Proiect Vikingi Pp

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UNIVERSITATEA VALAHIAFACULTATEA DE STIINTE POLITICE,COMUNICARE SI LITERE

ANUL 1PAULESCU DANIELA ANETA

CULTURA SI CIVILIZATIE BRITANICALECT. UNIV. DR. IOANA RAICU


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VIKING INVASION OF BRITAIN

793- 106

DANES-versus-SAXON


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The first Viking raid on England is reported to have started in 793 at the Lindisfarnemonastery. In the subsequent 250 years the Danes (as the Vikings who invaded Englandare generally called),continued their raids but at the same time ,step by step turned from

rampaging pirates to fellow Christians and citizens.Some wrought only destruction,butothers,like the Saxons before them settled down and became civilized. The worst of the Viking depredations were undoubtedly during the ninth century

and Alfred the Great is the central character during this crisis.At the beginning of hisreign,the Saxon kingdom had nearly collapsed due to the destruction and dislocations ofDanish raiders.Yet within a single generation, he had won a critical victory over theDanes and persuaded a number of them to become Christian and settle down peaceablyalong side the Saxons. These Danes, who often inhabited coastal regions, provided a

buffer against further attacks, and helped restore some tranquility to the Saxon kingdom.Depredations continued during the tenth century, and there were several important battlesincluding Brunanburh and Maldon, but by this time the Danes were no longer merelylawless marauders, but agents of somewhat more unified Viking Kingdoms, sent forth asarmies to do battle for their kings rather than simply to loot and plunder. By the eleventhcentury, there was a long established Danish region in Northern England, and largely dueto misrule by the Saxon King, a Danish King assumed the crown of England. The yearsof Danish rule lasted only twenty years, and then the throne was returned to the Saxons,

but the reign of the Saxons was not destined to last much longer. In 1066 the last Danishinvasion of England occurred, and almost immediately afterward, the Saxon kingdom fell permanently into the hands of the Normans, who were themselves, of Viking blood.


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Lindisfarne monastery


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Alfred the Great


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Danish Marauders in Saxon England : 793-911The first wave of Viking attacks on England was the most devastating to Saxon civilization.

Prior to the Viking attacks, the Angle and Saxon kingdoms were not unified, and had no meansof common defense. Shortly after the first Viking attack, the kingdom of Wessex was foundedunder Egbert the Saxon, when he united the kingdom of Mercia and Anglia under the headshipof the Western Saxons. Part of the motivation for this was to provide a common defense against

the Vikings, but the Saxons seldom had an opportunity to fight a pitched battle against theVikings since they typically attacked at night and were gone before an army could be raised

against them. By 870 however, a great wave of Danish invaders wintered in England and beganto set up permanent colonies. The Saxons opposed them and won a few battles, but after

successive invasions they were utterly dispersed. By the time Alfred the Great came to thethrone, his whole kingdom was in chaos. In spite of great difficulties, he unified the Saxons,rallied his forces, and won a great victory over the Danes at Edington. As a result of this

victory, Guthrum the Danish leader agreed to become Christian and settle peaceably withinAlfred's realm. Eventually the region of Northumbria, which had been settled mainly by

Angles, became heavily populated by Danes. Several more battles occurred between the Saxonsand Anglo-Danish realms, but the worst of the Viking raids was past.

Another important development during this same period was the unification of most of the

minor Viking tribes under Harold Fairhair in Norway. The original Vikings had been petty sea-kings, each without any overlord, but henceforth, Viking armies were sometimes sent in serviceto their king rather than acting entirely independently .


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Cons ol ida t ion of th e Saxon King do m s : 900-950

During the first half of the tenth century, the Saxon kingdom was well ruled by the sons and Grandsons of Alfred the great. During this period the

Saxons regained territory that had previously fallen to the Danes. The battleof Brunanburh was particularly important because in it, the Danes andBritish Celts of Northumberland combined forces with the Scots, to do

battle against the Saxons. The combined forces of all of the enemies of theSaxons at this time, could not prevail against them, and the dominance of

the Saxon kingdom in England, over its rivals was assured.


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Battle of Burnanburh


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How did William become the King of England

William became King when he won the battle at Senlac Hill (most commonly knownas the Battle of Hastings).In 1064 Harold, Earl of Wessex, Harold was shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy.William captured him and he would only let him go if he swore to support Williamsclaim to the throne. When Edward the confessor died the witenagemot (the Royalcouncil) elected Harold King of England. Determined to become king, Williamrecruited an army to lead an invasion. On September 28 1066 William landed atPevensey. On the 14 of October the Normans prepared for the battle betweenWilliam and Harold II. Harold II had just defeated his brother, Tostig Earl ofNorthumbria, at the battle of Stamford Bridge.

At 9:00 a.m. the battle started. The English axemen were able to stop a Normancavalry attack. Norman infantry retreated after an attack but some of the Englishsoldiers broke ranks and followed the retreating Normans. Other Normans quicklysurrounded them and destroyed them. Because of the lack of rules between theEnglish soldiers William the Conqueror ordered a Norman retreat. Like before theEnglish soldiers chased after them. Again more Norman forces trapped the largegroup of English soldiers. This weakened the English defences. Also Harold IIreceived a deadly arrow in the eye. The English abandoned the military plans. Williamwon the Battle of Hastings.
http://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/How+did+William+become+the+King+of+Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/How+did+William+become+the+King+of+England


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Battle of Hastings


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Who was William the Conqueror

William I was the first Norman King of England. He was the son ofRobert the 1st, Duke of Normandy,and Arlette. When Williams dad died the Normans accepted Williamas his successor. Almost straight after, People rebelled against theirdecision. His position wasnt secure until the King of France, Henrythe 1st won a battle against a rebel force near Caen.

During a visit to England to see his childless cousin, Edward theconfessor, king of England, in 1051 he agreed on that Williamshould become the Next King of England. In 1053 William marriedMatilda of Flanders who was a descendant from King Alfred theGreat which made his claim to the Throne Stronger. Henry the 1stfeared the bond between Normandy and Flanders and tried todefeat William, once in 1054 and again in 1058. But both timesWilliam defeated Henrys army.
http://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/Who+was+William+the+Conquerorhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/Who+was+William+the+Conqueror


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William the Conqueror


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How did William the Conqueror change England

William the conqueror changed England by bringing feudalism.There are three different characteristics in the feudalism agreement,lords, vassals and fiefs. The lord owned land and he granted theland to a vassal who in exchange provides military service to thelord. The lord couldnt give land to anyone. The lord had to have aceremony for the person, to make them a vassal. This was called acommendation ceremony. In the agreement the vassal had to fightfor the lord when he needed him to and to had to be faithful to him.The lord sometimes had to fulfil wishes of the vassal. Since the lordhadn't given land away, he to maintain it for the vassal and protect itfrom harm. The vassals also had to provide a counsel so if the Lordhad to make a big decision he would ask his vassals to come andhold a council. The vassal also was needed to grind his wheat andmake bread in the mill. The feudalism agreement revolves round afief. A lord could grant bigger or smaller area of land. The lord couldalso give land to a bishop. There are different levels of feudalism likeWilliam I was almost like lord to the other lords and so on.
http://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/How+did+William+the+Conqueror+change+Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/How+did+William+the+Conqueror+change+England


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What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-England In 1067 William went on a tour of England where he confiscated lands and also built castles and

organised law and order. In 1069 King Sweyn of Denmark lead raids on the north of the country.Then Sweyns fleet sailed to York and burnt it. Williams army forced him to retreat. Then he

burnt property, houses and crops between York and Durham. Some people said that the area wasturned into a desert because the people died of starvation. The rebellion finished when Williamsarmy captured him. William reorganised churches. Lanfranc became archbishop of Canterbury.Another rebellion force opposed him lead by Hereward. He had captured the isle of Ely Williamlead the Norman army against him. William punished the rebels with a life of imprisonment thenWilliam built a castle at Ely. William went back to Normandy in 1073 and later that yearconquered Maine. While he was away Waltheof and Ralph, earl of Norfolk began to plan ideas todefeat William but Geoffrey of Coutances, a good friend of William led a fight against Waltheof

and Ralph and ordered that all rebels had to have their right foot cut off. When William came backto England in 1076 Waltheof was executed. Ralph, Earl of Norfolk escaped to Brittany. In 1077Williams oldest son, Robert Curthose, said to William that William should let him be the ruler of

Normandy and Maine. But William refused. Robert curthose rebelled and tried to siege the townof Rouen. But Robert failed and fled to Gerberoi. In 1080 William sieged Gerberoi and caught him

but Williams wife persuaded them to stop their arguments. William went back to Normandy soonafter and he had left Odo of Bayeux but in 1082 William heard complaints about Odo. WhenWilliam returned Odo was arrested for misgoverning and stay in there for Five years. In 1083

William had defeated a rebellion lead by Hubert de Beaumont in Maine. Then in 1084 Williamreturned to England to defeat an invasion by King Cnut of Denmark while waiting for the invasionWilliam ordered a survey of his kingdom. There where a couple of reason for this. One to find outhow much he could charge them in taxes. Two, to find out the population of the kingdom to findout the soldiers he would need to defend and Three, to find out the amount of land he owned so hecould give it to people who where fighting over it. Officials where sent to each town to ask eachfamily now much land they owned, have much farm equipment they had and how many animalsthey owned. The information was collected in seven months and was sent to Winchester and thenit was written into a book called the Domesday book (mentioned above in what were Williamsgreatest achievements).
http://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-Englandhttp://william-the-conqueror.wikispaces.com/What-did-William-do-after-he-became-king-of-England

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