Psihopedagogie Speciala 2014-2015

8/9/2019 Psihopedagogie Speciala 2014-2015

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COALA PENTRU DIVERSITATECOALA PENTRU TOI

FUNDAMENTELEPSHOPEDAGOGIEI SPECIALE

Conf. Dr. Diana Csorba
http://images.google.ro/imgres?imgurl=http://www.asup.way2web.ro/images/maini.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.asup.way2web.ro/&h=158&w=238&sz=6&hl=ro&start=1&tbnid=BsfDtcQEgEWCMM:&tbnh=72&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmaini%2B%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Dro%26lr%3Dlang_ro


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Povs!"

Povs!a #n$% $& 'a fos! o(a!) $ani$io(a!)*".

In!r+o ,i #nsori!)- $n( s !ransfor/as 0i s!r,is 1a via2) #n!ra3a na!&r)- ani/a11 %)(&riis+a& 4o!)r! s) fa$) 0i 1 $va %n!r& a r,o1va

%rob1/1 1&/ii /o(rn. A& or3ani,a! a13ri 0i

&n &rs- &n b&rs&$ 0i &n $as!or a& fos! (s/na2i//brii ai $o/isii ( #nv)2)/n!. Un ari$i a fos!an3a5a! $a %rofsor.


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Pro3ra/&1 $ons!) #n a1r3ar-$)2)rar- #no! 0i ,bor. Pn!r& a #n1sni

%ro$s&1 ( #nv)2)/n!- s+a 4o!ara!-( $o/&n a$or(- 1a !oa! for&ri1$o/%!n! $) !oa! a$s! (is$i%1in

vor fi ob1i3a!orii.


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Ra2a #i #n!r$a % !o!i 1a #no!- $4iar 0i %%rofsor- (ar ra /(io$r) 1a ,bor 0i 6!r/ (s1ab) 1a a1r3ar. Era a!! ( s1ab) #n$! s+a4o!ar! s) i s fa$) &n %ro3ra/ a%ar! 7 !rb&ia

s) a1r3 % $n( !o2i $i1a12i /r3a& sa#noa!. Dar a$s! an!rna/n! i+a s!1$i! #n!r+a!! 1ab1 %a1/a! #n$! a abia a ob2in&! no!a

( !r$r 1a 6a/n&1 ( na!a2i.


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Vvri2a- $ar s $)2)ra /ai bin $a ori$in- ava#n!o!(a&na- no!a $a /ai b&n) 1a s$a1a(ar- ,bor&1(i/%o!riv)- #i (is%1)$a %rof&n(- $)$i %rofsor&1 #i$ra s) sar) (in vrf&1 (a1&1&i % $n( a %rfr)s)+0i (a (r&/&1 (in vrf&1 $o%a$i1or. S+a obosi! a!!( /&1! #n$!- (&%a o vr/- n+a /ai ob2in&! ($! 81a $)2)rar 0i 9 1a a1r3ar.


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La sfr0i!&1 an&1&i- &n 2i%ar- /(a1i! $& a&r 1a na!a2i- 0i $ar

0!ia s) s $a2r- s) a1r3 0i $4iar s) ,boar ob2in& /(ia $a/ai /ar 1a !oa! (is$i%1in1.

Fiin($) s)%ara 3a1rii1or n& fi3&ra #n %ro3ra/a0$o1ar)- $r!i2a n& a %&!&! fi #ns$ris) 1a ni$i o 0$oa1). P)rin2ii

i s 0i/2a& vinova2i"*


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COMPETENELE VIZATE

: $&noa0!ra (ifri!1or /o(a1i!)2i ( abor(ar a va1&)rii 0i a%osibi1i!)2i1or ( in!rvn2i (&$a2iona1+r$&%ra!iv) (in%rs%$!iva ins!r&irii 0i a $ara$!r&1&i for/a!iv;

: (s$rira (ifri!1or /o(a1i!)2i %ra$!i$ ( in!rvn2i%si4o%(a3o3i$) a!! #n %ra$!i$a 0$o1ar)- $! 0i #n a$!ivi!)2i11ibr $& $o%iii af1a2i #n (ifi$&1!a!;

: fo1osira &nor s!r&$!&ri or3ani,a2iona1 3&vrna/n!a1 0inon3&vrna/n!a1 varia! 0i f16ibi1- #n v(ra in(ivi(&a1i,)rii

%ro3ra/1or (&$a2iona1+r$&%ra!iv %n!r& 1vi 0i $o%ii;


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COMPETENELE VIZATE

: i(n!ifi$ara &nor /o(a1i!)2i ( (,vo1!ar ins!i!&2iona1)0i ( %ro/ovar a i(i1or /o(rn $& %rivir 1a %ro$s&1(&$a2iona1+r$&%ra!iv;

: i(n!ifi$ara 0i fo1osira %rin$i%a11or s!ra!3ii (in!rvn2i %si4o%(a3o3i$) #n $on(i2ii1 ( (ifi$&1!a! #n#nv)2ar 0i (,vo1!ar;

: i/%1i$ara #n %ro%ria (,vo1!ar %rofsiona1) 0i for/ara&n&i s!i1 %ro%ri& ( a$2i&n (&$a2iona1+r$&%ra!iv).


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EVALUARE

%or!ofo1i&Teme pentru portofoliu:a. Profi1&1 %si4o%(a3o3i$ a1 &n&i $o%i1 $& 4an(i$a%. Ana1i,a Ss$oa1a %n!r& (ivrsi!a!*


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$ri!rii ( va1&ar

+ niv1&1 (o$&/n!)rii- $&noa0!rii bib1io3rafii ( s%$ia1i!a! 0i $an!i!a!a0i $a1i!a!a infor/a2ii;

+ $a%a$i!a!a ( v4i$&1ar a infor/a2ii1or 0i %osibi1i!)2i1 ( a%1i$ar%ra$!i$a in %ro$s&1 ins!r&$!iv+(&$a!iv;

+ ini2ia!iva 0i invn!ivi!a!a a%1i$)rii 0i in!r%r!)rii &nor %rob ($&noa0!r 0i va1&ar a s&bi$2i1or;

+ niv1&1 s!)%nirii /!o(o1o3ii ( in!rvn2i (&$a2iona1) 0i a $a%a$i!)2ii( o%ra2iona1i,ar a %ro$s&1&i (i(a$!i$;

+ %osibi1i!a!a ( a (/ons!ra %&n$!1 !ari 0i s1ab %n!r& a %&!a 3nra1i,a6%rin21 %o,i!iv 0.a.


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T/1 $&rs&1&i

: Delimitari conceptuale: Psihoia!no"a # e$aluarea hanicapurilor: %anicapul e intelect: %anicapul e au": %anicapul e $eere: %anicapul fi"ic: %anicapul e lim&a': %anicapul e comportament: Polihanicapul: Inte!rarea # Inclu"iune scolara si sociala


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DELIMIT()I CONCEPT*ALE

i i (i i 1 ( i4 1 i i S ii 1 ( i i


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Univrsi!a!a (in ?&$&rs!i- Fa$&1!a!a ( Psi4o1o3i si S!iin!1 E(&$a!ii

D%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar+ ?&$&rs!iD%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar+ ?&$&rs!i

FUNDAMENTELEPSIHO+PEDAGOGOGIEI SPECIALEPSIHO+PEDAGOGOGIEI SPECIALE

obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1se ocup de studiulparticularitilor psihiceparticularitilor psihice a persoaneicu handicap, de instruireainstruirea i educaiaeducaia lor, de evoluiaevoluia idezvoltarea psihicdezvoltarea psihic, de modalitile corectiv -modalitile corectiv -

recuperativerecuperative pentru valorificarea potenialului umanvalorificarea potenialului umanexistent i formarea personalitiiformarea personalitii lor n vedereaintegrrii socio-profesionaleintegrrii socio-profesionale (...)

E erzea

@(&$a2i%n!r& !o2i @educaia

pentru fiecare

U i i (i ? i F 1 ( P i4 1 i i S ii 1 E( i i


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obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1@caracter pragmatic actional!

@In!rvn2ia!i/%&ri

@A1o$arars&rs1or

/a!ria1

@E1i/inara

!i$4!)ri1or 0is!i3/a!i,)ri1or

@ rezultanta explicita a componentei teoretice inactiunea concret-practica!

U i i! ! (i ? !i F 1! ! ( P i4 1 i i S!ii ! 1 E( !i i


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obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1@"#$#%E&%" '#$'E*"++$"%ar!i$&1ari!)2i1ors%$ifi$

(,vo1!)rii %si4i$0i a $o/%onn!1or

%rsona1i!)2ii

@a!i!&(ini1 0ira$2ii1 fa!a ((fi$in2a si $i

/anifs!ari$o/%or!a/n!a1-si!&a!iona1

i(n!ifi$ara

(isf&n$2ii1or%si4i$

$)i1 (!ra%i-r$&%rar-

s$&ri!a!0i $onfor!af$!iv

U i i! ! (i ? !i F 1! ! ( P i4 1 i i S!ii ! 1 E( !i i


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obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1@"#$#%E&%" '#$'E*"++$"

insr2ia bio+%si4o+so$io+$&1!&ra1) #nso$i!a!%rofsiona1-fa/i1ia1-so$ia1B

%rvnir 0i$o/ba!r a/anifs!)ri1or (

rs%onsabi1i!a!a $ivi$) fa2) (

%rsoan1af1a! #n(ifi$&1!a!

%ro/ovara 0i

s&s2inra &nor%o1i!i$i $orn!;srvi$ii fi$in!

Uni rsi!a!a (in ? $ rs!i Fa$ 1!a!a ( Psi4o1o3i si S!iin!1 E( $a!ii


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obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1@"#$#%E&%" '#$'E*"++$"

%rob1/1or s%$ifi$#n (&$ara- ins!r&ira

0i %rofsiona1i,ara

a(a%!ara /o(ifi$ara$on2in&!&1&i#nv)2)/n!&1&i

a(a%!ara

obi$!iv1or-/!o(1or 0i/i51oa$1or

$a(r&o%!i/ (

%r3)!ir

Univrsi!a!a (in ?&$&rs!i Fa$&1!a!a ( Psi4o1o3i si S!iin!1 E(&$a!ii


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fina1i!a!i si obi$!iv a1 PPSfina1i!a!i si obi$!iv a1 PPS

@iectiv centraliectiv central @iective specificeiective specifice

In!rvn2ia #n s$o% !ra%&!i$-r$&%ra!or 0i ins!r&$!iv (&$a!iv

as&%ra %rsoan1or $& (ifri! !i%&ri( (fi$in2 sa& af1a! #n in$a%a$i!a!( a$2i&n- %n!r& a favori,a 1a/a6i/&/ rBinsr2ia 1or so$io+

%rofsiona1).



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fina1i!a!i si obi$!iv a1 PPSfina1i!a!i si obi$!iv a1 PPS

Mn2inraMn2inra- rfa$ra 0i (,vo1!ararfa$ra 0i (,vo1!ara$a%a$i!)2i1or in(ivi(&a1 n$sar %n!r&r,o1vara &nor %rob1/%rob1/ sa& si!&a2iisi!&a2ii(ifi$i1(ifi$i1 % $ar %rsoana n& 1 %oa!

so1&2iona sin3&r) 0i asi3&rara &n&i s&%or!asi3&rara &n&i s&%or!%n!r& %rsoan1 $ar n& a& %osibi1i!a!as) #0i (,vo1! %ro%rii1 $a%a$i!)2i 0i%ro%rii1 $a%a$i!)2i 0i$o/%!n2$o/%!n2 n$sar (sf)0&r)rii &nora$!ivi!)2i so$ia1/n! &!i1a$!ivi!)2i so$ia1/n! &!i1 0i $ar s)

favori,, in!3rara 1or so$ia1)favori,, in!3rara 1or so$ia1).

@iectiv centraliectiv central @iective specificeiective specifice



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obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1@Obi$!iv s%$ifi$Obi$!iv s%$ifi$

$ri!rii ( $1asifi$ar

% niv1&ri 3ra(!r%! a !&1b&r)ri1orsa& (fi$in21or

%r,n!ara

ana1i!i$)-(s$ri%!iv)-$o/%ara!iv)0i !io1o3i$)

a (ifri!1or

%r,n!ara

%ar!i$&1ari!)2i1ors%$ifi$

s$o%&ri1or-/!o(1or 0i/i51oa$1or (a$!ivi!a!

%si4o%(a3o3i$

#/bo3)2ira$or%&s&1&i (

$&no0!in2 $& noiinfor/a2ii



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obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1obi$!&1 ( s!&(i&; $onsi(rn! 3nra1@Obi$!iv s%$ifi$Obi$!iv s%$ifi$

sis!/&1&i (

(%is!ar+(ia3no,)+!ra%i+r$&%rar+(&$a2i

%rofsiona1i,ar+a(a%!ar+in!3rar

%ro3ra/ (%rofsiona1i,ar

s!ra!3ii1or( in!3rarso$ia1)

s!ra!3ii ( in!rvn2i%n!r& %rvnira 0i sa&a/1iorara$ons$in21or 1a niv1



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(o/nii(o/nii

@ O1i3ofrni

%si4o%(a3o3i$)

@ Tif1o%si4o%(a3o3ia

@ 1/n! %si4o1o3i$-

%si4o(ia3no,)- (&$a2i-r$&%rar- in!3rara$o%ii1or $& (fi$in2 /in!a1

@ %rob1/ %si4o1o3i$ 0i%(a3o3i$ a1 %rsoan1or$& (fi$in2 ( v(r


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Or3ani,a!or $on$%!&a1 +

6r$i2i&: Dfi$in2a

: In$a%a$i!a!

: Anor/a1i!a!: Nor/a1

: Han(i$a%

: Crin2 (&$a2iona1 s%$ia1: T&1b&r)ri ( #nv)2ar

: Difi$&1!)2i ( #nv)2ar


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D1i/i!)ri $on$%!&a17

: normal = a(a%!ar $4i1ibra!) 1a /(i& 0ira%or!ar 1a 3r&% ( a$a0i vrs!) 0i /(i&

$&1!&ra1

: anormal = aba!ri %s! s!an(ar(-

ins&fi$in2- r!ar( #n (,vo1!ar- aba!ri$o/%or!a/n!a1- af$2i&ni fi,i$;


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DELIMITARI CONCEPTUALE

: anor/a1i!a!a ar &n $on2in&! 1ar3 0i s rfr) 1a !o2iin(ivi,ii $& ins&fi$in2 sa& r!ar( #n (,vo1!ar- $a 0i 1a$i $& aba!ri $o/%or!a/n!a1- $&/ s&n! (1i$vn2ii 0i

$ara$!ria1ii- 1a bo1navii %si4i$i- 1a $i $ar s af1) #ns!ar $ri!i$) (in %&n$! ( v(r sn,oria1- 1o$o/o!or- (1i/ba5 sa& ( in!1$!.

: s&bnor/a1i!a!a s! sinoni/) $& (fi$in2a 0i sa%r$ia,) $) (fin0! $& /ai /ar 6a$!i!a! %ir(rasa& (fi$i!&1 &nor f&n$2ii ori $4iar a &n&i or3an $(favori,a,) (sf)0&rara a$!ivi!)2ii.


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D1i/i!)ri $on$%!&a1

: Deficienas! ano/a1i a &ni s!r&$!&ri fi,io1o3i$- ana!o/i$ (fini!iv)sa& !/%orar) $a &r/ar a &n&i a$$i(n! sa& a &ni bo1i. S r3)s0! #nfor/a a $in$i $a!3orii7 /in!a1- sn,oria1- fi,i$- ( 1i/ba5- ($o/%or!a/n!.

E1/n!&1 3nri$ ( (fi$in2) in$1&( !r/ni $a 7

: Deficit + $ono!a2ia $an!i!a!iv) a (fi$in2i- a(i$) $a $ 1i%s0! %n!r& a$o/%1!a o an&/i!) $an!i!a! sa& #n!r3&1;

: Defectuo"itatea+ s rfr) 1a $a $ (!r/in) &n (fi$i!;

: Infirmitate = absn2a- (i/in&ara no!abi1) a &nor f&n$2ii i/%or!an! (r3&1) n rfri/ 1a $i $& (fi$in2 /o!orii a$$n!&a! (ar 0i 1a $i $&(fi$in2 /in!a1 %rof&n( $ar n$si!) o %ro!$2i %r/ann!)B

: In$aliitate= %ir(ra - (i/in&ara- $a%a$i!)2ii ( /&n$): Pertur&area+ s rfr) 1a aba!ri1 ( 1a nor/).


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D1i/i!ari $on$%!&a17

: Incapacitatea + s! as%$!&1 f&n$2iona1 a1(fi$in2i 0i r%r,in!) %ir(a sa& (i/in&ara

%osibi1i!)2ii ( a ra1i,a o a$!ivi!a! /o!ri$) sa&$o3ni!iv) sa& &n $o/%or!a/n!. A%ar #n &r/a&nor (fi$in2 0i s rfr) 1a a$2i&ni1 0i$o/%or!a/n!1 $onsi(ra! i/%or!an! #n

via2a $o!i(ian) ( $o/&ni$ar- ( 1o$o/o2i-( orin!ar- ( #n3ri5ir $or%ora1)B.


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: Handicapul = r%r,in!) as%$!&1 so$ia1- fiin(r,&1!a!&1 &ni (fi$in2 $ar #/%i(i$) #n(%1inira&n&i ro1 nor/a1 %n!r& o an&/i!) %rsoan) #n f&n$2i

( 7 vrs!)- s6- fa$!ori so$ia1i 0i $&1!&ra1i.

As%$!&1 so$ia1 r,&/) $ons$in21 (fi$in2i 0i a1in$a%a$i!)2ii. A$s! $ons$in2 #n %1an so$ia1 s&n!

in$1&s #n no2i&ni1 ( 4an(i$a%- rs%$!iv ina(a%!ar 0is %o! /anifs!a #n (ivrs for/7 inadaptare propriu-zis, marginalizare, inegalitate, segregare, excludere.


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: Dizabilitate s! !r/n ( ba,) &!i1i,a! #n13is1a2ia ro/nas$) a1)!&ri ( $1 (

4an(i$a%. Es! &!i1i,a! $& %r$)(r %n!r& as&bs!i!&i !r/n&1 ( 4an(i$a%- %n!r& a nra$or(a 1a !n(in21 in!rna2iona1.


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Han(i$a%&1 s! $onsi(ra! &n (,avan!a5 so$ia1 r,&1!a! (in!r+o (fi$in2) sa&in$a%a$i!a!. Difi$&1!)2i1 #n!1ni! ( %rsoan1 $& 4an(i$a% s&n! /&1!i%1 0i

$o/%16. O sis!/a!i,ar a%ro6i/a!iv) i(n!ifi$) &r/)!oar1 3r&% ((ifi$&1!)2i7

a, ificult-.i e orin !eneral:

: (ifi$&1!)2i ( (%1asar 0i /i0$ar %n!r& $i $&(fi$in2 fi,i$;

: (ifi$&1!)2i ( 6%ri/ar 0i $o/&ni$ar- %n!r& $i $&(fi$in2 sn,oria1;

: (ifi$&1!)2i ( a(a%!ar 1a /o(&1 ( via2) $o!i(ian 0i 1a6i3n21 vi2ii so$ia1- %n!r& $i $& (fi$in2

/in!a1 0i in!1$!&a1;: (ifi$&1!)2i ( #n!r2inr %n!r& %rsoan1 1i%si! (

vni!&ri 0i rs&rs.


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&, ificult-.i e orin profesional:

: (ifi$&1!)2i 13a! ( ins!r&ira 0i %r3)!ira%rofsiona1) a %rsoan1or $& (ifri! for/

0i 3ra( ( (fi$in2);: (ifi$&1!)2i ( %1asar #n 1o$&ri ( /&n$)

a($va! %rofsii sa& absn2a &nor 1o$&ri

( /&n$) #n $on(i2ii %ro!5a!.


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c, ificult-.i e orin psiholo!ic /i social:

: barir %si4o1o3i$ $ar a%ar #n!r%rsoan1 $& 0i f)r) 4an(i$a% $a &r/ar a

(ifi$&1!)2i1or #n!/%ina! #n a$!ivi!)2i1$o!i(in- %rofsiona1 sa& so$ia1- %r$&/0i (in $a&,a &nor %r5&($)2i sa& a &nor

r%r,n!)ri (for/a! $& %rivir 1a%osibi1i!)2i1 0i a$!ivi!a!a %rsoan1or $&(fi$in2.


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Con$1&,i7

: /n concluzie,deficienapoate determina oincapacitate care la r0ndul ei antreneaz o

stare de handicap ce face ca persoanadeficient s suporte cu dificultateexigenele mediului n care triete, mediu

ce poate asimila, tolera sau respingepersoana cu o anumit deficiena.


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R3is!r&1 C.E.S. a$$%2ia UNESCO

JB $&%rin(7: Difi$&1!)2i (i,abi1i!)2i ( #nv)2ar;: Kn!r,ir (fi$in2) /in!a1) (ifi$&1!)2i svr (

#nv)2ar;: T&1b&r)ri ( 1i/ba5;: Dfi$in2 fi,i$ 0i /o!orii;: Dfi$in2 vi,&a1;

: Dfi$in2 a&(i!iv;: T&1b&r)ri /o2iona1 af$!iv 0i (

$o/%or!a/n!B


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Alte !rupuri $ulnera&ileAlte !rupuri $ulnera&ile

E0emple:E0emple:ins!i!&2iona1i,a2iins!i!&2iona1i,a2isa& orfanisa& orfani

%rovni2i (in /(ii (favori,a! $ono/i$%rovni2i (in /(ii (favori,a! $ono/i$$ar n& 1o$&is$ %r/ann! $& %)rin2iifa/i1ia$ar n& 1o$&is$ %r/ann! $& %)rin2iifa/i1ia

a%ar2inn( &nor /inori!)2i !ni$a%ar2inn( &nor /inori!)2i !ni$

bo1navi $roni$bo1navi $roni$$& %rob1/ /o2iona1 0i ( $o/%or!a/n!$& %rob1/ /o2iona1 0i ( $o/%or!a/n!

$& (ifi$&1!)2i ( $o/&ni$ar$& (ifi$&1!)2i ( $o/&ni$araf1a2i #n si!&a2ii ( af1a2i #n si!&a2ii ( 00$$ 00$o1ar $ori3n2i- r%!n2i- nr&0i!i #n$o1ar $ori3n2i- r%!n2i- nr&0i!i #n 0$o1i10$o1i1

(ori! 0i r%ar!i,a2i %rin sis!/ $o/%&!ri,a!B(ori! 0i r%ar!i,a2i %rin sis!/ $o/%&!ri,a!Ba1! $a!3oriia1! $a!3orii


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Eva1&ara 1v&1&i $&%rin(7

: $a%a$i!)2i1 in!1$!&a1- $a r,&1!an!) af&n$2ion)rii %ro$s1or $o3ni!iv;

: abi1i!)2i1 ( $o/&ni$ar;: a(a%!ara so$ia1);

: s!abi1i!a!a /o2iona1);

: abi1i!)2i1 /o!orii 0i %si4o/o!orii;

: s!ara ( s)n)!a!.


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ED*CAIA CE)INELO)

1NEVOILO), 2PECIALE

: Educaia cerinelor (nevoilor speciale =sin!a3/) in!ro(&s) r$n! ( UNESCO%n!r& a #n1o$&i sin!a3/a '(&$a2i

s%$ia1)* = #n $on!6!&1 Cofrin2i ( 1aSa1a/an$a B.


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CERINTE EDUCATIVE

SPECIALE: Sin!a3/a ele$ cu ne$oi # cerin.e eucati$e

speciale 1CE2, a fos! invn!a!) atunci c3ncriteriul euca.ional a reu/it s- coorone"ecriteriile meicale4 psiholo!ice /i sociolo!ice ee$aluare /i orientare /colar- /i profesional- aele$ilor cu insuficien.e4 incapacit-.i4 tul&ur-ri

sau ificult-.i fi"ice4 sen"oriale4 intelectuale5


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42/211

Difi$&1!)2i ( #nv)2ar

Tr/n&1 (ifi$&1!)2i ( #nv)2ar s/nifi$) #n!r,iri1 r!ar(&1B #na$4i,i2ia &ni &nor (is$i%1in 0$o1ar sa& a ansa/b1&1&i (is$i%1in1or0$o1ar. E1 s! &!i1i,a! a!&n$i $n( &n 1v ar %rfor/an2 0$o1ars1ab- #n %ofi(a &n&i %o!n2ia1 in!1$!&a1 nor/a1. Difi$&1!)2i1 ( #nv)2ar s /anifs!)$& %r(i1$2i #n ,ona $a%a$i!)2i1or ins!r&/n!a17 vorbir- s$ris- $i!i!- $a1$&1. E1 #0i a& ori3ina #n7

: (isf&n$2ii &0oar %r$%!iv 0i %si4o/o!orii;: (isf&n$2ii a1 s$4/i $or%ora1 0i 1a!ra1i!)2ii $or%ora1;: orin!ar s%a2ia1) (fi$i!ar);: orin!ar !/%ora1) (fi$i!ar);: (fi$i! ( a!n2i 0i /o!iva2i;: r!ar( #n (,vo1!ara 1i/ba5&1&i r$%2i- #n213r- %ro(&$2iB;: in!1i3n2) 1n!)- si!&a!) %rin /)s&rar #n in!rva1&1 J+


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Prsoan1 $& (fi$in2 a& a$1a0i!rb&in2 ( ba,) #n $r0!r 0i

(,vo1!ar $a 0i $i1a12i7

nvoia ( af$2i&n 0i s$&ri!a!;

nvoia ( ( a%r$ir 0i #n!)rir %o,i!iv); nvoia ( rs%onsabi1i!a! 0i in(%n(n2);

nvoia ( #n$r(r #n sin.


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ALTE SINTAGME

: Normali"area s! &n !r/n $ar s rfr) 1aasi3&rara $on(i2ii1or ( via2) $ors%&n,)!oar %n!r&%rsoan1 $& $rin2 s%$ia1. Ea %oa! fi7 fi,i$)-

f&n$2iona1)- so$ia1).

: )ea&ilitarea s! &n %ro$s (s!ina! s) ofr%rsoan1or $& (i,abi1i!)2i %osibi1i!a!a s) a5&n3) 1aniv1&ri f&n$2iona1 fi,i$- %si4i$ 0i so$ia1$ors%&n,)!oar. E6is!) !n(in2a ( a &!i1i,a #n $&%1&no2i&ni1 ( abi1i!ar 0i rabi1i!ar.


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ALTE SINTAGME7

: Inclu"iunea social- s rfr) 1a s$4i/bara a!i!&(ini1or0i %ra$!i$i1or (in %ar!a in(ivi,i1or- ins!i!&!2ii1or 0ior3ani,a2ii1or- as!f1 #n$! !oa! %rsoan1 s) %oa!)

$on!rib&i 0i %ar!i$i%a #n /o( 3a1 1a via2a 0i $&1!&ra$o/&ni!)2ii (in $ar fa$ %ar!.

: 7anse e!ale r%r,in!) r,&1!a!&1 a$2i&nii %rin $ar(ifri! sis!/ a1 so$i!)2ii 0i /(i&1&i s&n! %&s 1a

(is%o,i2ia !&!&ror- #n /o( 3a1. Sin!a3/a e!ali"are a/anselors! %ro$s&1 %rin $ar (ifri! sis!/ so$ia10i ( /(i&1 (vin a$$sibi1 fi$)r&ia 0i #n s%$ia1

%rsoan1or $& (i,abi1i!)2i.


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ALTE SINTAGME7

: 2er$iciile e spri'in s rfr) 1a a$1 srvi$ii $arasi3&r) a!! in(%n(n2a #n via2a ( ,i $& ,i a %rsoani$& (i,abi1i!)2i- $! 0i 6r$i!ara (r%!&ri1or i.

: Protec.ia social- $&%rin( !o!a1i!a!a a$2i&ni1or#n!r%rins ( so$i!a! #n v(ra (i/in&)rii sa& $4iar#n1)!&r)rii $ons$in21or % $ar o (fi$in0) $a&,a!oar( 4an(i$a% o ar as&%ra niv1&1&i ( !rai a1 %rsoani $&(i,abi1i!)2i.


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PSIHODIAGNOA SI

EVALUARE

Univrsi!a!a (in ?&$&rs!i- Fa$&1!a!a ( Psi4o1o3i si S!iin!1 E(&$a!iiD%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar+ ?&$&rs!iD%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar+ ?&$&rs!i


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D%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar ?&$&rs!iD%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar ?&$&rs!i


+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +



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D%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar ?&$&rs!iD%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar ?&$&rs!i


+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +SCOPURI ALE PSIHODIAGNOEI CLINICE

ofrira ( s&3s!ii %n!r& a$!ivi!a!a %ra$!i$)

s $n!ra,) % s!&(ii $1asi$ sa& (!i% 1on3i!&(ina1- %n!r& a i(n!ifi$a(ifrn2 in(ivi(&a1- %n!r& a 1va1&a 0i a in!13 in!rr1a2ii1

(in!r %rsoan

%ro%&n &n >%ro3ra/ ( va1&ar*

$or%&s ( ins!r&/n! noi 0iv$4i %rv),&! $& s$a1 (va1&ar



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D%ar!a/n!&1 %n!r& P(a3o3ia Inva!a/an!&1&i Pri/ar si Prs$o1ar ?&$&rs!i% % 3 3


+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +SCOPURI ALE PSIHODIAGNOEI CLINICE



51/211

% % 3 3% % 3 3


+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +CONDITII ALE PSIHODIAGNOEI CLINICE



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% % 3 3% % 3 3



@a1!rna!iv) 1a va1&ara $1asi$)

EVALUARE DINAMICA

@ba,) so1i() %n!r& (,vo1!ara $o3ni!iv)

@ #nv)2ara s! ofor/) ( in!rvn2i

$a%a$i!)2ii /o(s! a a$s!ia(in &r/) ( a ra1i,a%r(i$2ii

@ va1&)ri1 0$o1ar %o! fi asi/i1a!%r!s!&1&i 0i %os!!s!&1&i

@n&n& vi,a,) &n sin3&r (o/ni&-vi,a,) &n sin3&r (o/ni&-a %oa! fi a%1i$a!) &nor (o/niia %oa! fi a%1i$a!) &nor (o/nii(ivrs(ivrs

@ va1&ara $o%ii1or #n si!&a2ii ( #nv)2ar/(ia!)

@ va1&ara $an(i(a2i1or %n!r& o$&%ara&n&i %os!@va1&ara %rsoan1or $& r!ar( /in!a1

@va1&ara %a$in2i1or $& 1,i&ni $rbra1

@va1&ara %rsoan1or ( vrs!a a !ria

@va1&ara $o%ii1or $& !&1b&r)ri ( #nv)2ar

@va1&ara %r0$o1ari1or



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% % 3 3% % 3 3



@Ra/ Q Ma$P4 8B+ no&a %ara(i3/a

@$ons$in2 a1 ra%or!&1&i (in!r #nv)2ar 0i (,vo1!ar 1a $o%iii $& (i,abi1i!)2i

EVALUARE DINAMICA

Inva!ar + (,vo1!ar

@%rioa( $ri!i$ ( in!rvn2i @ %rioa( sn,i!iv ( (,vo1!arVi3o!siB

@%r/i! o%!i/a in!rvn2i- (oar$f$!&1 #nv)2)rii as&%ra (,vo1!)rii s!/a6i/

@#nv)2ar %ra !r,i %ir( %osibi1i!a!a a$2ion)rii

as&%ra %ro$s1or #n$) n/a!&ri,a!



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+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +EVALUARE DINAMICA+ orin!ari

S!rnbr3 8B



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dac nvarea lima1ului la un copil ncepe t0rziu sau deutul terapiilor logopediceeste tardiv, sufer nu numai capacitatea de comunicare a copilului, ci i dezvoltarea sacognitiv i chiar afectiv, pentru c g0ndirea se dezvolt nu numai pe az de imaginiconcrete, ci i pe experiene mediate (cri). 2ima1ul ne permite s avem acces lafenomene fr a fi silii s ne oprim la un nivel superficial al experienei. *ac nu sensuete instrumentul (lima1ul) sau acesta este deficitar, informaiile primite suntdeficitare, eronate sau inutilizaile.

EVALUARE DINAMICA

un copil care se 0l0ie dezvolt ca strategie de aprare, evitarea anumitor cuvinte mai

complicate sau mai noi, deci nu folosete vocaularul la capacitatea maxim, maltrateazsintaxa. "par unele complexe de inferioritate, fragilizarea personalitii (0l0iala se reflecti n scris), comprimarea capacitilor intelectuale.



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@ssi,ara %rioa(1or sn,i!iv

EVALUARE DINAMICA

@ in!rvn2ia %si4o%(a3o3i$) arf$! /a6i/@ a vi(n2ia obi$!iv %r,n2a &ni

(i,abi1i!)2i@s$o% %&r $ons!a!a!iv

@%r/is %n!r& 1aborara &ni s!ra!3ii $or$!iv+r$&%ra!orii



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58/211


+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +DIAGNOSTIC


59/211



60/211


+ %si4o(ia3no,a ++ %si4o(ia3no,a +A$!ivi!a!a ( 6%r!i,)- !rir 0i orin!ar 0$o1ar) 0i %rofsiona1)



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62/211




63/211

Han(i$a%&ri

: In!1$!

: Sn,oria1 = a&, va,

: Fi,i$: Co/%or!a/n!a1

: Li/ba5

: Po1i4an(i$a%&1

: A13ori!/ ( ana1i,a s!&(i&7

. Profi1 3nra1. Cara$!ri,ar (1i/i!ari $on$%!&a1 si !or!i$

. C1asifi$ar

. E!io1o3i

. Cara$!ris!i$i a1 %rofi1&1&i%si4o1o3i$

J. Asis!n!a %si4o%(a3o3i$a si/(i$a1a

9. S$oa1a in$1&,iva


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2PECI8IC*L DE8ICIENELO) DEINTELECT#MINTALE

CLA2I8ICA)E= intelect la limit# liminar +

posi&ilitatea intelectual- e aaptare social- se situea"- la!rani.a cu e&ilitatea mintal-9 ac- e&ilul mintal nu arecapacitatea e a parcur!e situa.iile pre$-"ute 6n pro!rama/colii normale intelectul e limit- are aceast- posi&ilitate4 arnu 6n ritmurile impuse5 Intelectul e limit- se caracteri"ea"-prin imaturitate afecti$-4 la&ilitate emo.ional- /i are

coeficientul e inteli!en.- ; +


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=deficien mintal u!oar 1e&ilitate4oli!ofrenie e !raul I,= este forma cea maifrec$ent- /i repre"int- !raul cel mai u/or ale&ilit-.ii5 A fost introus- e 2E>*INpentru a=l iferen.ia e cel e iiot4 a'un!ep3n- la o $3rst- mental- e =?? ani4 a$3n

I@ B;4 ;


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=deficien mintal sever 1oli!ofrenie e!raul II /i im&ecilitate, + coeficientintelectual cuprins 6ntre B /i B; + $3rstamental- + ani5 aceast- cate!orierepre"int- ?=;F in totalitateaeficien.ilor mintali 1LeGis,5


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=deficien mintal profund 1oli!ofrenie e!raul III4 iio.enie, + I@ su& B9 $3rst-mental- ani4 este forma cea mai rar

6nt3lnit-4 repre"ent3n BF in totaluleficien.ilor5 A fost introus- e Pinel su&termenul e iiotism + &oal- care inclue

afec.iuni mintale profune



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+ %rsona1i!a! si r(i!a!++ %rsona1i!a! si r(i!a!+PERSONALITATEA s%$ifi$a %rsoan1or $& DIA?ILITATI


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PA)TIC*LA)IT(I 2PECI8ICE ALE P)OCE2ELO) 7I8*NCIILO) P2I%ICE HN DI8E)ITE 8O)ME DE ACTIVITATE

: activitatea psihic s $ara$!ri,a,) %rin(sf)0&rara i #n 1i/i! infrioar- s!a3nara #nvo1&2ia &nor f&n$2ii- (,or3ani,ara a1!ora

: fragilitatea construcieipersonalitiis! va1abi1)0i %n!r& %ro$s1 0i f&n$2ii1 %si4i$/anifs!n(&+s #n ra%or! $& 3ra(&1 ( (fi$in2).

La (fi$in2ii /in!a1i svri a$s! %ro$s s&n!foar! (i/in&a!- vo1&2ia 1or avn( 1o$ (oar 1a(bi1&1 /in!a1


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6n plan sen"orial percepti$= %r,in!) (ifi$&1!)2i ( ana1i,)

= s&r%rin( /ai %&2in (!a1ii- fa$ $onf&,ii (in $a&,a a$!ivis/&1&i s$),&! 0i (in $a&,a/as$)rii &nor 1/n! $ar s s&r%rin( /ai &0or- a$as!) (ifi$&1!a! %oa! fi a/1iora!)%rin &!i1i,ara #n!rb)ri1or- %rin (1i/i!ara $on!&r&ri1or- %rin s&b1inira $& $&1oar$&1oara i/%&nn(&+s /ai &0or ($! for/a 0i 3r&!a!aB

= n& ssi,a,) 1/n!1 %rifri$ (in!r+o i/a3in

= s)r)$ia vo$ab&1ar&1&i (&$ 1a o ana1i,) %r$%!iv) s$),&!)

= sin!,a s ra1i,a,) $& 3r&!a!- ori$ si!&a2i %ra fra3/n!ar) s! 3r& ( r$ons!i!&i!Mariana Ro0$a = o %isi$) (sna!) % (o&) $ar!ona0 = (bi1ii v)( (o&) %isi$iB

= (&ra!a ana1i,i 0i sin!,i s! /ai b&n) (a$) 1i s %r,in!) obi$!1 &n !i/% /ai#n(1&n3a!

= #n3&s!i/a $/%&1&i %r$%!iv = $a%a$i!a! r(&s) ( a s!abi1i #n %1an in!&i!iv r1a2ii (in!robi$!

= $ons!an2a %r$%!iv) s! /ai s1ab) (a!ori!) ana1i,i 0i sin!,i (fi$i!ar= i1&,ii1 %r$%!iv a%ar /ai rar ($! 1a nor/a1i i1&,ia ( 3r&!a!(oi $i1in(ri ( /)ri/i

(ifri! (ar $& a$a0i 3r&!a! = nor/a1ii s%&n $) $i1in(r&1 /ai /i$ s! /ai 3r&- iar(bi1ii /ai rar

= r%r,n!)ri1 s&n! af$!a!- s&n! s)ra$- in$o/%1!- 1i%si! ( fi(1i!a!


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!3nirea7

= analiza i sinteza1a niv1 /in!a1 s ra1i,a,) $& (ifi$&1!a!; (in $a&,a s)r)$iivo$ab&1ar&1&i ana1i,a 0i sin!,a (in %1an&1 sn,oria1 = %r$%!iv a%ar (ifi$&1!)2i #n$o/%arara a (o&) obi$! fa/i1iar = i (s$ri& fi$ar obi$! sa& s rfr) 1a in(i$ins/nifi$a!ivi.

= stailirea asemnrilor%r$%!iv a%ar !r,i& (ifrn2ira ( $1 $a!3oria1B

= capacitatea de generalizarea%ar !r,i&; a$as!a n& s! absn!)- (ar s ra1i,a,) 1a &nniv1 s$),&!- 1/n!1 (s$ris fiin( 13a! ( 6%rin2a sn,oria1)

= definirea noiunilors fa$ %rin in(i$ara fa$!ori1or 6. 1in3&ra = $& $ar s /)nn$)B-

= nelegereain!3rara $&no0!in21or noi #n sis!/&1 (5a 1abora!B ( ra1i,a,) $&(ifi$&1!a!; n& #n213 $on2in&!&1 &n&i !6! no& $4iar (a$) a& $&no0!in21 %n!r& $) n&a$!&a1i,a,) a$s! $&no0!in2; (is%onibi1i!)2i1 $o3ni!iv s&n! &!i1i,a! #n!r+o /anir)

%asiv); orin!ar n& s%r 3)sira &nor so1&2ii noi- $i s%r 3)sira &nor 6%rin2 (5a6is!n!; 5&($a!a s! r!ros%$!iv);

= zon limitat a zonei proximei dezvoltriL.S. V#3o!siB = (bi1ii /in!a1i r,o1v) /ai3r& o sar$in) $ar 1+a fos! ar)!a!) ( a(&1!n&/ai (&%) /&1! #n$r$)ri %o! r%ro(&$sar$ina ar)!a!)

= n& a!in3 s!a(i&1 o%ra2ii1or for/a1; 3nra1i,)ri1 s (sf)0oar) $& (ifi$&1!a!- (ar n&s&n! absn!;


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lim&a'ul

+ inr2ii1 ( 1a niv1&1 3n(irii #0i %&n a/%rn!aas&%ra 1i/ba5&1&i

= Caracteristicile lim&a'ului:

a%ari2i #n!r,ia!) vorbirii; vo$ab&1ar r(&s;/n2inra $ara$!r&1&i si!&a!iv; %ara/!ri ai(%is!)rii niv1&1&i (,vo1!)rii %si4i$B

&!i1i,ar 3r0i!) a no2i&ni1or $& $ara$!r abs!ra$!- (a$)1 &!i1i,a,) #n a1! $on!6! ($! #n $1 #nv)2a!;

(s%rin( $& 3r&!a! sns&1 (in $on!6!; fra,1 a& &n n&/)r r(&s ( $&vin!- s&n! (f$!&os

$ons!r&i! 3ra/a!i$a1;

i


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memoria: = infrioar) $o%i1&1&i nor/a1; 4i%r/n,ii #n &n1 $a,&ri i(io2ii savan2iB = A. ?INET = ani vrs!) /n!a1) =

J $ifr (&%) o %ri/) $i!irB (a!ori!) 4!ro$ro/ii- (ar n&+i fo1os0! 1a ni/i$ (,vo1!ara &n&i %ro$s n&

inf1&n2a,) (,vo1!ara #n ansa/b1& a $1or1a1! %ro$sB= Caracteristicile memoriei

ri3i(i!a!a fi6)rii 0i r%ro(&$rii (&$ 1a (ifi$&1!)2i #n ra1i,ara !ransfr&1&i ( $&no0!in2;

n& ar &n $ara$!r s&fi$in! ( vo1&n!ar- n&+0i 1abora,) &n %1an ( fi6ar in!n2iona!) a/a!ria1&1&i;

(ifrn2a (in!r memoria voluntar 0i $a involuntars! ns/nifi$a!iv). E6. Mariana Ro0$a =6%ri/n!7 //orara a (o&) !6! si/i1ar =li s-a cerut s rein i s reproduc un text, iar lacellalts semnaleze ce nu nelegs$o%&1 sn2ia1 ra !o! r%ro(&$raB; !6!1 a& fos! $i!i! ((o&) ori. R,&1!a!7 1a s&bi$2ii nor/a1i %ri/&1 !6! = //ori. vo1&n!ar) 8- 1a a1 (oi1a !6! =J ; 1a (fi$in2i7 //oria invo1&n!ar) 9 1a %ri/&1 !6!; 1a a1 (oi1a !6!;

evocarean& s! s&fi$in! ( a$!iv) = $a f$! a1 #n!rb)ri1or (bi1&1 %oa! a()&3a 0i a1! 1/n!;

lipsa de fidelitate= $n( %ovs!s$ a(a&3) 1/n! s!r)in %rovni! (in a1! si!&a2ii - (in6%rin2 an!rioar as/)n)!oar;

a& nvoi ( &n n&/)r /ai /ar ( r%!i2ii %n!r& a r2in &n /a!ria1; ( o /o!iva2i a($va!)-( s!i/&1ar a a$!ivis/&1&i;

//oria s! /ai %&2in af$!a!);

ti it t l t -


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acti$itatea $oluntar-=%r,in!) (fi$in2 #n !oa! /o/n!1 (sf)0&r)rii i;

= s$o%&ri1 fi6a! s&n! a%ro%ia!- 3nra! ( !rb&in2i/(ia!- s aba! (a$) #n!/%in) (ifi$&1!)2i 0i 6$&!) a1!)sar$in) /ai &0oar);

= n& (a& a!n2i ins!r&$!a5&1&i- !r$ 1a a$2i&n- n& $r1)/&riri- n& %rv)( (ifi$&1!)2i1 $a $ (&$ 1a 0$;

= (a$) in(i$a2ii1 s (a& % %ar$&rs 3r01i1 a%ar /ai %&2infr$vn! %1an&1 !rb&i %r,n!a! s$vn2ia1B

= n3a!ivis/ 1a $o/n,i $a!3ori$ %n!r& a $o1abora!rb&i s) fi s&3s!iona2i- ra$2iona,) n3a!ivis! 1a$o/n,i1 $a!3ori$ (a!ori!) $a%a$i!)2i1or r(&sB

= s! bin s) 1i s s&3r, $a $ !rb&i s) fa$) 0i n&$a $ n& !rb&i s) fa$);

= a s vi!a !on&1 ri(i$a!;

6 l .i l f ti


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6n plan emo.ional + afecti$= s&n! i/a!&ri af$!iv;

= (bi1&1 /in!a1 0$o1ar ar /anifs!)ri af$!iv s%$ifi$%r0$o1ar&1&i = /anifs!)ri af$!iv n$on$or(an! $&$a&,a $ar 1+a %ro(&s7suprarea=ia for/a &ni $ri, (f&ri; /anifs!)ri a3rsiv 0i a&!oa3rsiv; veselia= $ri,( rs ns!)%ni!; /anifs!)ri ( si/%a!i f)r) r2inr.

Toa! a$s!a n& s&n! 6%rsia &nor !r)iri a(n$i 0i s!abi1-$i f$!&1 $a%a$i!)2ii r(&s a s$oar2i $rbra1 ( a6r$i!a &n $on!ro1 as&%ra $n!ri1or s&b$or!i$a1i- as!f1$a&, n#ns/na! %o! (!r/ina #n$!ara $ri,1or sa&!r$ra 1a o /anifs!ar $on!rar).

= &nii (bi1i s&n! %1a$i,i- a& $a%a$i!)2i r(&s ( a s!abi1i$on!a$!- s $ara$!ri,a,) %rin &n1 no! a&!is!;


77/211


78/211

%anicapul e $eere


79/211

Dfini2i7

: (fi$in21 ( vi,&a1 (s/na,) %ir(ri1 %ar2ia1 ( v(r $&nos$&! s&b(n&/ira ( a/b1io%i $n( v(ra af$!a!) 0i (&%) $or$!ara &n&i vn!&a1vi$i& ( rfra$2i sa& %ir(ri1 !o!a1 a1 v(rii $&nos$&! s&b (n&/ira ($$i!a!.

: Di/in&ara a$$n!&a!) a v(rii ar $ons$in2 a!! fi,io1o3i$ $! 0i%si4o1o3i$.

: Kn !r/ni (&$a2iona1i a/b1io%ii s&n! $i $ar (in $a&,a &ni v(ri (fi$i!arn& %o! fi ins!r&i2i %rin /!o( obi0n&i!- n& %o! &r/a $&rs&ri1 &ni 0$o1i

obi0n&i! f)r) a+0i af$!a 0i /ai /&1! v(ra (ar %o! fi ins!r&i2i %rin /!o(s%$ia1 i/%1i$n( v(ra;

: orb s! a$a %rsoan) $ar n& ar v(r sa& a1 $)ri v), a!! ( (i/in&a! #n$!(&$a2ia sa n$si!) /!o( 0i /i51oa$ $ar s) n& i/%1i$ v(ra.

D&%) a$&i!a!a vi,&a1) (fi$in21


80/211

D&%) a$&i!a!a vi,&a1) (fi$in21vi,&a1 s&n!7

: cecitate absolut = in$a%a$i!a!a ( a %r$%1&/ina;

: cecitate practic = $a%a$i!a!a vi,&a1) s! #n!r 0i ;

: ambliopie grav= $a%a$i!a! vi,&a1) #n!r 0i ;: ambliopie medie= #n!r 0i J; #n!r -J 0i -;

: ambliopie u!oar = %r$% J (in $a%a$i!a!anor/a1)-


81/211

Etiolo!ia eficien.elor $i"uale

"lasificarea cauzelor#

. (&%) /o/n!&1 $n( a$2iona,);

. #n f&n$2i ( 1o$a1i,ara ana!o/i$) aaf$2i&nii 0i %a!o1o3ia ana1i,a!or&1&ivi,&a1;


82/211

Kn f&n$2i ( /o/n!&1 #n $ar a$2iona,) $a&,1 s&n!7

: ereditare $ (3nrs$n2 a1ana1i,a!or&1&i vi,&a1 !rans/is r(i!ar $ar an v(r !&/ori /a1i3n- $&/ s&n!7 atrofieri aleretinei sau ale nervului optic, anomalii imalformaii ale aparatului vizual, anoftalmia1i%sa &n&i o$4iB sa& microftalmia &n o$4i /ai/i$B-glaucomul $r0!ra !nsi&nii o$&1ar $arar 1o$ (in $a&,a fa$!ori1or %r(is%o,an2iB-defecte de conformaie ale gloilor oculari!

: + a$s! $a&, r(i!ar a& #n v(r !&1b&r)ri

a1 /$anis/1or 1i%i(1or- 3a1a$!os/ia sa&!&1b&r)ri ( na!&r) $!o(r/i$);


83/211

E6!rn7

: prenatale$ bo1i inf$2ioas (in %rioa(a sar$inii7 rueola $ar %oa! $a&,a$a!ara$!)- o%a$ifiri a1 $orni sa& 31a&$o/ infan!i1- infecia gonococic(!r/in) of!a1/ia %&r&1n!) $& 1,i&ni ( $orn $ar (&$ 1a orbir (&%)na0!r- %4-ul%ro(&$ &1$ra2ii % $orn 0i sifilisu1 (in $ar %oa! r,&1!a31a&$o/ sa& a!rofi o%!i$).

: perinatale $ traumatisme ostreticale%o! $a&,a 1,i&ni sa& ano/a1ii ((,vo1!ar a ana1i,a!or&1&i vi,&a1.: postnatale $ bo1i1 $on!a$!a! i/(ia! (&%) na0!r %r$&/ meningita

sa& encefalita a$2iona,) as&%ra s3/n!&1&i $n!ra1 a1 ana1i,a!or&1&i vi,&a1;lipsa vitaminei " ar $ons$in2 n3a!iv as&%ra !rans%arn2i $orni sa& asnsibi1i!)2ii r!ini; traumatismele gloului ocular $ar s %o! %ro(&$ %rin$on!&,ii $ar %o! %rovo$a (,1i%iri ( r!in) sa& o%a$ifira $ris!a1in&1&i 0i

inf1a/ara iris&1&i $& for/ara 31a&$o/&1&i s$&n(ar! plgi perforate cuoiecte ascuite $ (is!r&3 $o/%onn!1 in!rao$&1ar %rovo$n( 4/ora3ii$ar (&$ 1a (,1i%ira r!ini; arsuri oculare%rovo$a! ( a3n2i $4i/i$i var-so()- a/onia$B r,&1!n( o%a$ifiri a1 $orni sa& intoxicaii cu alcool metilic$ar %oa! (&$ 1a orbir.


84/211

"aracterizarea funciilor psi%ice

- PE)CEPTIA: C1 /ai af$!a! %ro$s %si4i$ s! %r$%2ia vi,&a1) $ar s! absn!) 1anv),)!ori 0i 1a a/b1io%i a%ar /o(ifi$a!) 1a niv1&1 in(i$i1orf&n$2iona1i ai v(rii.

: Pr$%2ia vi,&a1) s! 1i%si!) ( %r$i,i- s! fra3/n!a!)- 1a$&nar).S&n! n$sar /ai /&1! fi6)ri a1 o$4i&1&i #n r$%!ara infor/a2ii 0i%n!r& in!r%r!ara 0i $on0!in!i,ara infor/a2ii.

: S #n!/%in) (ifi$&1!)2i 1a $n!rara as&%ra obi$!1or- %r$%2ii1ana1i!i$o+sin!a$!i$ s&n! (fi$i!ar. A%ar (fi$in2 #n (is$ri/inara

obi$!1or ( fon( #n &r/a $)rora r,&1!) %ir(ra obi$!1or (in$/%&1 vi,&a1 0i r1&ara invs!i3a2ii $& &n for! /ai /ar. Da!ori!)n(is!in3rii &nor (!a1ii 1 n& %o! fi (is!ins sa& s&n! %r$%&! i,o1a!avn( 1o$ $onf&,ii #n r$&noa0!ra obi$!1or.


85/211

)EP)EZENTA)EA

: T&1b&r)ri1 ( v), s r)sfrn3 0i #n %1an 16i$o3rafi$ 0i as&%ra for/)riir%r,n!)ri1or vi,&a1 $ar s&n! in$o/%1!- s)ra$ #n (!a1ii 0i s s%ri5in) %&n& sa& (o&) 1/n! %r$is %rin!r a1!1 $onf&,.

: La nv),)!ori %rob1/a r%r,n!)ri1or s! (ifri!) #n f&n$2i ( a%ari2ia$$i!i!)2ii. La $i $on3ni!a1i sa& 1a $i 1a $ar orbira a s&rvni! %n) 1a !ri

ani r%r,n!)ri1 vi,&a1 n& s %)s!ra,) fiin( 13a! ( $o/%onn!a a&(i!iv)0i !a$!i1). D&%) vrs!a ( ani 6is!) i/a3ini vi,&a1 /n!a1- 6is!)r%r,n!)ri (ar a$s!a s %o! %ir( (a$) n& s&n! s!i/&1a! $a 0i 1a a/b1io%i%rin ra$!&a1i,ara 1or 0i $o/%1!ara 1or- %rin i/%1i$ara ana1i,a!or&1&ia&(i!iv- %rin (s$rira vrba1) sa& !a$!i1)- %rin (s$rira ( $)!r v),)!or.

: vo1&/&1 0i $a1i!a!a r%r,n!)ri1or 1a nv),)!ori &n ($a1a5 #n ra%or! $&$&no0!in21 vorbi!ori1or- a$s!a s a$$n!&a,) % /)s&ra (,vo1!)rii

1i/ba5&1&i 0i %rin ri!/&1 /ai r(&s #n for/a r%r,n!)ri1or /ai a1s #n(o/nii (ifi$i1 ( in!&i!. Nv),)!orii %o! fo1osi !r/ni $or$2i (ar f)r) a avaa$o%rir in!&i!iv).


86/211

ATENTIA

: s! bin (,vo1!a!) %n!r& $) a ar o (osbi!) i/%or!an2) %n!r& nv),)!ori.La v),)!ori 1i%sa a!n2ii %oa! fi $o/%nsa!) %rin r$%!ar vi,&a1) ra%i() asi!&a2ii- #n a$1a0i $on(i2ii nv),)!orii ra$2iona,) #n!r+&n !i/% /ai 1&n3%rin /i0$)ri (,orin!a! 0i i/%r$is. Nv),)!or&1 n& %oa! &r/)ri 6is!n2a&n&i obi$! 0i (%1asara #n s%a2i&. Pn!r& a &r/)ri obi$!&1 % $ar=1 %r$%

a&(i!iv $& %r$i,ia % $ar 2i+o () v(ra !rb&i s)+0i (%1as, a!n2ia #n(ifri! (ir$2ii 0i s) 0i+o $on$n!r, %r/ann! #n f&n$2i ( in!nsi!a! 0is/nifi$a2ia s!i/&1i1or %r$%&2i.

: F)r) (&$a2ia $a1i!)2ii a!n2ii /ai a1s 1a orin!ara #n s%a2i&- a(a%!ara$4i1ibr&1&i 1a /(i&- orin!)ri1 #n s%a2i& s&n! /&1! #n3r&na!. Manifs!)ri1a!n2ii s&n! (ifri! fa2) ( a1 v),)!ori1or- nv),)!orii a& o 6%rsi s%$ifi$)

a!&n$i $n( s&n! a!n2i as$&1!) $& $a%&1 #n %i%! iar a/b1io%ii as$&1!) $& o$4ii#n$4i0iB A$s! $ara$!ris!i$i (!r/in) o #nf)2i0ar /ai ri3i()- /ai %&2in6%rsiv).


87/211

MEMO)IA

: s! nvoi s) fi a%1a!) #n %r/ann2) 1a nv),)!ori fa%! $ar$ons!i!&i &n an!rna/n! $on!in&& %n!r& a. Nv),)!or&1 s! ob1i3a!s) /n2in) i!inrari&1- n&/)r&1 s!a2ii1or $n( /r3 % 5os s! nvois) //or, !o%o3rafia 1o$&1&i- r%r1 !a$!i1- a&(i!iv- (ir$2ii1 $

%o! fi sin&oas- &nori /ai a1s 1a #n$%&! nvoi! s) //or, $4iar0i n&/)r&1 %a0i1or.

: R$%!ara /sa51or $& $ara$!r %o1isn,oria1 vibra!i1- !a$!i1- !r/i$-a&(i!ivB #i s/na1a,) r%r sa& obs!a$o1 % $ar 1+a //ora! sa&% $ar !rb&i s) 1 //or, %n!r& a s a orin!a #n s%a2i&.M/oria s! s&%rioar) ($! $a a v),)!ori1or n& s! o //oris%$ifi$)- $i &na /ai bin an!rna!).


88/211

>ANDI)EA

: (in $a&,a#n3&s!)rii afrn!a2ii %rin 1i%sa s!i/&1)ri1or o%!i$ s %oa! %ro(&$ &n ($a1a5 #n!r 1a!&ra$on$r!) 0i $& abs!ra$!) /ai a1s 1a $i $on3ni!a1iB. No2i&ni1- 5&($)2i1- ra2iona/n!1- %o! fi$or$! s&b ra%or!&1 3nra1i,)ri1or vrba1- (ar for/a1 #n $ %riv0! s&%or!&1 $on$r!.

: Unii nv),)!ori %o! o%ra $or$! $& no2i&ni1 (s%r obi$! 0i fno/n; %o! 3nra1i,a 0iabs!ra$!i,a 1a niv1 s&%rior- (ar $n( 1i s $r s) (s$ri $on2in&!&1 3nra1i,)rii 0i abs!ra$!i,)rii6%ri/a! fi n& $&nos$ a$s! $on2in&!- fi #1 %r,in!) 3r0i! sa& $& 1a$&n.

: Pn!r& %rvnira #ns&0irii for/a1- #n a$!ivi!a!a $& nv),)!orii s! n$sar) a%1i$ara in!&i2ii#/binara (s$riri1or 0i a in(i$)rii vrba1 $& in!&ira obi$!1orB %rin %ar!i$i%ara a $! /ai /&12iin(i$a!ori7 ana1i,a; $o/%arara; sin!,a %ra$!i$) #n %ro$s&1 ( #nv)2ar s) fi (s$o/%&s obi$!&1 #n

%)r2i1 $o/%onn! 0i 1 s) 1 in!&ias$) %rin %i%)i!B;

: As!f1 abs!ra$!i,ara 0i 3nra1i,ara $& $ar o%ra,) vor rf1$!a $or$! n& n&/ai i/%1i$arara2iona1)- $! 0i $o/%onn!1 sn,oria1 %n!r& a s vi!a for/a1is/&1.

: C& !oa! a$s! for!&ri #n $ %riv0! (a!1 s%a2ia1 $on$r! ra2iona/n!&1 1o3i$ a1 nv),)!or&1&i%r,in!) &n r!ar( fa2) ( v),)!or&1 ( a$a0i vrs!).


89/211

LIMAJ*L

: Ri!/&1 ( (,vo1!ar a1 1i/ba5&1&i s! /ai 1n!-6%rsivi!a!a- $o/&ni$ara s! af$!a!) (in $a&,a /i/i$o+3s!i$&1a2ii s)ra$. i #n213ra 1i/ba5&1&i s! /ai

s)ra$)- s1ab) (in $a&,a 1i%si ( #n213r a &nor n&an2 a11i/ba5&1&i (in $a&,a n%r$%rii 1i/ba5&1&i /i/i$o+3s!&a1B.

: T&1b&r)ri1 ( %ron&n2i s&n! /ai fr$vn! ($! 1a v),)!ori(a!ori!) i/%osibi1i!)2ii i/i!)rii vi,&a1 a /i0$)ri1orar!i$&1a!orii- $a $ (&$ 1a o 1i%s) ( sin$roni,ar 0i/o(1ar $or$!) a $o/%onn!1or a%ara!&1&i fono+ar!i$&1a!or.

CO O #


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COMPO)TAMENT*L #A8ECTIVITATEA

: A%ar &n1 /o(ifi$)ri #n sfra $o/%or!a/n!a1+

af$!iv) $ar %r,in!) ris$&1 s) s a(n$as$)fa2) ( $1 #n!1ni! 1a v),)!ori n& s! 13i$B.

: Kn $on(i2ii ( /(i& nfavorabi1 %o! fia$$n!&a!7 ins!abi1i!a!a af$!iv)- /o!ivi!a!a-a3rsivi!a!a- i,o1ara $a ra$2i ( a%)rar.

C fi i . i


91/211

Compensarea eficien.ei

$i"uale: Es! #nain! ( !oa! &n %ro$s ( a(a%!ar- fno/n $&rn! 0i #n

absn2a (fi$in21or #n 3nra1. Es! fno/n&1 $ar a%ar $a r)s%&ns1a $on(i2ii1 6!rn. Kn $on(i2ii1 (fi$in2i %n!r& a(a%!ar sa&ra(a%!ar s&n! /obi1i,a! (is%onibi1i!)2i $ar ar fi r)/as n&!i1i,a!.

: Co/%nsara 6%ri/) $a%a$i!a!a sis!/&1&i bio1o3i$ ( a r,is!a 1a%r!&rba2ii; fno/n ( s!r&$!&rar sa& rs!r&$!&rar a s$4/1orf&n$2iona1- ( /obi1i,ar a s&rs1or nr3!i$ a1 or3anis/&1&i #n1&%!a #/%o!riva (fi$in21or $on3ni!a1 sa& (obn(i!.

: Co/%nsara s ra1i,a,) %rin /i51oa$ na!&ra1 a1 or3anis/&1&i-(ar 0i %rin /i51oa$ !4ni$ o$41ari- 1&%- a%ara! o%!o+1$!roni$$ar #i a5&!) % $i $& $$i!a! no$!&rn)- o$41ari $& $1&1 fo!osnsibi1$ !ransfor/) s&rsa ( 1&/in) #n s&n! %n!r& a fa$i1i!a orin!araB.


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$o/%nsara

: Kn %ro$s&1 $o/%ns)rii #n afara ana1i,a!ori1or%ar!i$i%) 0i //oria- a!n2ia 0i 3n(ira %rino%ra2ii1 1or f&n(a/n!a1 0i %rin ana1i,a 0isin!,a (a!1or %r$%&!B. La a/b1io%i$o/%nsara s ra1i,a,) %rin 6r$i2ii%o1isn,oria1- (ar a$s!a !rb&i s) s

s&bor(on, a$!ivi!)2ii vi,&a1 0i n& s)#n1o$&ias$) ana1i,a!or&1 vi,&a1- !rb&i #nv)2a2is)+0i fo1osas$) %o!n2ia1&1 vi,&a1 6is!n!.

O i t 6 .i i ti


93/211

Orientarea 6n spa.iu /i timp

: Kn orin!ara s%a2io+!/%ora1) &n ro1 i/%or!an! #1 a& 6%rin2a 0i (,vo1!ara %si4i$). Nv),)!orii $&(,vo1!ar %si4i$) s&%rioar)- (a$) n& s af1) #n s!a(i&1 ( r3rsi #0i for/a,) o sri ( abi1i!)2i

%n!r& orin!ara #n!r+&n an&/i! !i/%. 6%rin2a %ro%ri s! f&n(a/n!a1)- #nv)2ara (in 6%rin2aa1!ora s ra1i,a,) (oar %ar2ia1. Rs!r&$!&r)ri1 f&n$2iona1 %rin s!abi1ira &ni (o/inan! !a$!i1-/o!orii sa& a&(i!iv+/o!orii (a& o no!) s%$ifi$) orin!)rii s%a2ia1 #n f&n$2i ( o sri ( fa$!ori $n& a& s/nifi$a2i %ra /ar %n!r& v),)!ori7= nv),)!or&1 #0i (,vo1!) o snsibi1i!a! fa2) ( &nii s!i/&1i /i0$ara ar&1&i #n s%a2ii 1ar3i- in!rs$2ii

sa& s%a2ii #n$4isB = 1a in!rs$2ii sa& #n 1o$&ri viran %r$% $& fa2a sa& $& (os&1 /inii (ifrn21$&rn2i1or ( ar fa2) ( a1! s%a2ii;= snsibi1i!a!a fa2) ( %r$%2ia ,3o/o!1or;= /iros&ri #n a%ro%ira obs!a$o11or;= obs!a$o1&1 s! %r$%&! $& a5&!or&1 bas!on&1&i = a$s!a fa$ &n ,3o/o! (ifri! $n( s! a%roa% ( &n

obs!a$o1 fa2) ( a!&n$i $n( s! (%ar!;= ,3o/o!&1 f)$&! ( %a0i 1a a%ro%ira obs!a$o1&1&i;= $ini (rsa2i = 6is!) &n1 $on!rovrs- &nii s%$ia1i0!i s&s2in $) nv),)!or&1 n&+0i /ai an!rna,)

$11a1! /$anis/ $o/%nsa!orii.

: Libr!a!a ( (%1asar fiin( r(&s) nv),)!or&1 !rb&i s)+0i fi6, &n sis!/ ( r%r % $ar!rb&i s)+1 aso$i, $& &n1 r1a2ii $a&,a1 0i $& s/nifi$a2ia a$or(a!) vni/n!1or.

: Pn!r& orin!ara #n !i/% s! i/%or!an!) (sf)0&rara ri!/i$) a a$!ivi!)2ii sa& an&/i! s/na1%rio(i$ /iros&riB sa& $as&ri f)r) 3a/.

Or!ani"area procesului instructi$=


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Or!ani"area procesului instructi$eucati$

: &mbliopii#nva2) #n sis!/ obi0n&i! s$rir a1b = n3r&B fo1osin( /!o( (i(a$!i$ s%$ifi$- $)r2i $& 1i!r /ai /ari-$ai! $ %r/i! !rasara 3raf/1or f)r) for! %ra /ar- /a!ria1 in!&i!iv $ %o! fi /ani%&1a! &0or- !i/% /ai /ar

%n!r& r,o1vara sar$ini1or ( #nv)2ar- %i6&ri s%$ia1 $ %ro(&$ 1i!r %&!rni$ /ar$a!. $o1i1 s&n! $ons!r&i! as!f1#n$! s) bnfi$i, ( 1&/in) $! /ai /&1! !i/%- i1&/ina!&1 na!&ra1 s) fi $! /ai b&n. Pro3ra/a s! 1a f1.

: Orientarea profesional-= s fa$ #n /srii1 $ar n& %rs&%&n o a$&i!a! vi,&a1) (osbi!).: 'evztoriifo1oss$ sis!/&1 ?rai11 #n $ar f&n$2ia (o/inan!) s! (a!) ( ana1i,a!or&1 /o!or !a$!i1+ins!,i$.: A$s! sis!/ %&n$!ifor/ a fos! invn!a! ( L. ?rai11 #n 8 0i s ra1i,a,) #n r1if %rin s$4i/bara %o,i2ii a 9

%&n$! 6is!n( 9 ( $o/bin)ri %osibi1. A$s! 1i!r // 0i -J (is!an2) #n!r 1 = $ors%&n,)!or %ra3&1&i /a6i/a1 snsibi1i!)2ii !a$!i1B s fa$ % o foai s%$ia1) /ai 3roas) 0i /ai $onsis!n!)B.

: S$rira s ra1i,a,) % vr!i$a1) %rin !r$ra &n&i %&n$!a!or #n!r+o $)s&2) sa& a1!a a %1)$ii ( s$ris. P1a$a s!a1$)!&i!) (in (o&) %)r2i #n!r $ar s in!ro(&$ foaia. S$rira s ra1i,a,) ( 1a (ra%!a 1a s!n3a.

: Ci!ira s ra1i,a,) ( 1a s!n3a 1a (ra%!a %rin #n!oar$ra foii 0i %rin %r$%ra 1i!r1or $& %o1i$1 /inii (r%!$a s!n3) ar ro1 ( $on!ro1B.

: Nv),)!orii #n $i!i! !rb&i s)+0i for/, o i/a3in !a$!i1) a 1i!ri- iar #n s$ris !rb&i s)+0i for/, o s$4/) /o!ori/ai 3r& #n!r&$! %n!r& i/a3ina /o!ori $on!a$!&1 (ir$! 1i%s0!B.

: Din $a&,a for!&1&i (%&s %n!r& #n2%ar 0i %n!r& !r$ra ( 1a o $)s&2) 1a a1!a vi!,a s$ririi s! /ai r(&s) ($!$a #n a1b = n3r&. Kn s$rir ana1i,a!or&1 /o!or 0i $1 ins!,i$ a& ro1&1 $1 /ai i/%or!an!- (ar 0i $1 a&(i!iv ar ro1 ($on!ro1- a&6i1iar ri!/i$i!a!a ,3o/o!1or 1a #n2%ar- %oa! ssi,a &n1 /o(ifi$)riB


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Inte!rarea socio=profesional-

: Nv),)!orii si/! nvoia ( or(in. S&n! $onsi(ra2i oa/ni ai or(inii0i !rb&i orin!a2i s%r a$!ivi!)2i or(ona!. Ins!r&ira 0i %r3)!ira 1ors ra1i,a,) #n $1as s%$ia1 %rin!r+o /!o(o1o3i s%$ifi$) i/%&s)( s!r&$!&ri1 1or %si4o+fi,i$. In!3rara s ra1i,a,) !r%!a! %/)s&ra #ns&0irii $&no0!in21or.

P)O8E2II:: /as&ri = (a!ori!) si/2&1&i !a$!i1 (,vo1!a!;: $onf$2ionri ( %rii - /)!&ri- a/ba1a5- $o0&ri- fo!o1ii- s$a&n (in

n&i1;

: $onf$2ionri ( obi$! (in /!a1;: !1foni0!i;: a$or(ori ( ins!r&/n! /&,i$a1;: %o! &r/a #nv)2)/n! s&%rior.


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99/211

DEFICIENELE DE LIM?AW


100/211

DEFICIENTELE DE LIM?AW

: Cons!i!&ira 0i i/%or!an2a 1o3o%(ii;: E!io1o3ia 0i $1asifi$ara !&1b&r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5;: Si/%!o/a!o1o3ia !&1b&r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5;: T&1b&r)ri ( %ron&n2i sa& ( ar!i$&12i;: T&1b&r)ri ( ri!/ 0i f1&n2) a1 vorbirii;: T&1b&r)ri ( vo$ ;: T&1b&r)ri a1 1i/ba5&1&i $i!i!+s$ris;: T&1b&r)ri %o1i/orf;

: T&1b&r)ri ( (,vo1!ar a1 1i/ba5&1&i;: T&1b&r)ri a1 1i/ba5&1&i ba,a! % (isf&n$2ii %si4i$;: Tra%ia !&1b&r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5;


101/211

Cons!i!&ira 0i i/%or!an2a 1o3o%(ii

: E!i/o1o3i$- !r/n&1 ( 1o3o%(i #0i ar ori3ina #n 3r$s$&1 XX1o3osXX- $ar#nsa/n) $&vn! 0i XX%ai(iaXX- $ar #nsa/n) (&$a2i.

: Sns&1 rs!ri$!iv a$or(a! 1o3o%(ii 0i an&/ a$1a ( a (&$a- ( a $or$!avorbira ora1) sa& s$ris)B !&1b&ra!) 0i rs%$!iv- 1aborara &nor !4ni$i- a &ni

/!o(o1o3ii a($va!- $ar s) fa$) %osibi1) #n(%1inira s$o%&1&i #n!r+&n !i/%$! /ai s$&r! a a$$n!&a! $ara$!r&1 i %ra$!i$.

: A$$%2i&na /o(rn) a 1o3o%(ii s+a 6!ins 0i 1a %rvnira !&1b&r)ri1or (1i/ba5 0i /ai $& sa/)- #n %1an !or!i$- 1a s!&(ira /$anis/1or %si4o1o3i$0i n&rofi,io1o3i$ a1 (sf)0&r)rii 1i/ba5&1&i- 1a $on(i2ii1 obi$!iv 0is&bi$!iv- a ra1i,)rii $o/&ni$)rii vrba1 0i i/%or!an2a a$s!ia #n(,vo1!ara %rsona1i!)2ii &/an.


102/211

Lo3o%(ia7

: Lo3o%(ia ar- #n %ri/&1 rn(- &n s$o% (&$a!iv; a $on!rib&i 1afor/ara o/&1&i- #1 a5&!) % $o%i1 s) (%)0as$) (ifi$&1!)2i1 0$o1ar 0i( a(a%!ar. Din a$a0i %rs%$!iv)- s&n!- #n 3a1) /)s&r)-s/nifi$a!iv (/rs&ri1 %n!r& %rvnira !&1b&r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5 0i

!ra%ia 1or.

: Vrs!1 %r0$o1ar) 0i 0$o1ar) /i$) s&n! $1 /ai favorabi1 %n!r& oa$2i&n 1o3o%(i$) fi$a$. Dsi3&r- $) !&1b&r)ri1 1i/ba5&1&i %o! fi 0i!rb&i s) fi $or$!a! 0i 1a vrs!1 a(&1!- /ai $& sa/) $) 1 (&$ 1a(,a(a%!abi1i!)2i so$ia1- 1a !&1b&r)ri ( %rsona1i!a! 0i %o! %r!&rba%o,i2ia so$ia1) a %rsoani.


103/211

E!io1o3ia 0i $1asifi$ara !&1b&r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5

: Cau"e or!anice: $ %o! ava o na!&r) $n!ra1) sa& %rifri$)7+ (ifri!1 !ra&/a!is/ /$ani$ $ar inf1&n2a,) n3a!iv (,vo1!ara sis!/&1&i nrvos $n!ra1

SNCB sa& af$!a,) n/i51o$i! a&,&1 0i or3an1 fonoar!i$&1a!orii;+ in $a,&1 &nor 1,i&ni 1a niv1&1 sis!/&1&i nrvos $n!ra1 s %o! %ro(&$- %rin!r a1! !&1b&r)ri-

4an(i$a%&ri a1 1i/ba5&1&i ( o /ar vari!a!.

+ C& $! ,ona 1,a!) s! /ai #n!ins) sa& /ai %rof&n()- $& a!! !&1b&r)ri1 s&n! /ai $o/%16-(oar$ s&n! a!in0i /ai /&12i $n!ri $or!i$a1i i/%1i$a2i #n (ifri!1 f&n$2ii %si4i$.+ A0a- ( 6/%1&- 1,ara !i/%an&1&i #/%i(i$) r$%2ia $or$!) a 1i/ba5&1&i 0i /i!ra nor/a1) a

vorbirii- iar ano/a1ii1 (n!o+/a6i1o+fa$ia1 n& %r/i! o %ar!i$i%ar sin$roni,a!) a !&!&ror1/n!1or i/%1i$a! #n %ro$s&1 vorbirii.

+ O an&/i!) fr$vn2) o a& inf$2ii1 0i in!o6i$a2ii1 $& s&bs!an2 $4i/i$- /(i$a/n!oas- $& a1$oo1-$ar %o! af$!a or3ani$ sa& f&n$2iona1 /$anis/1 n&rofi,io1o3i$ a1 1i/ba5&1&i. i &n1 bo1i a1

%ri/i $o%i1)rii- $a /nin3i!a- n$fa1i!a- s$ar1a!ina- r&5o1a- %o5ar&1 !$- %o! (!r/ina !&1b&r)ri (1i/ba5 a!! % $a1 $n!ra1) $! 0i % $a %rifri$)- /ar$n(&+1 % s&bi$! % %rioa( 1i/i!a! sa& %

!oa!) (&ra!a vi2ii.


104/211

E!io1o3i

: Cau"e func.ionale5: Kn &r/a a$2i&nii a$s!or $a&,- s %o! %ro(&$ !&1b&r)ri a1 1i/ba5&1&i

$ar %rivs$ a!! sfra sn,oria1) r$%!oarB- $! 0i % $a /o!orif$!oarB. Ca&,1 f&n$2iona1 %o! af$!a ori$ar (in $o/%onn!1

%ron&n2)rii7 6%ira2i- fona2i- ar!i$&1a2i. Ca &r/ar- a%ar (r31)ri a1%ro$s1or ( 6$i!a2i 0i in4ibi2i- ( n&!ri2i 1a niv1&1 $or!6&1&i-ins&fi$in2 f&n$2iona1 1a niv1&1 sis!/&1&i nrvos $n!ra1-ins&fi$in2 a1 a&,&1&i fon/a!i$ $ar- !oa!- s&n! (ifi$i1 ( vi(n2ia!-(ar a& i/%1i$a2ii n/i51o$i! as&%ra vo1&2ii 1i/ba5&1&i 0i a$!ivi!)2ii%si4i$.


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E!io1o3i

: Cau"e psiho=neurolo!ice: inf1&n2a,)- /ai a1s- % a$i s&bi$2i $ar-

$on3ni!a1- a& o $ons!r&$2i ana!o/o+fi,io1o3i$) fra3i1) sa& %a!o1o3i$). As/na$a&, s #n!1ns$ 1a s&bi$2ii $& (fi$i!

/in!a1- 1a a1ina2ii /in!a1- 1a $i $& !&1b&r)ri( //ori 0i ( a!n2i- 1a $i $& !&1b&r)ria1 r%r,n!)ri1or o%!i$ 0i a$&s!i$.


106/211

E!io1o3i

: Cau"e psiho=sociale:: Car s&n! abor(a! #n 1i!ra!&ra ( s%$ia1i!a! $& /ai %&2in) insis!n2)- $&

!oa! $) 1 n& s&n! 1i%si! ( i/%or!an2); 1a o ana1i,) /ai a!n!) vo/ $ons!a!a$) 1 a& o fr$vn2) r1a!iv /ar- iar f$!1 1or n3a!iv #/%i!a,) n&n&/ai as&%ra (,vo1!)rii 1i/ba5&1&i- $i 0i as&%ra #n!r3ii (,vo1!)ri %si4i$ a

o/&1&i. Din a$as!) $a!3ori fa$ %ar! &n1 /!o( 3r0i! #n (&$a2i ia!ro3nii1 sa& (i(a$!o3nii1B- s1aba s!i/&1ar a vorbirii #n on!o3n,a!i/%&ri- #n$&ra5ara $o%i1&1&i /i$ #n fo1osira &ni vorbiri in$or$! %n!r&a/&,a/n!&1 %)rin2i1or a(&12i1orB- !oa! $on(&$n( 1a for/ara &norobi0n&in2 (fi$i!ar- i/i!ara &nor /o(1 $& o vorbir in$or$!) #n %rioa(a$ons!i!&irii 1i/ba5&1&i- !r)ira &nor s!)ri $onf1i$!&a1- s!rsan!-s&%raso1i$i!)ri1- $ar favori,a,) obosa1a 6$siv) $ (&$ 1a (isf&n$2iivrba1- b1o$a5- &n niv1 s$),&! a1 an!rna/n!&1&i vrba1- 0.a.


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CLASIFICARE7

E. Vr,a- a i/%&s #n 1i!ra!&ra ( s%$ia1i!a! $a /ai $o/%1!a $1asifi$ar $ sr,&/) 1a &r/)!oar1 $a!3orii7

: tulurri de pronunie sau de articulaie(dislalie, rinolalie, dizartrie)!: tulurri de ritm i fluen a voririi (0l0iala, logonevroza, tumultus

sermones, tahilalie, radilalie, aftongie, tulurri pe az de coree)!

: tulurri de voce (afonie, disfonie, fonastenie)!: tulurri ale lima1ului citit- scris (dislexie- alexie i disgrafie- agrafie)!: tulurri polimorfe (afazie i alalie)!: tulurri de dezvoltare a lima1ului (mutism psihogen, electiv sau voluntar,

retard sau nt0rziere n dezvoltarea general a voririi)!: tulurri ale lima1ului, azat pe disfuncii psihice

Si/%!o/a!o1o3ia ! 1b r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5


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Si/%!o/a!o1o3ia !&1b&r)ri1or ( 1i/ba5

Tul&ur-ri e pronun.ie sau e articula.ie: Dfi$in21 ( 1i/ba5 %o! a%)ra a!! % fon(&1 in!1$!&1&i nor/a1- $! 0i 1a

(fi$in2ii /in!a1 sa& sn,oria1 $n(- ( obi$i- s&n! /ai %rof&n( 0i /aifr$vn!. Kn $a,&1 &nor as/na aso$iri- (fi$i!&1 ( 1i/ba5 s! o for/)s$&n(ar) a &n&i sin(ro/ $o/%16- (ar %rin 6is!n2a 1&i a$$n!&a,)

(ifi$&1!)2i1 ( r$&%rar 0i a(a%!ar.

: T&1b&r)ri1 ( %ron&n2i sa& ( ar!i$&1a2i a& $a /ai /ar fr$vn2) fa2) (!oa! $a!3orii1 %r,n!a! #n $1asifi$ara /n2iona!) #n s%$ia1 1a $o%iii%r0$o1ari 0i 0$o1arii /i$i. Prin 6is!n2a !&1b&r)ri1or rs%$!iv- s $ra,)(ifi$&1!)2i #n /i!ra s&n!1or- $&vin!1or- %ro%o,i2ii1or 0i #n #n213ra $1orn&n2a!. A(sori- 1 s !rans%&n 0i #n 1i/ba5&1 s$ris+$i!i!- $a $

#n3r&na,) for/ara (%rin(ri1or 3rafo+16i$. T&1b&r)ri1 rs%$!iv$&%rin(7 (is1a1ii1- rino1a1ii1 0i (isar!rii1- % o s$ar) ( 1a si/%1& 1a $o/%16.

Dis1a1ia


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Dis1a1ia

: S r/ar$) %rin fr$vn2a $a /ai /ar #n ra%or! $& !oa! 4an(i$a%&ri1 ( 1i/ba5. To!&0i- a s! (ifri!) a!! s&bra%or!&1 $o/%16i!)2ii $! 0i a1 fr$vn2i- ( 1a o vrs!) 1a a1!a. Pn!r& $o%i1&1 an!%r0$o1ar- !&1b&r)ri1 ( %ron&n2in& $ons!i!&i s/na1 ( a1ar/); #n s$4i/b- 1a vrs!a %r0$o1ar) s si/! nvoia &ni in!rvn2ii 1o3o%(i$ %n!r& a n&

%r/i! s!abi1i,ara 0i for/ara &nor (%rin(ri (fi$i!ar ( %ron&n2i. La $o%i1&1 an!%r0$o1ar- (is1a1ia ar o na!&r)fi,io1o3i$) $a &r/ar a n(,vo1!)rii s&fi$in! a a%ara!&1&i fonoar!i$&1ar 0i a sis!/1or $rbra1 i/%1i$a! #n a$!&1vorbirii. Dar- (&%) vrs!a ( + ani- a$s!a (vin s&fi$in! ( (,vo1!a! %n!r& a %&!a ra1i,a o %ron&n2i $or$!).Manifs!ara !&1b&r)ri1or (is1a1i$ 0i (&%) a$as!) vrs!) (no!) 6is!n2a &nor $a&, $& 3ra( ( ris$- $ar !in( s) 1!ransfor/ #n obi0n&in2 n3a!iv- /ai $& sa/) $n( (ifi$&1!)2i1 ( %ron&n2i %rsis!) % o %rioa() 1&n3) ( !i/%.Dar- (is1a1ia %oa! a%)ra 0i 1a vrs!1 /ai /ari- (a!ori!) &ni !io1o3ii $o/%16 in$ri/ina!) #n %ro(&$ra4an(i$a%&ri1or ( 1i/ba5- #n 3nr. C& $! a%ar /ai !r,i&- $& a!! 3ravi!a!a i s%or0!.

: Ca ori$ !&1b&rar ( ar!i$&1a2i sa& ( %ron&n2i- (is1a1ia s /anifs!) %rin (for/ara- o/i!ra- s&bs!i!&ira 0iinvrsara s&n!1or. Kn for/1 3rav ( (is1a1i- as!f1 ( fno/n s %ro(&$ 0i 1a niv1&1 si1ab1or 0i $4iar a1$&vin!1or. Cn( (fi$in21 ( ar!i$&1a2i s 1i/i!a,) n&/ai 1a niv1&1 &nor s&n! i,o1a! 0i- #n 3nr- s /anifs!)s&b o for/) &0oar)- a s n&/0! (is1a1i si/%1)- %ar2ia1) sa& /ono/orf) . Dar a!&n$i $n( s&n! af$!a! /a5ori!a!as&n!1or 0i $4iar 3r&% ( si1ab- a %oar!) (n&/ira ( (is1a1i %o1i/orf)- iar %rin a1!rara !&!&ror s&n!1or- a/a5ori!)2ii si1ab1or 0i a $&vin!1or s a5&n3 1a a0a+n&/i!a (is1a1i 3nra1) sa& !o!a1)- $ s! $ara$!ris!i$) /ai $&sa/) (isar!rii.


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Si3/a!is/: Din!r for/1 $1 /ai fr$vn! ( (is1a1ii sa& ( (isf&n$2iona1i!)2ii1 a$s!&ia /n2ion)/- #n %ri/&1 rn(- 3r&%a si3/a!is/1or 0i a

%arasi3/a!is/1or $ar o$&%) &n 1o$ $n!ra1. A$s!a a%ar a!&n$i $n( a& 1o$ (for/)ri- s&bs!i!&iri- o/isi&ni a1 s&n!1or sif1an! 0i0&ir)!oar7 s- 0- 5- ,- 2- $- $i- 3- 3i. La $o%iii %r0$o1ari 0i 1a 0$o1arii /i$i- $1 /ai (s s /anifs!) o/isi&ni1 0i (for/)ri1- iar 1a 1o3o%a2ii/ai /ari a%ar- (sori- 0i #n1o$&iri1.

: S&n! /ai /&1! for/ ( si3/a!is/- s%$ifi$ 0i 1 i/bii ro/n- (in!r $ar r/ar$)/ &r/)!oar17

: aBsigmatism interdental- $ a%ar $a &r/ar a %ron&n2)rii s&n!1or rs%$!iv $& 1i/ba %1asa!) #n!r (in2i. Kn %rioa(a s$4i/b)rii (n!i2ii- 1a$o%i1 a%ar fr$vn! as/na for/ ( si3/a!is/- $ar (is%ar+ #n /o( nor/a1+ o(a!) $& $r0!ra (in2i1or- (ar s fi6a,) $a (f$! a!&n$i $n(

%rsis!) %ra /&1! sa& a%ar 0i a12i fa$!ori (!r/inan2i- $a ( 6/%1&- v3!a2ii1 a(noi( 0i s1)bira /&0$4i1or 1in3&a1i;: bB sigmatism lateral- $ar s! ( !ri f1&ri7+ 1a!ra1 (6!r- $n( i0ira ar&1&i s fa$ %rin $o12&1 (r%! a1 $o/is&ri1or 1abia1- #n 1o$ ( %o,i2ia/(ian); + 1a!ra1 sinis!r- #n $a,&1 i0irii ar&1&i %rin s!n3a 0i si3/a!is/ bi1a!ra1- #n $ar ar&1 s #/%r)0!i % a/b1 %)r2i. Si3/a!is/&11a!ra1 ia na0!r- a(sori- $a &r/ar a %ar,i %ar2ia1 a nrv&1&i 4i%o31os- $n( $1 /ai /&1! s! af$!a!) sif1an!a s- $o/%ara!iv $&0&ir)!oar1;

: $B sigmatism addental- %ro(&s %rin s%ri5 inira vrf&1&i 1i/bii % (in2i- n%r/i2n( as!f1 ar&1&i s) ias) %rin s%a2i&1 in!r(n!a1- $&/ s!nor/a1. For/a rs%$!iv) s! /ai fr$vn!) 1a 4i%oa$&,i$i- (a!ori!) %r$%rii (fi$i!ar a %ron&n2ii- $a 0i #n %ro3ni 0i %ro3na!is/-(oar$ #n !i/%&1 %ron&n2ii n& s f$!&a,) sin$roni,ara a($va!) a /i0$)rii /a6i1ar1or; (B si3/a!is/ %a1a!a1- %ro(&s %rin %ron&n2aras&n!1or sif1an! 0i 0&ir)!oar $& vrf&1 1i/bii r!ras s%r bo1!a %a1a!in);

: B si!matism strient- /anifs!a! %rin!r+o sonori!a! 6a3ra!) a sif1an!1or- %ro(&$n( %r!&rb)ri 1a niv1&1 r$%2ii;: fB sigmatism nazal- (!r/ina! ( (fi$in2 a1 %a1a!&1&i /oa1 $ar n&+0i %oa! #n(%1ini f&n$2ia nor/a1)- i/%ri/n(- as!f1- s$&r3ra

ar&1&i- %ar2ia1 sa& !o!a1- %rin in!r/(i&1 $)i1or na,a1. Si3/a!is/&1 ( a$s! !i% a%ar #n (s%i$)!&ri1 %a1a!a1 0i 1a $i $& &n %a1a! %ra ri3i(-

1a $i $& v3!a2ii a(noi( 0i (via2ii ( s%!.


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ro!a$is/&1 0i %araro!a$is/&1

: R/ar$)/ o a1!) for/) (is1a1i$) $& o fr$vn2) /ar- ro!a$is/&1 0i%araro!a$i/s&1 $ $ons!) #n (for/ara- o/isi&na- invrsi&na 0i #n1o$&iras&n!&1&i XXr XX. Consoana XXr XX a%ar- ( obi$i- #n vorbira $o%i1&1&i #n &r/as&n!1or sif1an! 0i 0&ir)!oar- iar /isi&na 1&i $or$!) %rs&%&n o an&/i!)(,vo1!ar a a%ara!&1&i fonoar!i$&1ar 0i /i0$)ri fin ( sin$roni,ar. Din a$s!/o!iv- 1a /a5ori!a!a $o%ii1or an!%r0$o1ari s %ro(&$ af$!ara s&n!&1&i XXrXX sa& s #n1o$&i0! $& XX1 XX- 0i /ai rar $& XX(- 4- v- XX. Fno/n1 rs%$!iv%o! %rsis!a 0i #n %rioa(1 ( vrs!) &1!rioar.

: P 1n3) a$s!a- 1a ba,a %ro(&$rii rotacismului /i pararotacismului s!a&ano/a1ii1 ana!o/i$ 0i f&n$2iona1 a1 1i/bii- $&/ ar fi7 /i$ro 0i /a$ro31osia1i/bii- frn&1 %ra s$&r! sa& %ra 1&n3 a1 1i/bii- 1,i&ni a1 nrv&1&i 4i%o31os-$a 0i (fi$in21 a&,&1&i fi,i$ 0i fon/a!i$- i/i!a2ii1 (fi$i!ar a1 %ron&n2ii$1or (in an!&ra5&1 $o%i1&1&i- 6is!n2a &nor fa$!ori n3a!ivi ( na!&r) %si4o+so$ia1) 0i $&1!&ra1) !$.


112/211

Ro!a$is/

: Ca 0i #n $a,&1 si3/a!is/&1&i- a(o%!n( $ri!ri&1 si/%!o/a!o1o3i$ 0i !io1o3i$- $1 /ai fr$vn!for/ ( ro!a$is/ s&n!7

: aB rotacism interenta1+ $ ia na0!r %rin %ron&n2ara s&n!&1&i r $& vibrara vrf&1&i 1i/biis%ri5ini! % in$isivii s&%riori- sa&- /ai rar- %rin a!in3ra 1i/bii ( b&,a s&%rioar) #n !i/%&1 vibr)riia$s!ia;

: bB rotacism labial+ ra1i,a! %rin!r+&n 5o$ &0or a1 1i/bii 0i vibrara b&,1or;: $B rotacism labiodental+ a%ar %rin vibrara b&,i s&%rioar #n a!in3r $& in$isivii infriori sa&

vibrara b&,i infrioar #n /o/n!&1 a!in3rii in$isivi1or s&%riori;: (B rotacism apical+ r$&nos$&! (&%) fa%!&1 $) 1i/ba s af1) #n /o/n!&1 %ron&n2)rii 1i%i!) (

a1vo1- $a $ n&+i %r/i! s) vibr, s&fi$in!;: B rotacism velar- #n $ar n& vibra,) vrf&1 1i/bii a0a $&/ s! nor/a1- $i v)1&1 %a1a!in;: fB rotacism nazal+ (a!ora! fa%!&1&i $) orifi$i&1 %a1a!ofarin3ian n& s #n$4i( s&fi$in!- $a $ fa$ s)

s %ro(&$) vibra2ii 1a niv1&1 %)r2ii %os!rioar a %a1a!&1&i /oa1 0i a %r!1&i %os!rior a1 farin31&i-iar /isia 1&i r s! s!ri(n!)- $& $ara$!ris!i$i na,a1; 3B rotacism uvular+%ro(&s %rin vibrara &v&1i#n ar!i$&1a2ia s&n!&1&i r;

: 4B rotacism bucal+ for/a! %rin s$&r3ra ar&1&i % s%a2ii1 (in!r %)r2i1 1a!ra1 a1 1i/bii- for2n(obra5ii s) in!r #n vibra2i (n( o no!) (,a3rabi1) %ron&n2ii.


113/211

Af$!ara a1!or s&n!7

: D0i $& o fr$vn2) /ai /i$)- s %o! %ro(&$ !&1b&r)ri 0i a1 $1or1a1! s&n!. Din!r a$s!a-a/in!i/7 lam&acism /i paralamacism $n( s! af$!a! s&n!&1 1B; &etacism /i para&etacism$n( s! af$!a! s&n!&1 bB; capacism/iparacapacism$n( s! af$!a! s&n!&1 $B; gamacism/iparagamacism af$!ara s&n!&1&i 3B; deltacism/iparadeltacism!&1b&rara s&n!&1&i (B;fitacism/i parafitacism !&1b&rara s&n!&1&i fB; nutacism /i paranutacism !&1b&rara s&n!&1&i nB;%amacism /i para%amacism !&1b&rara s&n!&1&i 4B; tetacism /i paratetacism !&1b&raras&n!&1&i !B; mutacism /i paramutacism !&1b&rara s&n!&1&i /B; vitacism /i paravitacism

!&1b&rara s&n!&1&i vB 0.a. (&%) E. Vr,a- B. Prin &r/ar- fr$vn2a fno/n1or vi(n2ia!(%in( ( !io1o3i- ( s6 0i vrs!)- ( %ar!i$&1ari!)2i1 %si4oin(ivi(&a1 a1 s&bi$!&1&i 0i ($a%a$i!)2i1 sa1 vrba1.

: P ( a1!) %ar!- #n f&n$2i ( $a&,1 $ar s!a& 1a ba,a 4an(i$a%&ri1or ( %ron&n2i- (is1a1ii1 s#/%ar! #n organice i funcionale. Dislaliile organice4 numite /i is!losii -s&n! %rovo$a! ((fi$in21 ana!o/ofi,io1o3i$ ( 1a niv1&1 a%ara!&1&i fonoar!i$&1ar %ro3na!is/&1- %ro3nia-(s%i$)!&ri1 /a6i1o+v1o+%a1a!in !$B. E6is!) 0i a0a+n&/i!1 dislalii audiogene- s&n! (!r/ina!( 1,ara a%ara!&1&i a&(i!iv $ n& %r/i! o r$%2i nor/a1) a vorbirii 0i ni$i &n a&!o$on!ro1 a1

%ro%rii ar!i$&1)ri.

Disar!ria


114/211

Disar!ria

: Din $a!3oria !&1b&r)ri1or ( %ron&n2i fa$ %ar! 0i disartria- $ar s! $a/ai 3rav) (in!r !&1b&r)ri1 rs%$!iv- fiin( $a&,a!) ( af$2i&na $)i1or$n!ra1 0i a1 n&$1i1or nrvi1or $ar %ar!i$i%) 1a ar!i$&1ar. Ea s$ara$!ri,a,) % 1n3) %r,n2a fno/n1or (is1a1i$- %rin!r+o vorbir$onf&,)- (isri!/i$)- (isfoni$)- $& r,onan2) na,a1) 0i %ron&n2i n$1ar).

: La (isar!ri$i- a%ar 0i o sri ( $o/%1i$a2ii %si4i$ $ s %ro(&$ #n sfraaf$!iv)- sn,oria1)- /in!a1)- %si4o+so$ia1) 0i /o!ri$). Da!) fiin( ori3ina sa-disartria se mai nume!te !i dislalie central. Din %&n$! ( v(rsi/%!o/a!o1o3i$- &n1 (in!r fno/n1 n&n2a! s&n! as/)n)!oar (is1a1iiobi0n&i!- (ar /&1! /ai 3rav. Dis1a1ia $n!ra1) s! /ai fr$vn!) 1a s&bi$2i$& 4an(i$a% ( in!1$!. Ea %oa! fi %&s) #n vi(n2) /ai &0or 1a a(&12i fa2) (

$o%ii- n& n&/ai $a &r/ar a (!rior)rii $o/%onn!i $n!ra1- $i 0i a a3rav)rii(ifi$&1!)2i1or ( vorbir.

Rino1a1ia


115/211

Rino1a1ia

: O for/) in!r/(iar) #n $a(r&1 !&1b&r)ri1or ( %ron&n2i- s! rino1a1ia $ %r,in!) 0i a/anifs!)ri s%$ifi$. S %ro(&$ $a &r/ar a &nor /a1for/a2ii $ s&n! 1o$a1i,a! 1aniv1&1 v)1&1&i %a1a!in sa& a ins&fi$in21or (,vo1!)rii a$s!&ia- (!r/ina! ( &n1bo1i inf$2ioas- ( v3!a2ii1 a(noi(- ( %o1i%i- ( a!onia sa& %ara1i,ia v)1&1&i %a1a!in-( (s%i$)!&ri1 1abio+/a6i1o+%a1a!in- ( 4i%oa$&,i- ( f&n$2ionara (f$!&oas) a/&0$4i1or sa& a v)1&1&i %a1a!in $ar n& %o! (s$4i( !ra$!&1 na,a1 #n !i/%&1 %ron&n2)rii

s&n!1or na,a1 !$. Kn rino1a1i- s /anifs!) !&1b&r)ri ( %ron&n2i s%$ifi$ (is1a1ii-(ar 0i (fi$in2 a1 r,onan2i s&n!1or- ( fona2i 0i $4iar ( vo$- #n $a,&ri1a$$n!&a!. As%$!&1 3nra1 a1 vorbirii s! (,a3rabi1- %rin /anifs!ara XXfonf)i1iiXX.

: inolaliase clasific- 6n aperta sau eschis-- #n $ar s&f1&1 ar&1&i n$sar %ron&n2)riis&n!1or %ar$&r3- %r(o/inan!- $a1a na,a1); clau"a sau 6nchis-- $n( &n(a 6%ira!orin$sar) %ron&n2)rii s&n!1or na,a1 /- nB s s$&r3 % !ra$!&1 b&$a1 0i mi0a saumi0t-- #n $ar &n(a 6%ira!ori !r$- a1!rna!iv- a!! % $a1 na,a1)- $! 0i % !ra$!&1b&$a1- in(ifrn! ( $ara$!ris!i$i1 ar!i$&1a!orii a1 s&n!1or.

T&1b&r)ri ( ri!/ 0i f1&n2) a1 vorbirii


116/211

T&1b&r)ri ( ri!/ 0i f1&n2) a1 vorbirii

: A0a $&/ a/ v),&!- (in $a!3oria !&1b&r)ri1or ( ri!/ 0i f1&n2) fa$ %ar!7 &3l&3iala4 lo!one$ro"a4 tahilalia4&railalia4 afton!ia5. A$s!a s&n! 0i 1 !o! !&1b&r)ri a1 vorbirii ora1- (ar s&n! /ai 3rav ($! !&1b&r)ri1 (

%ron&n2i- n& n&/ai %rin for/1 ( /anifs!ar- $i /ai $& sa/) %rin f$!1 n3a!iv $ 1 a& as&%ra %rsona1i!)2ii0i $o/%or!a/n!&1&i %rsoani. 40l0ialaa fos! r/ar$a!) ( $)!r oa/nii ( 0!iin2) (in $1 /ai v$4i !i/%&ri- fa%!$ a (&s 1a $r0!ra in!rs&1&i 0i %n!r& a1! !&1b&r)ri a1 1i/ba5&1&i.

: 3l&3iala: Pr!&rb) r1a2ii1 1o3o%a!&1&i $& $i (in 5&r 0i s %r,in!) $a &n 4an(i$a% r1a!iv 3rav. D0i %ro$&%)ri1 fa2) ( a$as!)

!&1b&rar a& fos! in!ns (+a 1&n3&1 !i/%&1&i- 6%1i$a2ia 0!iin2ifi$)- %rin vi(n2ira si/%!o/a!o1o3ii 0i !io1o3ii

b1bi1ii $a 0i (,vo1!ara $on$%2ii $& %rivir 1a !ra%ia $o/%16) #n $or$!ara i- a fos! %osibi1) abia #n s$o1&1nos!r&- $a &r/ar a %ro3rs&1&i ra1i,a! #n 0!iin21 %si4o%(a3o3i$- %ro3rs ra1i,a! 0i 1a niv1&1 1o3o%(ii- /ai a1s% %1an %ra$!i$+ r$&%ra!iv.

: ?1bia1a s /anifs!) %rin r%!ara &nor s&n! sa& si1ab 1a #n$%&!&1 0i /i51o$&1 $&vn!&1&i- $& %r,n!ara &nor%a&, #n!r a$s!a sa& %rin r%!ara $&vin!1or ori %rin a%ari2ia s%as/1or 1a niv1&1 a%ara!&1&i fonoar!i$&1a!or $ar#/%i(i$) (sf)0&rara vorbirii ri!/i$ 0i $&rsiv. Kn %ri/&1 $a,- b1bia1a s n&/0! clonic-- iar #n $1 (+a1 (oi1a-tonic-. Cn( s /anifs!) a!! %rin %ri/a for/)- $! 0i %rin a (o&a- a s n&/0! mi0t-sau clonotonic- /i respecti$tonoclonic-- #n f&n$2i ( as%$!&1 $ar %r(o/in). For/1 $1 /ai 3rav s /anifs!) 1a a(&1! 0i a(o1s$n!. Dar$1 /ai fr$vn!- b1bia1a a%ar #n!r + ani 0i- ( obi$i- %oa! fi $onsi(ra!) fi,io1o3i$)- #n 1i%sa &nor fa$!orifavori,an2i $ar s) o /n2in) 0i s+o $onso1i(,. Cn( %rsis!) 0i #n %rioa(a %r0$o1ar)- $ons!i!&i &n s/na1 (a1ar/) %n!r& $) ar !n(in2a ( a s $roni$i,a.

Lo3onvro,a


117/211

Lo3onvro,a

: Es! s!rns 13a!) ( b1bia1)- a!! %rin na!&ra- $! 0i %rin for/a i. Din %&n$! ( v(rsi/%!o/a!o1o3i$- 1 s&n! foar! as/)n)!oar- (ar ( $1 /ai /&1! ori 1o3onvro,as! /ai a$$n!&a!) ($! b1bia1a- $ar- a%oi- s %oa! !ransfor/a #n 1o3onvro,).?1bia1a s !ransfor/) #n 1o3onvro,)- a!&n$i $n( 6is!) sa& a%ar &n fon( nvro!i$ $a&r/ar a $on0!in!i,)rii !&1b&r)rii 0i a !r)irii a$s!ia $a o (ra/)- $a &n /o/n! (fr&s!rar a %osibi1i!)2i1or % $ar 1 ar in(ivi(&1. ?1bia1a s! &n fno/n /ai /&1! (

r%!ar a s&n!1or- si1ab1or 0i $&vin!1or- iar 1o3onvro,a %rs&%&n % 1n3) a$s!a 0i/o(ifi$ara a!i!&(inii fa2) ( vorbir 0i a /o(&1&i $&/ s! !r)i!) (ifi$&1!a!a rs%$!iv)%rin %r,n2a s%as/1or- a 3ri/as1or- a #n$or()rii 0i a an6i!)2ii- (!r/ina! ( !a/a $)va 3r0i #n !i/%&1 vorbirii. La %rsoan1 nvro,a! sa& %si4onvro,a! fa$!orii no$ivi/ai $& sa/) !ra&/1 %si4i$- s!rs&ri1B %o! %rovo$a (ir$! 1o3onvro,a- $a $a$$n!&a,) s!ara 3nra1) ( nvro,is/ 0i (r%! &r/ar n& s /ai !r$ %rin!r+o(r31ar &0oar) ( !i%&1 b1bi1ii.

: C11a1! !&1b&r)ri ( ri!/ 0i f1&n2) a1 vorbirii %o! 6is!a $a sin(ro/ s%ara!- (ar 0i $asi/%!o/ a1 b1bi1ii.


118/211

Af!on3ia- !a4i1a1ia- ?ra(i1a1ia

: Afton!ia: Ia na0!r a!&n$i $n( #n /&0$4ii 1i/bii s %ro(&$ &n s%as/ !oni$- ( 1&n3)

(&ra!)- 0i #nso20! ( $1 /ai /&1! ori b1bia1a; !&1b&r)ri ( vorbir % ba,)( $or !i$- bo1i a1 $rir&1&i /i$B- (!r/ina! ( !i$&ri nrvoas sa&$ori$ a1 /&0$4i1or a%ara!&1&i fonoar!i$&1ar- a1 fi,iono/ii $ s /anifs!)

$on$o/i!n! $& %ro(&$ra vorbirii;: Tahilalia: Cara$!ri,a!) %rin!r+o vorbir 6a3ra! ( ra%i()- a%ar /ai fr$vn! 1a

%rsoan1 $& ins!abi1i!a! nrvoas)- $& 4i%r6$i!abi1i!a!;: railalia: O%&s) !a4i1a1ii s /anifs!) %rin vorbir rar)- #n$!ini!) $& 6a3r)ri /a6i/

a1 a$s!or $ara$!ris!i$i #n 4an(i$a%&ri1 a$$n!&a! ( in!1$! sa& #n $a,&ri1( (o/inar 6$siv) a in4ibi2ii !$.

T&1b&r)ri ( vo$


119/211

T&1b&r)ri ( vo$

: 2pre eose&ire e tul&ur-rile e ritm4 care afectea"- caen.a $or&irii4 tul&ur-rilee $oce pertur&- meloicitatea4 intensitatea /i tim&rul $ocii.

: Muta.ia patolo!ic- a $ocii5: Ea a%ar $a &r/ar a !ransfor/)ri1or ( 1a niv1&1 sis!/&1&i n(o$rin- /anifs!a! %rin

s$4i/bara f&n$2ii 4i%ofi,ar 0i %rin /o(ifi$ara 4or/oni1or s6&a1i $ar inf1&n2a,)n& n&/ai s!r&$!&ra ana!o/o+f&n$2iona1) a 1arin31&i- (ar 0i /o(a1i!)2i1 ( ra$2ionara1 sis!/&1&i nrvos $n!ra1 $ (!r/in) o a(a%!ar 1n!) 1a $on(i2ii1 bio/$ani$. Kn$a,&1 !&1b&r)ri1or n(o$rin- $&/ s! a$ro/3a1ia- $o%i1&1 $a%)!) o vo$ b)rb)!as$)- iar#n (ifri! for/ ( ins&fi$in!) (,vo1!ar a a%ara!&1&i (in na0!rB- a%ar /&!a2ia vo$ii#nain! ( vrs!a obi0n&i!) 1a 8+ aniB. O%&s&1 a$s!&i fno/n s! #n!r,ira #n%ro$s&1 ( s$4i/bar a vo$ii- (n(&+i o no!) ( infan!i1is/ $& %r,n2a &ni vo$ibri!- $& os$i1a2ii ( 1a &n !on 1a a1!&1 0i $& (ifrn2 /ini/ #n!r vo$a f!1or 0i ab)i2i1or.


120/211

R)3&0a1a vo$a1)

: Fa$ %ar! (in a$as!) $a!3ori 0i s /anifs!) %rin %ir(ra6%rsivi!)2ii 0i a for2i vo$ii. As/na $a,&ri s&n! fr$vn! #n#/bo1n)viri1 1arin31&i- a1 $)i1or rs%ira!orii %rin r)$a1)- 3ri%B 0i

a1 3an31ioni1or fi6a2i % $oar(1 vo$a1. R)3&0a1a %oa! #/br)$a ofor/) or3ani$)- $n( vo$a s #n3roa0) 0i s #n!rr&% #n !i/%&1vorbirii- 0i a1!a- f&n$2iona1) $ (!r/in) &n $ara$!r 0&ira! 0i #n)b&0i!a1 vo$ii. D obi$i- r)3&0a1a f&n$2iona1) a%ar #n s!)ri1 /o2iona1%&!rni$ 0i #n fo1osira 6$siv) a vo$ii $a $ $on(&$ 1a obosa1a$o/%onn!1or ar!i$&1a!orii.

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