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7/25/2019 Rezumat Engleza Marta http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rezumat-engleza-marta 1/24 MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI, CERCETĂRII, TINERETULUI ŞI SPORTULUI UNIVERSITATEA “1 DECEMBRIE 1918” DIN ALBA IULIA DOMAIN HISTORY SUMMARY ADVISER Prof. PhD V!"#$%# V&%!%"' DOCTOR CANDIDATE L%'%( Mr$ ALBA IULIA )*1*
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MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI, CERCETĂRII, TINERETULUI ŞI SPORTULUIUNIVERSITATEA “1 DECEMBRIE 1918” DIN ALBA IULIA

DOMAIN HISTORY

SUMMARY

ADVISER Prof. PhD V!"#$%# V&%!%"'

DOCTOR CANDIDATE

L%'%( Mr$

ALBA IULIA

)*1*

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MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI, CERCETĂRII, TINERETULUI ŞI SPORTULUIUNIVERSITATEA “1 DECEMBRIE 1918” DIN ALBA IULIA

DOMAIN HISTTORY

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE  BRONZE AGE AND THE BEGINNING OF THE 

 HALLSTATTIAN AGE IN CÂMPIA SĂTMĂREANĂ  AND ŢARA OAŞULUI 

 (PhD abs!a"#

ADVIRSER Prof. PhD V!"#$%# V&%!%"'

DOCTORAL CANDIDATEL%'%( Mr$

ALBA IULIA)*1*

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CONTENTS

P+"&

I. INTRODUCTION)-

I. 1. /"o+r0h%! B2+ro(#3

I. ). 4%&$or5 of R"&"rh

II. SUCIU DE SUS ARC4AEOLO/ICAL CULTURE. SETTLEMENTS 6ROM

PETEA AND LA7URI.-

III. LĂPUŞ II-/VA I 4ABITATION 4ORI7ON. SETTLEMENTS 6ROM

PETEA AND LA7URI.....-9

IV. /VA II 4ABITATION 4ORI7ON. SETTLEMENTS 6ROM CĂLINEŞTI-

OAŞ AND LA7URI.....9-1)

V. C4RONOLO/ICAL AND 4ISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS.1)-1:

VI. CATALO/UE O6 T4E LATE BRON7E A/E AND EARL;

4ALLSTATTIAN A/E DISCOVERIES. C<MPIA SĂTMAREANA AND

ŢARA OAŞULUI...1

VII. SELECTIVE BIBLIO/RAP4;.1=-1

1

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I. INTRODUCTION

I. 1. /"o+r0h%! >2+ro(#3. Câmpia Sătmăreană and Ţara Oaşului el!n" t! t#e admini$trati%e unit &r!m t#e n!rt#'ea$tern #al& !& t#e C!unt( !& SatuMare. T#e $!ut#')e$tern limit !& t#e territ!r( under re$ear*# i$ t#e *!n&ine$ !& t#e+*edea Mar$# , )#i*# i$ an e-tended area !& t#e &l!!dplain !& Cra$na ri%er and!ne !& t#e "reate$t mar$#e$ &r!m t#e intra'Carpat#ian area. +*edea Mar$# )a$ t#enatural !rder et)een t#e Su*iu de Su$ and Ce#ălu'Ha/d0a"!$ *!mmunitie$.T!)ard$ t#e $!ut#')e$t t#i$ territ!r( #a$ a natural !undar( t#at i$ CulmeaC!drului 23ă"etului M!untain$4 a m!untain rid"e )#i*# i$ $ituated et)eenCâmpia Sătmăreană and 5lat&!rma Sălă/ană. Durin" t#e Middle 6r!n7e A"eCulmea C!drului u$ed t! e t#e !rder et)een t#e territ!rie$ $ettled ( t#e Su*iude Su$ and 8ietener" *ulture$. Durin" t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"e it$ r!le !& *ultural

 !rder "re) )ea:er. Culmea C!drului rid"e i$ narr!) and n!t %er( tall t#at ma:e$

it ea$( t! pa$$ a*r!$$. It$ !rderin" %alle($ 2S!meş and Cra$na ;alle($4 u$ed t! eimp!rtant )a($ !& *!mmuni*ati!n !%er time et)een Tran$(l%ania and CâmpiaTi$ei. In n!rt#'ea$t and n!rt# t#e ran"e$ !& t#e Oaş and <utâi M!untain$ mar: !utt#e natural !rder !& t#e area under re$ear*# )#i*# in pre#i$t!r( )a$ n!ta*:n!)led"ed a$ *ultural !rder. T#e $ame *ultural p#en!mena are !$er%ed in

 !t# $ide$ !& t#e R!manian !rder )it# Hun"ar( and U:raine t#at i$ t#e n!rt#')e$tern limit !& t#e territ!r( under re$ear*#.  T#e main "e!"rap#i*al unit$ are repre$ented (= Câmpia Sătmăreană t#e Oaş , <utâi M!untain ran"e Depre$iunea Oaşului and t#e n!rt#ern $l!pe !& t#e CulmeaC!drului M!untain. T#e plateau and t#e a$in area$ )ere u$uall( &l!!ded ( t#emain ri%er$ t#at pa$$ t#em a*r!$$= S!meş and Tur. T#e m!untain$ !rderin" t#e

in%e$ti"ated area are n!t #i"#. T#e Oaş , <utâi M!untain$ appear a$ %!l*ani*ne*:$ and Culmea C!drului l!!:$ li:e *r($talline r!*:$.T#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al data t#e p!llen and !ne anal($e$ p!int t! an inten$e

#aitati!n in t#e area$ )#ere t#e mar$# plateau and #ill e*!$($tem$ meet. Animp!rtant i$$ue in *#!!$in" t#e pla*e t! $ettle )a$ t#e )ide ran"e !& re$!ur*e$ t#at)a$ !&&ered ( %ari!u$ e*!$($tem$. Mead!)$ and mar$#e$ e*!$($tem$ )ere %er(attra*ti%e t! $ettlin" in $pite !& t#e impendin" ri$: !& &l!!din" tra*e$ !& )#i*#)ere di$*!%ered !n t#e l!)er %alle( !& t#e S!meş ri%er in t#e $ettlement$ atCul*iu Mare and 5etea'C$en"er$ima.

I. ). 4%&$or5 of R"&"rh.  T#e &ir$t di$*!%erie$ t#at )ere made in Câmpia

Sătmăreană and Oaş area datin" &r!m t#e peri!d )e are re&errin" t! #ere arerepre$ented ( r!n7e pie*e$ and r!n7e #!ard$ !& )#i*# )e #a%e in&!rmati!n

 e"innin" )it# t#e $e*!nd #al& !& t#e 1>t#  *entur(. T#e$e pie*e$ #a%e een puli$#ed ( ?. Hampel. T#e *!lle*ti!n$ #!$ted in t#e mu$eum$ !& Carei 2datin"&r!m 1@@> and 1@>4 and Satu Mare 21>14 #elped :eepin" t#e pie*e$ in t#eir #!me area. T#e &ir$t ar*#ae!l!"i*al e-*a%ati!n )a$ *arried !ut ( ?. MB#li: in1@> in t#e Su*iu de Su$ &!rti&ied $ettlement at 6!ineşti. At t#e e"innin" !& t#et# *entur( a m!n!"rap# !& t#e Satu Mare C!unt( )a$ ein" dra)n up t#ere&!reA. ;Ende *arried !ut ar*#ae!l!"i*al e-*a%ati!n$ int! t#i$ $en$e in t#e $ettlementat Medieşu Aurit'Ciun*aş and )!uld $pea: !& !t#er ten 6r!n7e A"e $ettlement$ int#e territ!r( !& Câmpia Sătmăreană. T#e &!ll!)in" peri!d )a$ de%!id !& ar*#ae!l!"i*al e-*a%ati!n$ till 1>FG t#!u"# t#ere )ere made remar:aledi$*!%erie$ !& r!n7e #!ard$ 2Apa 6ătar*i ;etiş4 and )ere identi&ied l!*ati!n$ !& 

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$ettlement$. 8it# t#e 1>FG e-*a%ati!n$ *arried !ut in t#e Su*iu de Su$ $ettlement&r!m Medieşu Aurit Tieriu 6ader $tarted an e-ten$i%e 6r!n7e A"e re$ear*#

 pr!"ram )#i*# &!*u$ed !n $tud(in" t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture in CâmpiaSătmăreană.

 History of Research of the Suciu de Sus Culture. In%e$ti"ati!n$ in t#e Su*iu de

Su$ ar*#ae!l!"i*al *ulture e"an in t#e la$t de*ade$ !& t#e 1> t# *entur( in 9ăpuş6a$in and )ere *arried !ut ( ?. S7endrei and M. R!$:a. T#e( #a%e dra)n !ut t#e&ir$t rep!rt$ !n t#i$ *ulture in $e%eral $tudie$ t#at )ere puli$#ed in t#e la$tde*ade$ !& t#e 1>t# *entur( and in t#e &ir$t de*ade$ !& t#e t# *entur(. At t#e end!& t#e 1>t#  *entur( and t#e e"innin" !& t#e t#  *entur( ar*#ae!l!"i*ale-*a%ati!n$ )ere *arried !ut in n!rt#')e$tern Hun"ar( mainl( in t#e )e$tern area!& t#e U:rainian Carpat#ian$. T#e a$$e$$ment !& t#e entire area *!%ered ( t#i$*ulture )a$ d!ne mu*# later )#en A. M!7$!li*$ and N. ali*7 puli$#ed t)!$tudie$ in 1>F. T#e( r!adl( dated t#i$ *ulture t! t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"e and!utlined it$ $preadin" map= n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar( n!rt#')e$tern R!mania andt#e Tran$'Carpat#ian U:raine. T#ere )a$ an i$$ue t#at )!uld "enerate *!n&u$i!n$

in &uture re$ear*# t#at i$ t#e &a*t t#at t#e( )!uld !perate )it# di$*!%erie$ &r!mn!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar( )#i*# i$ a t(pi*all( inter'*ultural area )#ere Su*iu de Su$material$ )ere &!und t!"et#er )it# !t#er $pe*i&i* material$ !& t#e nei"#!urin"ar*#ae!l!"i*al *ulture$. A &ir$t attempt t! anal($e t#e di&&eren*e$ !$er%ed in t#e

 Nir area )a$ made ( T. emen*7ei and T. !%*$ ( *la$$i&(in" t#e 6er:e$7'Deme*$er *ultural "r!up a$ a *ultural $(nt#e$i$ *!mpri$in" !& t#ree *!n$tituent$=Su*iu de Su$ element$ arr!)$ 2+"(e:4 and an ea$tern element 2N!ua'!mar!%!4. It #a$ een re*entl( e$tali$#ed t#at e$ide$ a t(pi*all( mi-ture !& t#einter&eren*e re"i!n t#e n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"arian area *an e a)arded t! di&&erent*ulture$ 2Su*iu de Su$ and Ce#ălu'Ha/d0a"!$4 ut t#e ea$tern element t#!u"##a$ een !%er$tated.

8it# t#e e"innin" !& t#e $e%ent# de*ade and #it#ert! t#e Su*iu de Su$*ulture #a$ een inten$el( in%e$ti"ated in t#ree p!int$= Câmpia Sătmăreană andOaş 2T. 6ader4 Maramureş )it# &!*u$ !n 9ăpuş and ;alea Săla/ului area 2C.a*$4 and Tran$'Carpat#ian U:raine 23. M. 5!tuJnea: +. 6ala#uri ;. ;a$ilie% şi?. !alK4. T#e$e in%e$ti"ati!n$ re%ealed imp!rtant data a!ut t#e de%el!pment !& t#e *ulture and it$ $pe*i&i* element$. Alt#!u"# at &ir$t t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture )a$*!n$idered an Ott!man'8ietener" $(nt#e$i$ t#at )a$ "enerated at t#e e"innin"!& t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"e T. 6ader #a$ $u""e$ted an !ri"in in t#e Nir *ulture 2+arl(6r!n7e A"e4. N!) )#at 5. R!man and ?. NEmeti #a%e $tated $eem$ etter "r!unded= t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture emer"ed )it#in a r!ader p#en!men!n )#i*#

)a$ repre$ented ( re"i!n di%i$i!n$ and $eparati!n$ )it#in t#e )ide $preadin" !& t#e Ott!man *!mmunitie$.T#e re$ear*#e$ t#at )ere *arried !ut in t#e area under t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture

#a%e *aptured t#e e-i$ten*e !& $!me e%!luti!n $ta"e$. T#e &ir$t $u""e$ti!n *ame&r!m A. ;ulpe )#! elie%ed in t#e e-i$ten*e !& t#ree p#a$e$ )it#in t#ede%el!pment !& t#i$ *ultureK$ p!tter( e"innin" )it# t#e pre$ent $ta"e in t#eep!n(m!u$ ne*r!p!li$ and endin" )it# t#e ne*r!p!li$ at 9ăpuş. A$$umin" t#e

 prin*iple !& de%el!pment in p!tter( de*!rati!n &r!m in*i$i!n t! e-*i$i!n T. 6ader #a$ pr!p!$ed t#ree e%!luti!nar( p#a$e$. 6a$ed !n t#e $ame prin*iple C. a*$#a$ $u""e$ted a t)!'p#a$e di%i$i!n "i%in" up !n t#e intermediar( p#a$e pr!p!$ed

 ( T. 6ader 2Cul*iu Mi*4 and *!n$iderin" t#at t#e ne*r!p!li$ &r!m 9ăpuş p!int t!

t#e e-i$ten*e !& a di$tin*t *ultural "r!up. T#e la$t e%!luti!nar( $*#eme #a$ een pr!p!$ed ( ?. !alK. Hi$ t#ree'p#a$e di%i$i!n 2Stan!%! I'III4 *!mpri$ed C.

L

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a*$K$ t)! p#a$e$ t! )#i*# #e #a$ added a ne) p#a$e *!ntemp!rar( !& 9ăpuş"r!up.

Re$ear*#e$ !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture did n!t mana"e t! $!l%e imp!rtanti$$ue$ a!ut t#e de%el!pment and pre*i$e datin" !& t#e e%!luti!nar( $ta"e$. T#e$mall uantit( !& puli$#ed material$ and t#e la*: !& a *!n$i$tent anal($i$ !& t#e

*#ara*teri$ti*$ !& ea*# p#a$e *an e-plain t#e di&&erent !pini!n$ $!metime$antit#eti*al a!ut t#e "ene$i$ !& t#e *ulture it$ de%el!pment and relati!n$ )it#t#e nei"#!urin" $!*ietie$ !r a!ut it$ end and t#e traditi!n$ t#at t#e Su*iu de Su$*ulture eueat#$.

Hi$t!r( !& Re$ear*# !& t#e +arl( Hall$tattian A"e. C!mpared t! t#e ri*#in%e$ti"ati!n !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture mu*# redu*ed )a$ t#e intere$t &!r $tud(in" t#e *ultural #!ri7!n )it# &lutin" p!tter( datin" &r!m t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"eand t#e +arl( Hall$tattian A"e. T#i$ $ituati!n appear$ t! e m!re unu$ual a$ in t#e

 !rderin" area$ , n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar( 9ăpuş 6a$in Crişana t#e Tran$'Carpat#ian U:raine and Câmpia Careiului , )ere *arried !ut imp!rtantre$ear*#e$ t#at &!*u$ed !n t#e de%el!pment !& t#e <%a *ulture !r t#e *ultural

"r!up$ pre*edin" it. Ne) ar*#ae!l!"i*al re$ear*#e$ #a%e $#!)n t#at CâmpiaSătmăreană li:e t#e nei"#!urin" area$ *!mpri$ed !& t)! *ultural #!ri7!n$ t#at)ere u$in" la*:'ri*:'red p!tter( de*!rated ( &lutin"=1. T#e &ir$t $ettled #!ri7!n )#i*# I *alled 9ăpuş II'<%a I 2I u$ed an !ld name

)#i*# #a$ al$! een re*entl( u$ed ( ?. NEmeti4 )ere under e-tended re$ear*#in t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri. T#at #!ri7!n al$!*!mpri$ed !t#er $ettlement$ in t#e area= 6!ti7 C!r!d D!r!l et*. It$ $pe*i&i*material$ #a%e *l!$e anal!"ie$ t! t#e di$*!%erie$ &r!m t#e nd  p#a$e !& t#e9ăpuş "r!up and t! <%a I di$*!%erie$ &r!m Carei area and n!rt#'ea$ternHun"ar(.

. T#e $e*!nd #!ri7!n )#i*# I *alled <%a II mat*#e$ a &ull'"r!)n $ta"e )it#int#e <%a *ulture. 8it#in Câmpia Sătmăreană t#i$ p#en!men!n )a$re$ear*#ed in t#e &!rti&ied $ettlement &r!m Călineşti'Oaş and in t#e !pen$ettlement &r!m 9a7uri ein" al$! :n!)n in !t#er p!int$ li:e= Apa MedieşuAurit et*. T#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al material$ t#at )ere &!und #ere #a%e anal!"ie$ int#e $ite$ all !%er t#e $preadin" area !& t#e <%a *ulture.

Identi&(in" t)! di$tin*t *ultural #!ri7!n$ )it# t(pi*all( &lutin" p!tter( in CâmpiaSătmăreană )a$ p!$$ile due t! l!n" time re$ear*#e$ in t#e )ide territ!r( )#ere t#att(pe !& p!tter( )a$ u$ed. At &ir$t t#e entire &lutin" la*:'ri*:'red p!tter( )a$a$$i"ned t! t#e <%a *ulture $! a$ ne-t t! e u$ed under ne) *!nditi!n$ in t#e area$!r $ta"e$ !& it$ )ide $preadin" territ!r(.

T#e $ite$ and material$ in%e$ti"ati!n t#at led t! t#e identi&i*ati!n !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I *ultural #!ri7!n )a$ *arried !ut in &!ur area$= Depre$iunea 9ăpuşului Săla/%alle( t#e area in n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar( and Câmpia Careiului. T#e m!$t inten$ere$ear*#e$ )ere *arried !ut in t#e &ir$t !& t#e re"i!n$ )#ere C. a*$ #a$ de&ined9ăpuş "r!up a$ an independent "r!up t#at de%el!ped durin" t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"e

 a$ed !n t#e re$ear*#e$ &r!m t#e ep!n(m!u$ ne*r!p!li$. He al$! *!n*luded t#at t#e9ăpuş II'<%a I *ultural "r!up )a$ pre$ent in Săla/ %alle(. 3!r t#e !t#er t)! re"i!n$ ')#ere $*ant( e-*a%ati!n$ )ere made , t#e puli*ati!n and interpretin" !& material$ !& t#e <%a I t(pe *!uld #a%e een d!ne a$ed !n t#e in%e$ti"ati!n$ underta:en ( T.emen*7ei and ?. NEmeti. T#e p!tter( "r!up$ re$ulted &r!m t#e$e re"i!n$ #a%e man(&!*al p!int$ t#at e*!me *learer ( *!mparin" t#em t! t#e p!tter( &r!m Satu Mare

area )#i*# i$ "e!"rap#i*all( *!mpri$ed am!n" t#e$e area$.

G

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Unli:e !t#er area$ )#ere t#e <%a *ulture i$ *!n$idered an intru$i%e p#en!men!nt#e Satu Mare area , and )idel( t#e upper Ti$a 6a$in , i$ *!n$idered t#e irt# pla*e!& t#e <%a *ulture. T! e$tali$#in" t#e l!*ati!n and t#e datin" !& t#e <%a $ite$2p#a$e II4 an imp!rtant r!le #ad t#e re$ear*#e$ *arried !ut in t#e $ite$ )it# *!mple-$trati"rap#( )it#in t#e *ulture$= S!m!t!r 2?. 5aulB:4 Mediaş 2+. a#aria C. 5an:au4

Ma#ala 2<. Smirn!%a4 and Telea* 2;. ;a$ilie% I. A. Aldea H. Ciu"udean4. T#r!u"#*!mparati%e anal($i$ )it# material$ &r!m t#e la(er$ !& t#e$e $ettlement$ 2e$pe*iall(Ma#ala4 A. 9$7l $u**eeded in !utlinin" t)! $ta"e$ !& de%el!pment &!r t#e <%a$ite$ in M!lda%ia. +%en t#!u"# *!rrelati!n$ #a%e een made )it# t#e material$ &r!mTelea* in 6anat $ettin" di$tin*t p#a$e$ !& e%!luti!n )a$ n!t p!$$ile 2M. <umă4 a$)ell a$ in t#e *a$e !& t#e Ti$a 5lateau 2<. ;. S74. In a re*ent anal($i$ !& t#edi$*!%erie$ &r!m Mediaş area C. 5an:au #a$ al$! !$er%ed t#e e-i$ten*e !& t)!$euen*e$ )it#in t#e <%a *ulture. T#r!u"# a parallel anal($i$ !& t#e <%a Idi$*!%erie$ in n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar( 2*!ntemp!rar( !& 9ăpuş II p#a$e4 )it# t#edi$*!%erie$ t#at el!n" t! t#e Ma#ala III , <răni*eşti , Mediaş I , S!m!t!r I , Telea*I 2, Re*i I , Tuşnad4 $euen*e C. 5an:au #a$ /!ined di&&erent *ultural a$pe*t$ in !ne

 p#a$e e%en t#!u"# t#eir de%el!pment run in t)! *#r!n!l!"i*al $ta"e$.

II. SUCIU DE SUS ARC4AEOLO/ICAL CULTURE. SETTLEMENTS6ROM PETEA AND LA7URI

II. 1. S"$$!"?"#$&. T#e $ettlement$ &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima , ;ama and 9a7uri , 9ui Ta" are l!*ated in Câmpia Sătmăreană at > :m &r!m ea*# !t#er. 6!t# are $et !nm!und$ in t#e S!meş &l!!dplain.

T#e $ettlement &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima )a$ e$timated t! $pread !n a $ur&a*e !& 11'1 #a. T#e t!p$!il )a$ rem!%ed &r!m a $ur&a*e !& a!ut G #e*tare$ and t#ere$ear*# unit$ $pread !%er a $ur&a*e !& @ #e*tare$. T#e Su*iu de Su$ ar*#ae!l!"i*al&eature$ 2p#a$e IIIP 6ader p#a$e IIP a*$4 "at#ered int! t)! area$ !n !t# $ide$ !& t#e +r"e r!!:. T#e pit$ &r!m t#e )e$ternm!$t part !& t#e $ite 2!n t#e Hun"arianterrit!r(4 *ut int! a Middle 6r!n7e A"e la(er. A *la( la(er !n t!p !& t#e Middle

6r!n7e A"e $ettlement $#!)$ n! *!ntinuit( &r!m !ne #aitati!n #!ri7!n t! an!t#er.T#e *entral part !& t#e $ite 2*l!$e t! t#e $tate !rder4 *!mpri$ed !nl( pre#i$t!r(&eature$ t#at el!n"ed t! t#e Su*iu II p#a$e 2a*$4. In t#e ea$tern part !& t#e $ite !nt#e R!manian territ!r( t#e Su*iu de Su$ &eature$ l!)ered in &reuen*( )#ile t#e9ăpuş II'<%a I &eature$ in*rea$ed in numer. T#e R!manian territ!r( !& t#e $iteun*!%ered a *ultural la(er uried ri"#t eneat# t#e arale $!il ein" 1Q'LQ mt#i*:. T#e la(er *!ntained arte&a*t$ and dau plat&!rm$ )#i*# )ere a$$i"ned t! t)!$u**e$$i%e #aitati!n $euen*e$= Su*iu de Su$ II and 9ăpuş II,<%a I. Ar*#ae!l!"i*ale-*a%ati!n$ and $ur&a*e $!nda"e$ *!uld e$tali$# t#e n!rt# and ea$t !rder$ !& t#e$ettlment t#e latter remar:in" it$el& t#r!u"# ritual %e$$el dep!$iti!n$ and !ne r!n7e#!ard.

T#e $ur&a*e !& t#e Settlement &r!m 9a7uri )a$ e$timated t! an area !& QF'FF#e*tare$ !ut !& )#i*# !nl( a $ur&a*e !& G #e*tare$ )a$ $umitted t! re$ear*#. +a*#

Q

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re$ear*# unit *!ntained a *ultural la(er t#at )a$ 'L *m t#i*:. 9i:e in t#e *a$e !& t#e $ettlement at 5etea'C$en"er$ima t#e *ultural la(er$ *!ntained Su*iu de Su$ IImaterial$ 2a*$4 and material$ )it# anal!"ie$ in t#e nd p#a$e !& t#e 9ăpuş "r!upand t#e 1$t p#a$e !& t#e <%a *ulture. T#e $ettlement &r!m 9a7uri al$! *!mpri$ed <%aII ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ )#i*# *ut int! t#e *ultural la(er.

II. ). Arh"o!o+%! 6"$(r"&. T#e d)ellin"$ t#at )ere &!und in t#e $ettlement$at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri #a%e t)! t(pe$= $emi'$uterranean and $ur&a*e

 uildin"$ !t# t(pe$ !& *!n$tru*ti!n al$! ein" &amiliar in !t#er $ite$ !& t#i$ar*#ae!l!"i*al *ulture. At 5etea'C$en"er$ima )a$ &!und !ne $emi'$uterraneand)ellin" and t)! !& t#em in t#e $ettlement at 9a7uri. T#e( appeared li:e t)! lar"e'$i7ed pit$ t#at )ent a$ deep a$ QQ'Q *m el!) pre$ent "r!und le%el. A$ t#eir in%e$ti"ati!n )a$ n!t *!mpleted in t)! *a$e$ t#e interpretati!n !& t#eir &un*ti!nremained un*ertain. It i$ *learer t#at &eature &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima )a$ ad)ellin" a$ it #ad p!$t #!le$ in !t# un*!%ered *!rner$ a$ )ell a$ !t#er t#ree )erel!*ated al!n" !ne $ide !& t#e *!n$tru*ti!n. T#e *!rner$ !& t#e d)ellin" )ere !%alre$emlin" t#e t(pi*al $#ape !& *!n$tru*ti!n in )e$tern Carpat#ian U:raine.

T)! $ur&a*e d)ellin"$ )ere identi&ied in t#e $ettlement &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$imaand &!ur !& t#em in t#e $ettlement &r!m 9a7uri. T#e( appeared li:e dau plat&!rm$)ell pre$er%ed )it# n! dama"e due t! $u$euent *!n$tru*ti!n$ 2t)! d)ellin"$ in9a7uri4. T#eir dimen$i!n$ 2GQ-Q m and L-GQ4 *ame near t! t#!$e re"i$tered att#e d)ellin"$ &r!m Cul*iu Mare. S!me !& t#e dau plat&!rm$ t#at )ere partiall(un*!%ered )ere lar"e'$i7ed )#i*# &a*t atte$t$ t#e e-i$ten*e !& $!me d)ellin"$ )it#lar"e area$ li:e t#e !ne$ &r!m Oara de ?!$ !r in t#e )e$tern Carpat#ian U:raine.9a*:in" a *lear $($tem !& p!$t #!le$ di$p!$al in t#e *a$e !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ uildin"$ma:e$ imp!$$ile t! e$tali$# t#eir $ur&a*e. T#ere i$ t#e parti*ular *a$e !& d)ellin" GL&r!m 9a7uri )#ere t#e #eart# )a$ pre$er%ed #!)e%er t#ere )ere #eart# &ra"ment$ all!%er t#e pie*e$ !& &ired *la( &r!m all #!u$e$. Similarl( li:e in Su*iu de Su$$ettlement$ n! d)ellin" !& t#e !ne$ menti!ned #ere pre$er%ed in situ !/e*t$.

T#e numer!u$ pit$ &r!m !t# $ettlement$ #a%e een *la$$i&ied int! *ate"!rie$.T#ree pit$ )ere !nl( e-*a%ated d!)n t! t#e *ultural la(er and )ere identi&ied a$ed!n t#e %e$$el$ &!und in t#em. T#ere )ere $i- ell'$#aped pit$ ut !t#er numer!u$ pit$)it# ar*#ed )all$ $eem t! e t#e l!)er part !& $!me ell'$#apin" &eature$. T#e(&un*ti!ned a$ $t!ra"e pit$ )#i*# &a*t *an e ar"ued ( t#eir neat &!rm and !tt!mle$$%e$$el$. T#e &ill !& t#e $t!ra"e pit$ *!ntained d!me$ti* )a$te. An!t#er *ate"!r( !& pit$)a$ repre$ented ( @ *(lindri*al &lat'!tt!med pit$. S!me !& t#em )ere meant t!$t!re $uppl( ut in pit S1*-G &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima )a$ laid a tapered ul"ed%e$$el eauti&ull( de*!rated. 6!t# $ettlement$ re*!rded irre"ular'$#aped pit$. T)! !& 

t#em lar"e'$i7ed )ere *!n$idered t! e pit$ u$ed &!r *la( e-tra*ti!n. 6!t#$ettlement$ #ad $mall'$i7ed pit$ m!$t ein" p!$t #!le$. T#ere )ere !nl( t#ree$ituati!n$ !& all )#i*# )ere met at 5etea'C$en"er$ima in )#i*# t#e re$t!rati!n !& $!me uildin" perimeter$ )a$ p!$$ile $tartin" &r!m #!le$ la(!ut.

II. :. Arh"o!o+%! M$"r%!. T#e ri*# p!tter( "r!up$ !ri"inatin" &r!m t#e$ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri #a%e !pened t#e p!$$iilit( !& a re'e%aluati!n !& t#e *atal!"ue *!ntainin" %e$$el $#ape$ and de*!rati%e m!ti&$ &r!m t#elate Su*iu de Su$ p#a$e. T#e pre%i!u$ anal($e$ !n t#i$ *ultureK$ p!tter( #a%e !nl(

 pr!%ided "eneral *!n*lu$i!n$ t#at *!ntained re&eren*e$ t! p!tter( &!rm$ de*!rati!nte*#niue$ and $e%eral de*!rati%e m!ti&$.

  T#e dataa$e 2eu$4 *!ntainin" all %e$$el$ t(pe$ $u't(pe$ and %ariant$ t!"et#er 

)it# a )ide ran"e !& de*!rati%e m!ti&$ #a$ !&&ered t#e p!$$iilit( t! a$$e$$ t#eir &reuen*( )it#in t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri 2&!r t#e &ir$t time

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!n t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture4. T#e dataa$e re*!rd$ !nl( t#e %e$$el$ &r!m t#ear*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ )it# a *lear *la$$i&i*ati!n "i%en t#e numer!u$ p!tter( &!rm$&!und in t#e la(er )it# n! *ertain *ultural a&&iliati!n. +$tali$#in" a$$!*iati!n$ and*!mparin" t#e &reuen*( !& ea*# p!tter( all!)ed determinin" t#e r!le ea*# %e$$elt(pe #ad and t#e de*!rati%e m!ti&$ t(pi*al !& t#e p!tter( &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'

C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri. T#u$ *!mparin" %e$$el t(pe$ and de*!rati%e m!ti&$ !& t#e p!tter( &!und in di&&erent ar*#ae!l!"i*al $ite$ !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture e*!me$ea$ier t! determine )#ere t#e t)! $ettlement$ $tand )it#in t#e e%!luti!n !& t#e*ulture.

3!r m!re e&&i*ien*( t#e dataa$e #a$ een di%ided int! "radual t(p!l!"ie$="eneral &!rm$ t(pe$ $u't(pe$ and %ariant$. T#u$ t#ere #a%e een re*!rded @L%e$$el &!rm$ &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and LQ> %e$$el$ &r!m t#e$ettlement in 9a7uri. T#e m!$t &reuent &i%e &!rm$ !& %e$$el$ &!und in ea*# $ettlement)ere= p!t$ *up$ !)l$ tapered'ul"ed %e$$el$ and p!rtale *!!:in"'%e$$el$. A l!)&reuen*( !**urred in t#e *a$e !&= $t!ra"e %e$$el$ tra($ lid$ emer$ pr!te*t!r *ap$

 !)l$ and $p!!n$. T#e t(p!l!"i*al anal($i$ #a$ e$tali$#ed *#ara*teri$ti*$ !& t(pe$

$u't(pe$ and %ariant$ a$ed !n t#e tran$&!rmati!n$ t#e( )ere $umitted t! durin"t#e e%!luti!n !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture.

It #a$ een anal($ed e%er( de*!rati%e m!ti& )#i*# )a$ pre$ent !n t#e Su*iu deSu$ p!tter( and #a%e een determined anal!"ie$ )it# !t#er Su*iu de Su$ $ite$ andnei"#!urin" *ulture$. In !rder t! !r"ani7e t#e de*!rati!n anal($i$ !ne #a$ di%idedint! "r!up$ t#e de*!rati%e m!ti&$ $tartin" &r!m pr!*e$$in" te*#niue$ and mainde*!rati%e t#eme$ t#at )ere applied t! p!tter(.

T)! m!uld$ )ere &!und in t#e $ettlement &r!m 9a7uri !& )#i*# !ne pre$er%ed t#etra*e !& a $pear tip and t#e !t#er )!re t#e mar: !& a $#a&t'#!le *#i$el. T#e r!n7e

 pie*e$ t#at )ere &!und in t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri )ere a$&!ll!)$= &i%e $*(t#e$ 2t#ree )ere utt!ned t)! )ere &ra"mentar(4 !ne ra*elet !ne

 u*:le rin" !ne #!r$e$#!e'$#aped pendant &!ur di$*'#eaded needle$ )it# :n!$ and!ne #ead't)i$ted needle. T#e di$*'#eaded needle$ &!rmed a ritual dep!$it. Man( *la(!/e*t$ )ere &!und in t#e t)! $ettlement$= *la( )ei"#$ $pindle')#!rl$ *art )#eel$$p!!n$ !ne utt!n P pendant animal 2*attle4 pr!t!me a ird'li:e repre$entati!n and a*la( &!!t P !!t. St!ne pie*e$ )ere repre$ented ( "rinder$ and *ru$#er$ 2pre$ent in

 !t# $ettlement$4 and ( t)! a-e$ t#at )ere &!und in t#e $ettlement at 5etea'C$en"er$ima. T#e $ettlement &r!m 9a7uri uneart#ed t)! !ne !/e*t$= !ne a)l and a#!led pi" e(e't!!t# t#at #ad een u$ed a$ pendant.

II. . Co#!(&%o#&. 3!ll!)in" material$ and &eature$ re$ear*# *arried !ut in t#e$ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri !ne *an dra) a &e) !$er%ati!n$ a!ut

t#eir !peratin" peri!d and t#eir p!$iti!n )it#in t#e de%el!pin" peri!d !& t#e Su*iu deSu$ ar*#ae!l!"i*al *ulture re$pe*ti%el(. T#e$e !$er%ati!n$ are "r!unded !n t#e lar"euantit( !& ar*#ae!l!"i*al material$ t#at )ere &!und in ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$.Creatin" a dataa$e #i"#li"#ted t#e *#ara*teri$ti*$ !& t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al material &r!mt#e t)! $ettlement$.

S*(t#e$ t#e pendant and t#e r!n7e ra*elet &r!m 9a7uri date a*: t! t#e 9ate6r!n7e A"e ut m!re !&ten t#e( !**urred in t#e Uriu'pl(i #!ard$. T(pi*all( !& t#i$t(pe !& #!ard$ are t#e di$*'#eaded needle$ )it# :n!$ t#at )ere &!und in t#e$ettlement at 5etea'C$en"er$ima. T#e pie*e$ &r!m t#e t)! $ettlement$ ma:e t#e*!nne*ti!n et)een t#eir li&e$pan and t#e Reine*:e 67D $euen*e t#at i$ a late peri!d!& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture. T#e re$ult$ !& t#eir anal($e$ #a%e r!u"#t !ut t#e

 p!$$iilit( t#at t#e li&e$pan !& t#e t)! $ettlement$ e-*eeded 67 D p#a$e.

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T#e dataa$e in*ludin" p!tter( &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and9a7uri #elped determinin" *lear $imilaritie$ et)een %e$$el $#ape$ and de*!rati!n$ !n

 p!tter( &r!m !t# $ettlement$. T#e( !perated at t#e $ame time )it# t#e Cul*iu Mare$ettlement )#i*# i$ dem!n$trated ( t#e &a*t t#at ea*# !& t#e %e$$el &!rm$ and nearl(e%er( p!tter( de*!rati!n !& t#i$ $ettlement are re"i$tered in t#e p!tter( *atal!"ue !& 

t#e 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri $ettlement$. H!)e%er it #a$ een e$tali$#ed t#at alar"e numer !& %e$$el &!rm$ and de*!rati!n$ &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at Cul*iu Mi* and6!ineşti )ere a$ent &r!m t#e p!tter( at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri 2*up$ mu"$)it# turan'$#aped !d( tureen$ )it# ar*#ed ne*: in*i$ed de*!rati!n$ p!t$ )it#$!*:eted elt %e$$el rim$ de*!rated ( )#eat "rain'impre$$ed and $piral$ )it#&illed inter'$pa*e$ &ramed ( t)! parallel !liue line$4. T#e $e*!nd *ate"!r( !& %e$$el$ &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 6!ineşti and Cul*iu Mi* $#!) an intermediar( &!rm

 et)een Su*iu de Su$ I %e$$el$ 26ader4 and p!tter( &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri. It #a$ al$! een !$er%ed t#at $!me %e$$el &!rm$ and man(de*!rati!n$ !n t#e p!tter( &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima )ere ne) a$ t#e( la*:ed &r!m t#e

 p!tter( at Cul*iu Mi* and 6!ineşti. C!mparin" t#e p!tter( !& t#e t)! $ettlement$ #a$

 r!u"#t !ut t#e e-i$ten*e !& a #iatu$ durin" t#eir e%!luti!n.T#e *#r!n!l!"i*al "ap et)een t#e end !& t#e $ettlement$ &r!m Cul*iu Mi* and

6!ineşti and t#e e"innin" !& t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima 9a7uri andCul*iu Mare appear$ t! e *!%ered , &r!m t#e per$pe*ti%e !& p!tter( de%el!pment , 

 ( $e%eral $ite$ !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ II p#a$e 2a*$4 )#i*# *!ntained $pe*i&i* p!tter(element$ &!r !t# $ettlement$ 2$ettlement$ at Oara de ?!$ , ;âl*eaua Ru$ului 6i*a7 , I"!aie Dia:!%! and %a$!%!4. One utt!n !ri"inatin" &r!m a r!n7e ra*elet )#i*#)a$ &!und in t#e %a$!%! $ettlement and t)! C(pri!t needle$ &!und in t#e$ettlement$ at Oara de ?!$ and 6i*a7 relate t#e de%el!pment !& t#e $ettlement$ )#eret#e( )ere &!und t! a pre%i!u$ $ta"e !& t#e Uriu'pl(i #!ard$. 6a$ed !n t#edi$*!%er( !& t#e t)! needle$ C. a*$ #a$ ue$ti!ned t#e e-i$ten*e !& $e%eral*#r!n!l!"i*al di&&eren*e$ et)een $!me $ite$ datin" &r!m t#e Su*iu de Su$ II p#a$e)#i*# di&&eren*e$ #e t#!u"#t *!uld n!t e pr!%ed &r!m t#e per$pe*ti%e !& p!tter(e%!luti!n. T#e re$ult$ !& p!tter( anal($e$ &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri (ieldedt#e e-i$ten*e !& $e%eral di&&eren*e$ et)een $ite$ !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ II p#a$e2a*$4. In t#i$ re$pe*t t#e e%!luti!n !& t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and9a7uri *!uld rel( !n a late Su*iu de Su$ II $ta"e 2a*$4 )#i*# &a*t , e$ide$ t#edatin" !& r!n7e pie*e$ , #a$ *!n*luded t#at t#e e%!luti!n !& t#e$e $ettlement$ )a$rat#er *l!$e t! t#e $ettlement$ &r!m t#e Reine*:e 67 D $euen*e 2#!)e%er admittin" a

 p!$$ile e"innin" in t#e 67 C !r an !n"!in" pr!*e$$ at t#e e"innin" !& #e Ha A4.Re$ear*#e$ &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri pr!%ided ne) element$ related t!

!r"ani7in" t#e $pa*e in$ide t#e Su*iu de Su$ $ettlement$. 3!ur ritual dep!$iti!n$ t#at)ere "at#ered in t#e ea$tern $ide !& t#e $ettlement at 5etea'C$en"er$ima #a%e rai$edt#e p!$$iilit( !& u$in" t#e !rder area !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ $ettlement$ a$ dep!$iti!narea 2$ituati!n atte$ted ( t)! r!n7e #!ard$ at %a$!%! and !ne at C$a$7l4.Re"ardin" t#e a*ti%itie$ *arried !ut in t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and9a7uri element$ )ere &!und )#i*# atte$ted t#e &!ll!)in" a*ti%itie$= *ereal *ulti%ati!n#u$andr( 2!$te!l!"i*al anal($e$4 metallur"( tradin" a*ti%itie$ and reli"i!u$'rituala*ti%itie$.

@

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LĂPUŞ II-/VA I 4ABITATION 4ORI7ON. SETTLEMENTS 6ROMPETEA AND LA7URI

III. 1. S"$$!"?"#$&. T#e $ettlement$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I #!ri7!n &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri )ere l!*ated in ar*#ae!l!"i*al $ite$ e$ide$ t#e late Su*iu de

Su$ *ulture. <i%en t#eir *l!$e *#r!n!l!"( t#e relati!n et)een t#e t)! #aitati!n#!ri7!n$ #a$ e*!me %er( imp!rtant.

  In t#e $ettlement &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima all ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ 2e-*ept!ne ritual pit4 t#at el!n"ed t! t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n #!ri7!n )ere l!*ated int#e ea$tern $ide !& t#e $ite in t#e n!rt#'ea$t !& t#e +r"e r!!:. T#e numer !& t#e9ăpuş II'<%a I &eature$ pr!"re$$i%el( in*rea$ed t!)ard$ t#e ea$tern mar"in !& t#e$ite *!n*urrent )it# t#e de*rea$e !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ &eature$. T#e ea$tern $ide !& t#e$ite uneart#ed $i- d)ellin"$ attriuted t! 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n #!ri7!n. T#ear*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ !& t#at #aitati!n *!%ered an area !& 1Q #e*tare$ 21 - 1Qm4. Onl( t#e )e$tern and n!rt#ern !rder$ !& t#e $ettlement #a%e een in%e$ti"atedit$ !%erall $ur&a*e ein" e$timated t! L , LQ #e*tare$. T#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al 9ăpuş II'

<%a I &eature$ at 9a7uri !%erlapped !ne $ide !& t#e $ettlement !%er a len"t# !& 1LQm. T#e len"t# !& t#e $ettlement #a$ een e$timated t! 1Q'1Q m )it# n! data

 pr!%ided a!ut it$ )idt#.A$ $#!)n e&!re in t#e area$ *!%ered ( &eature$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I

#aitati!n &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri t#e *ultural la(er *!ntained t(pi*all( material$ and ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ &r!m !t# #aitati!n#!ri7!n$. One *!uld n!t di&&erentiate t#e le%el$ !& t#e *ultural $tratum ut !ne *!uld!nl( !$er%e t#at t#e dau plat&!rm$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n )ere $ituatedin it$ upperm!$t le%el.

III. ). Arh"o!o+%! 6"$(r"&. T#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and9a7uri un*!%ered t#e remain$ &r!m nine *!n$tru*ti!n$ t#at )ere li:el( t! &un*ti!n a$d)ellin"$. Si- #!u$e$ )ere &!und at 5etea'C$en"er$ima. 3i%e !& t#em )ererepre$ented ( dau plat&!rm$ !ri"inatin" &r!m $ur&a*e d)ellin"$ and !ne )a$ a $emi'$uterranean uildin". T#e $ur&a*e *!n$tru*ti!n$ in 9a7uri )ere repre$ented ( t#eremain$ !& t)! &ired d)ellin"$ and ( t#e &!undati!n dit*#e$ !& a lar"e'$i7ed*!n$tru*ti!n. T#e dau plat&!rm$ )ere *!mpa*t ein" *!mp!$ed !& *#arred )all$ran"in" &r!m 1Q t! Q *m in t#i*:ne$$. T#e !nl( d)ellin" t#at )a$ *!mpletel(un*!%ered )a$ S1Q-1 &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima. T#e $ur&a*e !& it$ dau plat&!rm , FL $uare metre$ 21@ - LQ m4 , )a$ m!de$t. H!)e%er t#e p!$$iilit( t#at t#et)! pre$er%ed p!$t #!le$ !ri"inate &r!m t#e p!$t$ l!*ated !n t#e *entral a-i$ !& t#ed)ellin" i$ eli"ile in )#i*# *a$e t#e $ur&a*e !& t#e #!u$e )!uld e d!ule t#an t#e

!ne !& t#e dau plat&!rm. T#e $ur&a*e !& d)ellin" G> &r!m 9a7uri #a$ een e$timatedt! $uare metre$. T#e e-i$ten*e !& lar"e'$i7ed uildin"$ )a$ atte$ted ( t#e pre$en*e !& $e%eral lar"e'$i7ed dau plat&!rm$ )#i*# e%en partiall( uneart#ed*!%ered area$ !& LQ and G1 $uare metre$. T#e tra*e$ in t#e *la( p!int t! t#e &a*t t#at)#en ere*tin" a uildin" p!$t$ )it# r!unded !r &lat $ide$ #ad een u$ed p!le$ andt)i"$ re$pe*ti%el(. An !%al'$#aped #eart# 2F - @@ *m4 )a$ &!und in t#e area !& a$mall'$i7ed dau plat&!rm li:el( t! !ri"inate &r!m a d)ellin" !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I#!ri7!n. Am!n" t#e remain$ !& !t#er d)ellin"$ )ere !nl( &!und &ra"ment$ t#at!ri"inate &r!m unu$ale #eart#$.

T#e $ettled area !& 9ăpuş II'<%a I #!ri7!n &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uriun*!%ered $imilar t(pe$ !& pit$ )it# t#e !ne$ &r!m t#e Su*iu de Su$ #aitati!n= ell'

$#aped pit$ 21L4 *(lindri*al pit$ 214 am!rp#!u$ pit$ 24 and $mall'$i7ed pit$. T#ere)ere al$! pit$ )it# ar*#ed )all$ t#at )ere p!$$il( t#e l!)er part !& $!me ell'$#aped

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 pit$. T#e ell'$#aped pit$ and m!$t *(lindri*al pit$ #a%e een *!n$idered $t!ra"e pit$.T#eir &un*ti!n )a$ emp#a$i7ed ( t#e pre$en*e !n $!me !& t#eir !tt!m$ !& %e$$el$P%e$$el &ra"ment$ t#at u$ed t! $t!re $upplie$. M!$t pit$ *!ntained in t#eir &ill #!u$e#!ld)a$te t#at ein" pr!al( a&ter t#e( #ad een di$u$ed. One pit )a$ e-*a%ated up t!L>G m in dept# and it i$ li:el( t! #ad een a )ell ut it$ *ultural *la$$i&i*ati!n i$ $till

un*ertain. T#ree *(lindri*al pit$ , t)! at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and !ne at 9a7uri , )ereritual pit$. T#e( *!ntained %e$$el$ and "rinder$ )#!le !r &ra"mentar(. One #a$t#!u"#t t#e am!rp#!u$ pit$ #ad een du" in !rder &!r e-tra*tin" *la( and at lea$t$!me !& t#e $mall'$i7ed pit$ )ere p!$t #!le$.

III. :. Arh"o!o+%! ?$"r%!. T#e p!tter( !& 9ăpuş II'<%a I $ettlement &r!m5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri )a$ le$$ t#an t#at !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ #aitati!n. T#e(are imp!rtant t! identi&(in" a ne) #aitati!n #!ri7!n in Câmpia Sătmăreană )#i*#)!uld #a%e de%el!ped t#r!u"#!ut t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"e in t#e peri!d et)een t#e end!& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture and t#e <%a *ulture 2)it# *#ara*teri$ti*$ !& t#e nd

 p#a$e4. Identi&(in" t#i$ *ultural #!ri7!n #a$ een &a%!ured ( man( *!mm!nelement$ )#i*# t#e p!tter( !& t#i$ #!ri7!n #a$ )it# t#e p!tter( !& t#e 9ăpuş II and

<%a I p#a$e$. T#e p!tter( anal($e$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n #a%e &!*u$ed !n*!mparin" it )it# t#e p!tter( !& t#e nei"#!urin" *ulture$ a$ )ell a$ t#e( #a%e triedt! *apture p!$$ile *!nne*ti!n$ )it# t#e Su*iu de Su$ p!tter( )#i*# appeared in !t#$ettlement$. In t#e $ettlement &r!m 9a7uri !ne tried t! dete*t p!$$ile lin:$2*!ntinuit(P *e$$ati!n4 )it# t#e <%a II p!tter( )#i*# de%el!ped $u$euentl( &r!mt#i$ $ettlement. T#e pre$en*e in t#e $ettlement$ under re$ear*# !& $!me in#aitedarea$ datin" &r!m *l!$e peri!d$ !& time )#!$e p!tter( #a%e $e%eral *!mm!n &eature$)it# t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a p!tter( #a$ led u$ t! *!n$iderin" !nl( t#e p!tter( &r!m t#ear*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$. T#ere )ere identi&ied LQ %e$$el$ in t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al&eature$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 1> in 9a7uri di&&erin" in $#ape$ !r de*!rati!n.Re"ardin" t#e pa$te t(pe t#e( #ad een made !& t#ree *ate"!rie$ #a%e eene$tali$#ed= &ine $emi'&ine and *!ar$e. 8it# re$pe*t t! t#e &irin" met#!d it #a$ een!$er%ed t#at !nl( LG !& t#e %e$$el$ &r!m t#e t)! $ettlement$ #ad een &ired untilt#e( e*ame $#in('la*: !n !ne $ide and r!)n !r ri*:'red !n t#e !t#er. In !rder t!

 e ale t! intr!du*e a "reater numer !& %e$$el &ra"ment$ and e e&&i*ient in u$in" t#edataa$e t#e &!ll!)in" di%i$i!n #a$ een made= t(pe$ $u't(pe$ and %ariant$. T#em!$t &reuent p!tter( &!rm$ t#at #a%e een identi&ied are= tureen$P !)l$ *up$ p!t$and tapered'ul"ed %e$$el$. A l!) &reuen*( re"i$tered $trainer$ lid$ tra($ andemer$ pr!te*t!r *ap$ 2t#e la$t &!rm #a$ un*ertain *ultural *la$$i&i*ati!n4. 3!r a etter !r"ani7in" !& de*!rati!n anal($i$ t#e de*!rati%e m!ti&$ #a%e een di%ided int!"r!up$ e"innin" )it# t#e pr!*e$$in" te*#niue$.

T#e $ettlement$ at 9ăpuş II'<%a I 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri un*!%ered t#e&!ll!)in" metal pie*e$= a 6aierd!r& :ni&e a Ri"$ee :ni&e a needle )it# $eal'$#aped#ead a needle )it# :n!ed ne*: an a)l and a u*:le rin". Cla( !/e*t$ )ere !nl(repre$ented ( )ei"#$ and $t!ne !/e*t$ ( "rinder$ and !ne )#et$t!ne.

III. . Co#!(&%o#&.  T#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al re$ear*#e$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and9a7uri re%ealed a ne) *ultural #!ri7!n in Câmpia Sătmăreană t#at de%el!ped a&ter t#eSu*iu de Su$ *ulture #ad ended and e&!re t#e e-pan$i!n !& t#e <%a *ulture )#i*#*!rre$p!nd$ t! t#e uildin" up !& t#e "reat &!rti&ied Hall$tattian $ettlement$ in$ide t#eCarpat#ian$. T#e $imilaritie$ et)een t#e material$ )it#in t#e nei"#!urin" area$2di$*!%erie$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II and <%a I t(pe4 all!)ed t#eir *la$$i&i*ati!n t! a r!ader *ulture !n"!in" in t#e Upper Ti$a 6a$in Câmpia S!meşană Câmpia Nirului and in

n!rt#ern Tran$(l%ania 2Depre$iunea 9ăpuşului and ;alea Săla/ului4. T#e *ulturalmaterial &r!m t#e$e re"i!n$ *!mpri$ed man( *!mm!n element$ de&ined (

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*#ara*teri$ti*$ t#at $eparate t#em &r!m nei"#!urin" area$. 3urt#erm!re t#ere areman( re"i!nal parti*ularitie$ am!n" t#e mi*r!'7!ne$ menti!ned a!%e )#i*# t#e

 p!tter( anal($e$ $#!)ed t#em a$ a re$ult !& in#erited traditi!n$. T#e r!n7e pie*e$)it# "reater *#r!n!l!"i*al rele%an*e are repre$ented ( a needle )it# $eal'$#aped#ead t#at )a$ &!und in 9a7uri and a 6aierd!r& :ni&e &!und in 5etea'C$en"er$ima.

6!t# pie*e$ are $pe*i&i* !& t#e Reine*:e 67 D and Muller arpe Ha A1 $euen*e$.T#e datin" peri!d !& t#e :ni&e &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima i$ $upp!$ed t! #a%e *!%ered a$#!rter $pan e$pe*iall( &!*u$ed !n t#e la$t !& t#e p#a$e$ e*au$e t#e 6eierd!r& :ni%e$!nl( !**urred in t#e Ciun*u'Su$eniP urd #!ard$. T#e anal($e$ !& t(pe$ $u't(pe$%ariant$ and de*!rati%e m!ti&$ #a%e een tar"eted t! &indin" $imilaritie$ )it# t#e

 p!tter( &r!m t#e *ultural "r!up$ !& t#e 9ate 6r!n7e A"e. It #a$ een e$tali$#ed "reata&&init( et)een man( &!rm$ &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri and t#e %e$$el$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II "r!up !r t#e <%a I t(pe. T#ere #a%e al$! een re"i$tered in#erited!/e*t$ &r!m t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture and p!tter( &ra"ment$ t#at )ere &!r)arded t!t#e <%a II *ulture.

T#e p!tter( &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri *l!$el( relate t!

t#e r!n7e !/e*t$ &r!m t#e Ciun*u'Su$eniP urd #!ard$. T#eir lin: *an e tra*ed int)! dire*ti!n$. T#e &ir$t dire*ti!n i$ repre$ented ( t)! %e$$el &!rm$ &r!m t#e$e$ettlement$ t#at appeared in t#e in Ciun*u'Su$eniP urd #!ard$.

T#e $e*!nd dire*ti!n lead$ t! anal!"ie$ !& t#e p!tter( &r!m t#e $ettlement$ &r!mSatu Mare )it# p!tter( &r!m *ultural en%ir!nment$ !r ar*#ae!l!"i*al $ite$ t#at )ere*l!$el( related t! t#e r!n7e #!ard$ &r!m t#e Ciun*u'Su$eniP urd $erie$ !r t#eir *#ara*teri$ti* material. 5!tter( anal($i$ $#!)ed t#at t#e !%erall $#ape$ andde*!rati!n$ $pe*i&i* !& t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I p#a$e &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri*!mpare )ell )it# 9ăpuş II p!tter(. T#e di&&eren*e$ et)een t#em are re$tri*ted !nl(t! t#e !**urren*e !& $in"le %e$$el$ !r t#eir $*ant( appearan*e. T)! &!rm$ &r!m 9ăpuşma:e t#e e-*epti!n a$ t#e( appeared in a "reat numer )it#in t#e ne*r!p!li$= t)!'#andled $mall %e$$el$ and a *up %ariant )it# uprai$ed #andle t#at )a$ taller t#an t#eu$ual &!rm in Satu Mare. M!$t !& t#e pie*e$ pre$ented a!%e t#at el!n" t! t#e t)!&!rm$ (ielded in t#e ne*r!p!li$ at 9ăpuş , !& )#!$e e%!luti!n in t#e 9ăpuş II p#a$e)e #a%e n! in&!rmati!n , #a%e utt!ned #andle$ $u""e$tin" a Tran$(l%anianin&luen*e 2N!ua4. T#e( #a%e man( *!mm!n element$ ut t#e di&&eren*e$ et)eent#em lie in t#e &eature$ !& t#e *!ar$e p!tter( 2"r!!%e$ &reuen*( and t#e pre$en*ePa$en*e !& $!*:eted ri$4.

It$ *!mpari$!n )it# t#e <%a I p!tter( #a$ een made ( re&errin" t! t#e p!tter(&r!m t#e area !& Carei 26er%eni and Carei4 "i%en t#e &a*t t#at it #a$ man( m!re &!rm$t#an #a%e een puli$#ed *!mpared t! t#e $ite$ in n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar(. C!mm!n

$#ape$ and de*!rati!n$ are man(V t#e element$ &r!m t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri )#i*# are a$ent &r!m Carei area are m!$tl( &!rm$ andde*!rati!n$ )it# l!) &reuen*( !r element$ in#erited &r!m t#e Ha/d0a"!$'Ce#ălu*#ara*teri$ti*$. T#e $ettlement &r!m Carei #a$ een related t! t#e Ha A $ta"e t#r!u"# aCiun*u'Su$eniP urd r!n7e #!ard. T! t#e $ame peri!d !& time )ere a$$i"ned m!$t

 r!n7e pie*e$ !& t#e 9ăpuş II p#a$e. T#e $imilarit( et)een 9ăpuş II'<%a I p!tter(and t#e !ne &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri $i"nal t#eir datin" t! t#e Ha A p#a$e

 , )#i*# datin" #a$ een p!inted !ut ( t#e *#r!n!l!"( !& t#e 6aierd!r& :ni&e t#at )a$&!und in t#e 5etea'C$en"er$ima $ettlement. T#e r!ad'$pan u$ed in datin" $!me t(pe$!& r!n7e #!ard$ and t#e !**urren*e !& $!me pie*e$ in !t# Uriu'pl(i #!ard$ andCiun*u'Su$eniP urd r!n7e #!ard$ #a%e pr!%ided t#e e"innin" !& 9a7uri and

5etea'C$en"er$ima $ettlement$ , and 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n #!ri7!n , ami"u!u$ $! a$ t#e( *anKt e dated &!r *ertain at t#e end !& t#e 67 D p#a$e !r t#e

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 e"innin" !& t#e Ha A $euen*e. On t#e !t#er #and e*au$e t#e Ha A $ta"e )a$in$u&&i*ientl( repre$ented ( r!n7e pie*e$ !r $pe*i&i* r!n7e #!ard$ #a$ madedi&&i*ult t! a$$e$$ t#eir end t! a *ertain m!ment in t#e Ha A p#a$e.

Re$ear*#e$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri #a%e r!u"#t !ut $e%eral ne)element$ re"ardin" t#e !r"ani7in" !& t#e $ettlement namel( t#e a*ti%itie$ t#at )ere

 pra*ti$ed in 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n #!ri7!n. In t#e $ettlement at 5etea'C$en"er$ima d)ellin"$ )ere "at#ered in a $mall area 2F #!u$e$ #a%e een *learl(*la$$i&ied and L #a%e d!ut&ul a)ard4. Re"ardin" t#e p!$iti!n !& ritual pit$ in !t#$ite$ )e !$er%ed t#at t#e( )ere l!*ated at t#e !rder !& t#e 5etea'C$en"er$ima and9a7uri $ettlement$. T#i$ )a$ an !n"!in" #ait $in*e t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture )#i*#)a$ al$! pre$ent in t#e *a$e !& $!me %e$$el !r r!n7e dep!$iti!n$. In t#e *a$e !& t#eHa A #!ri7!n t#e( )ere laid in t#e !rder !& t#e $ettlement$ &r!m Na"(:ll Careiand %a$!%!. Re"ardin" t#e a*ti%itie$ t#at #ad een *arried !ut in t#e $ettlement$ at5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri #a%e een identi&ied $e%eral element$ p!intin" t! plant*ulti%ati!n #u$andr( 2a$ed !n !$te!l!"i*al anal($e$4 )ea%in" and $pinnin" a$ t!$!me reli"i!u$'ritual a*ti%itie$.

/VA II 4ABITATION 4ORI7ON. SETTLEMENTS 6ROM CĂLINEŞTI-OAŞ AND LA7URI

IV. 1. S"$$!"?"#$&. T#e $ettlement at Călineşti'Oaş )a$ a &!rti&ied $ettlement t#at*!%ered an area !& #e*tare$ t#at i$ t#e !%erall plateau !& Hur*a Hill. 6ein" $ituated!n t#e )e$tern $ide !& t#e Oaş M!untain$ Hur*a Hill i$ $trate"i*all( l!*ated at t#eentran*e in Depre$iunea Oaşului. M!$t $ide$ !& t#e #ill #a%e a #i"# de"ree !& $l!pee%en $teep $l!pe$ in pla*e$. It$ #ei"#t ran"e$ et)een 1 and L m a!%e "r!undle%el. Inten$e a"ri*ulture t#at i$ ein" *arried !ut in Călineşti'Oaş #a$ lar"el( a&&e*tedt#e in#aited area and t#e de&en$i%e $ettlement !& t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al $ettlement.Ar*#ae!l!"i*al e-*a%ati!n$ 21 re$ear*# unit$4 #a%e tar"eted !utlinin" t#e dire*ti!nand t#e )a( t#e de&en*e )all )a$ uilt a$ )ell a$ re$ear*#in" pre$er%ed area$ in t#e$ettlement.

  T#e de&en*e !& t#e $ettlement &r!m Călineşti'Oaş )a$ pr!%ided ( a )all )#i*#)a$ in%e$ti"ated in t#e n!rt#ern and ea$tern $ide$ !& t#e $ettlement in !rder t! &ind !utit$ met#!d !& *!n$tru*ti!n. T#e )all )a$ made !& eart# and )a$ pr!%ided )it# t)!$t!ne a*:in"$. T#e $t!ne a*:in"$ #a%e een pre$er%ed !n a #ei"#t !& 'G *m anda )idt# !& F'11 *m. T#e pali$ade #a$ een atte$ted ( t#e pre$en*e !& man(

&ra"ment$ !& *#arred )!!d near( t#e )all. T#e pali$ade al$! pr!%ided t)! *ir*ular  p!$t #!le$ )it# LQ'G *m in diameter l!*ated in &r!nt !& t#e !uter )all'a*: intren*# S. T#e di$tan*e et)een t#e p!$t #!le$ )a$ L@ *m. A nei"#!urin" tren*#re%ealed lar"er di$tan*e$ et)een p!$t$ !& !%er 1 m.

8all$ pr!%ided )it# $t!ne a*:in"$ 2!ne !r t)!4 are atte$ted in $e%eral <%a and/ati*e &!rti&i*ati!n$ in Sl!%a:ia in n!rt#'ea$tern Hun"ar( and in )e$tern Carpat#ianU:raine. Re"ardin" t#e de&en$i%e $($tem *!n$i$tin" !& $t!ne a*:in" )all$ t#e$ettlement &r!m Călineşti' Oaş pr!%ided t#e "e!"rap#i*al *!nne*ti!n et)een t#e"r!up !& $ettlement$ in t#e Upper Ti$a 6a$in and t#e !ne$ in ea$tern Tran$(l%ania2Ci*eu'C!raia 6!d!* Tuşnad4. T#e$e &!rti&i*ati!n$ )ere l!*ated al!n" t#e ran"e !& t#e N!rt#ern and Orientali Carpat#ian$ )#i*# &a*t #a$ p!inted !ut ti"#t *!nne*ti!n$

 et)een met#!d$ !& *!n$tru*ti!n$ u$ed in uildin" &!rti&i*ati!n$ and t#e a**e$$ilematerial$. T#e %!l*ani* tu&& )a$ ea$il( e-tra*ted rea$!n &!r )#i*# it )a$ u$ed in

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 uildin" reall( l!n" )all$ 21' :m4 t#at $!metime$ u$ed t! $urr!und t#e entire$ettlement perimeter. Arran"in" $t!ne$ li:e )all'a*:in"$ $upp!rted ( $pa*ed p!$t$en*!ura"ed t! u$in" &e)er $trai"#t and l!n" tree trun:$ &!r t#e pali$ade. T#ere )a$ a$imilar $ituati!n e-i$tent in t#e $ettlement at Călineşti'Oaş )#ere t#e $pa*ed p!$t#!le$ !& t#e )all )ere illu$trated ( t#e pre$en*e !& $t!ne )all'a*:in"$.

In t#e n!rt#'ea$tern *!rner !& t#e $ettlement )ere un*!%ered t#e tra*e$ !& a "ate!pp!$ite t! a narr!) )a( )#i*# pr!%ided ea$( a**e$$ t! t#e plateau. A&ter t#e )all)it#dre) in$ide and t#e entran*e dire*ti!n *#an"ed t! t#e &r!nt )all a narr!) $pa*e"re) et)een t#e "ate and t#e ed"e !& t#e $l!pe )#i*# )!uld turn a):)ard t#eatta*:in" $trate"ie$ &r!m t#e "ate.

T#e $ettlement at 9a7uri la*:ed &!rti&i*ati!n and t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ )ere$pread !%er a $ur&a*e !& 1G - F m. T#e $ur&a*e e-tended !%er a $ur&a*e !& at lea$tQ #e*tare$ )#i*# &a*t #a$ een pr!%ed ( t#e re$ult$ !& t#e in%e$ti"ati!n$ *arried!ut up!n a R!man A"e tumulu$ in t#e )e$tern $ite and t#e material$ "at#ered &r!mt#e "r!und $ur&a*e. Deepened &eature$ !& t#e <%a II t(pe *ut int! t#e 9ate 6r!n7eA"e *ultural la(er #!)e%er !nl( t)! &ra"ment$ !& dau plat&!rm$ , l!*ated in t#e

$ame area , #a%e een pre$er%ed in t#e upper part !& t#e *ultural la(er )#ere it mett#e arale la(er.

IV. ). Arh"o!o+%! 6"$(r"&. A $emi'$uterranean d)ellin" )a$ &!und in e%er($ettlement ut $ur&a*e d)ellin"$ )ere &!und &!ur at Călineşti'Oaş and t)! in t#e$ettlement at 9a7uri re$pe*ti%el(. T#e $emi'$uterranean d)ellin" SL1 *-LQP9a7uri#ad a pr!n!un*ed !%al $#ape and d)ellin" SQ9P Călineşti )it# ri"#t'an"led $!ut#'ea$tern *!rner appear$ t! #a%e een re*tan"ular. T#e &ill !& !t# &eature$ *!ntained alar"e uantit( !& dau )#i*# p!int$ t! t#e &a*t t#at t#eir )all$ #ad een *la(edapplied ri"#t !n t)i"$ and eam$. T#e( )ere F'@ *m deep t#u$ enter t#e *ate"!r(!& *!tta"e$ )#i*# t(pe #a$ een &reuentl( met in <%a'H!li#rad( *ulturalen%ir!nment. Sur&a*e d)ellin"$ #a%e een pre$er%ed under t#e $#ape !& dau

 plat&!rm$. T#e apparent a$en*e !& p!$t #!le$ !r a $*ar*el( re$ear*#in" !& a &e)d)ellin" &ra"ment$ pr!%ide in$u&&i*ient "r!und &!r a *lear a$$e$$ment !& t#eir "r!und'

 plan. 9a*:in" p!$t #!le$ i$ a &reuent p#en!men!n in t#e *a$e !& <%a'H!li#rad( uildin"$.

Re"ardin" pit $#ape$ t#e &!ll!)in" di%i$i!n #a$ een $umitted= ee#i%e'$#aped pit$ 2G4 *(lindri*al pit$ 2L4 irre"ular pit$P am!rp#!u$ pit$ 24 $mall p!$t #!le$ 24.T#e neat &!rm and &lat !tt!m !& t#e &ir$t t)! *ate"!rie$ !& pit$ $u""e$t t#at t#eir 

 purp!$e )a$ t! $t!re pr!du*t$ !r !/e*t$.IV. :. Arh"o!o+%! M$"r%!. <%a II p!tter( )a$ $*ant(. T#ere )ere GLL

 p!tter( &!rm$ identi&ied in Călineşti'Oaş and in 9a7uri t#e $ame p!tter( t(pe$

li:e in !t#er $ettlement$ !& t#e *ulture re$pe*ti%el(. 6i'*#r!me &irin" 2la*:'red4rea*#ed GQ>F in Călineşti'Oaş t#at )a$ a #i"#er per*enta"e t#an t#e pre%i!u$#aitati!n #ad. T(pe$ $u't(pe$ %ariant$ and de*!rati%e m!ti&$ #a%e een e$tali$#edin a**!rdan*e )it# t#e !ne$ identi&ied in !t#er <%a $ettlement$. T#e p!tter( &r!mCălineşti'Oaş )#i*# i$ al$! t! e &!und in t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri i$*l!$el( related t! t#e p!tter( &r!m <răni*eşti Ma#ala III and at a l!)er rate t! t#e

 p!tter( &r!m Telea* I and Mediaş I $euen*e$. T#e !t#er &eature$ &r!m t#e $ettlementat 9a7uri *!ntained p!tter( t#at i$ al$! t! e &!und in Telea* II Ma#ala II and MediaşII $euen*e$ !r in !t#er $ite$ !& t#e late <%a *ulture.

IV. . Co#!(&%o#&. <%a $ettlement$ &r!m Călineşti'Oaş and 9a7uri #a%e n!t pr!%ided metal pie*e$ &r!m a ti"#t datin". In t#i$ re$pe*t t#e !nl( pie*e depi*tin"

*#r!n!l!"( )a$ t#e lar"e'$i7ed *elt t#at )a$ *a$t in t#e pattern &r!m Călineşti'Oaş 2pl.11LPQ4. It )a$ lar"er'$i7e t#an t#e $mall $ample$ t#at are $pe*i&i* !& t#e Ha 6 and Ha

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6L p#a$e$. T#e datin" !& t#e t)! $ettlement$ #ad t! e"in )it# t#e p!tter( anal($i$t#at )a$ &!und in t#em.

T#e anal!"ie$ !& p!tter( $#ape$ and de*!rati!n$ p!inted t! a *l!$e $imilarit( !& t#e material$ &r!m Călineşti'Oaş and &r!m $e%eral ar*#ae!l!"i*al &eature$ in 9a7uri2SQ*-G SQ*-Ga SL1*-LQ S;"r.1>F4 )it# material$ &!und in Ma#ala III

$euen*e and <răni*eşti $ettlement. In t#e *a$e !& a "r!up !& element$ #a%e eene$tali$#ed *!nne*ti!n$ et)een t#em and t#e &ir$t le%el$ &r!m Telea* and Mediaş.T#e *!mm!n element$ )it# Ma#ala III $euen*e and <răni*eşti $ettlement are= t#emain r!le pla(ed ( %ariant 1A )it#in t#e tapered'ul"ed %e$$el$ *ate"!r( t#ea$en*e !& p!t$ )it# $!*:eted elt and t#e #i"# pre$en*e !& !)l$ )it# t#i*:enedinteri!r rim 2%ariant$ 16 and 64. 6!)l$ )it# in%erted rim pla(in" a min!r r!le #a%e

 een limited t! %ariant L6 2narr!) in%erted rim4. 6!)l$ and tureen$ de*!rati!n i$!nl( !ne= &lutin"$ and #!ri7!ntal &a*et$ )ide $#!uldered &lutin"$P el!n"ated &a*et$2HA m!ti&4V t#e latter #ad #i"#er &reuen*(. T#e $imilarit( )it# Telea* I #a$ eenatte$ted ( t#e pre$en*e !n *up$ and ne*:$ !& tapered'ul"ed %e$$el$ !& t#e de*!rati!ndepi*tin" "arland'$#aped &lutin" )it# a and !& #!ri7!ntal &lutin"$ a!%e it. T(pi*all(

!& t#e earl( <%a 2II4 *ulture i$ t#e a$en*e !& $!me p!tter( &!rm$ and e$pe*iall( !& a r!ad *ate"!r( !& de*!rati!n$ 2t! e menti!ned el!)4 t#at )ill #a%e emer"ed in t#eTelea* II and Ma#ala I; p#a$e$.

T#e &!rti&ied $ettlement at Călineşti'Oaş and t#e "r!up !& earl( &eature$ &r!m9a7uri *an e dated a&ter 9ăpuş II,<%a I mani&e$tati!n$ *ea$ed t! e-i$t. T#e &ir$t)ere *l!$el( related t! Ciun*u'Su$eniP urd 2Ha A14 #!ard$. 6( e$tali$#in" t#eir relati!n )it# t#e Ma#ala III,<răni*eşti,Telea* I,Mediaş I #!ri7!n #a$ een a$$umedt#e datin" !& t#e $ettlement at Călineşti'Oaş and earl( <%a II &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri t!a late Ha A p#a$e and durin" t#e Ha 61 p#a$e.

Material$ t#at #a%e een a)arded t! a late <%a *ulture $impl( !ri"inate &r!m arat#er $mall numer !& &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri. S!me !& t#e$e &eature$ )ere %er( ri*# inar*#ae!l!"(. T#e( la*:ed $!me !& t#e $pe*i&i* p!tter( !& t#e earl( p#a$e and t#e

 pre$en*e !& ne) !ne$ in t#em #a$ pr!%ided "r!und$ t! a$$i"nin" t#em t! an earl( p#a$e !& t#e <%a *ulture. Ne) p!tter( i$ repre$ented (= !)l$ )it# pr!n!un*edin%erted rim 2%ariant LA4 a r!ad ran"e !& de*!rati!n$ in*ludin" t#e $!*:eted elt !n

 p!t$ and e$pe*iall( ne) met#!d$ !& de*!ratin" !)l rim$ 2t! t#e pre/udi*e !& &a*et$P!liue'el!n"ated &lutin"$4 ' $#!rt !liue &lutin"$ 2HC and HD4 r!ad &lutin"$de$*endin" !n t#e e-teri!r $ide t! t#e limit !& t#e ma-imum diameter 2H+4. Ne)de*!rati%e m!ti&$ appeared !n t#e in$ide %e$$el$= t#e and )it# #!ri7!ntal &lutin"$2IA4 $tar'de*!rati!n 2IC4 and &al$e ri%et$ 2ID4. T#e$e &!rm$ and de*!rati!n )ere t!

 e &!und in man( !t#er $ettlement$ e$ide metal pie*e$ datin" &r!m t#e Ha 6'C $ta"e$

!r t#e late p#a$e !& t#e <%a *ulture in Câmpia Ti$ei Tran$(l%ania and n!rt#ernM!lda%ia. T#e pre$en*e !& t#e$e &!rm$ and de*!rati!n$ e"innin" )it# Telea* II andMa#ala I; $euen*e$ #a%e pr!%ided t#eir a)ardin" t! a late p#a$e !& t#e <%a*ulture. 8#en datin" t#e late p#a$e !& t#e <%a *ulture &r!m 9a7uri !ne $#!uld t#in: !& a p!$$ile e"innin" in t#e Ha 61 peri!d and "!in" !n until $!metime durin" t#eHa 6'6L peri!d. T#e $mall numer !& &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri *!uldnKt pr!%ide a *lear li&e$pan !& t#e $ettlement. <%a *ulture in Câmpia Sătmarului ended )#en t#eMe7W*$t *ulture emer"ed durin" t#e Ha 6L p#a$e. 6e$ide$ t#e r!n7e #!ard &r!m;etiş t#e pre$en*e !& t#i$ *ultural "r!up #a$ een little in%e$ti"ated.

T#e a*ti%itie$ t#at )ere *arried !ut in <%a $ettlement$ &r!m Călineşti'Oaş and9a7uri )#i*# #a%e een pr!%ided )it# ar*#ae!l!"i*al d!*umentati!n are= plant

*ulti%ati!n #u$andr( metallur"( )ea%in" and $pinnin".

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C4RONOLO/ICAL AND 4ISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS

T#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al in%e$ti"ati!n$ pre$ented in t#i$ paper *!%er t#e de%el!pment!& t#e #aitati!n in Câmpia Sătmăreană and Ţara Oaşului e"innin" )it# t#e 9ate6r!n7e A"e 267CPD and HaA4 and *!ntinuin" t#r!u"#!ut t#e +arl( Ir!n A"e 2Ha64.T#ree *ultural p#en!mena de%el!ped in t#e area !& Câmpia Sătmăreană and ŢaraOaşului durin" t#at peri!d= t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture t#e *ultural "r!up !& 9ăpuş II'<%a I and t#e <%a *ulture 2t#e late p#a$e II4.

Suciu de Sus Archaeological Culture. T#e re$ult$ !& t#e anal($e$ made !n t#ematerial$ &!und in t#e $ettlement$ &r!m 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri #a%e re%ealedt#at t#!$e $ettlement$ &un*ti!ned in a late p#a$e !& t#e *ulture in a peri!d t#at

mat*#e$ t#e &inal $ta"e !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture. C!mparin" t#em )it# t#ear*#ae!l!"i*al material$ !& t#e *ulture it$el& un*!%ered $!me di&&eren*e$ )it#in

 p!tter( )#i*# a*tuall( are re"i!nal parti*ularitie$ and t#e( repre$ent di&&erent*#r!n!l!"i*al m!ment$ in t#e e%!luti!n !& t#e *ulture. T#r!u"# t#eir "eneral*#ara*teri$ti*$ t#e p!tter( !& t#e t)! $ettlement$ under di$*u$$i!n #ere !&&er $e%eralelement$ &!r a re'e%aluati!n !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture e"innin" )it# it$ earl( p#a$e!& de%el!pment. T#i$ *!me$ t! r!und'up t#e internal e%!luti!n $u""e$ted ( T. 6ader and C. a*$.

T#e re$ear*#e$ *arried !ut in t#e $ettlement$ at Halmeu and Medieşu Aurit #a%e$#!)n t#at durin" t#e Suciu de Sus I phase  26ader and a*$4 t#e p!tter( &r!mCâmpia Sătmăreană e*ame $pe*i&i* due t! t#e $mall rate pre$en*e !& t#e "r!!%in"

 p!tter(. T#e anal($i$ !& t#e p!tter( &r!m t#e 5etea'C$en"er$ima and 9a7uri$ettlement$ #a$ re%ealed t#at t#e Su*iu de Su$ II p#a$e 2a*$4 *an e di%ided int!t)! $u'p#a$e$.

Suciu de Sus IIa Sub-phase. It$ e"innin" i$ mar:ed ( e-*i$ed de*!rati!n. It i$repre$ented ( t#e end !& t#e $ettlement$ &r!m 6!ineşti and Cul*iu Mi* and Oara de?!$';âl*eaua Ru$ului 6i*a7'I"!aie Dia:!%! and ( t#e $e*!nd le%el !& t#e$ettlement &r!m %a$!%! II. T#e p!tter( &r!m t#e$e $ite$ re%ealed element$ e-i$tin"$in*e t#e Su*iu de Su$ I p#a$e ut it )a$ al$! repre$ented ( a $erie$ !& $pe*i&i*element$ !& t#e $ite$. S!me !& t#e p!tter( &!rm$ !& t#i$ p#a$e ma:e t#e tran$iti!n &r!mt#e Su*iu de Su$ I p#a$e t! t#e Su*iu de Su$ II p#a$e. T#e r!n7e pie*e$ &r!m t#e

Su*iu de Su$ IIa p#a$e are *!mpri$ed in t#e !$7ider t(pe #!ard$ ut )it# a l!n"er li&e $pan t#an t#i$ t(pe !& #!ard $till n!t rea*#in" t#e peri!d !& t#e Uriu'pl(i urial#!ard$. T#e datin" !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ IIa p#a$e r!adl( mat*#e$ t#e Reine*:e 676and 67C p#a$e$.

Hi$t!ri*all( $pea:in" )e *an $tate t#at t#e Su*iu de Su$ IIa $u'p#a$e emer"ed intime$ !& &lu$ter and *ultural tran$&!rmati!n$ %i$ile in it$ n!rt# and )e$t and in $!ut#2Tran$(l%ania4. In n!rt# t#e Ott!man and 3X7e$aan( *ulture$ ended )#en t#eHa/d0a"!$'Ce#ălu emer"ed. T#e m!$t pr!minent element in t#e *!ur$e !& *#an"e$in t#i$ area )a$ mar:ed ( t#e end !& t#e e*!n!mi* and $!*ial $($tem repre$ented (t#e tell't(pe $ettlement$ &r!m Câmpia Ti$ei. 5r!&!und *#an"e$ #appened at t#e $ametime in$ide t#e intra'Carpat#ian Tran$(l%ania. T#e Su*iu de Su$ *!mmunitie$ &r!m

t#e Upper Ti$a area )ere n!t a&&e*ted ( t#i$ &lu$ter. On t#e *!ntrar( t#e( t!!: ad%anta"e !& t#i$ $ituati!n ( $ettlin" !n territ!rie$ t!)ard$ $!ut# and n!rt#. T!)ard$

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$!ut# and $!ut#'ea$t t#e *!mmunitie$ !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ IIa p#a$e $ettled 2t! t#e pre/udi*e !& t#e 8ietener" *ulture4 area$ &r!m Săla/ %alle( t#e middle S!meş a$inrea*#in" up t! 9ăpuş 6a$in. It i$ un*ertain i& up t! t#i$ tr!uled time$ t#e( #adalread( entered near( t#e *!n&luen*e area !& t#e S!meşul Mare ri%er )it# t#eS!meşul Mi* ri%er )#ile t#e $ettlement at Căşei )a$ dated t! a later peri!d 2in t#e 67

D $euen*e4. T#e m!ment )#en t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture e-tended t!)ard$ n!rt# andn!rt#')e$t i$ n!t (et *lear. T#e pre$en*e !& imp!rt %e$$el$ )it# e-*i$ed de*!rati!n inan earl( p#a$e !& t#e 5ilin( *ulture $u""e$ted t#at t#e e-ten$i!n )ill $till #a%e#appened in t#e Su*iu de Su$ IIa p#a$e. In$ide t#e area *!%ered ( t#e Su*iu de Su$*ulture t#e di&&eren*e$ et)een t#e Satu Mare area and t#e ea$tern area$ d!minated (t#i$ *ulture *!ntinued t! e-i$t t#e "r!!%in" p!tter( #a%in" an imp!rtant r!le in t#ene) area$ *!%ered ( t#e Su*iu de Su$ ar*#ae!l!"i*al *ulture in t#e $!ut# and $!ut#'ea$t $ide$.

Suciu de Sus IIb Sub-phase  i$ repre$ented ( t#e $ettlement$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima 9a7uri and Cul*iu Mare. A$ it #a$ een a&!re'menti!ned t#e p!tter( !& t#e$e $ettlement$ *!mpri$ed $e%eral t(pe$ !& %e$$el$ and man( de*!rati%e m!ti&$

)#i*# la*:ed &r!m $e%eral $ite$ a$$i"ned t! t#e Su*iu de Su$ IIa $u'p#a$e !r t#e(*!uld $impl( repre$ent an ad%an*ed &!rm !& p!tter(. T#e p!tter( &!und in t#!$e$ettlement$ )a$ t#e main *#ara*teri$ti* !& t#e re*ent *#r!n!l!"i*al $euen*e. T#at)a$ t#e time )#en emer"ed t#e l!) *up 2T(pe G4 and t#e la*:'red i'*#r!me

 p!tter(V element$ t#at )!uld e*!me *#ara*teri$ti* !& t#e *ultural #!ri7!n &!ll!)in"t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture 29ăpuş II'<%a I4. T#e *l!$e $imilaritie$ et)een t#e Su*iude Su$ II p#a$e and t#e Reine*:e 67D $euen*e are t! e &!und in t#e a$$!*iati!n$made et)een t#i$ p#a$e and t#e r!n7e !/e*t$ !& t#e Uriu'pl(i #!ard$ 25etea, C$en"er$ima 9a7uri Cul*iu Mare N(Br:ar$7,<(ula#7a R!7$l( Căşei4. T#ere$ear*#e$ at 5etea'C$en"er$ima re%ealed element$ t#at pr!%e a parallel de%el!pment!& t#e Su*iu de Su$ II di$*!%erie$ &r!m Câmpia Sătmarului )it# t#e !ne$ !& t#e9ăpuş I p#a$e t#at )ere t! e &!und in t#e $!ut#'ea$tern area.

T#e "ene$i$ !& t#e Lăpuş II–!"a I cultural hori#on i$ part !& a *!mple- pr!*e$$t#at t!!: pla*e in a )ide intra'Carpat#ian area= t#e e"innin" and )ide'$preadin" !& u$in" t#e &lutin" la*:'red p!tter(. Independent !& !t#er re"i!n$ in t#e Ti$a

 plateau t#i$ pr!*e$$ #appened at t#e end !& 67 D and Ha A1 $euen*e$. In t#e upper Ti$a re"i!n t#i$ ne) *ultural #!ri7!n *ame !ut in ne) p!tter( &!rm$ and de*!rati!n$t#at )ere *learl( di$tin*t &r!m t#e nei"#!urin" *ulture$= I"ria !r 6i#area 26i#!r re"i!n and Depre$iunea Zimleului4 pre,<%a 2middle Ti$a area4 and di$*!%erie$ !& t#e Cu"ir,6and t(pe 2Tran$(l%ania4. T#e main *#ara*teri$ti*$ !& t#e upper Ti$a

 p!tter( are= tapered'ul"ed %e$$el$ )it# a $in"le r!) !& :n!$ )#!$e de*!rati!n lie$

in )ide &lutin" !r riin" $e%eral t(pe$ !& !)l$ )it# t#i*:ened internal rimde*!rated ( &a*et$ !r #!ri7!ntal &utin"$ 2ne%er !liue4 l!) *up$ )it# upper'rai$ed#andle de*!rated ( !$$e$ 2t(pe G4. 6e$ide$ t#e$e &eature$ t#e re"i!n$ in t#e upper Ti$a area #a%e mu*# m!re *!mm!n %e$$el &!rm$ and de*!rati!n$. I& )e !nl( re&er t!t#e etter :n!) area$ ' Depre$iunea 9ăpuşului Câmpia Careiului and CâmpiaSătmăreană , it e*!me$ *lear t#at ea*# %e$$el t(pe !r de*!rati%e m!ti& u$uall(appeared in e%er( re"i!n and i& n!t $! in at lea$t t)! !& t#em. A*tuall( t#e )idearea$ d!minated (= t#e Ce#ălu,Ha/d0a"!$ *ultural "r!up t#e Su*iu de Su$ *ulture2p#a$e II4 and t#e 9ăpuş *ultural "r!up 2p#a$e I4 )ere $umitted t! a natural pr!*e$$!& *ultural uni&i*ati!n. T#e $pe*i&i* p!tter( !& t#e Satu Mare area #a$ man($imilaritie$ )it# t#e p!tter( &r!m t#e t)! nei"#!urin" area$ e%en m!re it $tand$

man( *!mm!n element$ et)een t#e <%a I $euen*e 2Nir area !& Hun"ar( andCarei area !& R!mania4 and t#e 9ăpuş II p#a$e 2Depre$iunea 9ăpuşului and ;alea

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Săla/ului4. T#e *ultural material &r!m t#e Satu Mare area mirr!r$ it$ intermediar("e!"rap#i*al p!$iti!n t#at i$ et)een t#e area a$$i"ned t! t#e 9ăpuş II p#a$e and t#e<%a I area. +%en t#!u"# all t#e$e mi*r!re"i!n$ #a%e $e%eral t(pi*al element$ t#e(are n!t ale t! $tand an indi%idual *ultural de%el!pment e*au$e !& t#eir $#all!)*!n$i$ten*(. T#e( #a%e de*!rated *!ar$e p!tter( )#i*# date )a( a*: in time and are

 ein" *alled an*e$tral element$ #!)e%er ea*# !& t#e mi*r!7!ne$ #ad in#erited t#em$in*e t#e late $ta"e !& t#e Middle 6r!n7e A"e.

!"a II $hase. T#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al re$ear*#e$ t#at )ere *arried !ut in t#e$ettlement$ at 9a7uri and Călineşti'Oaş $#!)ed t#at t#e $e*!nd p#a$e !& t#e <%a*ulture 2t#e *la$$i*al $ta"e4 emer"ed in Câmpia Sătmăreană and Depre$iunea Oaşuluit#r!u"# $pe*i&i* element$ &!r it$ entire $preadin" area. T#e ne) $ta"e i$ *#ara*teri7ed

 !t# ( "ap$ and *!mm!n element$ )it# t#e 9ăpuş II' <%a I #!ri7!n. M!$t$ettlement$ !& t#e ne) *ultural #!ri7!n )ere l!*ated !n di&&erent pla*e$ t#an t#!$e !& t#e 9ăpuş II' <%a I #aitati!n. 6uildin" t#e $urr!undin" &!rti&i*ati!n &r!m Călineşti'Oaş $#!)ed t#at t#at t#e ne) *ulture e-pre$$ed it$ *#ara*teri$ti* &eature $in*e it$ earl(e-i$ten*e.

C!mparin" t#e material$ !& t#e <%a II $ettlement &r!m Satu Mare )it# t#!$e&r!m !t#er <%a $ite$ 2e$pe*iall( t#e $ite$ at Ma#ala Telea* <răni*eşti and Mediaş4un*!%ered t#at t#e area !& Câmpia Sătmăreană )a$ #!me t! t)! <%a II #aitati!n#!ri7!n$= <%a IIa p#a$e 2Călineşti'Oaş and $!me &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri4 and <%a II

 p#a$e 2m!$t &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri4.On*e t#e <%a II p#a$e e"an *lear element$ emer"ed t#at )ere t(pi*all( !& t#e

9ăpuş II' <%a I !ne$. T#eir parti*ularit( )a$ !%i!u$ e%en i& )e $pea: !& a*!ntinu!u$ u$e !& t#e &lutin" la*:'red p!tter(. 3ir$t !& all t#ere )a$ a $i"ni&i*antuantitati%e in*rea$e !& t#e i'*#r!me p!tter( 2&r!m LG t! GQ>F4. 3urt#erm!ret#ere )ere $!me ma/!r *#an"e$ re"i$tered in $#ape$ and de*!rati%e m!ti&$ m!$t !& t#e ne) !ne$ ein" $pe*i&i* !& t#e entire area *!%ered ( t#e <%a *ulture.

6e$ide ne) $#ape$ and de*!rati!n$ t#ere )ere !n"!in" element$ !& traditi!nal p!tter( t#at are )ell *lear i& !ne *!mpare$ t#e earl( <%a II p!tter( &r!m CâmpiaSătmăreană t! t#e p!tter( &r!m !t#er $ite$ a$$i"ned t! t#e earl( <%a *ulture. S!me !& t#e latter atte$t &!r *ertain t#e #erita"e !& t#e l!*al p!tter( *#ara*teri$ti*$ 2t#e la*: in$!*:eted elt$ !n t#e p!t$ &r!m Călineşti'Oaş and e$pe*iall( t#e &reuent u$e !& t#e

 !)l$ )it# t#i*:ened internal rim4. 6( t#e$e element$ Satu Mare p!tter( re$emle$t#e earl( <%a p!tter( &r!m 6u*!%ina 2Ma#ala III and <răni*eşti4. T#e %ar(in"

 pre$en*e !& t#e "r!!%in" p!tter( mi"#t e interpreted a$ a le"a*( !& traditi!n$ &r!mdi&&erent mi*r!'re"i!n$ 2Satu Mare 9ăpuş and Maramureş re"i!n$4. T#e &a*t t#at$!me element$ )ere pre$er%ed &r!m t#e pre%i!u$ l!*al $pe*i&i* 2&r!m t#e l!)er %alle(

!& Mureş and &r!m 6anat4 #a$ een p!inted !ut in t#e *a$e !& t#e earl( <%a$ettlement$ in t#e $!ut#ern Tran$(l%ania 2Telea* I and Mediaş I4. Se%eral pie*e$ !&  p!tter( &r!m t#e (!un" <%a *ulture )ere $pe*i&i* !& t#e &ir$t le%el &r!m t#e t)! $ite$2Telea* I and Mediaş I4. T#e anal!"ie$ !& t#e <%a IIa p!tter( !& t#e Satu Mare areameet t#e re$ult$ !& t#e pre%i!u$ re$ear*#e$ !& !t# t#e )a($ in&luen*e$ arri%ed and"a%e irt# t! t#e <%a II *ulture and t#e )a($ t#e *ulture de%el!ped. In !rder t! ma:eit$ *!nne*ti!n t! t#e Ma#ala III,<răni*eşti,Telea* I,Mediaş I #!ri7!n i$ ne*e$$ar( t!date t#e <%a IIa $euen*e &r!m Câmpia Sătmăreană t! t#e time$ a&ter t#e 9ăpuş II'<%a I #aitati!n *ea$ed ! e-i$t t#at i$ t! a late peri!d !& t#e Ha A p#a$e and durin"t#e Ha 61 p#a$e.

Re*ent &eature$ &r!m 9a7uri un*!%ered t#at $!me $pe*i&i* &!rm$ and de*!rati!n$

!& t#e <%a IIa $u'p#a$e )ere la*:in" and $i"naled t#e pre$en*e !& ne) !ne$.A$$i"nin" ne) p!tter( t! a late p#a$e !& t#e <%a 2II4 *ulture #a$ een p!$$ile (

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!$er%in" t#eir pre$en*e in t#e late la(er$ !& $!me $ettlement$ )it# *!mple-$trati"rap#( 2Ma#ala I; Telea* II Mediaş II4. T#eir late datin" #a$ een al$! p!$$ile

 e*au$e t#e( )ere &!und in $ite$ e$ide$ #!ard$ !r r!n7e and ir!n !/e*t$ datin"&r!m Ha 61'6L.

On*e t#e$e element$ appeared <a%a p!tter( e*ame in*rea$in"l( #!m!"ene!u$.

Man( &!rm$ and de*!rati!n$ #a%e di$$appeared &r!m t#e *ultural "r!up$ !& t#e 67 D'Ha A peri!d. T#!$e tran$&!rmati!n$ *!uld #a%e een t#e re$ult !& $!me *#an"e$ t#att!!: pla*e in metallur"(. In t#e Ha 61'6 peri!d t#e numer !& r!n7e #!ard$ &r!mt#e intra'Carpat#ian Tran$(l%ania *!n$ideral( in*rea$ed *!mpared t! t#!$e &r!m t#eUpper Ti$a re"i!n. T#i$ t!"et#er )it# t#e imp!rtan*e Tran$(l%ania re"i!n earned in)#at *!n*ern$ pr!*e$$in" &am!u$ metal pie*e$ 2e$pe*iall( durin" t#e Ha 6 $ta"e4$u""e$t$ t#e e-i$ten*e !& a p!)er&ul *entre !& metallur"( )it#in t#e intra'Carpat#ianarea. T#e imp!rtan*e !& t#e metallur"i*al *entre i$ al$! atte$ted ( t#e in*rea$in"numer !& ir!n !/e*t$ in Tran$(l%ania a m!ment )#i*# met t#e e"innin" !& t#e

 peri!d *#ara*teri$ed ( Telea* II and e$pe*iall( Telea* III le%el$. Durin" t#i$ peri!din t#e Upper Ti$a 6a$in and t#e area !& 6u*!%ina ne) p!tter( emer"ed and !ld

 p!tter( traditi!n$ )ere aand!ned 2<%a IIa4. A *e$$ati!n !& p!tter( e%!luti!n #a$ een !$er%ed in ea*# $ettlement t#at )a$ #ea%il( re$ear*#ed. T#e *e$$ati!n !& t#e$ettlement$ &r!m Ma#ala 2Lrd le%el4 and <răni*eşti al$! #appened in Călineşti'Oaş. Int#e *a$e !& t#e la$t $ettlement menti!ned #ere it$ end !**urred %i!lentl( a$ it #a$ eenatte$ted ( t#e &ire at t#e de&en$i%e $($tem &r!m t#e n!rt#'ea$tern "ate. 8it#!ut

 pu$#in" t!! &ar t#e interpretati!n$ !& t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al re$ear*# I )!uld $a( t#at t#ear*#ae!l!"i*al material p!int$ t! a *#r!n!l!"i*al lin: et)een t#e end !& t#e$e$ettlement$ and t#e *#an"e$ t#at !**urred in <%a metallur"( and p!tter(. T#e ne)$ettlement$ t#at emer"ed in t#e Ti$a 6a$in and in n!rt#ern M!lda%ia 2Ma#ala I;Siliştea N!uă4 )ere *#ara*teri7ed ( #!m!"ene!u$ p!tter( t#at )a$ $pe*i&i* !& t#eentire *ultural area )#i*# n! l!n"er #eld !n traditi!nal element$. All t#i$ (ield t#e

 p!$$iilit( t#at in t#e$e re"i!n$ <%a *ulture )a$ di%ided int! t)! $u'p#a$e$= <%aIIa and <%a II. In datin" t#e late <%a $ettlement &r!m 9a7uri !ne *an t#in: !& it$li:el( e"innin" in t#e Ha 61 peri!d ut it al$! de%el!ped t#r!u"#!ut an un:n!)n$pan in t#e Ha 6'6L p#a$e$. T#e end !& t#e <%a *ulture in Câmpia Sătmăreană #a$

 een a)arded t! t#e appearan*e !& Me7W*$t *ultural mani&e$tati!n$ durin" t#e Ha6L p#a$e. +-*ept t#e r!n7e #!ard &r!m ;etiş t#e pre$en*e !& t#i$ *ultural "r!up i$#it#ert! little !utlined.

VI. CATALO/UE O6 T4E LATE BRON7E A/E AND EARL;4ALLSTATTIAN A/E DISCOVERIES. C<MPIA SĂTMAREANA AND

ŢARA OAŞULUIT#e re*!rded di$*!%erie$ are meant t! $et )it#in a "e!"rap#i*al 2re"i!nal4 *!nte-t

t#e ar*#ae!l!"i*al in%e$ti"ati!n$ *arried !ut at 5etea'C$en"er$ima 9a7uri andCălineşti'Oaş. T#e *atal!"ue !& t#e Su*iu de Su$ di$*!%erie$ *!mpri$e$ LQar*#ae!l!"i*al p!int$ all $ettlement$ e-*ept !ne &uneral di$*!%er(. T#e di$*!%erie$*atal!"ue !& t#e 9ăpuş II' <%a I #aitati!n #!ri7!n *!mpri$e$ @ p!int$ all$ettlement$ e-*ept t#e ritual dep!$iti!n$ 2&uneral[4 &r!m Călineşti'Oaş'H!ruri. T#e&ind$ datin" &r!m t#e <%a II p#a$e are repre$ented ( 1G $ettlement$ !& )#i*# !nl(t#e $ettlement &r!m Călineşti'Oaş )a$ &!rti&ied. T#ere are &i%e $ituati!n$ in )#i*#9ăpuş II' <%a I $ettlement$ !%erlapped !t#er Su*iu de Su$ 2p#a$e II4 $ettlement$

and !nl( !ne $ituati!n in )#i*# a <%a II 2p#a$e$ IIa and II4 $ettlement !%erlapped a9ăpuş II' <%a I d)ellin".

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SELECTIVE BIBLIO/RAP4;

6ader 1>= T. 6ader Cultura Suciu de Sus %n nord "estul Ro&'niei( SCI; LPG 1> p.Q>'QLF.

6ader 1>@= T. 6ader )poca bron#ului %n nord-"estul *ransil"aniei. Cultura pretracică şitracică 6u*ureşti.6ader 1>>F= T. 6ader +eue ,ron#efunde in +ordestru&nien. \n= 2ed. T. !%*$4 Studien

7ur Metalindu$trie im arpatene*:en und den ena*#tarten Re"i!nen.3e$t$*#rie&t &Xr Amlia M!7$!li*$ 7um @Q. <eur$ta" 6udape$t p. FQ'L1.

6ader,Dumitraş*u 1>= T. 6ader , S. Dumitraş*u Săpături arheologice la aşe#area de tip/to&ani de la 0edieşul Aurit. Les foilles arch1ologi2ues dansl3etabliss&ent de type /to&ani de 0edieşu Aurit( Materiale > p. 1'1LF.

6ader,9a7in 1>@= T. 6ader , <#. 9a7in 0ărturii arheologice din 4ude5ul Satu 0are SatuMare.

6ala#uri 1>F>= +. A. 6ala#uri  6789:;<9 =>?@B<< D9EF;98G9G7: EFJK B>

9JJ<7J<< >>J=>G7: 7ME>G< NOOP  M3M] p. F1'[email protected]#uri 1>= +. A. 6ala#uri Qelesti"se gorodice-pa&iata naselenia rannio#ali#noii dobe

 Taarpattia( ^n D!$lid/enia $tar!da%ni!i i$t!rii a:arpatia U_"!r!rd p. >'Q.

6ala#uri 1= +. A. 6ala#uri 6>G9E9B<9 U9JVB9W7 X7<GF@ 8 Y=7V MJ7BZK `bcc.6e/inariu L= I. 6e/inariu +oi descoperiri ale culturii Suciu de Sus %n 4ude5ul Săla4. +e

 [isco"eries ,elonging to the Suciu de Sus Culture fro& Săla4 County(Marmaia P1 p. FQ'@1.

6e/inariu @= I. 6e/inariu Stadiul cercetării epocii bron#ului şi pri&ei epoci a fierului peteritoriul Sălă4ului Satu MareStC!m ffIIP1 2Q4 p. >L'>@.

6!r!&&:a 1>>G= N. 6!r!&&:a $roble&e der 4ungbron#e#eitlichen \era&i in /stungarn und ]estru&nien. \n= 2edit!r H. Ciu"udean and N. 6!r!&&:a4 T#e +arl(

Hall$tatt 5eri!d 21' 6. C.4 in S!ut#'+a$tern +ur!pe p 'L.S(mp!$ium Ala Iulia 1'1 iunie 1>>L p. 'L.

6!r!&&:a 1>>>= N. 6!r!&&:a  $roble&e der spten /to&ani-\ultur.  ultura Ot!mani'3X7e$a!n('r!/)/ *#r!n!l!"ia "!$p!dar:a. Materiag( 7 :!n&eren*/iar*#e!l!"i$*7ne/'Du:la '@.11.1>> r!$n! p. 11L'1L.

6!r!%$:( 1>@= S. 6!r!%$:( 2edit!r4 S#at&!r "!r&egye( 6udape$t 1>@.C#idi!şan,+mhdi 1>@= N. C#idi!şan , I. +mhdi rupul cultural Igri5a de la sf'rşitul epocii

bron#ului( Cri$ia 1 p. F1'@F.Ciu"udean 1>>G= H. Ciu"udean *he Hallstatt A $eriod in Central *ransyl"ania( In= 2ed. H.

Ciu"udean and N. 6!r!&&:a4 T#e +arl( Hall$att 5eri!d 21' 6. C.4 inS!ut#'+a$tern +ur!pe. S(mp!$ium Ala Iulia 1'1 iunie 1>>L Ala Iulia

 p. Q'G.Demeter!% 1>@G= S. Demeter!% Influence de la culture de Suciu de Sus dans la plaine de

la Slo"a2uie orientale. Sl!%Ar*# L p. 11'G.+mhdi 1>>= I. +mhdi [escoperiri de la sf'rşitul epocii bron#ului din $eştera ^ngurului

_4ud. ,ihor`. ,ron#e#eitliche )ntdecungen "on $eştera ^ngurului. \reis ,ihor( AMN LGPI p. G@Q , QG.

3eurdean G= A. 3eurdean  $alaeoen"iron&ent in Ro&ania during last years.St!*:#!lm.

3urmne:,;eliai:,;ladr 1>>>= ;. 3urmne: , 9. ;eliai: , ?. ;ladr [ie ,ron#e#eit i& sloaischen Rau& Ra#demP8e$t&alia.

<!"âltan 1= 3. <!"âltan ( *he Settle&ent of Căşeiu and So&e $roble&s Conserning the Late ,ron#e Age in the Center and +orthern *ransyl"ania.  \n= 2ed. C.

a*$4 Der n!rd:arpati$*#e Raum in der 6r!n7e7eit. S(m!$ium 6aiaMare '1 O:t!mer 1>>@ p. 1>1'1G.

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<!"âltan,I$a* 1>>Q= 3. <!"âltan , A. I$a*  [ie sptbron#e#eitlische Siedlung "on Căşeiu _I`.+p#Nap Q p. Q'F.

<umă 1>>L= M. <umă Ci"ili#a5ia pri&ei epoci a fierului %n sud-"estul Ro&'niei. 6ilT#ra*I; 6u*ureşti.

Hjn$el 1>F= 6. Hjn$el ,eitge #ur regionalen und chronologischen liederung der lteren Hallstatt#eit an der unteren [onau( 6!nn.

H!*#$tetter 1>@1= A. H!*#$tetter  )ine +adel der +oua-\ultur aus +ordgriechland. )in ,eitrag #ur absoluten Chronologie der spten ,ron#e#eit i& \arpatenbecen <ermania Q>P p. L>'Q>.

H!redt 1>FF= . H!redt  Aşe#area fortificată din perioada t'r#ie a epocii bron#ului de laSighetu 0ar&a5iei 6aia Mare.

a*$ 1>Q= C. a*$ Contributions la connaisance de la culture Suciu de Sus la lu&iredes recherches faites Lăpuş( Da*ia 1> p. GQ'F@.

a*$ 1>@1= C. a*$ +ecropola tu&ulară de la Lăpuş. Te7ă de d!*t!rat 2manu$*ri$4 Clu/' Nap!*a.

a*$ 1>@= C. a*$  ,etrge #ur \enntnis des erbreiterungsgebietes und der Chronologie der Suciu de Sus-\ultur  Da*ia L1 p. Q1'Q.

a*$ 1>>Q= C. a*$ [ate noi cu pri"ire la pri&a fa#ă a culturii Suciu de Sus Apulum L p. @L'>>a*$ 1= C. a*$ ( Tur chronologischen und ulturallen Stellung des Hgelgrberfeldes

"on Lăpuş( ^n Der n!rd:arpati$*#e Raum in der 6r!n7e7eit. S(mp!$ium6aia Mare '1 O:t!mer 1>>@ 2ed. C. a*$4 p. L1'@.

a*$ L= C. a*$ +oi descoperiri Suciu de Sus şi Lăpuş %n nordul *ransil"anei. _+eueSuciu de Sus und Lăpuş-unde i& +orden Siebenbrgens`(  Marmatia P1

 p 1Q'[email protected]*7 1>F= N. ali*7 A 1sbron#ori elss#csi csoport leletei 1s ronologiai hely#ete.

A] @ p. L'1Q.emen*7ei 1>@= T. emen*7ei  [ie Siedlungsfunde der !"a-\ultur aus +agy!llj 3A

fffIII p. L'>Q.

emen*7ei 1>@G= T. emen*7ei [ie Sptbron#e#eit +ordostungarns 6udape$t.!alK = ?. !alK ,ron#e#eitliche [epotfunde aus *ransarpatien _^raine`( 563 ffP

G. Stutt"art.!alK = ?. !alK k7 =<>BB@ =J7 VJ7B7E7Wm > =9J7<Z>m EFJ< O>B789.

ko qcscbc csos vw xwsyw. z{ |wc}cbyc~cvo~ •€ss p. Q@L'Q>>.

!%*$ 1>F= T. !%*$ )astern connections of +orth-)astern Hungary in the late ,ron#e Age. 3A 1@ 21>FFPF4 p. 'Q@.

9$7l 1>L= A. 9$7l Considera5ii asupra cera&icii de tip !"a din Hallstattul ti&puriu.SCI; GPG p. QQ'F@.

9$7l 1>>G= A. 9$7l  nceputurile epocii fierului la est de Carpa5i. Culturile !"a- Holihrady şi Corlăteni-Chişinău pe teritoriul 0oldo"ei. [ie Anfnge der 

 )isen#eit i& /starpatenrau&. [ie !"a-Holihrady- und Chişinău-Corlăteni- \ultur auf de& ebiet der 0oldau( 6ilT#ra* 6u*ureşti.

9upu 1>@>= N. 9upu *ilişca. Aşe#ările arheologice de pe Că5ănaş( 6u*ureşti.Marta Q= 9. Marta [er bron#ene +adeldepotfund "on $etea( \r. Satu 0are. q[epo#itul de

ace din bron# descoperit la $etea( 4ud. Satu 0are.. \n= 2ed. T. S!r!*eanu46r!n7e&unde au$ Rumjnien II. De$*!periri de r!n7uri din R!mânia‚6i$tria , Clu/'Nap!*a p. Q,>G.

Marta @= 9. Marta roapa a aşe#ării din epoca bron#ului de la La#uri. [epunereaflată %n legătură cu producerea berii preistorice _$it fro& ,ron#e

 Age settle&ent in La#uri. /b4ects deposition related to the &aing of  prehistoric beer Satu Mare StC!m ffIII,ffI;P1 F' p. 111, 1>.

Matu7,N!%:i = D. Matu7 , <(. N!%:i Sptbron#e#eitliche( frheisen#eitliche )rdlle in +ordungarn( 6udape$t .

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M!7$!li*$ 1>F= A. M!7$!li*$ [er *u&ulus "on +yr!r!s# – yulah!#a A*taAr*#Hun"1 p. 11L'1L.

M!7$!li*$ 1>L= A. M!7$!li*$  ,ron#e-und oldfunde des \arpatenbecens. [epotfundhori#onte "on orrj und vp!lyi 6udape$t.

M!7$!li*$1>@Q= A. M!7$!li*$ ( ,ron#efunde aus ^ngarn. [epotfundhori#onte "on Aranyos( \urd und ye&ely 6udape$t.

 NEmeti 1>>= I. NEmeti Contribu5ii la cunoaşterea sf'rşitului epocii bron#ului din nord-"estul Ro&'niei( SCI;A G1P1 p. 1>'QG.

 NEmeti 1>>= I. NEmeti [escoperirile arheologice de la La#uri-w3Lubi-tag3 K 2/ud. Satu Mare4din anii 1>>Q'1>>F. Cer*etări ar#e!l!"i*e din aria n!rd'tra*ă 6u*ureşti

 p. @,@F. NEmeti 1>>>= ?. NEmeti Repertoriul arheologic al #onei Careiului( 6u*ureşti. NEmeti,M!lnr = ?. NEmeti , $. M!lnr A tell telepe fe4ld1se 1s "1ge a +agy!roly

 ss!gon 1s a# xr "lgy1ben( Clu/'Nap!*a.Ordentli*# 1>1= I. Ordentli*#  Aria de răsp'ndire a culturii /to&ani de pe teritoriul 

 Ro&'niei [Die ;erreitun" der Ot!mani:ultur in Rumjnien] Marmaia II1>1 p. 1>'LQ.

5an:au G= C. 5an:au [ie lterhallstatt#eitliche \era&i aus 0ediaşz Siebenbrgen( U5A1> 6!nn.5ata( 1>F= 5. 5ata( orbericht berdie Ausgrabungen #u $oros#lj-Aponh!t  3A ff;II p.

1>L'1.5ate: 1>G= +. 5ate: $rsytische rberfelder in /stungarn. S(mp!$ium 7u 5r!lemen der 

 /Xn"eren Hall$tatt7eit in Mitteleur!pa 6rati$la%a p. LL'LF.5etre$*u'D^m!%ia 1>= M. 5etre$*u'D^m!%ia  [epo#itele de bron#uri din Ro&'nia

6u*ureşti.5!p @= D. 5!p C'te"a considera5ii pri"ind stadiul cercetării culturii Suciu de Sus şi a

 grupului Lăpuş _So&e considerations about the research stage of the Suciude Sus culture and the Lăpuş group Satu Mare StC!m ffIIIPI Q p.F1,>.

5!p!%i*# F= I. 5!p!%i*# Taarpatya #a dobe rannyogo #ali#a( ra:),9)). 5!tuJnia: 1>Q@= 3. M. 5!tuJnia:  Arheologicini #nahidi bron#o"o"o ta #ali#no"o "iu na

 Taarpatii( U/"!r!d.R!man,NEmeti 1>>= 5. R!man,I. NEmeti  )poca bron#ului %n nord-"estul Ro&'niei.

S(mpT#ra* @ Satu Mare,Carei p. LG'G1Smirn!%a 1>G= <. I. Smirn!%a Co&ple{ele de tip !"a-Holihrady – o co&unitate cultural-

istorică SCI;A QPL p. LQ>'[email protected]!r!*eanu @= T. S!r!*eanu  ,ron#efunde aus Ru&ien| die "orsythen#eitlichen

 0etallgefsse i& ebiet des heutigen Ru&ien z [escoperiri de bron#uridin Ro&'nia| "asele de &etal prescitice de pe actualul teritoriu al 

 Ro&'niei. Clu/'Nap!*a.Stapel 1>>>= A. Stapel  ,ron#e#eitliche [eponierungen i& Siedlungsbereich Altdorf – 

 R&erfeld und Althei&( Landreis Landshut . TXin"er S*#ri&ten 7ur Ur'und 3rX#"e$*#i*#tli*#en Ar*#j!l!"ie L. 8a-mann MXn$ter,Ne)Y!r:, MXn*#en,6erlin.

Stratan,;ulpe 1>= I. Stratan , A. ;ulpe [er Hgel "on Susani( 5 QP1 p. @'F.;. S7a 1>>F= ;. <. S7a  A Csor"a csoport 1s a !"a ult}ra utat!s!na probl1&!i

n1h!ny Csongrad &edyei leletgyttes alap4an. orschungsproble&e der Csor"a-ruppe und !"a-\ultur auf grund einiger und"erbnde aus der 

 \o&itat Csongr!d  M3M] II p. >'1>.Ter_an Q= 6. Ter_an 0eta&orphose - eine egetationsgottheit in der Sptbron#e#eit. In= 6

H!re/$ R. ?un" +. ai$er 6. Ter_an 2Hr$".4 Interpretati!n$raum6r!n7e7eit. 6ern#ard Hjn$el %!n $einen S*#Xlern "e)idment U5A 11

6!nn p. G1,F1;a$ilie% 1>@L= ;. ;a$ilie% $roble&e ale cronologiei Hallstattului %n *ransil"ania( AMN  p. LL'Q.

1

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;a$ilie% 1>>Q= ;. ;a$ilie% ortifications de refuge et 1tablisse&ents fortifi1s du pre&ier 'gedu fer en *ransyl"anie( 6u*are$t.

;a$ilie% @= ;. ;a$ilie% ,e&erungen #u den bitrononischen efssen( die fr die !"a- \ultur \enn#eichnend sind( +p#Nap f;I'f;II F, p. '1F.

;a$ilie%,Aldea,Ciu"udean 1>>1= ;. ;a$ilie%,I. A. Aldea,H. Ciu"udean Ci"ili#a5ia dacicăti&purie %n aria intracarpatică a Ro&'niei. Contribu5ii arheologice|

 Aşe#area fortificată de la *eleac( Clu/'Nap!*a.;a$ilie% şi *!la. = ;. ;a$ilie% , A. Ru$t!iu , +. A. 6ala"uri , C. C!$ma Solot"ino

-~Cetate•_^craina *ranscarpatică`. Aşe#ările din epoca bron#ului( a doua"'rstă a fierului şi din )"ul 0ediu. Solot"ino €Cetate _*ranscarpathian^raine`. *he Settle&ents of the ,ron#e Age( the Second Iron Age and the

 )arly 0edie"al *i&es 6ilT#ra* fffIII Clu/'Nap!*a.;ende 1>1= A. ;ende S#at&ar "!r&egye( 6udape$t.atlu:l,atlu:l 1>L= ?. atlu:l,+. atlu:l  Adato a $odarpats#a Rus#

 praehistori!4!ho#( Mun:ae%!.


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