da fufunebis sxva sagnebi; agreTve, kvebis zogi produqti: zeTi, Rvino. saqarTvelodan gahqondaT seli da selis nawarmi, bewveuli, tyavi, gemis saSeni xe-tye, agreTve xis Zvirfasi jiSebi (magaliTad – bza); oqro, rkina da sxva liTonebi; gahyavdaT monebic.

berZeni avtorebis cnobiT, kolxeTi am dros sakmaod dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo. aq ganviTarebuli yofila marcvleuli meurneoba, mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, mesa-qonleoba. tradiciulad maRal doneze idga brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgia, Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSaveba. yovelive amas TvalnaTliv adasturebs arqeolo-giuri masalac.

kolxuri TeTri

rfortifikacia – 1. samxedro-sainJinro mecniereba adgilmdebareobis gamagrebis Sesaxeb. 2. sxvadasxva samxedro-sainJinro nageboba.

leqsikoni

oqros samajurebi vanidan. Zv. w. IV s.

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qalaqebi egrisis samefoSi

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, berZnul axalSenebs garda, araer-Ti adgilobrivi qalaqi da qalaquri tipis dasaxleba iyo. berZeni mwerlebis cnobiT, mdinare rionze, romelsac Zveli berZnebi faziss uwodebdnen, mdeba-reobda egrisis politikuri centri q. kutaia (quTaisi). arqeologebma dRe-vandeli qalaqis vanis teritoriaze gaTxares uZvelesi naqalaqari. rogorc Cans, es iyo egrisis samefos erT-erTi politikuri da religiuri centri. aq aRmoCnda Zlieri safortifikacio nagebobani, xelovnebis maRali doniT nage-bi sakurTxeveli da warmarTuli taZrebis naSTebi, riyis qviT mokirwyluli quCa, aRmoCnda aTasobiT Zvirfasi nivTi da samkauli, mdidruli samarxebi, sadac dakrZalulni iyvnen qveynis aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi. aqve napovni iqna araerTi qandakeba da sxvadasxva gamosaxu-lebiT Semkuli nivTebi, didi xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli svetisTavebi da sxva arqiteqturuli detalebi. yvelaferi es TvalnaTlad mowmobs egrisis samefos ekonomikur ganviTarebas da kulturis maRal dones.

aseTive naqalaqarebi da mdidari arqeologiuri masalaa aRmoCenili da-savleT saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSic. magaliTad, samtrediis raionis sofel dablagomTan da saCxeris raionis sofel sairxesTan.

Cv. w-aR-mde VI saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi iyo adgilo-briv moWrili vercxlis fuli, romelsac mecnierebi `kolxur TeTrs~ wodeben. fulis moWra aq ganviTarebuli saxelmwifos arsebobas adasturebs.

egrisis samefo adremonaTmflobeluri saxelmwifo iyo. es niSnavs imas, rom aq monis Sroma meurneobaSi farTod ar iyo gamoyenebuli. monebs ZiriTadad mZime samuSaoebze asaqmebdnen, rogoric iyo madnis amoReba-damuSaveba, cixee-bisa da sasaxleebis mSenebloba, gzebisa da arxebis gayvana, gemebze meniCbeebad muSaoba da sxv. soflis meurneobas ZiriTadad Tavisufali da naxevradTavi-sufali meTemeebi eweodnen.

egrisis samefo dayofili iyo saerisTavoebad (skeptuxiebad), romlis sa-TaveSic mefis moxeleebi – erisTavebi idgnen. eseni iyvnen adgilobrivi aris-tokratiis warmomadgenlebi. egrisis mefes eqvemdebareboda svaneTic, romlis mosaxleoba jer kidev Temuri wyobilebis wesebiT cxovrobda. arqeologiuri masala mowmobs, rom TviTon egrisis mosaxleobis SigniT qonebrivi da socia-luri dayofa Sors iyo wasuli. aq gvxvdeba rogorc aristokratTa mdidruli samarxebi da akldamebi, ise gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT adgilobrivi sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebis ubralo ormosamarxebi, oriode Catanebuli Tixis WurWliTa Tu Raribuli samkauliT.

egrisis samefo sakmaod Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo. amas mowmobs Tundac is fa-qti, rom misi uSualod dapyroba ver SeZlo Zlevamosilma aqemenianTa iranma. egrisi mas mxolod `nebayoflobiT~ ZRvens ugzavnida: xuT weliwadSi erTxel 100 biWsa da 100 gogos.

Cv. w-aR-mde III saukunidan egrisi axladwarmoqmnili qarTlis samefos poli-tikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca.

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VII s. VI s. V s. IV s. III s. II s.

Zv. w. IV-III ss. – qarTlis (iberiis) samefos warmoqmna

Zv. w. VII-VI ss. mijna – egrisis (kolxeTis) samefos warmoqmna

1. romeli miTi igulisxmeba `iazonis laSqrobaSi~?

2. ra mniSvneloba hqonda egrisis mefeebis mier qveynis skeptuxiebad anu

saerisTavoebad dayofas?

3. ra niSnebiT Cans, rom svanebi jer kidev Temuri wyobilebis wesiT

cxovrobdnen?

4. ra gavlena moaxdina dasavleT saqarTveloze kimerielTa Semosevam?

5. riT dasturdeba qalaq vanis mniSvneloba?

6. isaubreT egrisis saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaze.

7. rogor axasiaTebs straboni svanebs? ramdenad damajerebelia TqvenTvis

cnoba svanTa laSDqris raodenobis Sesaxeb?

klasSi samuSao

wya­ro 1

berZeni geografi straboni (cxovrobda Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis

mijnaze) kolxeTis Sesaxeb:

`Tu rogor saxelganTqmuli iyo Zvelad es qveyana, cxadhyofen amas miTebi, romlebic

mogviTxroben iazonis laSqrobaze... amis Semdeg (aietis) memkvidre mefeebma

skeptuxiebad (saerisTavoebad) dahyves qveyana da hqondaT zomieri xelisufleba...

(egrisis samefos qveSevrdomTa Soris svanebi) TiTqmis saukeTesoni arian simamacisa

da Zalis mxriv: floben isini irgvliv (yvelafers) da upyriaT kavkasionis

mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris: hyavT maT basilevsi (beladi) da

sabWo 300 mamakacsagan Semdgari da, rogorc amboben, kreben laSqars 200 000 (kacis

raodenobiT); marTlac, mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araorganizebuli~.

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legenda farnavazis Sesaxeb

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Setanilia naxe-vrad legendaruli gadmocema qarTlSi mefobis dawyebis Sesaxeb. am gadmoce-mis mixedviT, rodesac aleqsandre make-donelma daipyro irani da wina azia, sa-qarTveloSic movidnen dampyroblebi da qveyana daikaves.1 maT mokles mcxeTis ma-masaxlisi da qveynis mmarTvelad TavianTi sardali, azoni datoves.

azoni mkacri mmarTveli gamodga. misi brZanebiT moTxares da daangries aqauri cixeebi, dampyroblebi xocavdnen qarT-lis yvela mcxovrebs, visac ki iaraRis tareba SeeZlo. qarTlis mosaxleoba did ubedurebaSi Cavarda.

gavida karga xani. bolos gamoCnda Wabuki farnavazi, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis ZmisSvili, romelic jer kidev 3 wlis ba-vSvi qarTlSi dampyrobTa Semosevis droi-dan dedamiss kavkasionis mTebSi gadaemala da axla ukve srulwlovani da davaJkace-buli dabrunebuliyo mcxeTaSi. igi Ses-aniSnavi moisari da monadire iyo. erTxel nadirobisas iremi mokla, magram SemoaRa-mda da gauavdrda. man Tavi Seafara erT gamoqvabuls, sadac moulodnelad did-Zal simdidres miagno. farnavazi da misi ojaxis wevrebi xuTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi farulad ezidebodnen am ganZs.

farnavazi daukavSirda dasavleT sa-qarTvelos erisTavs qujis da masTan er-Tad gadawyvita ajanyeba azonis winaaRm-deg. napovni simdidriT maT SeiZines saoma-ri iaraRi, daiqiraves kavkasiis mTielebi (ovsni, lekni) da dampyroblebi daamar-cxes. azonis jaris nawili maT mxareze gadmovida, xolo TviTon azoni brZolaSi mokles.

1 dadgenilia, rom aleqsandre makedonels TviTon saqa­rTveloSi ar ulaSqria, magram gamoricxuli ar aris, romelime misi sardlis laSqroba.

9. farnavaz mefe da misi epoqa

sasafeTqleebi axalgoridan. Zv. w. IV s.

mefe farnavazis qandakeba TbilisSi

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qarTlis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba

samSoblos ganTavisuflebis Semdeg farnavazma Tavi qarTlis mefed ga-moacxada. man Tavisi da colad miaTxova qujis da Tan igi egrisis mmarTvelad dasva. mefe farnavazma erisTavebi, e.i. adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi, daayena qvey-nis rva sxvadasxva nawilSi. Sida qarTli calke saganmgeblo erTeulad gamoyo da mis saTaveSi spaspeti (mTavarsardali) Caayena.

farnavazma kvlav aaSena mcxeTis zRude da sxva cixe-qalaqebi. man qarTvel-Ta mTavar RvTaebad armazi gamoacxada, romlis kerpic (qandakeba) mcxeTis pirdapir maRal mTaze aRmarTa. aqve aaSena didi cixe, romelsac armazis cixe ewodeboda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ legenda farnavazsve miawers qarTuli enis gavrcelebas da qarTuli mwignobrobis (damwerlobis) Seqmnas.

am legendaSi bevria zRapruli, magram masSi mainc sinamdvilis garkveuli anarekli Cans. sxva monacemebiTac mtkicdeba, rom qarTlis samefo, marTlac, Cv. w-aR-mde IV-III saukuneebs mijnaze warmoiqmna da mis saTaveSi idga farnava-zianTa samefo dinastia. aseve, savsebiT realuri unda iyos is RonisZiebani, rac, am legendis mixedviT, farnavazma gaatara: qveynis administraciuli mow-yoba (8 saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod dayofa), erisTavTa qveSevrdomebad aTasisTavebisa da spasalarebis daniSvna, erTiani saxelmwifo religiis Seqmna da sxv.

qarTlis samefos gaZliereba

qarTlis, anu rogorc mas Zveli berZnebi uwodebdnen – iberiis samefo Cv. w-aR-mde III saukuneSi sakmaod gaZlierda. am dros misi sazRvrebi samxreTiT md. araqsamde aRwevda, CrdiloeTiT ki kavkasionis qeds mihyveboda. misi po-litikuri gavlena kavkasiis mTielebzec vrceldeboda. qarTlis samefos Se-madgenlobaSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili. amiT aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba kidev ufro dauaxlovda erTmaneTs da daCqarda maTi konsolidacia – erT xalxad Camoyalibebis procesi.

qarTlis samefos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis I saukunis gamoCenili berZeni geografi, straboni. misi aRweriT, `iberia met-wilad kargad aris dasaxlebuli qalaqebiTac da dabebiTac, ise rom aq aris kramitiani saxuravebi, saxlebi arqiteqturulad mowyobili, bazrebi da sxva sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebani~... qveyana aqtiur aReb-micemobas eweoda da did rols asrulebda Zveli saberZneTis aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobaSi. aq gadioda savaWro gza (rionisa da mtkvris gavliT kaspiis zRvamde) indoeTisa da CineTisaken, saidanac SemohqondaT abreSumi, amitom am gzas abreSumis didi gza ewodeboda.

qarTlis samefos kontrols eqvemdebareboda gadmosasvlelebi kavkasiis qedze. am gzebis saSualebiT qarTli ukavSirdeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiel mTielebs, romlebsac xSirad iyenebda Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSi. am uReltexilebis gamagrebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto qarTlisaTvis, radgan imierkavkasieli mTielebi da momTabare-meomari tomebi am gzebiT Se-moWrisas aoxrebiT da darbeviT emuqrebodnen mezobel qveynebsac, romlebze zemoqmedebisaTvisac qarTlis mefeebi am mdgomareobas kargad iyenebdnen.

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qarTlis saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi wyobileba

qarTlis saTaveSi mefe idga, romelic `didi mefis~ tituls atarebda. qve-yanaSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi mefis sagvareulos warmomadgenlebs ekavaT. magaliTad, mefis Semdeg meore piri iyo spaspeti, romelic mTavarsardlisa da umaRlesi msajulis movaleobas asrulebda, amave dros mas ganmgeblobaSi gada-cemuli hqonda Sida qarTli. danarCeni samefo dayofili iyo saerisTavoebad, romlebic Tavis mxriv iyofodnen ufro mcire administraciul erTeulebad da maT saTaveSi spasalarni da aTasisTavni idgnen. isini krefdnen saerisTavo da mefis karis sasargeblo xarks. samefo gvars emsaxureboda sakmaod mraval-ricxovani fena damokidebuli meTemeebisa, romlebsac `samefo monebi~ ewode-bodaT. gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT qurumebsac.

mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Tavisufali an naxevrad Tavisufali meTemeni Seadgendnen. omianobis dros maT laSqrad gamosvla evalebodaT. maTi Zveli qar-Tuli saxelwodeba iyo `eri~, `erisganni~. monebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT hyavdaT, ZiriTadad, mZime samuSaoebze gamosayeneblad. qalaqebSi umTavresad vaWrebi da xelosnebi cxovrobdnen. rogorc vxedavT, qarTli sazogadoebrivad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri monaTmflobeluri qveynebisagan, rogoric Zveli sa-berZneTi da romi iyo da ufro elinisturi aRmosavleTis qveynebs emsgavseboda.

wya­ro 1

`qarTlis cxovreba~ qarTlis pirveli mefis farnavazis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb:

`farnavaz uSiS iqmna yovelTa mterTagan da mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da

egrissa zeda. da ganamravla yovelni mxedarni qarTlosianni1, ganawesna erisTavni

rvani da spaspeti (mxedarTmTavari)... xolo amaT erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da

adgilTa, ganaCina spasalarni (sardlebi) da aTasisTavni, da maT yovelTagan

movidoda xarki sameufo da saerisTavo...

aman farnavaz mozRuda qalaqi mcxeTa mtkiced, da yovelni qalaqni da cixeni

qarTlisani mooxrebulni (mterTagan) aman aRaSenna... da amanve farnavaz Seqmna

kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tvissa: ese ars armazi...

da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. aman

ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier

(garda) qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.

1 qarTlosianni – qarTvelTa legendaruli mamamTavris, qarTlosis, STamomavalni.

a

qarTlis moqcevis qronika (IX s.) farnavazis Sesaxeb:

`farnavaz aRmarTa kerpi didi cxvirsa zeda (mTisasa) da dasdva saxeli misi

armazi, da moqmna (aaSena) zRude wyliT kerZo da hrqvian armaz (cixesa amas)~.

b

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qarTlis mdgomareobis gauareseba

Cv. w-aR-mde II saukunis manZilze didi cvlilebebi moxda qarTlis samefos saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobaSi. misi siZliere garkveulad Searyia Sinaurma brZolebma, rac atyda mefis xelisuflebasa da erisTavebs Soris. am brZolebSi sagareo Zalebic ereodnen.

qarTls Tavidanve kargi urTierToba hqonda siriis selevkianTa samefosTan, magram am ukanasknelma TandaTan dasusteba daiwyo. mas gamoeyo da calke saxel-mwifod Camoyalibda parTia, romlis saTaveSic arSakianTa dinastia idga. par-Tia wina aziaSi uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. amave dros dasavleTidan Semoteva iwyo romma. romaelebma Cv. w-aR-mde 190 wels daamarcxes selevkianebi, riTac isargebles somxeTis mmarTvelebma da maTi batonobisagan Tavi gaiTavisufles. somxeTis teritoriaze Seiqmna ori somxuri saxelmwifo – sofenes samefo da didi armenia. am samefoebSi saqarTvelos samxreTi teritoriis nawili Sevida.

qarTlis samefos aRmosavleTiT, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze warmoiqmna albaneTis saxelmwifo, xolo dasavleTidan gaumezoblda pontos samefo. pontos samefo Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiros moicavda da misi mosaxle-obis did nawils dasavlur-qarTuli tomebi (lazebi, Wanebi, kolxebi, xalibe-bi, mosinikebi da sxv.) Seadgendnen. pontos samefo gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda miTridate VI-is mefobis (Zv. w. 111-63 ww.) dros. man daipyro Savi zRvis Crdilo da aRmosavleTi sanapiro, maT Soris kolxeTis teritoriac; didi armeniis (somxeTis) mefe tigran II-sTan erTad daiwyo brZola aRmosavleTSi romis Semo-tevis winaaRmdeg. am brZolebSi qarTlica da albaneTic pontosa da somxeTis mokavSireebi iyvnen.

romaelebma ramdenjerme daamarcxes miTridate VI da somxeTSi SeiWrnen. male romaelebis armias saTaveSi Caudga cnobili sardali pompeusi, romelmac aiZula somxeTis mefe tigran II, winaaRmdegoba Seewyvita da romaelebs damor-Cileboda. amis Semdeg romaelTa armia saqarTvelosaken daiZra.

ZiriTadi­TariRebi

300 250 200 150 100 50

Zv. w. 190 w. – selevkidebis damarcxeba romis mier

Zv. w. III s. – farnavazis mefoba qarTlSi

1. ra mniSvneloba unda hqonoda farnavazis mier erTiani saxelmwifo

religiis Seqmnas?

2. daakvirdiT, ra unda iyos legendaruli da ra namdvili gadmocemaSi

farnavazis Sesaxeb.

3. ra RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela farnavazma mas Semdeg, rac Tavi qarTlis

mefed gamoacxada?

4. gaixseneT me-7 klasSi naswavli Zveli aRmosavluri RvTaebebi. romel

araqarTul RvTaebebTan SeiZleba hqondes kavSiri RvTaeba armazs?

5. ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlis axladwarmoqmnil saxelmwifoSi qarTuli

enis `ganvrcobas~ da qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnas?

6. SeadareT erTmaneTs `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da qarTlis moqcevis

qronikis cnobebi farnavazis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.

7. ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlisTvis kavkasionis qedze gadmosasvlelebis

kontrols?

klasSi samuSao

1. dawereT Txzuleba `qarTlis saxelmwifos mmarTveloba da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi~.

2. rukaze (gv. 43) dayrdnobiT CamowereT Zv. w. III saukunis saqarTvelos didi dasaxlebuli punqtebi da iq mcxovrebi xalxebi.

saSinao­davaleba

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pompeusis laSqroba qarTlSi

romaelebi qarTls Cv. w-aR-mde 65 wels moadgnen. qarTlSi am dros artagi mefobda. qarTlis mefe kargad xedavda, rom Zalebi uTanabro iyo da mas ar SeeZlo winaaRmdegoba gaewia romaelTa uZleveli armiisaTvis, amitom man pompeuss despani miugzavna da zavi SesTavaza. pompeusma ifiqra, rom qarTlis mefes es molaparakeba drois gasayvanad da Zalebis mosakrebad undoda, amitom molaparakeba Sewyvita da qarTlis Suagulisaken daiZra. romaelTa jari arma-zis cixes Semoadga. armazis cixis mcirericxovanma garnizonma maT saTanado winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. mefe artagi mtkvris marcxena napirze gadavida da xidi dawva. pompeusis jarebma mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare teritoria daikaves. artagma kvlav molaparakebiT scada zavis Camogdeba, mtkvarze xidis aRdgena da mters sursaTiT momarageba aRuTqva. magram pompeuss qarTlis sruli damor-Cileba surda. romaelebi gadavidnen mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze da iberTa laSqars aragvis xeobaSi Seuties. brZola qarTvelTa damarcxebiT damTavrda.

romaeli istorikosebi aRweren, Tu ra TavdadebiT ibrZodnen qarTveli meomrebi. damarcxebis miuxedavad isini agrZelebdnen brZolas, adiodnen ma-Ral xeebze da iqidan uSendnen isars momxdurebs. mamakacebTan erTad mamacurad ibrZodnen qalebic. daWrilTa Soris, romlebic romaelebma daatyveves, mrava-li qali aRmoCnda. brZolis velze 9000 qarTveli meomari daeca, 10 000-ze meti tyved Cavarda. artagma romaelebis sardals mZevlebi da Zvirfasi saCuqrebi, maT Soris oqros sawoli, taxti, magida gaugzavna da zavi iTxova.

pompeusi saTanadod iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos did strategiul da poli-tikur mniSvnelobas da bolos da bolos dazavebaze daTanxmda. zavis pirobe-

10. saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobebi antikur xanaSi

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bis Tanaxmad, qarTlSi mefoba xeluxleblad rCeboda. qarTlis mefes mxolod romaelTa `megobroba da mokavSireoba~ daevala. aseve evaleboda kavkasionis uReltexilebis Sekvra da Crdilo kavkasiidan meomari-momTabare tomebis Se-kaveba. Tavis mxriv, romaelebi saqarTvelos mimarT araviTar valdebulebas ar kisrulobdnen. rogorc vxedavT, es xelSekruleba ar iyo Tanasworuflebiani. qarTlis samefo romis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca, magram misTvis es zavi iseTi sazaralo mainc ar iyo, rogorc, magaliTad, somxeTisaTvis. somxe-Tma dakarga tigran II-is dros dapyrobili yvela olqi da amieridan igi didi imperiidan meorexarisxovan saxelmwifod iqca. es qarTlisTvis sasargebloc ki iyo, radgan `didi armeniis~ mezobloba mis politikur SesaZleblobebs mniS-vnelovnad zRudavda da zogjer masze damokidebulsac ki xdida. gavixsenoT, rom armeniam iberias ramdenime mosazRvre olqic ki waarTva. qarTlis samefo kari kargad iyenebs Seqmnil viTarebas da romTan kavSiriT did politikur sargebelsac poulobs.

qarTlidan pompeusi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, sadac miTridate VI eguleboda. pontos mefem zamTari fazisSi gaatara da aqedan bosforSi (CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTSi) gadaixvewa. pompeuss brZoliT uxdeboda gzis gakafva, man fazisamde miaRwia. romaelTa sardalma kolxeTis mmarTvelad ad-gilobrivi didebuli aristarqe daniSna da kolxeTi uSualod romis dapyro-bil teritoriad gamoacxada. Cvenamde moRweulia aristarqes mier moWrili moneta, romelzec amokeTilia warwera: `aristarqe, kolxeTis mbrZanebeli~. pompeusma albaneTzec ilaSqra da isic romis mbrZaneblobas dauqvemdebara.

saqarTvelo Zv. w. I saukuneSi. brZola somxeTis dauflebisaTvis

Cv. w. I saukuneSi qarTlis samefo SesamCnevad gaZlierda. amas xeli Seuwyo mis samxreTiT somxeTis dasustebam. qarTlma SeZlo samxreTi teritoriebis ukan dabruneba. ufro metic, qarTlis samefo kari moxerxebulad sargeblobda romis imperiasTan kavSiriT da TviT somxeTze Tavisi politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilobda.

am dros somxeTis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs upirispirdeboda maSindeli msoflios ori uZlieresi saxelmwifo – romis imperia da parTia. 35 wels somxeTis dakaveba scada parTiis mefem, romelmac iq Tavisi Svili gaamefa. romis imperator-ma sTxova qarTlis mefes, rom mas somxeTidan gaeZevebina parTiis mefis Svili da uflebas aZlevda, iq mefed daesva TavisTvis sasurveli piri. marTlac, qarTlis mefem somxeTSi gagzavna jari Tavisi memkvidris, farsmanis sardlobiT. qarTve-lebma somxeTi daikaves da iq mefed dasves qarTlis mefis meore vaJi – miTridate. parTiis mefem didi laSqari gamogzavna somxeTidan qarTvelTa gasadevnad, magram gadamwyvet brZolaSi qarTvelebma isini daamarcxes.

parTelTa laSqars mefis vaJi, orodi sardlobda. qarTvelebma saTanado Ta-darigi daiWires. maT daixmares mezobeli albaneTis jari, gaxsnes kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebi da imierkavkasiidan mokavSired alan-osebi gadmoiyvanes. par-Telebis Zala ZiriTadad cxenosanTa laSqarSi iyo, maSin rodesac qarTvelebs cxenosnebTan erTad Zlieri qveiTi jaric hyavdaT. brZolis bedi garkveulwilad gadawyvita qarTvelTa mefis Zis, farsmanis, vaJkacobam. brZolis qarcecxlSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen TviT jaris sardlebi – farsmani da parTeli ufliswuli

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orodi. farsmanma xmlis mZlavri dartymiT mas muzaradi gaupo. orodis mcvelebma TavgaCexili ufliswuli saswrafod gaacales brZolis vels, magram cnobam parTelTa mefis Zis sasikvdilod daWris Sesaxeb maT laSqarSi didi areuloba ga-moiwvia. qarTvelebma ki ufro Tamamad Seuties mters da sastikad daamarcxes.

male qarTlis samefo taxtze avida farsman I, somxeTSi ki misi Zma, miTridate mefobda da fa-qtobrivad somxeTi qarTlis politikuri gavle-nis qveS iyo moqceuli. qarTlis mefes surda, somxeTi qarTlis srul qveSevrdomobaSi moeqcia da iq Tavisi memkvidris – radamistis gamefeba sca-da. radamistma SeTqmuleba moawyo Tavisi biZis, miTridates winaaRmdeg da mas taxti waarTva, ma-gram somxeTSi mefoba didxans ver SeinarCuna. igi mkacri mmarTveli gamodga. mis winaaRmdeg somexi didebulebi ajanydnen da radamisti somxeTidan gamoaZeves. somxeTis dauflebisTvis brZola ga-naaxles parTiam da romma da farsmani iZulebuli gaxda, asparezi daecala. am warumateblobis gamo qarTlis mefem Tavisi Svili, radamisti, sikvdi-liT dasaja.

63 wels romsa da parTias Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac somxeTi ormagi damokidebulebis qveS eqceoda: somxeTSi imefebdnen parTiis samefos gva-ris – arSakianebis warmomadgenlebi, mxolod im pirobiT, rom isini romis vasalebi iqnebodnen. amis Semdeg qarTlis samefos aRar SeeZlo somxeTze raime ufleba ganecxadebina. parTelebma TavianT mxareze gadaiyvanes aqamde iberiis gavlenis qveS myofi albaneTis samefoc. amis miuxedavad, qarTli mainc Zlier saxelmwifod rCeboda da kvlav aqtiurad monawileobda wina aziis politikur cxovrebaSi.

romis batonoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aniketis ajanyeba

gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. romisTvis egrisi ufro xelmwisawvdomi iyo, vidre qarTli: zRvis saSualebiT romaelebi egriss advilad aRwevdnen. garda amisa, egrisSi maT ar emuqrebodaT uSualo safrTxe parTiis saxelmwifosagan. amitom romaelebi aq SedarebiT Tavisuflad moqmedebdnen. qveynis mTavar qalaqebSi romaelTa jari idga. egrisis binadari mosaxleobis mdgomareoba imiTac garTulda, rom am periodSi gaZlierda mTaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva, SedarebiT CamorCenili tomebis Tavdasxmebi da masobrivi Camo-saxleba. isini tyveebisa da nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT Tavs esxmodnen ko-lxeTis dasaxlebul punqtebs, qalaqebs. magaliTad, maT gaZarcves q. pitiunti, daacarieles dioskuria da sxv. romaelebi am mekobre mTielebs ki ar ebrZodnen, aramed maTTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas cdilobdnen da maT am TavdasxmebisTvis aqezebdnen kidec, Tundac imitom, rom romael monaTmflobelebs tyve-monebi didi raodenobiT sWirdebodaT. dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ukmayofi-

marmarilos stela. napovni

zRvaSi soxumis (dioskuriis)

maxloblad. Zv. w. V s.

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leba dRiTi dRe izrdeboda, rac male did ajanyebaSi gadaizarda.69 wels Savi zRvis samxreT da aRmosavleT sanapiros (pontos, kolxeTis)

mosaxleoba ajanyda romis winaaRmdeg. ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga yofili mona, aniketi. romis imperatorma ajanyebis Casaqrobad rCeuli jari gamogzavna. romaelebma daamarcxes aniketi, romelmac Tavi kolxeTs (md. xobis xeobas) Seafara. romaelebma igi mainc daatyveves da sastikad dasajes.

saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba II saukuneSi. qarTlis mefe farsman

II qveli

II saukuneSi qarTlis samefo kvlav Zlieri saxelmwifoa. romis imperato-rebi cdilobdnen masTan kargi urTierToba hqonodaT da xelSekrulebiT gaformebuli `megobroba da mokavSireoba~ SeenarCunebinaT, qarTlis mefeebs Tavi sakmaod damoukideblad eWiraT. magaliTad, 128 wels romis imperatorma adrianem mcire aziaSi yofnisas TavisTan miiwvia aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva qveynis mefeebi da mmarTvelebi. romis imperatorma qarTlis mefe farsman II-is (120-170) gulis mosagebad Zvirfasi saCuqrebi gaugzavna. saCuqrebs Soris iyo saomari spilo da 50-kaciani razmi. qarTlis mefem imperators samagiero saCu-qrebi uZRvna: didZali Zvirfaseuloba da oqroqsovilis mosasxamebi, TviTon ki masTan gamocxadeba ar ikadra. amiT ganrisxebulma romis mperatorma brZaneba gasca, am mosasxamebiT gladiatorebi SeemosaT da ise gamoeSvaT cirkis arena-ze. misi saCuqrebis ase abuCad agdebiT ganawyenebulma qarTlis mefem gaxsna darialis kari, gadmoiyvana alan-osTa meomari tomebi da romis imperiis aRmo-savleT provinciebs Seusia. amiT qarTlis mefem agrZnobina romis imperators Tavisi Zliereba. aseTi dapirispireba romsa da qarTls Soris im garemoebam warmoqmna, rom qarTlis mefem daikava gasasvleli Sav zRvaze, kerZod daiqve-mdebara ZidritTa tomi, romelic mosaxleobda dRevandeli aWaris Savi zRvis sanapiroze, romis imperators ki amis cnoba arafriT ar surda.

romsa da qarTls Soris aseTi daZabuli urTierToba SedarebiT mowesrigda adrianes sikvdilis Semdeg. romis saimperatoro taxtze asulma axalma impera-torma, antonine piusma scno qarTlis samefos mier Savi zRvispira teritoriis SeerTeba. man qarTlis mefe romSi stumrad miiwvia. farsman II mravalricxo-vani amaliT Cavida romSi. molaparakebis Semdeg gaimarTa didi asparezoba, romelSic monawileoba miiRo qarTlis mefem da misma amalam. qarTvelTa am stumrobis aRsaniSnavad specialuri warwera gaakeTes marmarilos dafaze, romelic romis forumis moedanze iyo gamofenili. farsman mefes neba mieca, kapitoliumSi Seewira msxverpli, rac did pativad iTvleboda ucxoelisaTvis. cxenze amxedrebuli farsmanis qandakeba daidga omis RmerTis, marsis, taZarSi.

farsman mefe moxseniebulia mcxeTasTan aRmoCenil e.w. armazis bilingvaSi (ore-novan warweraSi). is iq moxseniebulia, rogorc `qveli~, e.i. mowyale, mxne, guladi da SemmarTebeli. farsmanis Semdeg qarTlSi mefobda xsefarnugi, romelic aseve moxseniebulia armazis bilingvaSi, magram sxva cnobebi mis Sesaxeb ar gagvaCnia.

dasavleT saqarTvelo II saukuneSi

rogorc davinaxeT, romaelebma dasavleT saqarTvelo dapyrobili qveynebis ricxvSi moaqcies da aq TavianTi mmarTveloba daamyares. adgilobrivi mosaxle-

49

saqar

Tvel

o ant

ikur

xanaSi

oba ver egueboda romaelTa batonobas. amis Tvalna-Teli mowmoba iyo egriselTa aqtiuri monawileoba aniketis ajanyebaSi. am ajanyebam gamoamJRavna, rom romaelebs uWirdaT aq TavianTi batonobis SenarCu-neba. Tanac dasavleT saqarTveloze sul ufro metad avrcelebda Tavis gavlenas qarTlis gaZlierebuli samefo. qarTlis mosazRvre argveTSi ukve qarTlis mefis erisTavi ijda, aseve aWara-guriis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili Sav zRvamde qarTls emorCi-leboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos danarCeni nawilis mosaxleobac qarTlisken miiswrafvoda. romis saim-peratoro kari iZulebuli iyo, garkveul daTmobaze wasuliyo da aq adgilobrivi mmarTveloba aRedgina. II saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ramdenime samTa-vro Camoyalibda: lazebis, afSilebis, abazgebisa da sanigebis samTavroebi, romelTa saTaveSic romaelebs adgilobrivi mTavrebi dauyenebiaT. am mTavrebs ro-maelebi `mefeebsac~ ki uwodebdnen. romaelebi zR-vispira teritorias mainc ar Tmobdnen. aq maT mTavar sanavsadguro qalaqebSi, magaliTad, fazisSi (foT-Si), dioskuriaSi (soxumSi), romelsac am dros ukve sevastopoli (berZn. Rirseuli, wminda) ewodeboda, aSenebuli hqondaT cixeebi da Cayenebuli hyavdaT mecixovne jari, romelTa mdgomareobasac sistema-turad amowmebdnen.

wya­ro 1

armazis xevSi aRmoCenili epitafiis (arameul1-berZnuli orenovani warweris anu

bilingvis) qarTuli Targmani:

`me (var) serafiti, asuli zevaxisa, mcirisa pitiaxSisa farsman mefisa, meuRle

iodmanganisa – Zlevamosilisa da mravali gamarjvebis mompovebeli ezosmoZRvrisa

sxefarnug mefisa – Zisa agrifa ezosmoZRvrisa, (imdenad) lamazi da saTno iyo

(serafiti), rom kacis Svili ar iyo misi msgavsi silamaziT. miicvala 21 wlisa~.

qvis es stela erT dros aRmarTuli yofila zevax pitiaxSis udrood gardacvlili

asulis, romelic iyo meuRle ezosmoZRvar iodmanaganisa – serafitis saflavze.

`qarTlis cxovreba~ mefe farsman II-is Sesaxeb:

`...xolo farsman qveli iyo kaci keTili da uxuad momniWebeli da Semndobeli,

asakiTa (e.i. garegnobiT) Suenieri, taniTa didi da Zlieri, mxne mxedari da

SemmarTebeli brZolisa, uSiSi, viTarca uxorco da yovliTave umjobesi yovelTa

mefeTa qarTlisaTa, romelni gardacvalebul iyvnes uwinares missa~.

1 arameuli mTels wina aziaSi gavrcelebuli ena da damwerloba iyo.

wya­ro 2

armazis bilingva

1. ram ganapiroba pompeusis laSqroba saqarTveloSi?

2. ra pirobebiT daido zavi qarTlis samefosa da roms Soris?

3. rogori uflebiT daiqvemdebara romma dasavleT saqarTvelo?

4. ra Sedegi moutana qarTlis samefos romTan dakavSirebam?

5. ram ganapiroba qarTlis samefos gaZliereba I saukuneSi?

6. rogori iyo qarTlis urTierToba somxeTTan da riT damTavrda igi?

7. vin iyo aniketi? rogor warimarTa ajanyeba da ratom damarcxda igi?

8. wyaro 2-is mixedviT daadgineT, ra da ra moxeleebi hyavdaT qarTlis

mefeebs.

9. ra iyo romsa da qarTlis samefos Soris dapirispirebis mizezi?

10. ra mniSvneloba hqonda romSi farsman mefis stumrobas?

11. ratom gaxda romi iZulebuli, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRedgina

adgilobrivi mTavrebis xelisufleba?

klasSi samuSao

1. CamowereT sakvanZo movlenebi, romlebmac antikur xanaSi saqarTvelo­romis urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula .

2. teqstis da wyaros mixedviT

daaxasiaTeT farsman mefe.

saSinao­davaleba

repitafia – warwera saflavis qvaze

leqsikoni

ZiriTadi­TariRebi

200 150 100 50 0 105

69 w. – aniketis ajanyeba

Zv. w. 65 w. – pompeusis laSqroba saqarTveloSi

Zv. w. I s. – farsman I-is mefoba qarTlSi

Zv. w. II s. – samTavroebis Camoyalibeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi

II s. 20-30-iani wlebi – farsman II-is mefoba qarTlSi

50

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11. antikuri saqarTvelos religia da kultura

uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebi

pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobilebis xa-naSi calkeul tomebs Tu Temebs TavianTi mfarveli RvTaebebi hyavdaT. aRmerTebd-nen bunebis Zalebs, sagnebs, movlenebs. maSindeli adamianebis warmodgeniT am RvTaebebs hqondaT zebunebrivi Zala da Tvisebebi: isini amyarebdnen wesrigs bune-basa da sazogadoebaSi, hqondaT didi fi-zikuri da mxedruli Zliereba, SeeZloT bunebaSi sicocxlis ganaxleba da aRor-Zineba. maT pativsacemad imarTeboda re-ligiuri ritualebi da ceremoniebi. erT-erTi aseTi ritualuri scena gamosaxulia TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze. aseTive gamo-saxulebebi moipoveba arqeologebis mier aRmoCenil sxvadasxva nivTebsa da iaraReb-ze. bevri am religiuri ritualidan Semor-Cenilia xalxur yofasa da tradiciebSi. saxalxo warmodgenebi da dResaswaulebi: berikaoba, yeenoba, xatobebi am uZvelesi religiuri ritualebis saxeSecvlili gad-monaSTebia.

uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebi Se-morCenilia Zvel qarTul xalxur miTebsa da zRaprebSi. Cveni zRaprebis gmirebi xSi-rad Cadian qvesknelSi, adian zecaSi, sadac xvdebian da elaparakebian mzes, mTvares, varskvlavebs, romlebsac adamianis Tvi-sebebi da garegnoba aqvT. mze qalad saxiT aqvT warmodgenili, mTvare – mamakacad, aseve amindisa da Rrublebis RmerTi ta-rosic mamakacia da sxv.

oqros disko axalgoridan. Zv. w. IV s.

oqros yelsabami vanidan

51

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Tvel

o ant

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xanaSi

52

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religia uZveles qarTul

saxelmwifoebSi

qarTvel tomTa saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis warmoqmnasTan erTad xdeba maTi religiuri warmodgenebis daaxloeba-Serwyma, calkeul RvTaebebs Soris garkveuli wesrigisa da ierarqiis (ufros-umcrosobis) damyareba. qarTve-lebis umaRles RvTaebad mTvaris RvTaeba iqca. igi meomari mamakacis saxiT hyavdaT warmodgenili. mis wminda cxovelad xari iTvleboda, amitom mas xSirad xars Seswi-ravdnen xolme. xaris rqebi naxevarmTva-ris formisaa, amitomac xaris rqebi Zvel sakulto SenobebSi, aseve Cveulebriv sa-cxovrebel saxlebSi xSirad xaris rqebis gamosaxulebebs anda TviTon xaris Tavebs vxvdebiT. xaris kultis aseTi gavrceleba saqarTveloSi samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis dawinaurebis Sedegi iyo.

religia qarTlis Zvel samefoSi

qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT qarT-lis pirvelma mefem, farnavazma mTavar RvTaebad armazi gamoacxada. es igive Zveli qarTvelebis mTvaris RvTaeba iyo, mxolod amjerad sxva RvTaebebis Tvi-sebebiTac aRWurves da saxelic armazi uwodes, rac xeTurad swored mTvaris RvTaebas niSnavda. es saxeli, iseve ro-gorc bevri sxva kulturuli elementi, am dros qarTlSi Semoitana mcire aziidan mosulma mesxur tomTa nakadma. armazis qandakeba (kerpi) aRmarTul iqna mcxeTis pirdapir maRal mTaze, romelsac Semdeg armazis mTa ewoda. es iyo spilenZisagan Camosxmuli meomari mamakaci oqros ab-jriTa da muzaradiT, romelsac Tvalebis magivrad Zvirfasi qvebi hqonda Casmuli da xelT epyra maxvili. misi dReoba za-fxulis bolos tardeboda. am dros fe-radi qsovilebiTa da yvavilebiT morTul mcxeTis quCebSi imarTeboda xalxmravali ritualuri msvleloba. am msvlelobaSi monawileobas iRebda samefo ojaxic. arma-

adgilobrivi draqma

ariadna. II s. sarkinedan

adamianis brinjaos figura. vani.

Zv. w. III s.

53

saqar

Tvel

o ant

ikur

xanaSi

zis RvTaebas xSirad bavSvebsac swiravdnen msxverplad.

armazis mTis mopirdapire mTaze aRmar-Tuli iyo zadenis kerpic. am adgils gvian zeda zadenis anu zedaznis mTa ewoda. ar-mazis gverdiT idga sxva RvTaebebis qan-dakebebic, romlebsac Zveli qarTvelebi miiCnevdnen sxvadasxva Zalis gansaxierebad da did Tayvans scemdnen.

mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda berZnuli axal-Senebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, gansakuTrebiT ki elinizmis xanaSi, aseve rac saqarTveloSi romis politikuri ga-vlena damyarda, farTod vrceldeba berZ-nul-romauli kultebi, aRmosavleT sa-qarTveloSi ki sparsuli cecxlTayvanism-cemloba da miTraizmi, Tumca mosaxleobis didi nawili mainc mtkiced icavda Tavis mamapapur religias, romlis gadmonaSTe-bi dRemdea SemorCenili, gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTis regionebSi. am gadmonaSTebs ikvleven da swavloben Cveni eTnologebi (eTnografebi).

saqarTvelo aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebis

gzajvaredinze

qarTvel tomTa uZveles saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebs (diaoxs, kolxas) da Semdeg egrisisa da qarTlis samefoebs mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebi hqondaT rogorc wina aziis qveynebTan, ise saberZneTTan da romTan. es urTierTobebi aisaxeboda qveynis kulturul ganviTarebazec. qarTvel xalxs Tavisi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisi sakmaod maRali TviT-myofadi kultura hqonda, magram karCaketili da garesamyarosgan mowyveti-li rodi iyo, piriqiT, qarTuli kultura iTvisebda yvelafers saukeTesos, rac mis axlo, Tu Soreul mezobel qveynebSi iqmneboda. saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiT warmoadgenda bunebriv xids aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, amitom aq xdeboda orive mxridan momdinare tradiciebis saintereso Serwyma. es garemoeba Tavisebur iers aZlevda qarTul kulturas mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze.

antikuri xanis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba

Zveli berZeni geografis, strabonis mowmobiT, maSindel saqarTveloSi mravlad iyo qalaqebi, romlebic xuroTmoZRvruli xelovnebis wesebis mixed-viT iyo nagebi. aseTi qalaqebi iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mcxeTa armazis cixiT, urbnisi, ufliscixe. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma daadastura berZeni avtoris es cnoba.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe, sadac

qalRmerT nikes brinjaos

qandakeba. vani. Zv. w. II-I ss.

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nakveT-nage-bobebs Soris SemorCenilia antikuri Teatris Senobac. mcxeTisa da misi mi-damoebis arqeologiurma Seswavlam adgilobrivi maRalganviTarebuli kulturis brwyinvale nimuSebi ga-moavlina. aq aRmoCenil iqna Zveli sa-saxleebisa da taZrebis naSTebi da, rac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, antikuri xanis abanoebi. abano am periodis di-dkacobisTvis dasveneba-garTobisa da fizikuri varjiSis adgilic iyo. abano rTul nagebobas warmoadgenda. igi ra-mdenime darbazisagan Sedgeboda cxeli da civi wylis auzebiT, wylisa da hae-ris gasacxelebeli iatakqveSa mowyobilobiT. wyals Tixis milebiT awodebdnen. iataki mozaikiT iyo moxatuli, rac TavisTavad xelovnebis saucxoo nimuSs warmoadgenda. aseTi abanoebis naSTi aRmoCnda mcxeTasTan, armazis xevSi, Za-lisasTan, agreTve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mcxeTasTan aRmoCnda SedarebiT kargad Semonaxuli samefo akldamac, rac am periodis aRmSeneblobiTi xelo-vnebis maRal ganviTarebas mowmobs.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi qalaq vanis teritoriaze arqeologebma gaTxares da Seiswavles am periodis naqalaqari, sadac aRmoCnda sxvadasxva sakulto da saero nagebobebis naSTebi: mrgvali taZris nangrevebi, Svidsafexuriani sakurTxeveli, qviT mokirwyluli quCebi, koSkebi da sxv. aRmoCnda agreTve Zveli nagebobis dekoratiulad gaformebuli svetisTavebi. aqve aRmoCenil mravalricxovan nivTebs Soris gamoirCeva gamarjvebis qalRmerT nikes brin-jaos figura, romelic agvirgvinebda saritualo WurWels.

antikuri periodis qalaqi iyo cixegojic, romelsac berZnebi arqeopoliss, anu Zvel qalaqs uwodebdnen. am naqalaqaris (e.w. noqalaqevis) gaTxrebi dResac grZeldeba.

saxviTi xelovneba. damwerlobis sakiTxi

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros araerTi ma-Rali xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli qandakeba aRmoCnda. qandakeba damzadebuli iyo liTonis, qvis Tu gamomwvari feradi Tixis masalisagan. amas garda, bare-liefebiT Tu ornamentebiT Semkulia am dros damzadebuli liTonis nivTebi, WurWeli da iaraRi. adreklasobrivi xanis qarTuli kulturis sakmaod maRal dones mowmobs brinjaosa da rkinis SesaniSnavi nakeTobani, saomari, samuSao da ritualuri daniSnulebis iaraRebi srulyofili formebiTa da mxatvru-li gaformebiT; didi gemovnebiT damzadebuli samkaulebi, saojaxo nivTebi, oqromWedlobisa da liTonis mxatvrulad damuSavebis brwyinvale Zeglebi, romlebic didi raodenobiT Cndeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.

mecnierTa Soris did kamaTs iwvevs qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis sa-kiTxi. saistorio tradiciiT, qarTuli anbani Seqmna qarTlis pirvelma mefem,

Zalisas antikuri abanoebis naSTebi

54

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farnavazma, magram jerjerobiT V saukuneze adrindeli qarTulad Sesrulebu-li warwera aRmoCenili ar aris. saqarTveloSi ixmareboda berZnuli da mTels maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebuli arameuli damwerloba. am enebze Ses-rulebuli araerTi warweraa aRmoCenili saqarTveloSi. rogorc varaudoben, maT gverdiT unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli am anbanebis safuZvelze Seqmnili qarTuli damwerlobac, romelic sul ufro da ufro srulyofil saxes iReb-da da sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg.

1. ra Tavisebureba axasiaTebda qarTul kulturas antikur xanaSi?

2. romeli Zveli qarTuli qalaqebia Seswavlili arqeologebis mier?

3. ra viciT qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb?

klasSi samuSao

1. moamzadeT referati Temaze: `qarTuli kultura antikur xanaSi~. Temaze muSaobisas, SegiZliaT ewvioT adgilobriv istoriul muzeums da daakvirdeT TqvenTvis saintereso epoqis nimuSebs.

saSinao­davaleba

rmiTra – naTlisa da mzis indo-iranuli RvTaeba

reTnologia (eTnografia) – istoriuli mecnierebis dargi, romelic swavlobs xalxTa yofa-cxovrebas

leqsikoni

qalis Tixis qandakeba

ufliscixidan. Zv. w. IV-III s.55

saqar

Tvel

o ant

ikur

xanaSi