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BRVKENTHAL. ACTA MVSEI

IX. 3

MINISTERUL CULTURII

MUZEUL NAŢIONAL BRUKENTHAL

BRVKENTHAL

ACTA MVSEI

IX. 3

Sibiu / Hermannstadt, 2014

EDITOR IN CHIEF: Prof. univ. dr. Sabin Adrian LUCA SECRETARIAL REDACTION: Dr. Anca NIŢOI

Dr. Iulia MESEA Dr. Ioan TĂUŞAN Iulia-Maria PASCU

MEMBERS OF THE BOARD: Dr. Raluca-Maria TEODORESCU Dr. Alexandru SONOC Dr. Constantin ITTU Dr. Rodica CIOBANU Ana Maria MESAROŞ Dr. Dorin BARBU Dr. Dana HRIB

ASSOCIATED MEMBERS TO THE BOARD:

Prof. Dr. Docent Theodor Anton NEAGU (Member of the Romanian Academy) Prof. Univ. Dr. Ioan-Aurel POP (Member of the Romanian Academy) Prof. Univ. Dr. Paul NIEDERMAIER (Member of the Romanian Academy) Prof. Univ. Dr. Conrad GÜNDISCH (Universität Oldenburg - Germania) Prof. Univ. Dr. Erika SCHNEIDER-BINDER (Universität Karlsruhe, Bereich WWF Auen Institut, Germany) Prof. Univ. Dr. Zeno-Karl PINTER (“Lucian Blaga” University Sibiu) Prof. Univ. Dr. Rudolf GRÄF (“Babeş-Bolyai” University Cluj Napoca) Prof. Univ. Dr. Nicolae SABĂU ( “Babeş-Bolyai” University Cluj Napoca) Prof. Univ. Dr. Alexandru AVRAM (“Lucian Blaga” University Sibiu)

ISSN: 2285-9470ISSN-L: 1842 - 2691-

Editura Muzeului Naţional Brukenthal Orice corespondenţă referitoare la această publicaţie rugăm a se adresa la: Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal – Muzeul de Istorie Naturală, Strada Cetății, nr. 1, Sibiu, 550160. Tel: 004/0269/217691, Fax: 004/0269/ 211545. E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.brukenthalmuseum.ro Autorii îşi vor asuma întreaga responsabilitate pentru informaţia de specialitate din materialele trimise, care vor fi supuse procesului de peer review, ale cărui detalii pot fi consultate la http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/publicatii/01.htm Ghidul pentru autori se regăseşte pe website: http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/publicatii/01.htm Please send any mail or messages regarding this publication at: National Brukenthal Museum – Natural History Museum, Cetății street, no. 1, Sibiu, 550160. Phone number: 004/0269/217691, Fax 004/ 0269/ 211545. E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.brukenthalmuseum.ro The entire responsibility for the specialized information of the article’s content is to be assumed by the author; all materials will be submitted to a peer review process. The details can be found at http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/publicatii_en/01.htm. The guide for the authors can be found at: http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/publicatii_en/01.htm

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ZOOLOGY

Sergiu-Cornel TÖRÖK, Gabriela CUZEPAN, Butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera) hot spots in Sibiu County (Transylvania, Romania)............................................................................................................

469

Corina-Emilia JUDE, Sergiu-Cornel TÖRÖK, Daniela-Minodora ILIE, Diurnal Lepdioptera from Rapoltu Mare (Hunedoara County, Romania)........................................................................................

491

Daniel-Cătălin GHEOCA, Ana Maria BENEDEK, Ectoparasites prevalence on Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) in Transylvania……………………...................................................................................

503

Ioan TĂUȘAN, Temnothorax parvulus (Schenck, 1850) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Romania...... 511 Daniel Kazimir KURZELUK, Four new records for Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae) and the confirmation of its range in Romania.....................................

515

Dragomir-Cosmin DAVID, Robert Zoltan BALÁZS, New record for Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) in the northeast of the Gilăului Mountains (Romania).................................................................

523

Georgiana MĂRGINEAN, Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Racovița and surroundings (Făgăraș Depression, Transylvania)......................................................................................................................

529

BOTANY Ghizela VONICA, Mihaela SAVA, Morphological analysis and community patterns of Centaurea kotschyana Heuff. in the Romanian Carpathians.......................................................……………...........

537

Hunor FLAVIU-CRIȘAN, Annamaria FENESI, Barna PALL-GERGELY, The presence of the rare orchid Corallorhiza trifida (L.). Chatelain, at the Sugău-cave (Harghita County, Romania)...............

555

GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY Marioara COSTEA, Geomorphological information from theory to practice. An exercise of landforms recognition in Sibiu (Transylvania, Romania)…………………………………..….....…………

557

PALEONTOLOGY Zoltán CZIER, Taxonomic attribution of the Species Pterophyllum Pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, Em. Czier (Bennettitales) based on cuticular analysis and its presence on the Indo-European Palaeofloristic territory..........................................................................................................

567

Rodica CIOBANU, Nicolae TRIF, The Pycnodont Phacodus Dixon, 1850, in the late Eocene of the fossil area Turnu Roşu (Romania) .........................................................................................................

587

VARIA Rodica CIOBANU, A prominent representative of Germans in Romania – August Roman Roland Von Spiess von Braccioforte zu Portner und Hoflein (1864-1953..........................................................

601

Ioan TĂUȘAN, Ionuț Ștefan IORGU, In Memoriam Alexandru Ioan TATU......................................... 609 Zaharia NECULISEANU, Reply – Bacal et al. 2013............................................................................. 611

REVIEWERS FOR

BRUKENTHAL ACTA MUSEI IX.3

The Natural History Museum of Sibiu editorial board is deeply grateful to the following specialists who gave of their time to review manuscripts submitted in 2014, for publication in Brukenthal Acta Musei IX.3: BARTLETT Justin, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland, Australia BUCȘA Corneliu, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania CHACULA Oana, National Centre of Physical - Chemical and Biological Investigation, National Museum

of Romanian History, Bucharest, Romania CLEAL Christopher, National Museum Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom CSŐSZ Sándor, Ecology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary DEMETER László, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania DINCĂ Vlad, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada DRĂGULESCU Constantin, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania KRASSILOV Valentin, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel MAYO Ann, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, U.S.A. MURARIU Dumitru, Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, Romania SCHWIMMER David, Department of Earth & Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus,

U.S.A. STĂNESCU Mihai, Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, Romania SZEKELY Levente, Săcele (Brașov), Romania ZAPPI Iuri, Casalecchio di Reno (BO), Italy

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Butterfly (Insecta: Lepidoptera) hot spots in Sibiu County (Transylvania, Romania)

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BUTTERFLY (INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA) HOT SPOTS IN SIBIU COUNTY (TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA)

Sergiu-Cornel TÖRÖK* Gabriela CUZEPAN**

Abstract: In the present paper, we provide a first IUCN checklist of the butterfly species of Sibiu County. Using literature data, personal records and the collections deposited in the Natural History Museum from Sibiu, we have identified 102 red list species from which 25 species are protected by Romanian law. Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767), Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767), Pieris balcana (Lorkovic, 1970), Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766), Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779), Lycaena helle (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Leptidea juvernica (Williams, 1946), Phengaris rebeli (Hirschke, 1904), Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792), Erebia sudetica radnaensis (Rebel, 1915) and Hyponephele lycaon (Rottemburg, 1775) have very old or questionable records and their presence in Sibiu County requires confirmation. Dumbrava Sibiului and Guşteriţa are possible butterfly hot spots in the Sibiu County. These locations have the highest abundance of red list and protected species. Keywords: Lepidoptera, Threatened butterflies, IUCN, Distribution data, Sibiu County

Rezumat: În prezenta lucrare, autorii prezintă prima listă al fluturilor din Lista Roşie pentru judeţul Sibiu. Utilizându-se datele din bibliografie, colectări personale şi date nepublicate din colecţiile entomologice de la Muzeul de Istorie Naturală din Sibiu au fost identificate 102 specii de fluturi, dintre care 25 specii sunt protejate de lege. Datorită datelor vechi sau îndoielnice speciile Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767), Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767), Pieris balcana (Lorkovic, 1970), Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766), Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779), Lycaena helle (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Leptidea juvernica (Williams, 1946), Phengaris rebeli (Hirschke, 1904), Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792), Erebia sudetica radnaensis (Rebel, 1915) și Hyponephele lycaon (Rottemburg, 1775) necesită reconfimare, prezența lor in județul Sibiul fiind nesigură. Guşteriţa și Dumbrava Sibiului sunt posibile puncte roșii pentru fluturii din județul Sibiu. Aceste locații prezintă cea mai mare abundență de specii protejate și specii incluse în lista roșie. Cuvinte cheie: Lepidoptera, Specii protejate, UICN, Distribuție geografică, Judeţul Sibiu.

Introduction

Butterfly populations areconstantly declining (Van Swaay et al. 2011) and it is thus of high interest to intensify research directed at the discovery of new populations. In Europe, nearly 19% of the butterfly species are threatened at some level (Van Swaay et al. 2010a). Sibiu County contains some of the earliest information on butterflies in Romania (Székely 2008; Székely 2014), in 1850, Karl Fuss publishes the first Lepidoptera checklist of Transylvania (Fuss 1850) and lays the foundation, along with Michael Fuss, Eduard Bielz, L-udwig Neugeboren and other naturalists, of the Transylvanian Society for Natural Sciences (Siebenbürghische Verein für

*Independent researcher, [email protected] **Brukenthal National Museum, Natural History Museum, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected]

Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt) (Schneider, Stamp 1970).

Dr. Daniel Czekelius, an important member of the Transylvania Society for Natural Science and known for his contribution in studying the Lepidoptera fauna of Romania and especially of Transylvania, published the first complete catalogue for Transylvanian Lepidoptera (Czekelius 1897), and several new records in the 1900-1935 period (Székely 2014). Czekelius collaborated with many renowned entomologists, such as Hans Rebel, Ernö Csiki and Janos Vángel who collected butterflies from Făgăraş Mountains, Lotru Mountains, Cindrel Mountains and many other localities (Vángel 1905; Rebel 1908; Csiki 1909).

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Sergiu-Cornel Török, Gabriela Cuzepan

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After the Second World War, researchers and collectors such as Eugen Worell, Victor Weindel, Heinrich Hann von Hannenheim and Rolf Weyrauch enriched the lepidopterological data of Sibiu County (Worell 1951; Popescu-Gorj 1970; Schneider 1996; Székely 2014).

The collections of Frederich König, Ludovic Beregszászy, Nicolae Delvig and Adriano Ostrogovich hold scattered data from the same region (Popescu-Gorj 1964; König 1975; Ciochia Barbu 1980; Stănescu 1995).

More recently, the collections of László Rákosy and Eckbert Schneider provide important data (Schneider 1970; Rákosy et al. 1995; Schneider 1996).

Nowadays Sibiu County is been researched by Moise Cristina, who sampled specimens from Sibiel and Dumbrava Sibiului Nature Reserve (Stancă-Moise 2004a, b; Stancă-Moise 2005; Stancă-Moise 2006; Moise 2011a, b, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012).

The present paper provides exhaustive data on the butterfly species of Sibiu County (Rákosy et al. 2003), based on available literature, personal records and the entomological collections of the Natural History Museum from Sibiu. The Romanian red list statuses (Rákosy et al. 2003) have been included for all the species reported in Sibiu County.

Study area, material and methods

Our study area is Sibiu, a county located in the central part of Romania, covering 5575 km2 between 45°28’N to 46°17’N and 23°35’E to 24°57’E. In its southern part the Carpathian Mountains (Southern Carpathians), including Făgăraş, Lotru and Cindrel Mountains occupy over 30% of the county’s surface. The Transylvanian Depression occupies the north and central parts (Costea 2011).

We used both published and unpublished data; we found new data in the Entomological Collection of Natural History Museum from Sibiu. From here we studied three entomological collections: Eugen Worell - containing Lepidoptera collected from 1900 to 1938, Rolf Weyrauch,who collected specimens between 1949 and 1978, and Eckbert Schneider from 1947 to 1984 (Schneider 1996). The data gathered by the authors from 2007 to 2013 was also added.

We identified the butterfly species using several available keys: Niculescu (1961-1965) and

Tolman & Lewington (2008). We compiled the systematic list according to Rákosy et al. (2003) and Karsholt et al. (2013).

In the species list, we mention the species name, Red list status in Romania (Rákosy et al. 2003) and Europe (Van Swaay et al. 2010b), degree of protection in accordance with Romanian law and EU Habitats and Species Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC). We provide separately the published and new records.

Abbreviations used in the text: Mt. – Mountain, Mts – Mountains, Coll. Schneider - Eckbert Schneider entomogical collection; Coll. Worell - Eugen Worell entomological collection; Coll. Weyrauch - Rolf Weyrauch entomological collection; Coll. Török - Török Sergiu Lepidoptera collection; NT - Near threatened; VU – Vulnerable; DD - Data deficient; EN – Endangered; CR – Critically Endangered; ER – Erratic. The authors identified 99 butterfly sites that are shown in Tabel 1 (codes used in Fig. 1).

Results

Suprafamily Hesperioidea Family Hesperiidae

Carcharodus floccifera (Zeller, 1847)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sura Mică (Czekelius 1908), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a).

Spialia sertorius Hoffmannsegg, 1804

The status of the species in Romania: DD. Published records: Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2003; Székely 2008; Stancă-Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012) - questionable records, this species does not live in Romania, is substituted by Spialia orbifer (Hübner, 1823) (Székely 2008; Rákosy 2013).

Pyrgus carthami (Hübner, 1813)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Guşteriţa, Zakel Hill (Schneider 2003)

Pyrgus cacaliae (Rambur, 1839)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. Published records: Bâlea Lake (Rákosy 1995), Făgăraş Mts. (Bâlea Lake) (Székely 2008).

Pyrgus sidae (Esper, 1784)


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The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Guşteriţa (Dealul Redină) (Schneider 1970), Şura Mare (Székely 2008), Mediaş (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Şeica Mare, Padina Goală (Sibiu) (Coll. Schneider).

Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania it is considered taxon of national interest according to the Annex 4B of the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007. Published records: Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Şeica Mare, Valea Lungă (Coll. Schneider).

Thymelicus acteon (Rottemburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava (Stancă-Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012) - questionable records, require confirmations, this species needs xerothermic, but often mild to moderate dense and higher growing grasslands, on chernozemic or limestone soils, rich in scrubs, habitats which are not encountered in Dumbrava Sibiului forest (Schneider-Binder 1971, 1973, 1976; Rákosy 2013).

Suprafamily Papilionoidea

Family Papilionidae

Zerynthia polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) The status of the species in Romania: EN. This taxon is also considered a species of community interest according to Annex 4A of the Government Emergency Ordinance 57/2007. Published records: Sibiu, Bungart (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa (Worell 1951), Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Sibiu, Șelimbăr, Bungart (Székely 2008), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d). Unpublished records: Guşteriţa (Coll. Schneider).

Parnassius mnemosyne Linnaeus, 1758

The status of the species in Romania: NT. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according 4A Annex of Emergency Ordinance of Romanian Government 57/2007. Published records: Măgura Cisnădiei, Şanta (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu (Lazaret, Leului Hill), Cisnădiei (Csiki 1909), Mediaş, Sibiu (Czekelius

1936), Cindrel Mts. (Niculescu 1961), Măgura Cisnădiei, Ocna Sibiului (Schneider 1984), Măgura Cisnădiei, Podragu, Guşteriţa (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d), Chica Fedeleşului peak, Suru Mt., Poiana Neamţului, Şeica Mare (Făgăraş Mts.), Măgura Cisnădiei, Sadu River, Şteaza Valley, Tălmaciu, Ocna Sibiului, Guşteriţa (Török, Cuzepan 2012).

Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Ocna Sibiului, Guşteriţa, Hosman (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill, Cisnădie, Şura Mică (Schneider 1984), Şura Mică (Schneider 2003), Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise, 2006; Stancă-Moise, 2011a, b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Moşna, Şura Mare, Ruşciori, Guşteriţa, Podu Olt, Orlat (Coll. Schneider).

Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758

The status of the species in Romania: EN. Published records: Sibiu, Hosman (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu (Czekelius 1917), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m) (Rákosy 1995), Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Padina Goală (Sibiu), Măgura Cisnădiei (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2006; Moise, 2011 a, b, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Zakel Hill, Tălmaciu, Sadu, Boiţa, Vestem, Sibiu, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Moşna, Guşteriţa, Podu Olt, Ruscior Meadow, Roşia (Coll. Schneider).

Family Pieridae

Leptidea morsei major (Grund, 1907) The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania, law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annexes 3 and 4A) protects this taxon. Published records: Slimnic (Stănescu 1995), Slimnic, Sibiu, Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava (Moise, 2011b, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012).

Leptidea juvernica (Williams, 1946)

The status of the species in Romania: DD. It should be noted that this species was until recently confounded with Leptidea reali (Reissinger, 1989). However, recent molecular studies indicate that L. reali is restricted to south-


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western Europe (Spain, southern France and Italy) and it is replaced by L. juvernica in the rest of the western Palaearctic, including in Romania (Dincă et al. 2011; Dincă et al. 2013). Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012 – published as Leptidea reali).

Pieris bryoniae (Moucha, 1956)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Muncel Sheepfold (Czekelius 1897), Păltiniş (Rebel 1908), Făgăraşului Mts. (Bâlea) (Worell 1951), Bătrâna Mt. (Schneider 1984), Podragu (Schneider 2003), Făgăraşului Mts. (Bâlea) (Székely 2008), Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, Sand 2012) - dubious record, this species inhabits mountain and subalpine meadows and pastures, clearings in the mountain forest and other areas with Rhododendron kotschyi Simonkai. (Rákosy 2013), Dumbrava Sibiului does not contain this type of habitats (Schneider-Binder 1971, 1973, 1976). Unpublished records: Făgăraşului Mts. (Bâlea) (Coll. Weyrauch).

Pieris balcana (Lorkovic, 1970)

The status of the species in Romania: DD. Published records: Sibiu (Eitschberger, 1984a; Eitschberger, 1984b; Székely, 2008).

Colias erate (Esper, 1805)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava (Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise, 2012 - questionable record – according to Székely (2004) the species is extinct in southern Transylvania for over 10 years).

Colias myrmidone (Esper, 1805)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annexes 3 and 4A). Published records: Sibiu, Cisnădioara (Czekelius 1897) Sibiu, Guşteriţa (König 1975), Cisnădioara, Dumbrava Sibiului, Guşteriţa Hill, Şura Mica (Schneider 1984), Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a, b, d; Sand 2012; Moise, 2012) - questionable record, the species is extinct in southern Transylvania for over 20 years (Székely 2004).

Colias chrysotheme (Esper, 1781)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according

to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Zakel Hill (Worell 1951), Sibiu, Şura Mare (König 1975), Slimnic (Ciochia, Barbu 1980), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Slimnic, Zakel Hill, Târnava Mare Valley, Mediaş (Toma`s Hill) (Schneider 1970), Slimnic (Stănescu 1995), Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Sibiu (Stănescu 1995), Dumbrava (Stancă-Moise, 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012) - dubious records, this species prefers open grassy slopes with a rich variety of low plants (Rákosy 2013), this habitats are not encountered in this location (Schneider-Binder, 1971, 1973, 1976). Unpublished records: Axente Sever, Boarţa, Zakel Hill, Şeica Mare, Slimnic (Coll. Schneider).

Colias alfacariensis (Ribbe, 1905)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiel (Stancă-Moise 2004a), Dumbrava (Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). New records: Mediaş (Coll. Török).

Family Lycaenidae

Lycaena dispar rutila (Werneburg, 1864) The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 3 and 4A). Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Ocna Sibiului (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa (Worell 1951), Sibiu, Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984), Sibiu (Burnaz 1993), Bungard, Tălmaciu, Cisnădie, Haşag (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011b, c, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Ocna Sibiului, Zakel Hill, Rusciori, Ruscior Meadow, Şura Mică, Hamba (Coll. Schneider).

Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Sibiu Vineyards (Czekelius 1897), Lotrioara Valley (Csiki 1909), Sibiu, Bazna (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Dumbrava, Cisnădie (Schneider 1984), Fratelui Valley (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Gherdeal, Şeica Mare, Şura Mare, Fratelui Valley (Coll. Schneider).

Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761)

The status of the species in Romania: NT.


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Published records: Făgăraş Mts. (Bâlea Waterfall) (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Cisnădioara, Măgura Cisnădiei, Şura Mică (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava (Stănescu 1995), Bâlea Waterfall (Rákosy 1995), Guşteriţa Hill, Păltiniş, Şura Mică, Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu), Hamba, Podu Olt, Ruscior Meadow, Măgura Boiţei, Zakel Hill (Coll. Schneider).

Lycaena helle (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: CR. Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d) - uncertain record, Dumbrava Sibiului forest does not include suitable habitats for this species (Schneider-Binder, 1971, 1973, 1976), namely damp meadows with Polygonum bistorta or clearings surrounded by hygrophilous oak species, habitats with a mosaic structure (Rákosy 2013; Craioveanu et al. 2014).

Lycaena alciphron (Rottenburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Cristian (Czekelius 1908), Cristian (Czekelius 1917), Lotrioara Valley, Pasul Turnu Roşu (Schneider 1984), Fratelui Valley (Schneider 2003).

Lycaena thersamon (Esper, 1784)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Guşteriţa (Worell 1951), Mediaş (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012).

Thecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Sibiului Vineyards, Şura Mică, Şelimbăr (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Dumbrava (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Sibiu, Cisnădioara, Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa, Guşteriţa Hill, Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Zakel Hill, Guşteriţa Hill, Şura Mare, Hamba (Coll. Schneider).

Favonius quercus (Linnaeus 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Şura Mică (Czekelius 1917), Dealul Guşteriţa (Worell 1951), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984), Fratelui Valley, Schreyer Mill (Schneider 2003), Mediaş (Török 2010), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a, c). Unpublished records: Podu Olt, Agârbiciu (Coll. Schneider).

Satyrium pruni (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu (Czekelius 1897), Cristian (Czekelius 1917), Sibiu, Dumbrava (Schneider 1984), Mediaş (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011a; Moise, 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012). Unpublished records: Gherdeal, Roşia (Coll. Schneider).

Satyrium spini (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Ocna Sibiului (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa, Dumbrava, Ocna Sibiului (Schneider 1984), Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a). Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu), Podu Olt (Coll. Schneider).

Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984). Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787) The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Poplaca, Răşinari, Ocna Sibiului (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Dumbrava (Schneider 1984), Movila Turcului (Sibiu), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a). Unpublished records: Şura Mare, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Valea Lungă (Coll. Schneider).

Satyrium w-album (Knoch, 1782)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Ocna Sibiului (Worell 1951), Fratelui Valley (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Poiana Neamţ (Coll. Schneider). New records: Lotrioara Valley (Coll. Török).

Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)

The status of the species in Romania: ER. Published records: Sibiu (Czekelius 1900).

Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767)

The status of the species in Romania: ER. Published records: Cisnădioara (Czekelius, 1922; Székely, 2008).

Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Guşteriţa (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa (Worell 1951), Guşteriţa, Târnăvioara, Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Şura Mare


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(Burnaz 1993), Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Vecerd, Şeica Mare, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Tălmaciu, Movile, Podu Olt (Coll. Schneider).

Cupido osiris (Meigen, 1829)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Guşteriţa Hill (Worell 1951), Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill, Zakel Hill, Fratelui Valley, Guşteriţa (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Guşteriţa, Hamba (Coll. Schneider).

Cupido decolorata (Staudinger, 1886)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Şura Mică (Czekelius 1917), Guşteriţa, Dumbrava Sibiului, Cisnadioara (Schneider 1984), Sibiu, Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu), Guşteriţa, Mihăileni, Orlat, Şura Mare, Valea Guşteriţei, Bradu, Şeica Mare (Coll. Schneider).

Cupido alcetas (Hoffmannsegg, 1804)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Unpublished records: Ruscior Meadow, Agârbiciu (Coll. Schneider).

Pseudophilotes bavius hungaricus (Dioszeghy, 1913)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annexes 3 and 4A). Published records: Vălari Hill (Cindrel Mts.) (Czekelius 1897), Zakel Hill (Worell 1951), Zakel Hill (Schneider 1970). Unpublished records: Zakel Hill (Coll. Weyrauch).

Pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri (Hemming, 1929)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Guşteriţa (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Dumbrava (Worell 1951), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Apoldu de Sus (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010).

Unpublished records: Zakel Hill, Guşteriţa Hill, Şura Mare, Vecerd, Şeica Mare, Micăsasa, Slimnic (Sârba Valley) (Coll. Schneider).

Scolitantides orion lariana (Fruhstorfer, 1910)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Pasul Turnu Roşu (Czekelius 1897), Fratelui Valley (Schneider 2003), Pasul Turnu Roşu (Székely 2008).

Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4A). Published records: Şteaza River, Cisnădioara (Czekelius 1897), Cisnădioara (Worell 1951), Prejba Mt., Păltiniş, Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Fratelui Valley, Măgura Cisnădiei (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d).

Phengaris alcon (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa (Czekelius 1917), Dumbrava (Worell 1951; Moise 2011c, d). Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu) (Coll. Schneider).

Phengaris rebeli (Hirschke, 1904)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. According to Fric et al. (2007) this species and Phengaris alcon cannot be genetically separated and should be treated as one species, Rákosy (2013) and Tartally et al. (2014) state that in Transylvania lives another taxon with a different phenology and ethology and this two species can not be synonymized, in conclusion the status of the species remains controversial. Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012) - questionable record, requires confirmation.

Phengaris teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 3 and 4A). Published records: Cisnădioara (Worell 1951), Cisnădioara, Sibiu Vineyards, Cisnădie (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011b, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012) -


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questionable records, Dumbrava Sibiului area is unsuitable for this species (Schneider-Binder, 1971, 1973, 1976). Unpublished records: Bungard, Ruscior Meadow, Şeica Mare, Zakel Hill (Coll. Schneider).

Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779)

The status of the species in Romania: CR. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 3, 4A). Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012) -questionable records, Dumbrava Sibiului does not have suitable habitats for this species (Schneider-Binder, 1971, 1973, 1976). Unpublished records: Zakel Hill (Coll. Schneider). New records: Şuvara Saşilor (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Eumedonia eumedon (Esper, 1784)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Sibiu (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu (Czekelius 1908), Sibiu (Székely 2008), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d). Unpublished records: Ruscior Meadow (Coll. Schneider).

Aricia artaxerses (Fabricius, 1793)

The status of the species in Romania: DD. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Cisnădioara, Steaza Valley (Schneider 1984).

Polyommatus dorylas (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa (Worell 1951). Unpublished records: Movile (Coll. Schneider).

Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011b, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012) - doubtful records, even dough P. amandus distribution occupies almost the entire Romanian territory, some of the reported Transylvania popullations have gone extinct (Dincă, Vila 2008;

Goia, Dincă 2008; Székely 2004), and the latest records from Transylvania are over 15 years old.

Polyommatus thersites (Cantener, 1835)

The status of the species in Romania: DD. Published records: Guşteriţa, Cisnădioara, Târnăvioara (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise, 2012). Unpublished records: Şura Mare, Agnita, Agârbiciu, Orlat (Cetate), Padina Goală (Sibiu), Micăsasa, Guşteriţa (Fântâna Rece), Movile, Moşna (Coll. Schneider).

Polyommatus daphnis (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Guşteriţa Hill (Worell 1951), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Mediaş (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Hamba, Guşteriţa Hill, Şeica Mare, Moşna, Padina Goală (Sibiu) (Coll. Schneider).

Lysandra bellargus (Rottemburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa Hill (Worell 1951), Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill, Bungard, Zakel Hill (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu), Guşteriţa (Coll. Schneider).

Lysandra coridon (Poda, 1761)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Sibiu Vineyards (Czekelius 1897), Guşteriţa Hill (Worell 1951), Cisnădioara, Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Sibiu (Burnaz 1993), Obreja Hill, Fratelui Valley, Guşteriţa, Măgura Cisnădiei (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Sibiu, Moşna, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Hamba, Agnita, Guşteriţa, Agârbiciu (Coll. Schneider).

Family Nymphalidae

Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT.

Published records: Cibin (Czekelius 1908), Făgăraş Mts. (Vángel 1905), Lotrioara Valley (Csiki 1909), Sibiu, Dumbrava (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Cisnădioara, Măgura Cisnădiei (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m) (Rákosy 1995), Obreja Hill, Păltiniş, Măgura Cisnădiei, Dumbrava (Schneider 2003), Mediaş,


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Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Sibiu, Agnita, Lotrioara, Laiţa Valley, Sibiel, Hamba (Coll. Schneider). New records: Gâtul Berbecului (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Zakel Hill (Worell 1951), Guşteriţa, Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava Sibiului (Schneider 2003; Stancă-Moise 2005).

Argynnis adippe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Cisnădioara (Czekelius 1908), Cisnădioara, Şura Mică (Czekelius 1917), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill, Măgura Cisnădiei, Cisnădie (Schneider 1984), Bazna (Burnaz 1993), Guşteriţa, Păltiniş, Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, 2012). Unpublished records: Şura Mare (Şerbuţa) (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa, Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Argynnis laodice (Pallas, 1771)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Guşteriţa (Worell 1951), Sibiu, Guşteriţa, Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984), Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava (Moise 2011d). New records: Piscul Cioru (Sebeşul de Sus) (Coll. Török).

Brenthis ino (Rottemburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: VU Published records: Sibiu, Păltiniş (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010).

Brenthis daphne (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Paltin (Schneider 1984), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Fratelui Valley (Coll. Schneider). New records: Râul Sadului, Piscul Cioru (Sebeşul de Sus) (Coll. Török).

Brenthis hecate (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: VU Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 2003), Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Şura Mare, Şeica Mare, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Gherdeal, Guşteriţa, Valea Lungă, Agârbiciu, Buia (Coll. Schneider).

Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Măgura Cisnădiei, Guşteriţa Hill, Şura Mică (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill, Şura Mică, Guşteriţa (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b; Moise, Sand 2012).

Boloria selene (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Cisnădioara, Guşteriţa, Şura Mică (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill, Bungard, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa (Schneider 2003), Şura Mare (Şerbota Valley), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise 2011a; Moise, Sand 2012). Unpublished records: Rusciori, Zakel Hill, Gherdeal, Cisnădie (Ursu Valley), Ruscior Meadow, Porumbacu Valley, Hamba, Broşteni, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Axente Sever, Porumbacu (Glăjărie), Podu Olt (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa, Mârşa, Suru Shelter (Făgăraş Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Boloria pales carpathomeridionalis (Crosson & Popescu Gorj, 1963)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Podragu Lake (Făgăraş Mts.) (Czekelius 1906), Podragu Lake, Bâlea Lake (Czekelius 1908), Bâlea Lake (Niculescu 1965), Suru Mts. (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Lake, Capra Peak (2350 m) (Rákosy 1995), Făgăraş Mts. (Burnaz, 2008), Chica Pietrelor (1400 m) (Schneider 2003), Bâlea Lake (Făgăraş Mts.) (Székely 2008).

Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Şanta River (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu (Czekelius 1908), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa, Cisnădioara, Măgura Cisnădiei, Cisnădie, Valea Sadului, Păltiniş (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m), Bâlea Waterfall (Rákosy 1995), Cisnădie, Fratelui Valley, Tălmaciu, Păltiniş, Guşteriţa, Măgura Cisnădiei (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise


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2005; Moise, 2011a, 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Rusciori, Hamba, Guşteriţa Hill, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Cisnădie, Tocile Valley (Coll. Schneider). New records: Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.), Lotrioarei Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Făgăraş Mts. (Vángel 1905), Cârţişoara, Pasul Turnu Roşu (Czekelius 1917), Mediaş (Train station) (Ciochia, Barbu 1980), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Şevisului Valley, Paltin (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa, Cisnădie, Fratelui Valley, Zakel Hill (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Poiana Neamţ, Slimnic, Porumbacu (Glăjărie), Padina Goală (Sibiu), Veştem (Coll. Schneider).

Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Guşteriţa, Şanta (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Păltiniş, Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984), Sibiu (Burnaz 1993), Bâlea Waterfall (Rákosy 1995), Păltiniş (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Sibiu (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa, Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.), Şmig (Coll. Török).

Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Sibiu Vineyards (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Guşteriţa, Dumbrava, Păltiniş (Schneider 1984), Sibiu (Schneider 2003), Mediaş (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Sibiu (Coll. Schneider). Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper, 1781) The status of the species in Romania: CR. Published records: Sibiu (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Dumbrava Sibiului (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, d).

Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: CR. In Romania, this taxon is protected and included in Annexes 3 and 4A according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007. Published records: Măgura Cisnădiei, Păltiniş (Schneider 1984), Păltiniş (Schneider 2003),

Dumbrava (Moise 2011d) - questionable record, we encounter N. vaualbum only in Banat, Apuseni Mts. and in the Eastern Carpathians, so the presence of the species in Dumbrava Sibiului is very doubtful, being probably a case of erroneous identification (Rákosy2013; Szèkely2008).

Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annexes 3 and 4A). Published records: Sibiu, Cisnădie, Cisnădioara (Czekelius 1897), Dumbrava Sibiului (Székely, 2008; Moise, 2011d). Unpublished records: Gherdeal (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa (Coll. Török).

Euphydryas maturna (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 3 and 4A). Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d). Unpublished records: Broşteni (Coll. Schneider). New records: Curciu (Coll. Török).

Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Târnăvioara, Şura Mică (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Şura Mare, Guşteriţa (Fântâna Rece), Slimnic, Roşia, Broşteni, Axente Sever, Guşteriţa Hill, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Hosman (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa (Coll. Török).

Melitaea phoebe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Sibiu (Czekelius 1917), Zakel Hill, Cisnădioara, Ocna Sibiului, Guşteriţa (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Guşteriţa, Axente Sever, Sibiu Vineyards, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Şura Mare, Gherdeal, Guşteriţa Hill, Broşteni, Podu Olt, Fratelui Valley, Hamba (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa, Vâlcelele Stream (Racoviţa), Şuvara Saşilor (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Melitaea trivia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)


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The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Guşteriţa Hill, Guşteriţa, Târnăvioara, Tălmaciu (Cetate) (Schneider 1984), Mediaş (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Şura Mare, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Guşteriţa Valley, Orlat, Veştem, Slimnic (Sârba Valley), Sibiel Valley, Axente Sever (Coll. Schneider).

Melitaea aurelia Nickerl, 1850

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Dumbrava, Şura Mică (Czekelius 1908), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa, Sibiu Vineyards, Cisnădioara (Catrinei Forest), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill, Ocna Sibiului (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010). Unpublished records: Şeica Mare, Ruscior Meadow, Guşteriţa Hill, Roşia, Şura Mare, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Gherdeal, Guşteriţa, Valea Lungă, Axente Sever, Moşna, Şerbuţa Valley (Coll. Schneider). New records: Hume (Racoviţa) (Coll. Török).

Melitaea britomartis (Assman, 1847)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010). New records: Şuvara Saşilor (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Dumbrava, Pasul Turnu Roşu (Czekelius 1908), Sibiu, Dumbrava (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill, Măgura Cisnădiei, Guşteriţa, Şura Mică, Cisnădioara (Catrinei Forest) (Schneider 1984), Cisnădie, Apoldu de Sus, Tălmaciu, Guşteriţa, Dumbrava Sibiului (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Poplaca, Guşteriţa, Mohu, Padina Goală (Sibiu), Hamba (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa, Hume (Racoviţa) (Coll. Török).

Limenitis populi (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Cindrel Mts. (Niculescu 1965), Sibiu, Dumbrava (Schneider 1984), Şteza Valley, Guşteriţa (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012).

Limenitis camilla (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Şteaza River (Czekelius 1897). New records: Lotrioarei Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annex 4B). Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa, Bradu, Răşinari, Lotrioara Valley (Czekelius 1897), Păltiniş (Czekelius 1917), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill, Şura Mică (Schneider 1984), Tălmaciu, Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise 2011c, d). Unpublished records: Şeica Mare, Veştem (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa (Coll. Török).

Neptis rivularis (Scopoli, 1763)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu (Lazaret, Leului Hill) (Csiki 1909), Sibiu, Lunca Măcelarilor, Surul Mt. (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m) (Rákosy 1995), Sibiu, Şteza Valley (Curmătura) (Schneider 2003), Mediaş (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005; Moise 2011b; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Laiţa Valley, Sibiel, Arpăşel Valley, Sibiu (Coll. Schneider). New records: Gâtul Berbecului (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu (Czekelius 1908), Sibiu, Păltiniş, Sălişte (Niculescu 1965), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m) (Rákosy 1995), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005), Mediaş (Török 2010), Dumbrava (Moise 2011a). Unpublished records: Guşteriţa, Padina Goală (Sibiu) (Coll. Schneider). New records: Racoviţa, Gâtul Berbecului (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Păltiniş, Şteaza River (Czekelius 1897), Negoiu Peak (Vángel, 1905), Lotrioara Valley (Csiki 1909), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Măgura Cisnădiei, Ursu Valley, Păltiniş (Schneider 1984), Sadu River (Burnaz


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1993), Păltiniş, Măgura Cisnădiei, Fratelui Valley (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Stancă-Moise 2005), Dumbrava (Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012). Unpublished records: Şeica Mare, Păltiniş, Laiţa Valley (Coll. Schneider). New records: Gâtul Berbecului (Sadu Valley), Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.), Lotrioarei Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. This taxon is also considered a species of community interest according to Annex 4A of the Government Emergency Ordinance 57/2007. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Făgăraş Mts. (Vángel 1905), Sibiu, Guşteriţa Hill, Dumbrava Sibiului, Pasul Turnu Roşu (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava (Schneider, 2003; Moise, 2011a, c, d). Unpublished records: Fratelui Valley, Guşteriţa Hill, Şeica Mare, Şura Mică (Coll. Schneider). New records: Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava, Ocna Sibiului (Czekelius 1897), Ocna Sibiului, Cisnădioara, Guşteriţa, Dumbrava Sibiului, Ursu Hill, Obreja Hill, Şevisului Valley (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa Hill, Fratelui Valley, Bungard, Zakel Hill (Schneider 2003), Mediaş, Curciu (Török 2010), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011a, b, c; Moise, Sand 2012). Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu), Zakel Hill, Şura Mare, Guşteriţa (Poligon), Valea Lungă, Ruscior Meadow, Slimnic (Valea Sarba), Movile, Sibiu Vineyards, Ruşi (Coll. Schneider).

Erebia ligea nikostrate Fruhstorfer, 1909

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Şteaza River, Şanta Valley (Czekelius 1897), Lotrioara Valley (Csiki 1909), Sibiu, Păltiniş (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Sadu River (Burnaz 1993), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m) (Rákosy 1995), Păltiniş, Măgura Cisnădiei, Podragu (2100 m), Şteaza River (Curmătura) (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Fratelui Valley, Cisnădie (Ursu Hill), Sibiel, Poiana Neamţ, Lotrioara (Coll. Schneider), Sadu, Păltiniş, Bâlea, Măgura Cisnădiei (Coll. Worell). New records: Gâtul Berbecului (Sadu Valley), Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Erebia euryale syrmia (Fruhstorfer, 1918)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Păltiniş, Şanta Valley (Czekelius 1897) Făgăraş Mts., Negoiu Stream (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Păltiniş, Cindrel Mts., Rozdeşti Mt., Negovanu Mt., Ursu Hill, Cisnădioara, Bâlea, Surul Mt. (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Hotel (1200 m), Bâlea Waterfall, Bâlea Lake (Rákosy 1995), Păltiniş, Tariţa (2100 m), Suru Stream, Chica Pietrelor (1400 m) (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d). Unpublished records: Păltiniş, Negoiu Mt. (Coll. Weyrauch), Bâlea (Coll. Worell), Piscul Bâlii (Făgăraş Mts.), Sadu Valley, Păltiniş, Arpăşel Valley, Porumbacu Valley (Coll. Schneider). New records: Cânaia Shelter (Cindrel Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Erebia manto trajanus Hormuzachi, 1895

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Vârtopu Peak (Czekelius 1908), Vârtopu Peak (Făgăraş Mts.) (Czekelius 1917).

Erebia epiphron transsylvanica (Rebel,1908)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Bâlea, Vârtopu Peak, Podragu (Czekelius 1908), Făgăraş Mts., Negoiu Stream, Scara Mt. (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Negoiu (König 1975), Bâlea Lake, Capra Peak (2350 m) (Rákosy 1995), Bâlea (1400 m), Tariţa (2100 m), Chica Pietrelor (1400 m) (Schneider 2003), Făgăraş Mts. (Negoiu) (Székely 2008), Ionel-Fedeleş Valley, Arpăşel Valley, Lotru Mts. (Török, Cuzepan 2013).

Erebia sudetica radnaensis (Rebel,1915)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania this taxon is protected by law according to the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007 (Annexes 4A and 4B). Published records: Făgăraş Mts. (Cuvelier, Dincă 2007; Székely 2008).

Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Şteaza River (Czekelius 1897), Obreja Hill, Păltiniş, Măgura Cisnădiei, Fratelui Valley, Dumbrava (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011a, c, d; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012). Unpublished records: Lotrioara, Podu Olt, Sibiel, Răşinari (Şteza Valley), Sadu Valley (750 m), Sibiu, Ionel-Fedeleş Valley (Făgăraş Mts.), Porumbacu Valley, Sibiu, Dumbrava, Pasul Turnu Roşu (Coll. Schneider), Fratelui Valley, Negoiu,


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Surul Mt. (Coll. Weyrauch), Sibiu, Obreja Hill (Coll. Worell). New records: Gâtul Berbecului (Sadu Valley); Căprăreţ Valley (Lotru Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Erebia medusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Cindrel Mts., Onceşti Mt. (Czekelius 1897), Făgăraş Mts., Fedeleş (Popescu-Gorj 1964), Păltiniş (Muncel Sheepfold), Şura Mică, Măgura Boiţei (Schneider 1984), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise, 2011d; Moise, 2012). Unpublished records: Agnita, Gherdeal, Guşteriţa (Fântâna Rece, Poligon), Sadu Valley, Roşia, Poiana Neamţ, Podu Olt, Hamba (Coll. Schneider), Negoiu, Obreja Hill, Surul Mt. (Coll. Weyrauch). New records: Racoviţa, Brazi (Racoviţa), Suru Shelter (Făgăraş Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Erebia gorge fredericikoenigi (Varga, 1999)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. In Romania, it is considered a taxon of national interest according to the Annex 4B of the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007. Published records: Făgăraş Mts., Bâlea (Czekelius 1906), Bâlea (Czekelius 1908), Chica Fedeleşului (Czekelius 1917), Negoiu (König 1975), Surul Mt. (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Lake, Capra Peak (2350 m) (Rákosy 1995), Făgăraş Mts. (Negoiu), Făgăraş Mts. (Burnaz 2008), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d) - dubious record, this species inhabits steep slopes with stones and open soil and rocky slopes, preferring limestone soils (Rákosy 2013), it can not live in this area (Schneider-Binder, 1971, 1973, 1976)).

Eebia pandrose cibinica (Dannehl, 1927)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Făgăraş Mts., Paltinu Peak (Ciochia, Barbu 1980), Cindrel Mt., Beşineu Mt., Bătrâna Mt., Surul Mt. (Schneider 1984), Bâlea Lake, Capra Peak (2350 m) (Rákosy 1995), Podragu (Schneider 2003), Păltiniş, Bărcaciu, Făgăraş Mts. (Bâlea) (Török, Cuzepan 2013). New records: Cânaia Shelter (Cindrel Mts.) (Coll. Török).

Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Dumbrava (Czekelius 1897), Făgăraş Mts. (Vángel 1905), Cisnădioara, Guşteriţa Hill, Guşteriţa (Schneider 1984), Obreja Hill, Fratelui Valley (Schneider 2003), Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011b, c; Moise, Sand 2012; Moise 2012).

Unpublished records: Padina Goală (Sibiu), Şeica Mare, Sibiel, Şura Mare, Agnita, Şoala, Podu Olt, Zakel Hill (Coll. Schneider). New records: Piscul Cioru (Sebeşul de Sus), Şuvara Saşilor (Sadu Valley) (Coll. Török).

Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Tălmaciu (Czekelius 1897), Cisnădioara (Schneider 1984) and Tălmaciu (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Podu Olt, Pasul Turnu Roşu (Coll. Schneider).

Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus 1758)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Sibiu Vineyards (Czekelius 1897), Arpaşul de Sus (Csiki 1909) Ocna Sibiului, Şanta (Czekelius 1917), Sibiu, Dumbrava, Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984), Guşteriţa, Zakel Hill, Măgura Cisnădiei, Dumbrava (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Moşna, Şoala, Rusciori, Zakel Hill (Coll. Schneider).

Hipparchia statilinus (Hufnagel, 1766)

The status of the species in Romania: VU. Published records: Făgăraş Mts. (Vángel 1905 – questionable historical record!).

Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. In Romania it is considered a taxon of national interest according to the Annex 4B of the Government Emergency Ordinance Nr. 57/2007. Published records: Sibiu (Székely 2008) - questionable historical record.

Chazara briseis (Linnaeus, 1764)

The status of the species in Romania: NT. Published records: Sibiu, Ocna Sibiului (Czekelius 1897), Sibiu, Şura Mare (König 1975), Guşteriţa Hill (Schneider 1984) and Zakel Hill (Schneider 2003). Unpublished records: Zakel Hill (Coll. Schneider).

Hyponephele lycaon (Rottemburg, 1775)

The status of the species in Romania: EN. Published records: Dumbrava Sibiului (Moise 2011d) - dubious record, Hyponephele lycaon inhabits sandy grasslands, rocky slopes, steep mountain slopes with steppe-like clearings with south exposure (Rákosy 2013), this habitats are not ecountered in this area (Schneider-Binder,


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1971; Schneider-Binder, 1973; Schneider-Binder, 1976).

Discussion

We identified 102 butterfly species reported from Sibiu County, belonging to five Lepidoptera families.

Concerning the threatened species (Rákosy et al. 2003), we found 19 listed as CR (critically endangered) and EN (endangered) (Fig. 2). Remarkable is the presence of the critically endangered species Phengaris nausithous, Lycaena helle, Nymphalis xanthomelas and Nymphalis vaualbum.

The populations of Nymphalis xanthomelas, N. vaualbum, Phengaris nausithous and Lycaena helle, are very important from a conservation point of view and further research aimed at assessing their status in Sibiu county is much needed. This is particularly relevant since these species are in a constant state of decline due to habitat degradation and climate warming (Van Swaay, Warren 1999; Van Swaay et al., 2010; Moise, 2011; Rákosy, 2013; Craioveanu et al., 2014). Lycaena helle from Dumbrava Sibiului forest is probably a case of misidentification, it prefers “damp forested habitats with a mosaic structure alternating between open spaces and more densely forested areas” (Craioveanu et al. 2014), types of habitats which are not present in this area (Schneider-Binder, 1971; Schneider-Binder, 1973; Schneider-Binder, 1976).

In addition, in Sibiu County, we found 6 DD (Data deficient) taxon, 41 NT (Near threatened), 34 VU (Vulnerable) and 2 Erratic (ER) species (Fig. 2).

Several species need confirmation due to out-dated, ambiguous records or they have deficiency data.

Five species from Sibiu county butterfly checklist have very old sampling dates that need confirmation. This is the case of Leptotes pirithous, Lampides boeticus, Pieris balcana, Arethusana arethusa, Erebia manto trajanus and Hipparchia statilinus.

Seven butterfly species were recorded from only one locality; in this category, we include the taxon: Satyrium ilicis, Leptidea juvernica, Maculinea rebeli, Polyommatus amandus, Erebia sudetica radnaensis, Erebia manto trajanus and Hyponephele lycaon, which also need confirmation.

Thymelicus acteon, Spialia sertorius, Pieris bryoniae, C. chrysotheme, C. erate, Phengaris nausithous, P. rebeli, P. teleius, Hyponephele lycaon, Erebia gorge fredericikoenigi recorded from Dumbrava Sibiului forest can be included in the ambiguous record category, in this area they can’t encounter the required habitats (Rákosy, 2013; Szèkely, 2008; Schneider-Binder, 1971; Schneider-Binder, 1973; Schneider-Binder, 1976).

Colias myrmidone, C. chrysotheme, Polyommatus amandus and Nymphalis vaualbum popullation are extinct from southern Transylvania for more than 10 years (Székely, 2004; Dincă, Vila 2008; Goia, Dincă 2008), their occurrence in Dumbrava Sibiului it is improbable.

A species which might be present in Sibiu County is Erebia oeme (Hübner, 1804), captured near county’s limit, at Capra chalet (Argeş County) (Rákosy et al. 2011).

Several species are also included in Habitat Directive annexes, and protected by the Romanian laws according to the Emergency Ordinance annexes of the Government no 57/2007 approved by Law number 49/2011.

Species of plants and animals whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of protection and avifaunistic protection areas (Annex no. 3), in this category are incorporated nine species: Phengaris teleius, P. nausithous, Pseudophilotes bavius, Euphydryas aurinia, Euphydryas maturna, Colias myrmidone, Lycaene helle, Lycaena dispar rutila and Nymphalis vaualbum.

Species of community interest, such as Zerynthia polyxena, Pseudophilotes bavius, Phengaris teleius, P. nausithous, P. alcon, Erebia sudetica radnaensis, Euphydryas aurinia, E. maturna, Lepidea morsei, Lopinga achine, Colias myrmidone, Lycaena dispar rutila, Nymphalis vaualbum, Phengaris arion and Parnassius mnemosyne are included in Annex no. 4A.

Annex 4B contains species that require strict protection. Thus, 14 taxon are present in this annex: Arethusana arethusa, Argynnis laodice, Eumedonia eumedon, Colias chrysotheme, Cupido osiris, C. alcetas, Heteropterus morpheus, Erebia sudetica radnaensis, E. gorge, Hyponephele lycaon, Phengaris alcon, Potyommatus amandus, Pyrgus sidae and Neptis sappho.

The sites in Sibiu county with the highest butterfly diversity are Sibiu with 55 species (referring to Sibiu town and surroundings),


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Guşteriţa (52 species), Dumbrava Sibiului (50 species), Cisnădioara (27 species), Şura Mică (26 species) and Padina Goală (near Guşteriţa Hill) (24 species) (Table 1, Fig. 1).

From the protected species point of view, the site with the highest diversity is Dumbrava Sibiului (18 species) followed by Sibiu with 13 species and Guşteriţa (12 species) (Table 1).

From a conservation point of view there are some drawbacks, the most abundant locality (Sibiu) refers to an urban area of 12.164 km2, and a unincorporated area of 42,34 km2 covering many habitat types, both natural and anthropic (Bucşa, Tăuşan 2011), the exact location of the butterfly populations being very hard to assess without detailed research. Other sites have the same redraws. To eliminate this drawback, lepidopterists should document their records by adding GPS coordinates (Rákosy 2013).

Another critical aspect is the age of many records, some of them exceeding 30, 50 or 100 years. Several endangered butterfly populations could be already extinct, displaying once again the need for new lepidopterological studies.

Dumbrava Sibiului and Guşteriţa are possible butterfly hot spots in the Sibiu County. Even so, additional researches are required.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Levente Szèkely and Dr. Vlad Dincă for their useful comments that improved the earlier version of the manuscript. We are thankful for the critical comments and linguistic support of Ioan Tăuşan. Special thanks to Alexandru Tatu, Ghizela Vonica, Georgiana Mărginean, Mihai Mărginean, Petre Creţu, Nicolae Creţu, Elena Tőrők and Cornel Tőrők for their help during our fieldwork.


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Rákosy 2003 Rákosy László, Lista roşie pentru fluturii diurni din România (Rote Liste der Tagfalter Rumäniens). In: Buletin informativ Societatea lepidopterologică română 13(1-4), Cluj-Napoca (2003), p. 7-18.

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Schneider, Stamp 1970

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Stancă-Moise 2003 Stancă-Moise Cristina, Structura şi dinamica Macrolepidoptero-faunei din Complexul Natural „Dumbrava Sibiului”. In: Lucr. Şt. A 6-a Conf. naţ. prot mediu, Braşov (2003), p. 293-300.


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*** Ordonanţa de urgenţă a Guvernului nr. 57/2007 privind regimul ariilor naturale protejate, conservarea habitatelor naturale, a florei şi faunei sălbatice, aprobată cu modificări şi completări prin Legea nr. 49/2011

Internet source HTTP://ro.wikipedia.org/

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Tab. 1. Identified sites from Sibiu County

Fig. 1. The investigated sites from Sibiu County (modified after Google Earth)

Fig. 2. The reprezentation of the species identified in Sibiu County contained in the Red List of butterflies from Romania

LISTA ILUSTRAŢIILOR

Tab. 1. Siturile identificate din județul Sibiu

Fig. 1. Harta siturilor din judeţul Sibiu (modificat după Google Earth)

Fig. 2. Valorile procentuale ale categoriilor sozologice din judeţul Sibiu

Tab.1 Identified sites from Sibiu County

Site id. Locality Coordinates Number of

IUCN butterfly species

Number of species

protected by law

1 Sibiu 45°48'0.30"N, 24° 8'30.37"E 55 13 2 Dumbrava 45°45'37.57"N, 24° 7'34.38"E 49 18 3 Guşteriţa 45°48'41.56"N, 24°11'47.83"E 48 12 4 Mediaş 46° 9'50.00"N, 24°21'3.00"E 31 7 5 Curciu 46°14'32.52"N, 24°24'20.13"E 29 7 6 Cisnădioara 45°42'21.17"N, 24° 6'24.74"E 27 6 7 Șura Mică 45°49'55.00"N, 24° 3'27.00"E 26 3 8 Padina Goală 45°49'18.27"N, 24° 9'55.65"E 24 2 9 Păltiniş (Cindrel Mts.) 45°39'18.35"N, 23°55'48.06"E 18 3 10 Fratelui Valley (Lotru Mts.) 45°35'10.66"N, 24°15'36.78"E 18 3 11 Zakel Hill 45°53'53.00"N, 24°10'12.00"E 17 5 12 Sibiel 45°45'53.56"N, 23°54'23.83"E 16 3 13 Şeica Mare 46° 1'26.38"N, 24° 9'29.69"E 15 7 14 Măgura Cisnădiei 45°44'10.48"N, 24° 9'26.68"E 15 3 15 Podu Olt 45°39'42.83"N, 24°17'54.82"E 12 0 16 Tălmaciu 45°40'0.00"N, 24°15'40.00"E 12 3 17 Ruşciori 45°48'56.91"N, 24° 1'49.57"E 11 3 18 Sadu Valley 45°38'60.00"N, 24° 7'60.00"E 11 1 19 Racovița 45°40'45.00"N, 24°20'38.00"E 11 2


488

Site id. Locality Coordinates Number of IUCN

butterfly species

Number of species

protected by law

20 Cisnădie 45°42'48.10"N, 24° 9'6.05"E 10 3 21 Bâlea Waterfall (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°37'31.49"N, 24°36'45.18"E 10 0 22 Şura Mare 45°51'0.00"N, 24°10'0.00"E 10 2 23 Hamba 45°51'37.29"N, 24°11'27.57"E 9 1 24 Lotrioara Valley (Lotru Mts.) 45°34'29.53"N, 24°13'29.21"E 9 1 25 Şteaza River (Cindrel Mts.) 45°42'21.17"N, 24° 2'1.81"E 9 2 26 Ocna Sibiului 45°52'29.00"N, 24° 4'0.00"E 9 2 27 Gherdeal 45°51'33.55"N, 24°44'9.15"E 8 1 28 Suru Shelter (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°35'39.79"N, 24°27'4.27"E 8 2 29 Moşna 46° 5'26.16"N, 24°23'57.84"E 7 1 30 Slimnic 45°55'12.79"N, 24° 9'40.64"E 7 2 31 Pasul Turnu Roşu 45°38'28.84"N, 24°17'57.37"E 7 1 32 Căprăreț Valley (Lotru Mts.) 45°32'56.87"N, 24°12'58.11"E 7 2 33 Bâlea Lake (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'36.16"N, 24°37'0.34"E 6 2 34 Şanta (Cindrel Mts.) 45°40'23.53"N, 23°56'40.93"E 6 1 35 Podragu (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'30.38"N, 24°41'6.55"E 6 1 36 Axente Sever 46°5'23.70"N, 24°12'48.90"E 6 1 37 Obreja Hill 45°43'46.36"N, 24°41'86.6"E 6 0 38 Negoiu Mt. (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°35'37.63"N, 24°33'29.21"E 6 1 39 Valea Lungă 46°11'29.68"N, 24°22'4.42"E 5 1 40 Bungard 45°46'34.27"N, 24°13'17.32"E 5 3 41 Roşia 45°49'0.12"N, 24°18'39.96"E 5 0 42 Agârbiciu 46° 3'52.83"N, 24°11'27.16"E 5 1 43 Agnita 45°58'23.00"N, 24°37'2.00"E 5 0 44 Orlat 45°45'5.00"N, 23°58'2.00"E 4 0 45 Veștem 45°43'8.00"N, 24°14'20.28"E 4 1 46 Poiana Neamţ (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°38'11.10"N, 24°28'23.05"E 4 1 47 Târnăvioara 46° 7'27.27"N, 24°14'57.89"E 4 0 48 Movile 46° 1'18.80"N, 24°47'24.57"E 4 0 49 Șuvara Sașilor 45°40'19.50"N, 24°13'26.51"E 4 1 50 Porumbacu Valley (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°45'8.65"N, 24°27'12.41"E 4 0 51 Broşteni 46° 1'60.00"N, 23°57'0.00"E 4 1 52 Cindrel Mts. 45°36'14.61"N, 23°44'11.81"E 3 1 53 Hosman 45°50'3.37"N, 24°25'45.16"E 3 0 54 Laiţa Valley (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'11.28"N, 24°35'17.97"E 3 0 55 Sebeșu de Sus 45°38'56.64"N, 24°20'3.98"E 3 1 56 Arpăşel Valley (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°38'0.93"N, 24°37'59.82"E 3 0 57 Ursu Valley (Cindrel Mts.) 45°34'52.92"N, 23°56'33.51"E 3 0 58 Cânaia Shelter (Cindrel Mts.) 45°35'8.93"N, 23°49'34.83"E 3 0 59 Ionel-Fedeleş Valley (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'33.24"N, 24°23'0.49"E 3 0 60 Șelimbăr 45°46'0.00"N, 24°12'0.00"E 2 1 61 Muncel Sheepfold (Cindrel Mts.) 45°38'20.43"N, 23°54'48.15"E 2 0 62 Bazna 46°12'0.00"N, 24°16'60.00"E 2 0 63 Măgura Boiţei 45°37'28.86"N, 24°14'54.71"E 2 0 64 Cristian 45°46'59.88"N, 24° 1'45.12"E 2 0 65 Poplaca 45°43'37.00"N, 24° 3'11.00"E 2 0 66 Răşinari 45°42'0.00"N, 24° 4'0.00"E 2 1 67 Vecerd 45°59'4.43"N, 24°27'21.80"E 2 0 68 Bradu 45°43'10.31"N, 24°19'30.67"E 2 0 69 Apoldu de Sus 45°52'45.47"N, 23°50'46.39"E 2 0 70 Micăsasa 46° 5'13.92"N, 24° 6'26.09"E 2 0 71 Şevisului Valley 45°44'43.98"N, 24° 8'48.43"E 2 0 72 Chica Pietrelor (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°35'8.49"N, 24°21'3.69"E 2 0 73 Vârtopu Peak (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°35'0.28"N, 24°31'5.60"E 2 0 74 Şoala 46° 3'31.52"N, 24°15'53.94"E 2 0 75 Făgăraş Mts. 45°34'46.16"N, 24°18'18.19"E 2 2 76 Chica Fedeleşului (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°34'56.82"N, 24°22'52.45"E 2 2 77 Sadu 45°40'10.70"N, 24°10'44.85"E 1 1 78 Boiţa 45°37'59.00"N, 24°15'27.00"E 1 0 79 Bătrâna Mt. (Cindrel Mts.) 45°37'55.36"N, 23°54'3.96"E 1 0 80 Boarţa 46° 0'39.68"N, 24°11'36.85"E 1 0 81 Mihăileni 45°59'20.04"N, 24°20'49.92"E 1 0 82 Vălari Hill (Cindrel Mts.) 45°41'1.64"N, 23°56'46.95"E 1 1 83 Prejba Mt. (Lotru Mts.) 45°36'18.29"N, 24° 6'34.60"E 1 1 84 Cibin 45°48'17.36"N, 24°10'52.15"E 1 0 85 Buia 45°58'37.86"N, 24°16'36.01"E 1 0 86 Cârţişoara 45°43'41.04"N, 24°34'30.29"E 1 0 87 Şerbuţa Valley (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°53'37.15"N, 24°10'2.45"E 1 0 88 Mohu 45°44'27.85"N, 24°13'36.65"E 1 0


489

Site id. Locality Coordinates Number of IUCN

butterfly species

Number of species

protected by law

89 Sălişte 45°47'39.00"N, 23°53'11.00"E 1 0 90 Ruşi 45°57'42.85"N, 24° 9'54.30"E 1 0 91 Negoiu Stream (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'18.36"N, 24°31'43.61"E 1 0 92 Rozdeşti Mt. (Cindrel Mts.) 45°35'27.52"N, 23°57'20.48"E 1 0 93 Negovanu Mt. (Lotru Mts.) 45°35'39.99"N, 23°55'33.05"E 1 0 94 Scara Mt. (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°35'1.79"N, 24°30'14.46"E 1 0 95 Lotru Mts. 45°32'32.84"N, 24° 7'37.36"E 1 0 96 Onceşti Mt. (Cindrel Mts.) 45°38'15.03"N, 23°54'24.35"E 1 0 97 Paltinu Peak (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'28.06"N, 24°36'20.15"E 1 0 98 Beşineu Mt. (Cindrel Mts.) 45°37'6.96"N, 23°52'42.39"E 1 0 99 Bărcaciu (Făgăraș Mts.) 45°36'27.92"N, 24°29'7.88"E 1 0

Fig. 1. The distribution of the butterfly records in Sibiu County: red circle – sites that exceed 30 species, blue

circle – 20 to 30 species, white rhomb – 10 to 20, purple square – six to nine, yellow circle – under five species (modified after Google Earth, for the abbreviations for the sites see Table 1)


490

Fig. 2. The butterfly species from Sibiu County and their status according to the Romanian Red List (NT -

Near threatened; VU – Vulnerable; DD - Data deficient; EN – Endangered; CR – Critically Endangered; ER – Erratic)

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Diurnal Lepidoptera from Rapoltu Mare (Hunedoara County, Romania)

491

DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA FROM RAPOLTU MARE (HUNEDOARA COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Corina-Emilia JUDE* Sergiu-Cornel TÖRÖK**

Daniela-Minodora ILIE***

Abstract. Field research was conducted during May – September 2013. We investigated four representative sites in the Rapoltu Mare: forest edge (S1), xero-mesophilic meadow (S2), hygrophilous meadow (S3), and a limestone area (S4). We identified 63 diurnal butterfly species belonging to six families: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, and Riodinidae. Among the species, we identified Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), a critically endangered speices (cf. IUCN redlist) in the S3 site. Additionally, we recorded six species with vulnerable status: Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758), Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Brentis daphne (Bergsträsser, 1780), Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) and Lycaena dispar rutila (Werneburg, 1864) and three endangered species Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767). We observed the highest biodiversity in the forest edges (S1), and the lowest in limestone area (S4). Key words: diurnal butterflies, faunistics, ecological analyse, Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775). Rezumat. Cercetările de teren s-au desfășurat în perioada mai – septembrie 2013. Au fost investigate patru tipuri de habitate reprezentative pentru comuna Rapoltu Mare, respectiv: liziere de păduri (S1), pajiști xeromezofile (S2), pajiști higrofile (S3), zonă calcaroasă (S4). Au fost identificate 63 de specii de lepidoptere diurne, aparținând la șase familii: Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae. Se remarcă prezenţa în perimetrul comunei Rapoltu Mare a unei specii cu statutul foarte periclitat, anume Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) din pajiștea higrofilă (stația S3). Şase specii au statutul vulnerabile: Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758), Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Brentis daphne (Bergsträsser, 1780), Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) and Lycaena dispar rutila (Werneburg, 1864) and three endangered species Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) and Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767). Biodiversitatea maximă a fost înregistrată în zonele de lizieră (S1), iar cea mai redusă a fost înregistrată în zona calcaroasă (S4), deși această zonă prezintă multe specii specialiste. Cuvinte cheie: Rhopalocere, analiză faunistică, analiza ecologică, Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775).

Introduction

The study of butterflies in Hunedoara County has a history of more than 150 years.

Butterfly research from Hunedoara County started in the first half of the 19th century. The first study was conducted by Josef Franzenau (Fuss 1850; Franzenau, 1852-1859).

*“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected] ** Independent researcher, Sibiu, Romania [email protected] ***“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected]

Later, Iosef Mallász and Adriano Ostrogovich collected butterflies from Ardeu, Deva, Săcărâmb, Hunedoara, Mada Gorge and the Retezat mountains (Popescu-Gorj 1964; Burnaz 1993; 2002). The same mountain range was studied by Diószeghy (1929-1930; 1933-1934), König (1959-1969) and Rákosy (1993; 1997), each of them completing the massif’s checklist (Burnaz 2003). Nowadays Vlad Dincă discovered the European endemic Erebia oeme (Hübner, [1804]) from Retezat Mountains (Dincă et al. 2010). Poiana Ruscă Mountains were researched by Fotescu (1972) and Burnaz (2000, 2001).

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Corina-Emilia Jude, Sergiu-Cornel Török, Daniela-Minodora Ilie

492

Silvia Burnaz is probably the most passionate lepidopterologist from this county (Székely 2008). This author studied almost the entire county including Metaliferi Mountains, Mureș Couloir, Hațeg basin and many other locations (Burnaz, 1987a-2008b; Burnaz, Balazs 2003; 2010; Balazs, Burnaz 2002; Burnaz, Ruști 2009).

Other specimens from this county can be encountered in the Ludovic Beregszászy (Stănescu 1995), Ioan Lăzărescu (Stănescu 2005) and Nicolae Delvig (Ciochia, Barbu 1980) Lepidoptera collections.

The butterflies from Rapoltu Mare commune are investigated for the first time in this manuscript.

Material and methods

Rapoltu Mare commune it’s located in the North – East part of Hunedoara County, between Simeria and Geoagiu cities, mostly in the Mures corridor, in contact area with the Metaliferi Mountains which include the Rapolţel and Boiu hills.

Field research was conducted during May – September 2013, with monthly sampling. Butterflies were collected using an entomological net.

The butterflies were identified to species level using several identification keys: Higgins and Riley (1971), Szekely (2008), Tolman (2009), Haahtela et al. (2011) and for systematic list Rákosy et al. (2002), Rákosy (2013) and Karsholt et al. (2013) were used.

Butterflies specimens were collected from different habitats. These four types of habitats are representative for the Rapoltu Mare area (Fig.1):

Forest edges (S1) – areas characterized by a large number of plant species, including dominant clusters of Crataegus monogyna and Rosa canina which were surrounded by Setaria viridis and Dypsacus sylvestris. The site was located at the edge of Jipiș forest (N. Lat: 45˚87ˈ1915ˈˈ, E. Long: 23˚05ˈ9914ˈˈ);

Xero-mesophilic meadow (S2) – an area located at Boiu, with dominant plants species such as: Erigeron annus, Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota, Holcus lanatus, Brassica rapa and others (N. Lat: 45˚89ˈ9200ˈˈ, E. Long: 23˚13ˈ6119ˈˈ);

Hygrophilous meadow (S3) – samples were collected from a riverside coppice at Mureș which was partially destroyed by cuts, arable and fallow land, located in the Folt area (N. Lat: 45˚87ˈ3568ˈˈ, E. Long: 23˚14ˈ3510ˈˈ);

Limestone area (S4) – an area dominated by species such as: Datura stramonium, Malva silvestris, Ailanthus altissima, Callistegia sepium and Eupatorium cannabinum. Sampling was undertaken from a site declared as a natural monument, entitled “Limestone tuffs of Bobalna Valley” (N. Lat: 45˚89ˈ9079ˈˈ, E. Long: 23˚11ˈ8190ˈˈ).

Results

Altogether we collected 378 specimens belonging to 63 Macrolepidoptera species and integrated in six families: Hesperiidae (3 species), Papilionidae (3 species); Pieridae (10 species); Nymphalidae (37 species); Lycaenidae (9 species); Riodinidae (one species) (Table 1). The Margalef index (Fig. 2) recorded the maximum value in S1 (18.122) forest edge, which was visited by species from neighboring habitats. We recorded, similar values in the case of meadows, whether they were xero-mesophilic or hygrophilous. The lowest value of this index was recorded in the limestone habitats (S4 sites -10.042), which were restrictive firstly for the herbaceous layer and, indirectly, for diurnal lepidopterofauna.

The Jaccard index highlighted the similarity between the S2 and S3 sites. The highest dissimilarities were recorded between S1 and S4 sites, presumably due to the microclimate, soil type and other local conditions which influence the herbaceous structure and composition and subsequently the composition of the butterfly species (Fig. 3).

According to the ecological requirements (Fig. 4), we observed that 40% of the species were mesophilous, followed by meso-thermophilous species (13%), meso-hygrophilous (12%), euribiont (8%), mesoxero-thermophilous (4%), and the least being xero-thermophilous species (3%), hygrophilous (1%), meso-xerophilous (1%). The zoo-geographical structure (Fig. 5) shows Eurasiatic elements were most dominant (78%), reflecting the influence of both the geographical location and climate of the country. This was followed by European and Holarctic elements (6%).

Regarding the red list of protected butterfly species (Rákosy et al. 2003) we found the following: 71% of the species were of included in the least concern category, 10% were vulnerable species and 11% near threatened (Fig. 6). The endangered species represent 5 %, in this area we encounter the following species: Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) (S4),


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Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) (S2 and S4) and Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767) (S3 and S4). One species with critically endangered status, Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) was collected from S3 site (Fig. 7). Recent records (after 1990) state that this species can be encountered in Banat (Căpâlnaș and Caransebeș), Băișoara (Apuseni Mountains) and Eastern Carpathians (Szèkely 2008); this is the second Nymphalis vaualbum record from Transylvania after 1990 (Szèkely 2008; Rákosy 2013).

Some of the collected species are also included in Habitat Directive annexes. These are in accordance to Emergency Ordinance annexes of the Government no 57/2007, focusing on protected natural habitats, flora and fauna, and approved by Law no 49/2011.

Annex no. 3 contains species of plants and animals whose conservation requires the

designation of special areas of protection and avifaunistical protection areas. In this study, we collected Lycaena dispar rutila (Werneburg, 1864) from the S3, and Nymphalis vaualbum, from the same site.

Annex 4A, contains species of community interest. We identified Lycaena dispar rutila, Nymphalis vaualbum, Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758) and Parnassius mnemosyne transsylvanica (Schmidt, 1930). Annex 4B contains species that require strict protection. Thus, we found the following species: Arethusana arethusa and Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771).

Acknowledgements

The authors want to thank to the anonymous referees for their valued and useful comments on the manuscript. Special thanks to Ioan Tăuşan and Kieran O’Mahony who improved the initial version of the manuscript.

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Tab. 1. Systematic list of the Lepidoptera species identified in Rapoltu Mare area

Fig. 1. Distribution of the sampling sites from Rapoltu Mare area

Fig. 2. Margalef diversity index of the investigated habitats

Fig. 3. Similarity of the four habitats using the Jaccard index

Fig. 4. Ecological spectrum of Lepidoptera species identified in Rapoltu Mare area

Fig. 5. Zoogeographical spectrum of the Lepidoptera species identified in Rapoltu Mare commune

Fig. 6. IUCN conservation status of the species identified in Rapoltu Mare commune contained in the Romanian red list of butterflies

Fig.7. Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)


Tab. 1. Lista sistematică a lepidopterelor identificate în comuna Rapoltu Mare Fig. 1. Stațiile de colectare din comuna Rapoltu Mare Fig. 2. Valorile indicelui Margalef în habitatele investigate Fig. 3. Dendrogramă realizată pe baza datelor binare pentru similaritatea habitatelor cercetate Fig. 4. Spectrul ecologic al speciilor de lepidoptere identificate pe teritoriul comunei Rapoltu

Mare Fig. 5. Spectrul zoogeografic al lepidopterelor identificate pe teritoriul comunei Rapoltu Mare Fig. 6. Analiza speciilor din lista roșie Fig.7. Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)


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Tab.1. Systematic list of the Lepidoptera species identified in Rapoltu Mare area

Taxon Z. El.

Ec. Ch.

C. E. L. T. S. S1 S2 S3 S4

FAMILIA HESPERIIDAE Hesperia comma (Linnaeus, 1758) Hol Mh LC G,P Oligophagous: Poaceae,

Fabaceae ● Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777) Eua Mt LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Eu LC P Oligophagous: Rosaceae ● FAMILIA PAPILIONIDAE Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mxt NT A Oligophagous: Rosaceae ● ● ● Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 Eua M NT P Oligophagous: Apiaceae ● ● Parnassius mnemosyne transsylvanica (Schmidt, 1930) Eua Mh NT P Oligophagous: Papaveraceae ● ●

FAMILIA PIERIDAE Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC P Oligophagous: Brassicaceae ● ● ● Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC A Oligophagous: Rosaceae ● Colias croceus (Fourcroy, 1785) Med Mxt,

Mg LC P Oligophagous: Fabaceae ● ● ●

Colias hyale (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M, Mg LC P Oligophagous: Fabaceae ● ● ●

Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus,1758) Vam M, Mg LC A Oligophagous: Rhamaceae ●

Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC P Oligophagous: Fabaceae ● ● Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M,

Mg LC P Oligophagous: Brassicaceae ● ●

Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) Pm Eu, Mg LC P Oligophagous: Brassicaceae ● ●

Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) Hol Eu, Mg LC P Oligophagous: Brassicaceae ● ● ●

Pontia edusa (Fabricius, 1777) Eua Xt, Mt LC P Oligophagous: Brassicaceae ● ●

FAMILIA NYMPHALIDAE Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M,

Mg LC P Oligophagous: Urticaceae ● Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mh LC P Oligophagous: Urticaceae ● Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus,1758) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● ● Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua Mh VU D Oligophagous: Salicaceae ● Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mh VU D Oligophagous: Salicaceae ● Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mh LC P Oligophagous: Urticaceae ● ● Arethusana arethusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua M EN P Oligophagous ●

Argynnis aglaja (Linnaeus,1758) Eua M LC P Oligophagous ● Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua Mt VU P Oligophagous: Violaceae ●

Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mh LC P Oligophagous: Violaceae ● ● Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767) Eua M LC P Oligophagous: Violaceae ● ● Brentis daphne (Bergsträsser,1780) Eua Mt,

Mx VU P Oligophagous: Rubus sp. ● ● Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) Eua M NT P Polyphagous ● ● Coenonympha glycerion (Borkhausen, 1788) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● ● ● ●


498

Erebia medusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● ● ● Argynnis adippe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua M LC P Oligophagous: Violaceae ● ●

Hipparchia fagi (Scopoli, 1763) Eua M LC P Oligophagous ● Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mxt,

Mg LC P Oligophagous: Violaceae ● ● ● ● Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) Eua Mt LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● ● ● ● Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● ● Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg 1775) Eua Mt LC P Polyphagous: Dicotiledonate

ierboase ● Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC P Polyphagous ● Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778) Eua M LC P Polyphagous ● ● ● Melitaea phoebe (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua Mt LC P Polyphagous: Plantago sp.,

Cirsium sp. ● ● Melitaea trivia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Am Xt LC P Polyphagous ●

Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) Eua Mt LC G Monophagous ● ● ● Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) Eua Mt VU P, A Polyphagous: Robinia

pseudacacia ● Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M EN D Oligophagous ● ● Nymphalis vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Eua M CR D Polyphagous: Salix sp., Betula

sp. ●

Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC G Oligophagous: Poaceae ● Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Eu LC P, A Polyphagous ● ● Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767) E M EN P Polyphagous ● ● Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) Hol Eu,

Mg LC P Oligophagous: Urticaceae ● ●

Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) Cosm Eu, Mg LC P Oligophagous: Urticaceae ●

FAMILIA LYCAENIDAE Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mt LC P, A Polyphagous ● Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Hol M LC P, A Polyphagous, Myrmecophile ● Lycaena dispar rutila (Werneburg, 1864) E Hg VU P Oligophagous: Rumex sp. ● Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) Eua Mh LC P Oligophagous: Rumex sp. ● Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) Eua M NT P Oligophagous: Rumex sp. ● Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) E M NT P Polyphagous ● ● Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua Mh NT P Oligophagous: Thymus sp. ● Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) Eua M LC P Oligophagous, Myrmecophile ● ● ● ● Polymmatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775) Eua M LC P Oligophagous, Myrmecophile ● ● ● ● FAMILIA RIODINIDAE Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) E M LC P Oligophagous ● ● ●

Abbreviations / Abrevieri: head of the table / cap tabel Lc. – Localities / Localităţi; L. T. S. = larval trophic source/ baza trofică larvară; Z. El. = zoogeographical element / element zoogeografic; Ec. Ch. = ecological character / character ecologic; C.E. = Categories of endangerment according to IUCN 2001/ Categorii de periclitare UICN 2001 (Rákosy et al. 2003). L. T. S. – P = consumers of herbaceous plants, excluding Poaceae / consumatori plante ierboase, mai puţin Poaceae; G = consumers of Poaceae and other mono-cotyledons plants / consumatori Poaceae şi alte


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monocotiledonate; A = consumers of bushes and Ericaceae / consumatori arbuşti şi ericacee; D = consumers of deciduous trees / defoliatori foioase; Q = consumers of oak species / consumatori quercinee. E. C. – M = mesophilous / mezofil; Mx = mezoxerophilous / mezoxerofil; Mxt = mezoxerothermophilous / mezoxerotermofil; Xt = xerothermophilous / xerotermofil; T = thermophilous / termofil; Mt = mezothermophilous / mezotermofil; Mh = mezohygrophilous / mezohigrofil; Mht = mezohygrothermophilous / mezohigrotermofil; Hg = hygrophilous / higrofil; Eu = euribiont / euribiont; Mg = migratory / migrator. Z. El. – Eua = Eurasiatic; Vam = West-Asiatic Mediterranean; E = European; Hol = Holarctic; Cosm = Cosmopolite / Cosmopolit, Pm = Pontimediterranean / Pontimediteranean; Med = Mediterranean / Mediteranean; Am = Atlantic-Mediterranean / Atlanto-mediteranean.C. E. – LC = Least concern / taxon nepericlitat; NT = near threatened / taxon potenţial ameninţat; VU = vulnerable / taxon vulnerabil; EN = endangered / taxon periclitat; ER = erratic / eratic; CR = critically endangered / taxon foarte periclitat.

Fig. 1. Distribution of the sampling sites from Rapoltu Mare area (modified after Google Earth)

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0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8Distances

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Fig.3. Similarity of the four habitats using the Jaccard index

8.00%1.33%

12.00%

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Hygrophilous

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1.59%1.59%

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Fig.5. Zoogeographical spectrum of the Lepidoptera species

identified in Rapoltu Mare commune

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Fig.6. IUCN conservation status of the species identified in Rapoltu Mare

contained in the Romanian red list of butterflies


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Fig.7. Nymphalis vaualbum vaualbum (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

DORSAL VIEW

VENTRAL VIEW

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Ectoparasite infestation of Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) in Transylvania (Romania)

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ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION OF APODEMUS AGRARIUS (PALLAS, 1771) IN TRANSYLVANIA (ROMANIA)

Daniel Cătălin GHEOCA* Ana Maria BENEDEK**

Abstract. The striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) is an important species in the rodent communities from lowlands in Transylvania, inhabiting a wide range of habitats, both agricultural and natural, where it may be the dominant or codominant species. The aims of the present study were to detect possible patterns of spatial and temporal distribution for the groups of external parasites infesting this species, to test the influence of some variables on the prevalence of external parasite taxa and to assess the similarity between these models for the striped field mouse and for the congeneric species, the yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis), based on earlier published data. Data on ectoparasites hosted by A. agrarius were collected from 340 animals captured in 6 areas across Transylvania, beginning with the year 2004. Prevalence of ectoparasites was 85.88%. Three taxa were identified, namely Acarina (including Ixodoidea) (mites and hard ticks), Siphonaptera (fleas) and Anoplura (lice). Among them mites and hard ticks were most common, followed by fleas and lice. The effect of some biotic and abiotic variables (area, season, year, host age and sex) was tested using Pearson chi-square test of independence. Key words: striped field mouse, mites, ticks, fleas, seasonality. Rezumat. Șoarecele dungat de câmp (Apodemus agrarius) este o specie importantă în cadrul comunităților de rozătoare din zonele de câmpie și podiș ale Transilvaniei, populând o gamă variată de habitate, atât naturale cât și culturi agricole, unde poate să reprezinte specia dominantă. Scopul acestei lucrări este de a detecta posibilele modele de distribuție spațială și temporală ale grupelor de ectoparaziți care infestează această specie, de a testa influența unor variabile asupra prevalenței acestor taxoni și de a evalua similitudinea între aceste modele pentru șoarecele dungat de câmp și specia congenerică, șoarecele gulerat (A. flavicollis). Datele privind ectoparaziții de pe A. agrarius au fost colectate de la 340 de indivizi capturați în 6 zone din Transilvania, începând cu anul 2004. Prevalența ectoparaziților a fost de 85.88%. Au fost identificate trei grupe taxonomice, și anume Acarina (inclusiv Ixodoidea) (acarieni, inclusiv căpușe), Siphonaptera (pureci) și Anoplura (păduchi). Dintre acești taxoni acarienii au avut cea mai ridicată prevalență, urmați de pureci și păduchi. Testul Pearson chi-pătrat a fost utilizat pentru a se verifica dependența prevalenței de unele variabile biotice și abiotice (zonă, anotimp, an, vârsta și sexul gazdei). Cuvinte cheie: șoarecele dungat de câmp, acarieni, căpușe, pureci, variație sezonieră. Introduction

The striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771), is a widely spread and abundant rodent in the lowlands of Romania. It is found especially in open areas, inhabiting various habitat types, from agricultural land (mainly potato and maize fields) to unused lands with rich vegetation, being especially abundant in moist terrains, in reed beds, along canals and riverbanks.

It may be also found in mountain valleys up to

* Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected], ** Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected]

1200 m, like in Piatra Craiului Mountains (Murariu 2003). However, the striped field mouse is a lowland species, being a common presence in Transylvania up to 600 m (Popescu, Murariu 2001).

Most studies on parasites of rodents in Romania were carried out in the southern part of the country, mainly in Dobrogea and the Danube Delta, concerning mites (Solomon 1968), fleas (Suciu 1971) and lice (Wegner 1970). Little is known about the parasites of rodents from Transylvania. The main paper containing data from this region is the catalogue of fleas from Romania, drawn up by Suciu (1973). Other old papers contain only scattered faunistical data from Transylvania. Negoescu (1975) presents some data on Gamasida from various areas in Romania, including

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Daniel Cătălin Gheoca, Ana Maria Benedek

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Transylvania, while Suciu and Popescu make a synthesis on the external parasites and commensals of the bank vole - Clethrionomys (= Myodes) glareolus (Schreber, 1780) in the southern part of the Carpathian Mountains (Suciu, Popescu 1979). Data on the external parasites identified on rodents during the 1960-1980 period were synthesized more recently in the volume of “Fauna României” concerning insectivores and rodents (Murariu, 2000; Popescu, Murariu 2001). The only recent data on ectoparasites from Romania concern ticks (Coipan et al. 2011: Mihalca et al. 2012a, b) due to their epidemiological importance, as vectors of several pathogens causing serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. Recently we published a paper concerning the external parasites of the related yellow-necked mouse - Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) from Transylvania, in relation to its spatial and temporal distribution (Gheoca et al. 2013).

The aims of the present study were to detect possible patterns of spatial and temporal distribution for the taxa of external parasites infesting the striped field mouse in the investigated areas, to test the influence of some space (area), time (year and season), and specimen (host age and sex) variables on prevalence of external parasite taxa and to assess the similarity between these models for the striped field mouse and for the congeneric species, the yellow-necked mouse

Study areas and Methods

The field data were collected in various types of habitats in 6 areas from Transylvania. Most of the examined striped field mice were trapped in Hârtibaciu Plateau (227) and Cefa Nature Park (83). The other investigation areas were: Sibiu Depression, Ozun locality (Covasna county), Copșa Mică locality (Sibiu county) and Lotrioara Valley (Lotru Mountains).

In Cefa Nature Park trapping was done between 2005 and 2013, mainly in February, June and September. Some of the results on external parasites of rodents from this area were previously published (Benedek, Sîrbu 2012). In Hârtibaciu Plateau researches were carried out in several localities (Benești, Bârghiș, Iacobeni, Alțâna), during the summer of 2010 and 2011.

Mice were captured by live trapping, using 50 Polish traps set either in line or in net, depending on the habitat. The captured specimens were weighted, sex and age category (juveniles, subadults and adults) were determined and ectoparasites were noted or collected, being stored

in 80% ethanol. The mice were released on their trapping site. The parasites are considered according to their taxonomic framing, three taxa being distinguished: Acarina (mites), Siphonaptera (fleas) and Anoplura (lice). Due to their importance as vectors for various diseases hard ticks (Ixodidoidea), although part of Acarina, are considered also as a separate taxon. Prevalence was calculated by means of the ratio between number of specimens hosting parasites and the total number of examined specimens from that category.

The influence of different variables on the prevalence of the ectoparasite taxa was tested using Pearson chi-square test of independence. Significant differences were considered for p < 0.05. Research area, season, year, host age category and sex were the considered variables.

Results

During the research period a total number of 340 striped field mice were examined for external parasites. Among the four taxa of ectoparasites known from rodents in Romania the only one we did not find on the captured individuals were the beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera), represented by a species (Leptinus testaceus Müller, 1817) belonging to Leptinidae family, cited in the literature from the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) (Suciu, Popescu 1979) and found by us only on the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis).

Total infestation

Among the examined individuals 292 were found to be parasitized, yielding in a total prevalence of 85.88%. This value is significantly higher (χ2 = 6.402, d.f. = 1, p = 0.011) compared to the 78.09% prevalence found in A. flavicollis (Gheoca et al. 2013).

The difference in total prevalence was tested for the three areas (Hârtibaciu Plateau, Cefa Nature Park, Ozun locality) where most of the data comes from, and it was found significant (χ2 = 13.230, d.f. = 2, p = 0.001). The highest value (90.74%) was calculated for Hârtibaciu Plateau. As A. agrarius occurs mostly in lowlands and only 5 examined specimens were captured in a mountain area (Lotrioara Valley), we could not assess the influence of altitude on ectoparasite prevalence in this species.

Time variables also influence the prevalence. Although we did not have any data from spring we found a significant dependence of the total


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prevalence on season (χ2 = 12.36, d.f. = 2, p = 0.002), increasing from a minimum (70.58%) in winter to a maximum in autumn (91.25%) (Fig. 1).

There are also significant variations from year to year. The highest prevalence was in 2010 (90.35%) and 2009 (90%), while the lowest in 2007 (69.69%) (Fig. 2). However, this result may not illustrate the pattern of the total prevalence multiannual dynamics, as in different years investigations took place in different seasons and focused on different areas.

Considering the whole population there is no dependence of host sex (p = 0.952) and age category (p = 0.612) on the total prevalence. However, within the group of reproductive adults there is a significant difference (χ2 = 4.105, d.f. = 1, p = 0.043) between males (92.1%) and females (75%).

Among parasite taxa (considering hard ticks and other Acarina separately), mites (Gamasidae and Trombiculidae) have the highest prevalence. They were found on 43.65% of the examined mice. Fleas were found on 32.74%, and ticks on 25.66%. Lice have the lowest prevalence, being found on 11.5% of the examined mice (Fig. 3).

Mites (Gamasidae and Trombiculidae)

Prevalence of mites was found to be dependent on area, season and year. Among the main three research areas, in Hârtibaciu Plateau A. agrarius has a significantly higher prevalence of mites (54.62%), while in Cefa Nature Park and Ozun locality they have low prevalence, the values being very close (17.07% and 17.64%) (χ2 = 39.4, d.f. = 2, p < 0.001). Along the year the prevalence of mites increases from a minimum in winter (12.12%) to a maximum in autumn (50.82%) (χ2 = 17.4, d.f. = 2, p < 0.001) (Fig. 4). There are also significant variations from year to year (χ2 = 41.845, d.f. = 5, p < 0.001), ranging from 0% in 2008 to 60.52% in 2010, without an obvious pattern. Sex and age category of host specimens do not have a significant influence on prevalence of mites.

Among mites the most abundant were the larvae of harvest mite, Trombicula (syn. Neotrombicula) autumnalis Shaw, 1790, found mainly around the genitalia, on the ear margins, but also on the back or belly when injuries were present.

Hard ticks (Ixodoidea)

Up to the present three species of hard ticks are known to parasitize the striped field mouse in Romania: Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Feider, 1956; Mihalca et al., 2012 a), the most frequent

and abundant tick species from Romania (Mihalca et al. 2012 b), parasitizing a great number of hosts, I. apronophorus (Schulze, 1924) (Feider 1956) and I. redikorzevi Olenev, 1927 (Feider 1956).

Prevalence of hard ticks is dependent on all the considered variables except for sex. During the year (Fig. 4) it is constantly decreasing from summer (36.58%) to winter, when no tick was found on the examined specimens (χ2 = 19.789, d.f. = 2, p < 0.001).

Variations in tick prevalence are even higher from year to year (χ2 = 31.533, d.f. = 5, p < 0.001), from 0% in 2007 to a maximum of 70% in 2009 (Fig. 5).

Ticks were most abundant in Hârtibaciu Plateau, where 32.15% of the examined striped field mice were parasitized, a significantly higher value compared to the other two areas which were considered for the test (Cefa Nature Park - 13.41% and Ozun locality - 0%) (χ2 = 17.29, d.f. = 2, p < 0.001).

Prevalence of ticks is significantly dependent on age (χ2 = 7.926, d.f. = 2, p = 0.019), increasing from 19.71% in juveniles to 34.64% in adults.

Most mice hosted a single tick (38.8% of the 72 infested), although up to 46 ticks were collected from one individual (mean = 5,75, 95% CL lower = 3.89, 95% CL upper = 7.6). Ticks were located mainly on ears (63.88%), and less on the chin, nose, tail, or between the toes.

Lice (Anoplura)

Lice are seldom encountered on A. agrarius. Only one species, Polyplax serrata (Burmeister, 1839), is mentioned in the literature infesting striped field mice from Romania, cited from Jijila-Smârdan area in Dobroudja (Wegner, 1970). So far nothing is known on lice hosted by rodents from Transylvania. During our study only 39 (11.5%) of the examined mice had lice. In case of this taxon the prevalence is significantly dependent only on season (χ2 = 6.687, d.f. = 2, p = 0.035) (Fig. 4). Due to the low number of infested specimens, influence of year could not be tested.

Fleas (Siphonaptera)

In the Romanian literature 10 species of fleas are mentioned on the striped field mouse. They were collected from 13 localities, among which four (Cluj, Livada, Marghita, Stâna de Vale) are located in Transylvania (Suciu 1973). Hystrichopsylla talpae Curtis, 1826, Ctenophtalmus agyrtes (Heller, 1896) and C. assimilis (Taschenberg, 1880) were the species identified in these localities (Suciu 1973).


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During our study prevalence of fleas on Apodemus agrarius was found to be independent of all the considered variables.

Discussions

Lowland inhabitant, found in a great variety of open habitats, the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) may be the dominant species in some areas (like Cefa Nature Park) or in some habitats. Although not closely related to the congeneric species A. flavicollis (the yellow-necked mouse), as they belong to different subgenera (A. agrarius is part of the nominal subgenus and A. flavicollis is included in Sylvaemus), and usually non-syntopic, inhabiting different habitats (Benedek 2008), the two species present some similarities in what the prevalence of external parasites are concerned.

The significantly higher total prevalence in A. agrarius compared to A. flavicollis may be explained by elevation. The examined specimens of the yellow-necked mouse came both from lowlands and mountains while the striped field mice were captured (with a few exceptions) in lowlands, where external parasites are more abundant and prevalence is higher. The dependence of prevalence on altitude rather than species is shown by the fact that, considering only specimens from lowlands, there is no significant difference between the two Apodemus species. The same result was obtained also at local scale, in Hârtibaciu Plateau, where both species recorded the maximum prevalence. A high similarity of ecto- and endoparasite fauna is mentioned in the literature between A. flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus Linnaeus 1758 (the wood mouse), explained by their similar pattern of life and environmental requirements (although their habitat niches do not overlap as much throughout the entire range, e.g. in Transylvania), and their close relatedness (Klimpel et al. 2007).

The seasonal dynamics of total prevalence indicate a negative relationship with the abundance of the host species, which presents high amplitudes of seasonal variations in abundance, with a peak density in autumn. (Benedek, 2008; Benedek, Sîrbu 2009). However, if we consider only the data from Cefa Nature Park, where investigations took place in all these three seasons, the difference is not significant, although the pattern is the same.

A similar temporal relation between prevalence and host abundance was observed also in case of the yellow-necked mouse, not seasonally but annually, low values of prevalence being

correlated with peak host density years (Gheoca et al. 2013).

Other similarities between the two species concern the rank of parasite taxa according to their prevalence and some of their characteristics. Fleas, for example, were found to be independent of all the considered variables in both species, although some authors found in other rodents a significant dependence on sex and age (Krasnov 2008).

Spatial and temporal patterns of prevalence variations may differ significantly among taxa. The seasonal dynamics, absent in fleas, presents three different models in mites, hard ticks and lice, reaching the highest prevalence in autumn, summer and winter, respectively. In case of hard ticks the constant decrease in prevalence from summer till winter is determined by their maturation, as rodents are usually parasitized by larvae and nymphs, the presence of adults being mostly accidental (Krasnov 2008).

Conclusions

During the present study 340 mice were examined and 85.88% were found to host external parasites. Among the parasite groups, the highest occurrence was recorded for mites, found on 43.65% of the examined specimens, followed by fleas (32.74%). Lice had the lowest prevalence (11.5%).

The total prevalence differed significantly among the researched areas, the highest value (90.74%) being calculated for Hârtibaciu Plateau (the areas with small samples were not considered). The ectoparasite prevalence is significantly dependent also on time, both seasonally and from year to year. There is a constant increase of the infestation rate from winter till autumn (data from spring are missing). Total prevalence is independent of the specimen variables (host sex and age category).

The considered variables have a different influence on the different parasite taxa. The seasonal dynamics of hard tick prevalence for example, presents a reversed model, decreasing constantly from summer to winter, due to the maturation of ticks. In case of fleas however, prevalence was found to be independent of all the considered variables.

The prevalence of external parasites in Apodemus agrarius was compared with the results from A. flavicollis. Although the overlap of their habitat niches is relatively reduced, as the two species have mostly different environmental requirements (one is an open habitat species, the other is a typical forest rodent), several characteristics of


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their ectoparasite prevalence were found to be similar.

REFERENCES Benedek 2008

Benedek Ana Maria, Studii asupra mamiferelor mici (Ordinele Insectivora și Rodentia) în Transilvania, România, Univeristy of Bucharest (2008). (PhD thesis).

Benedek, Sîrbu 2009 Benedek Ana Maria, Sîrbu Ioan, Small mammal (Ord. Insectivora and Ord. Rodentia) community‘s seasonal dynamics in Cefa Nature Park (Bihor County, Romania) between 2005 and 2008. In: Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle „Grigore Antipa” 52, Bucharest (2009), p. 387-394.

Benedek, Sîrbu 2012 Benedek Ana Maria, Sîrbu Ioan, Ectoparasites of small mammals (rodents) from Cefa Nature Park. In : Transylvanian Review of Ecological and systematical research 13, Sibiu (2012), p. 197-203.

Coipan et al. 2011 Coipan Elena Claudia, Vladimirescu Alexandru Filip, Ciolpan Octavian, Teodorescu Irina, Tick species (Acari: Ixodoidea) distribution, seasonality and host associations in Romania. In: Travaux du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 54 (2), Bucharest (2011), p. 301-317.

Feider 1965 Feider Zicman, Suprafamilia Ixodoidea. In: Fauna României, 5 (Acaromorpha) (2), Bucharest (1965), p. 1-324.

Gheoca et al. 2013 Gheoca Daniel Cătălin, Benedek Ana Maria, Sîrbu Ioan, Lazăr Anamaria, Prevalence of external parasites on the yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis Melchior 1834) in relation to its spatial and temporal distribution. In: International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 7(3), Wisconsin (2013), p. 90-97.

Klimpel et al. 2007 Klimpel Sven, Förster Maike, Schmahl Günter, “Parasites of two abundant sympatric rodent species in relation to host phylogeny and ecology”, Parasitology Research 100( 4), (2007), p. 867-875 [Online].

Krasnov 2008 Krasnov Boris, Functional and evolutionary ecology of fleas. In: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2008), p. 1-593.

Mihalca et al. 2012 a Mihalca Andrei, Dumitrache Mirabela, Magdaș Cristian, Gherman Călin, Domșa Cristian, Mircean V., Ghira Ioan, Pocora V., Ionescu Dan Traian, Siko Barabasi S., Cozma Vasile, Sandor Attila, Synopsis of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Romania with update on host associations and geographical distribution. In: Experimental and Applied Acarology 58 (2), Amsterdam (2012), p. 183-206.

Mihalca et al. 2012 b Mihalca Andrei, Dumitrache Mirabela, Sandor Attila, Magdaș Cristian, Oltean Miruna, Gyorke Adriana, Matei Ioana, Ionică Angela, D’Amico Gianluca, Cozma Vasile, Gherman Călin, Tick parasites of rodents in Romania: host preferences, community structure and geographical distribution. In: Parasites & Vectors [Online]. Available: http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/5/1/266.

Murariu 2000 Murariu Dumitru, Insectivora. In: Fauna României, 16 (Mammalia) (1), Bucharest (2000), p. 1-142.

Murariu 2003 Murariu Dumitru, The faunal state and the estimation of the preservation categories of the mammal species of Piatra Craiului National Park. In: Research in Piatra Craiului National Park 1, Brașov (2003), p. 289-300.

Negoescu 1975 Negoescu Ileana, Contribution à la connaissance des Gamasida (Acari, Mesostigmata) parasites sur les petits mammifères de Roumanie. In: Travaux du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 17, Bucharest (1975), p. 31-38.

Popescu, Murariu 2001

Popescu Alexandrina, Murariu Dumitru, Rodentia. In: Fauna României, 16 (Mammalia) (2), Bucharest (2001), p. 1-214.

Solomon 1968 Solomon Libertina, Contribution à la connaissance de l’acaroparasitofaune des


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petits mamifères de Dobroudja. In: Travaux du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 8 (2), Bucharest (1968), p. 671-692.

Suciu 1971 Suciu Maria, Date ecologice asupra sifonapterelor parazite pe mamifere mici (Insectivora, Rodentia) din Dobrogea de Nord şi Delta Dunării. In: Studii şi Cercetări de Biologie. Seria Zoologie 23 (2), Bucharest (1971), p. 173-184.

Suciu 1973 Suciu Maria, Catalogue of the Siphonaptera from Romania. In: Studii și Comunicări, Muzeul de Științele Naturii Bacău, Bacău (1973), p. 47-72.

Suciu, Popescu 1979 Suciu Maria, Popescu Alexandrina, Relaţiile dintre ectoparaziţi şi comensalii şoarecelui roşu de pădure (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber). In: Analele Universității Bucureşti, Biologie, Bucharest (1979), p. 75-79.

Wegner 1970 Wegner Zofia, Lice (Anoplura) of small Mammals caught in Dobroudja (Romania). In: Comunicări de Zoologie, Bucharest (1970), p. 305-314.


Fig. 1. Seasonal variation of ectoparasites prevalence in Apodemus agrarius from Transylvania

Fig. 2. Annual dynamics of ectoparasites prevalence between 2006-2011

Fig. 3. Prevalence of the parasites taxa

Fig. 4. Seasonal dynamics of mite, tick and lice prevalence

Fig. 5. Dynamics of tick prevalence


Fig. 1. Variația sezonieră a prevalenței ectoparaziților la Apodemus agrarius în Transilvania

Fig. 2. Dinamica anuală a prevalenței ectoparaziților între 2006-2011

Fig. 3. Prevalența grupelor taxonomice de ectoparaziți

Fig. 4. Dinamica sezonieră a prevalenței acarienilor, căpușelor și păduchilor

Fig. 5. Dinamica anuală a prevalenței căpușelor


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REPLY TO SVETLANA BACAL, NATALIA MUNTEANU, ION TODERAȘ, CHECKLIST OF BEETLES (INSECT:

COLEOPTERA) OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA – BRVKENTHAL. ACTA MVSEI VIII. 3, p.415-451 (2013)

Zaharia NECULISEANU*

Studies devoted to the knowledge of the beetles from the Republic of Moldova have started at the end of 19th century along with the first publications about these insects and continue until the present time. During this time a lot of valuable works have been published that have not lost their actuality until nowadays and in the present taxonomic and systematic works submitted by young researchers it is demanded that the authors make references to these values.

In this publication, that was submitted in great haste in order to get priority and claiming to be qualified as primary coleopterists (main) from the Republic of Moldova and South-Eastern Europe, the authors have not considered it necessary to inform, discuss and even to advise with their colleagues coleopterists who are more experienced in the field, considering that without this collaboration the publication will have a high scientific weight and it will be of a great value for the entomological science in the whole Europe.

With this in mind, it is required to discuss such a work that has many question marks and let’s see why. The work begins with INTRODUCTION where in a few sentences the importance of the beetles is presented and a brief history is given of all researches on the beetles from the Republic of Moldova, which shows the level of author’s knowledge in the literature and their “rich” experience on the subject itself, namely Coleoptera. In the HISTORY of RESEARCHES only some of the authors (six authors) are indicated, who have published the first scientific studies devoted to the beetles, but from the period beginning with 1917 until 1957 the authors has not quoted any taxonomic or faunistic work.

The reader or researcher might think that indeed no studies had been carried out during those 40 years and there could not be any publications devoted to beetles. After the appearance of Medvedev and Shapiro work (1957) by the argument “Later on,

* Independent researcher, [email protected]

compound studies concerning ecology and faunistics, with new species records on some systematic groups of beetles in the Republic of Moldova have been concluded: ...” the authors also quoted other 12 works from this period. Following the phrase “Additional, information on some new species records are presented by...” the authors also quoted other seven publications.

So, it stands to reason that the "updated list" of the beetles from the Republic of Moldova in more than 120 years was based only on the 25 works quoted by authors. By quoting this small number of publications the authors have proved that they are not familiar with and absolutely do not know the relevant literature relating to the Moldavian beetles, nor from the Republic of Moldova, or Romania and abroad.

Further we bring additional details that could help the authors for a better understanding of the subject. So, from the period 1917 and 1957 there were denied even such valuable works as: Winkler (1924) “The catalogue of the beetles from Palearctica region” where a large number of beetle species was indicated as new for the fauna of Bassarabia, out of which only 80 species of carabidaes), in the Ienistea’s works (1937-1938), Arion, Panin (1928), Marcu (1931), Ruscinskiy (1933, 1934), Knekhtel, Panin (1944) and many others, an extremely high number of species for Bassarabia is presented. After 1957 and up to the present time the number of publications related to various problems on faunistic, zoogeography, diversity, ethology, ecology, biology of the different groups of beetles listed several hundreds, most of them being important for the investigated/researched area. We quote some of them, which the authors may consult immediately after this comment, if, unfortunately, they have not done it until now: Adashkevich (1972), Ghilarow (1963), Karpenko (1990, 1995), Karpova (1982, 1986), Karpova Matalin (1992,1993), Matsiuk, Verlan (1987), Neculiseanu (1980, 1991, 1992, 2000, 2003), Neculiseanu et al. (1992, 1995, 2000,

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2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2011 etc), Poiras (1998, 1999, 2001, 2003), Topchiev (1970), Ostafichuk (1983, 1991), etc.. This list may be continued.

Analysing the work content we find the following. The authors stated that the “updated list" of beetle species from the Republic of Moldova includes 2512 species, which belong to 14 suprafamilies, 69 families and 150 subfamilies and the classification of beetles is given by using the classification systems of Kryzhanovskij (1995), Alonso-Zarazaga, Lyal (1999), Legalov (2003) and Lobl, Smetana (2004). However, the reality is entirely different. It is unclear what classification systems have been used by the authors because practically you cannot find in the text such taxonomic categories, as suprafamilies, supratribe, tribe, subtribe, etc. For example, only in the family C A R A B I D A E those approximately 500 known species from the Republic of Moldova up to now are ranked /classified and belong to 4 subfamilies, 18 supratribes, 33 tribes, 15 subtribes and 88 genuses. In reality, the authors by not knowing the current existence of those several carabidaes classification systems and their taxonomy in general, include in this reach family species only 3 Subfamilies (Cicindelinae, Omophroninae, Carabidae) and the other taxonomic categories they do not mention. Moreover, the Aptinus and Brachinus genus and the species that belong to these two genuses belong to Brachininae subfamily, while the authors place them under the Carabinae subfamily, which is a great scientific mistake. Also, it is not clear how in this list of carabidae appeared those more than one 100 of new taxon in the fauna of the Republic of Moldova (genus and species), which were collected, identified and published by other authors in different scientific journals, books, brochures, catalogues. There are other big mistakes, especially relating to some trivial species of carabidae from such genus as Carabus Bembidion, Amara etc. that are not characteristic for this area of biogeographic interference.

The D Y T I S C I D A E family is presented exactly, without any change, as in the work of Medvedev and Shapiro (1957) namely, being copied from this work, which is not quoted. It is not indicated what subfamilies and tribes these species of this family belong to. Moreover, the genus of Scarodytes (Hydroporinae, Hydroporini), Copelatus (Copelatinae, Copelatini), Ilybius (Agabinae, Agabini), Acilius (Dytiscinae, Acilini) and the species that are included in these genus were not included in this family. In the S T A P H Y L I N I D A E family many species were copied

from the doctoral thesis (Neculiseanu 1984) and from other already published specialized sources. Some species were "borrowed" from R. Stepanov’s collection, collection that is preserved at the Entomology Museum of the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, but without making any reference to any of these sources. In this family a new subfamilies (several years ago they were ranked/classified as separate families) are not included and therefore, neither the species nor the other taxa that belong to this new subfamily were included.

In the list of H I S T E R I D A E family some species from the genus of Hister, Saprinus, Pachylister and others were not included. The list of species from B U P R E S T I D A E is also duplicated exactly as in Miller and Zubovskiy’s (1917) work, without any changes. Many species from Acmaeodera, Dicerca, Agrilus, Anthaxia genus, which later were collected by other authors, were not included here either. The initial list of species of N I T I D U L I D A E family was brought after Miller and Zubovskiy (1917) workand completed with species from Medvedev, Shapiro (1957) work but the Epurea and Librodor genus and species belonging to them were not included. Analysing this slight checklist we notice the same mistakes, also serious taxonomic and systematic mistakes for many other COLEOPTERA families, but due to lack of space we stop here, summarizing the following:

1. The information presented in the Checklist for many families is incomplete and in many cases incorrect, where a large number of taxa, from species to families are not included, therefore the list is not much informative.

2. For presenting many families the most current classification systems of such families are not used and quoted and the "updated list" so called by the authors is similar to many lists from the 50s &60s of the past century when the family was named and then only the species were quoted that were known at that time for each separate family.

3. From those authors’ publications, quoted in the REFERENCE, it is inhered and it becomes clear that the authors contribution/input in studying the beetles is minimal and therefore, having not enough experience the authors are not ready and do not seem to be the most appropriate researchers to generalize the information and the existent data on the largest group of insects and the most numerous order (COLEOPTERA) from the Insect and the whole Animal World.

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4. The authors do not know the literature dedicated to the study of beetles, especially published in the XX century, the most works of older authors and works published in the last decades, including of the colleagues with whom the authors are working now are ignored. 5. A large number of species and taxa mentioned above (genus, tribes, subfamilies etc.) of different

families were copied from PhD and post-doctoral theses, books, brochures, scientific articles, from the beetle collections of the Entomology Museum of the Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Moldova, especially from the collection of R. Stepanov, but without making reference to these sources.


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TEMNOTHORAX PARVULUS (SCHENCK, 1852) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN ROMANIA

Ioan TĂUȘAN*

Abstract. Temnothrax parvulus (Schenck, 1852) is a Mediterranean ant species, known to occur in the southern, western and Central Europe, the southern part of East Europe, the north-western part of North Africa and Asia Minor. In Romania the species is known from only three sites. Herein I present the updated distributional data of the species, including the first record for Dobrogea and some insights regarding its ecology. Key words: ants, distribution, habitat preferences, Dobrogea.

Rezumat. Temnothrax parvulus (Schenck, 1852) este o specie de furnică mediteraneană cu o distribuție ce include sudul, vestul și centrul Europei, dar și sudul Europei de Est, nord-vestul Africii și Orientul apropiat. În România specia a fost semnalată doar din trei localități. În prezenta lucrare oferim date privind distribuția speciei, inclusiv prima semnalare a speciei pentru Dobrogea, dar și aspecte privind ecologia speciei. Cuvinte cheie: furnici, distribuție, preferințe de habitat, Dobrogea. Introduction

Bolton (2003) revived the ant genus Temnothorax Mayr, 1861 from synonymy with Leptothorax Mayr 1855. Thus, the ant genus Temnothorax currently comprises 358 valid species distributed worldwide (Bolton 2013).

In Romania nine Temnothorax species occur: T. affinis (Mayr, 1855), T. clypeatus (Mayr, 1853), T. corticalis (Schenk, 1852), T. crassispinus (Karavajev, 1926), T. interruptus (Schenk, 1852), T. nigriceps (Mayr, 1855), T. parvulus (Schenk, 1852), T. tuberum (Fabricius, 1775), T. unifasciatus (Latreille, 1798) (Markó et al. 2006; Czechowski et al. 2012).

Except for T. crassispinus, all other Temnothorax species are poorly known from Romania (Markó et al. 2006). For instance, scarce data is available for T. parvulus, a thermophilic ant species. Its known distribution includes only three sites.

The knowledge of species distribution from different habitat types can serve as basis for future complex studies focusing on the relationship

* Brukenthal National Museum, Natural History Museum, Sibiu, Romania & Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected]

between local and regional biodiversity patterns (Agosti et al. 2000). In the frame of this study we report a new record and an updated distributional data for T. parvulus.

Material and Methods

Workers of Temnothorax parvulus were collected by pitfall traps and were observed on artificial baits (tuna and honey) during a myrmecological survey in Dealurile Niculiţelului deciduous forests (Fig. 1, 45° 7'50.29"N, 28°24'38.43"E, ca. 150 m a.s.l., Dobrogea, Eastern Romania) in July 2012). Specimens were identified with Czechowski et al.’s key (2012) based on the following characteristics: whole body is yellow, the head dorsum never brown, having only the distal half of the first gastral tergite with brown brand, whereas the gastral sternites are usually yellow. The propodeal spines are distinctly shorter, more or less straight (Fig. 2-4). The specimens are deposited in the Natural History Museum of the Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, Romania.

Results

Upon the present paper, Temnothorax parvulus was known only from: Comana (Paraschivescu 1974), Foieni (Markó 2008) and Bucharest (Montdandoni & Santchi 1910). In addition to

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these sites, we sampled the species from Dealurile Niculitelului, a first record for Dobrogea (Fig. 1). Despite that the species is documented only from few localities, it could be assumed that it may be more frequent than observation has shown so far.

Temnothorax parvulus is considered a quite xero- and thermophilic stenotope of dry deciduous forests; it prefers drier and lighter forests than those typical of T. nylanderi. The species nests in the upper soil layer, in decaying wood, under stones, in litter, moss, empty galls or acorns (Czechowski et al. 2012). This preference in habitat or microhabitat warrants further investigation for better understanding its distribution and ecology. The species is monogynous, with colonies of ten to about a hundred workers. Mating occurs in August and September (Czechowski et al. 2012). According to Stukalyuk, Radchenko (2011) the species is zoophagous and a stratobiont form. I observed the species being active on baits alongside Aphaenogaster subterranea, in our study sites. T. parvulus was only observed on baits mostly in the

evenings (Fig. 5) and in the presence of Aphaenogaster subterranea, as expected, seemed timid (Tăușan 2013).

Acknowledgements

The author thanks Ann Mayo (University of Texas-Arlington) and Sándor Csősz (Eötvös Loránd University) for constructive comments and suggestions that improved an earlier version of the manuscript. Sándor Csősz is acknowledged for confirming the species. I am grateful to AntWeb team (www.antweb.org) for their huge work and personally to Estella Ortega for photos of Temnothorax parvulus used in our work and to Alexandru Rădac (West University of Timişoara) for the map. This work was possible with the financial support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, cofinanced by the European Social Fund, under the project number POSDRU/107/1.5/S/76841 with the title „Modern Doctoral Studies: Internationalization and Interdisciplinarity”.

REFERENCES

Agosti et al. 2000 Agosti Donat, Majer Jonathan, Alonso Leeanne, Schultz Ted (eds.), Ants:

Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. In Biological Diversity Handbook Series. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington D.C. (2000).

Bolton 2003 Bolton Barry, Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. In: Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71, (2003) p. 1–370.

Bolton 2013 Bolton Barry, An online catalog of the ants of the world (2013) http://antcat.org [accessed 1st of August 2014]

Czechowski et al. 2012

Czechowski Wojciech, Radchenko Alexander, Czechowska Wiesława, Vepsäläinen Kari, The ants of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. In: Fauna Poloniae 4, new series, Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Natura optima dux Foundation, Warsaw (2012).

Markó et al. 2006 Markó Bálint, Sipos Botond, Csősz, Sándor, Kiss Klara, Boros Istvan, Gallé László, A comprehensive list of the ants of Romania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Myrmecological News 9 Wien, (2006), p. 65-76.

Markó 2008 Markó Bálint, Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the „Sand Dunes of Foieni” protected area and its surroundings (Satu Mare County, Romania) and a new species for the Romanian fauna. In: Acta Scientiarum Transylvanica – Múzeumi Füzetek 16(3) (2008), p. 87-99.

Montandon, Santschi 1910

Montandon Arnold-Lucien, Santschi Felix, Contributions á la faune entomologique de la Roumanie. Formicides. In: Bulletin de la Société Roumaine des Sciences 19 (1910), p. 648-654.

Paraschivescu 1974 Paraschivescu Dinu, Die Fauna der Formiciden in dem Gebiet um Bukarest. In: Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 15 Bucharest (1974), p. 297-302.

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Stukalyuk, Radchenko 2011

Stukalyuk, S.V., Radchenko, V.G., Structure of Multi-Species Ant Assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Mountain Crimea. In: Entomological Review. 91: 15–36.

Tăușan 2013 Tăușan Ioan, Succesiunea comunităților de furnici (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) în tăieturi de păduri de foioase în Transilvania (România), Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca (2013). (Teză de doctorat)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. The known distribution of Temnothorax parvulus in Romania (circles – published literature,

black square – new record).

Fig. 2-4. Temnothorax parvulus worker from AntWeb (CASENT0235377, Csillebérc, Hungary, 30.05.2014 leg. Sándor Csősz), 2- head in full-face view; 3- lateral view; 4 - dorsal view.

Fig. 5. Time-diagram of Temnothorax parvulus and Aphaenogaster subterranea activity on baits in terms of average number of individuals/observation


Fig. 1. Distribuția cunoscută a speciei Temnothorax parvulus în România (cercuri– dae publicate, pătrat negru – semnalare nouă).

Fig. 2-4. Temnothorax parvulus worker from AntWeb (CASENT0235377, Csillebérc, Hungary, 30.05.2014 leg. Sándor Csősz), 2- head in full-face view; 3- lateral view; 4 - dorsal view.

Fig. 5. Diagramă a activității speciilor Temnothorax parvulus și Aphaenogaster subterranea pe momeli în termeni de număr mediu de indivizi/observație.

Fig. 1. The known distribution of Temnothorax parvulus in Romania (circles – published literature, black square – new record).

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Fig. 2-4. Temnothorax parvulus worker from AntWeb (CASENT0173197), 1- head in full-face view; 2 -

dorsal view; 3- lateral view.

Fig. 5. Time-diagram of Temnothorax parvulus and Aphaenogaster subterranea activity on baits in terms of

average number of individuals/observation

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Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Four new records for Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae) and

the confirmation of its range in Romania

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FOUR NEW RECORDS FOR TRICHODES QUADRIGUTTATUS ADAMS, 1817 (INSECTA: COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) AND THE CONFIRMATION OF ITS RANGE IN

ROMANIA

Daniel Kazimir KURZELUK*

Abstract. The arealographic data from the literature for the species Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1816 indicate a range limit that encompasses all the South of Romania in its northern limit. The presence of the species in Muntenia (South of Romania) North to the Danube as some considerations concerning the distribution of the species outside of Dobrogea are based on the collecting records of 218 specimens conserved in several Romanian collections. The results can be regarded as an argument for the range limits presented in the specialised literature for this species and also as a possible expansion of its North-western Romanian range limits. Some habitat preferences and species’ biology data are listed according to the material and literature studied and also based on the author’s personal observations. Key words: Trichodes quadriguttatus, Cleridae, Western Palaearctic, Romania, Range limit.

Rezumat. Datele de arealografie din literatură pentru specia Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1816 indică o limită de areal care cuprinde tot sudul României la limita sa nordică. Prezenţa speciei în Muntenia (Sudul României, la nord de Dunăre) precum şi unele consideraţii privind distribuţia speciei înafara Dobrogei se bazează pe localităţile de colectare a 218 specimene conservate în mai multe colecţii româneşti, Rezultatele pot fi privite ca un argument pentru limitele de areal prezentate în literatura de specialitate pentru această specie, precum şi ca o posibilă extindere a limitelor nord-vestice ale arealului său în România. În urma examinării materialului şi a literaturii precum şi bazat pe observaţiile autorului sunt enumerate unele date privind habitatul preferenţial şi de biologie a speciei. Cuvinte cheie: Trichodes quadriguttatus, Cleridae, Vest Palearctic, România, limita arealului. Introduction

Trichodes Herbst, 1792 a genus within the Clerinae subfamily, and containing about 90 species, of which 71 (Corporaal 1950), (de facto 77 acc. to Zappi – pers. comm.) are from the Palaearctic (from which one Eastern Palaearctic and one pan-Palaearctic) (Löbl, Rolčík, Kolibač, Gerstmeier 2007), 11 from Nearctic (Foster 1976) and eight from the Afrotropical regions (Gerstmeier, Huessmann 2004 ).

Five species of Trichodes are recorded from Romania: T. alvearius (Fabricius, 1792), T. apiarius (Linnaeus, 1758), T. favarius (Illiger, 1802) and T, quadriguttatus Adams, 1817 (Western Palaearctic species) (Jaquet 1901; Petri 1912; Negru, Roşca 1967; Roşca 1976; Löbl, Rolčík, Kolibač, Gerstmeier 2007; Kurzeluk 2012), and T. ircutensis Laxmann, 1771 (Pan-Palaearctic species) (Petri 1912, Löbl, Rolčík,

* Independent researcher, [email protected]

Kolibač, Gerstmeier 2007). Gerstmeier’s (1998) distribution maps for T. crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1787) and T. punctatus Fischer von Waldheim, 1829 suggest a possible occurrence of these species in Romania; however, no Romanian specimens are known until this date.

Materials and methods

The 218 specimens investigated (listed in Tab. 1) were identified using the key for the western Palaearctic members of the group (Gerstmeier 1998).

The specimens from the author’s collection were hand-collected or by net-sweeping over grasses and the arthropods catched were killed with ethyl acetate vapors. The insects were conserved in Pampel’s fluid in order to preserve as much the integrity of the internal organs for further investigations.

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Four specimens were deposited as vouchers , from which two in the MGAB and two in CCOM. In exchange for the last two ones, another two were kindly given by the colleague Cosmin Ovidiu Manci.

The species’s range maps were created from blank maps freely available on the internet, using the “Paint” extension from the Microsoft Office 2003 package. The distribution map for T. quadriguttatus in Romania was created using the ArcGIS 10.0 software, the plot-points being identified with the aid of Google Earth application.

Abbreviations for collections:

MGAB – « Grigore Antipa » National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest MINS – Museal Complex « Samuel von Brukenthal », Museum of Natural History, Sibiu (containing the “Schneider”, “Transilvannian Society for the Study of the Nature” – abbreviated “Society” - , “Weyrauch” and the “Dr. Worell” collections), Sibiu MSNP – Museum of Nature Sciences, Piteşti ICEM – Eco-Museal Researches Institute, Tulcea MAIC – Mircea Alexandru Ieniştea collection, held at ERIS ERIS - “Emil Racoviţă” Institute of Speleology, Bucharest CDKU – Daniel Kurzeluk collection, Bucharest CCOM – Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci collection, Iaşi

Classis: Insecta

Ordo Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758 Family Cleridae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Clerinae Latreille, 1802 Trichodes Herbst, 1792

Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817

Biology, ecology and distribution (as deduced from the examined specimens): Frequency: Dobrogea – very common to common, Muntenia – rare, Bucovina – very rare, The rest of the Romanian historical provinces - absent. Altitude (m): 0 – 800. Flight period (Fig. nr. 1). Voltinism: univoltine species. Flight period peak: The second half of June. Host plants: Cirsium sp., Daucus carota, Leucanthemum sp., Sambucus ebulus. Spread – Dobrogea, South-Eastern Muntenia. Habitat (ecosystem) types: Grasslands, Ruderal areas, Broad-leafed forrest edges. Literature records: Mangalia (Jaquet 1901), Mangalia, Iortmac, Bugeac, Baş Punar, Hagieni, Comarova, Băneasa Dobrogea (Negru, Roşca 1967), Niculiţel, Măcin, Igliţa (Roşca 1976) – until 1976

and further records listed by the author (Kurzeluk 2012) – until 2012.

Results and discussions

Material examined. 115 specimens conserved in the MGAB study collection, 50 from the MINS collections, seven from ICEM, five from MINP, seven from CMAI, 16 specimens collected by the author and two by Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci conserved in CDKU. From the latter, two were deposited as voucher specimens in the MGAB study collection and another two in CCOM.

Distribution. The range of the species according to Gerstmeier (1998) (Fig. nr. 3) includes the South-Eastern part of Romania. According to the material examined, the species range is basically confined to Dobrogea, from the Black sea towards Danube (Fig. nr. 4). But the last collecting points (red stars) of the species (Fig. nr. 5) represent the most Western limits of the species range yet recorded in Romania and also an argument for the distribution given in Gerstmeier’s (1998) maps.

Conclusions

The range of Trichodes quadriguttatus Adams, 1817 is confirmed in Romania. From the collecting data of the examined specimens, the species appears to be univoltine, at least in Romania. The maximum of the flying period is situated in the second half of June. Habitat preferences and species’ biology data are listed according to the material studied and to the author’s personal observations. Further field collection and the careful examination of the Romanian museum heritage are needed to establish the actual range and natural history of this species in Romania.

Acknowledgements

I express my sincere thanks to the former Director, C.M. of the Romanian Academy, Dr. Biol. Dumitru Murariu, and to the Deputy Director, Dr. Melanya Stan, custodian of the Coleoptera collection (MGAB), to Dr. Sabin Adrian Luca and Dr. Rodica Ciobanu (MINS) for the permission to study the Cleridae material hosted in the museums’ collections, and to the curators: Eugen Niţu (ERIS), Marieana Foaltin (MGAB), Nicolae (Nae) Lotrean (MSNP), Adina Popescu (ICEM), Gabriela Cuzepan and Ioan (Johnny) Tăuşan (MINS) for making available the specimens. Thanks for their kind help to Tiberiu Constantin Sahlean for the information that “The”



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species was on the Văcăreşti Lake, to Ioana Sârbu for the identification of Leucanthemum sp. and to Laurenţiu Burlacu for the elaboration of the point distribution map. Specially thanks to Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci for his kind permission to use the species’ photo and to Iuri Zappi for the communication concerning the biology of the species and for the advices given concerning the total number of Trichodes species. To Prof. Lotus Elena Meşter (University of Bucharest, Faculty of

Biology) and Georgeta Negru (S.C. Hofigal S.A.), all my thanks for the information concerning the Arion-Panin collection. Thanks to Georgeta Negru also and Dorina Marieta Purice for their advices concerning the species’ voltinism. Last but not least, thanks to Marian (Mari) Mirea for collecting the most western located specimen from the present study and to the reviewers whos pertinent comments and suggestions greatly improved an earlier version of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Corporaal 1950 Corporaal Johann Bastiaan, Coleopterorum Catalogus Supplementa, edita a W.D. Hincks, Pars 23: (Editio secunda), J.B. Corporaal, Cleridae, Uitgevrij Dr. W. Junk, s’Gravenhagen 22. XII. (1950).

Foster 1976 Foster David, Revision of North American Trichodes (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). In: Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University 11 (1976), p. 1-86.

Gerstmeier 1998 Gerstmeier Roland, Checkered beetles, Illustrated Key to the Cleridae and Thanerocleridae of the Western Palaearctic. In: Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim (1998).

Gerstmeier, Huesmann 2004

Gerstmeier Roland, Huesmann Andrea, Revision of the Afrotropical species of the genus Trichodes Herbst, 1792 (Coleoptera, Cleridae). In: Zootaxa 694 (2004), p. 1-22.

Jaquet 1901 Jaquet Maurice, Coleopteres recoltes par M. le Dr. Jaquet et determines par M. E. Poncy a Geneve, “Faune de la Roumanie” series. In: Buletinul Societăţii de Stiinţe, year IX, 4 (1901), p. 295-303.

Kurzeluk 2012 Kurzeluk Daniel Kazimir, The catalogue of Checkered Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae) from the scientific collections of “Grigore Antipa” National Museum of Natural History of Bucharest. In: Travaux du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle « Grigore Antipa », LV (2) (2012), p. 221-228.

Löbl, Rolčík, Kolibač, Gerstmeier 2007

Löbl Ivan, Rolčík Jakub, Kolibač Jiri, Gerstmeier Roland, In: Löbl Ivan, Smetana Aleš, Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 4, Elateroidea, Derodontoidea, Bostrichoidea, Lymexyloidea, Cleroidea, Cucujoidea. In: Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark (2007).

Negru, Roşca 1967 Negru Ştefan, Roşca Atena, Ord. Coleoptera, în “L’entomofaune des forets du sud de la Dobroudja », par Dr. Xenia Scobiola-Palade et Dr. Aurelian Popescu-Gorj. In: Travaux du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, VII, (1967), p.119-145.

Petri 1912 Petri Karl, Siebenburgens Kaeferfauna auf grund ihrer forschung, bis zum jahre 1910, zusammengestellt von Dr. Karl Petri, Burgerschuldirektor in Schaessburg, Herausgegeben vom Siebenburgischen Verein fur Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt, Komisionsverlag von R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin, Hermannstadt. Buchdruckerei Jos. Drotleff (1912).


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Roşca 1976 Roşca Atena, Ord. Coleoptera (pars), in: “L’ entomofaune du nord de la Dobrogea – la zone Măcin-Tulcea-Niculiţel” - coord. POPESCU - GORJ, A., In:Travaux du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, IX (1976), p.81-95.


Tab. 1. The examined material.

Fig. 1. Trichodes quadriguttatus phenogram.

Fig. 2. Trichodes quadriguttatus male specimen isolated on white background and aedeagus (right – natural dimension, left – enlarged). Photo by Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci.

Fig. 3. The species’s range, according to the litterature

Fig. 4. Species’s Romanian range, according to the material examined Fig. 5. The recording points for Trichodes quadriguttatus in Romania according to the specimens

investgated. The newest records are marked as red stars.

LISTA ILUSTRAŢIILOR Tab. 1. Materialul studiat.

Fig. 1. Fenograma speciei Trichodes quadriguttatus.

Fig. 2. Exemplar mascul de Trichodes quadriguttatus izolat pe fundal alb şi edeag (dreapta - mărime naturală, stânga – detaliu). Fotografie de Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci.

Fig. 3. Arealul speciei conform literaturii.

Fig. 4. Arealul speciei în România conform materialului studiat. Fig. 5. Punctele de semnalare pentru Trichodes quadriguttatus în România conform pieselor studiate.

Cele mai recente semnalări sunt marcate ca stele de culoare roşie. Tab.1. The examined material

Locum County Datum Legit Nr. of specimens

Total

CDKU 18 Istria Constanţa 18.VI.2012 Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci 2 2 Văcăreşti Lake, Bucharest

Ilfov 14.VI.2013 Daniel Kazimir Kurzeluk 11 15 30.VI.2014 4

Bucşani Giurgiu 09.VIII.2014 Marian Mirea 1 1 CMAI 7 Ecrene (ArP!) (sic!) ( see Nota)

Northern Bulgaria

19.VII.1935 - 2 2

Hagieni Constanţa 18.VI.1967 Dr. Nicolae Săvulescu 5 5 ICEM 7 Hagieni Constanţa 12.VI.1961 Dr. Nicolae Săvulescu 2 7

15.VI.1961 4 4.VI.1962 1

MINS 53



519

Schneider Coll. 17 C.A. Rossetti Tulcea 12-16.VII.1980 Eckbert Schneider 1 1 Southern Dobrogea, Abrud (sic !)

Constanţa

4.VII.1974 C. Stănescu 1 1

Hagieni 28.VI.1972 Eckbert Schneider 3 3 Iortmac Valley 17-22.VI.1971 Rolf Weyrauch 4 4 - - 26.VI.1972 Eckbert Schneider 8 8 Society Coll. 2 Italia - 1858 Eduard Albert Bielz 2 2 Weyrauch Coll. 32 Canaraua Fetii Constanţa 18.VI.1971 Rolf Weyrauch 8 12

21.VI.1971 4 Hagieni Forest 29.VI.1965 3 20

9.VI.1971 2 28.VI.1972 1 30.VI.1972 2 16.VII.1973 2 18.VI.1974 9 21.VI.1976 1

Worell Coll. 2 Kessa Turkey 1.VII.1971 Dr. Eugen Worell (?) 1 1 - - - Dr. Eugen Worell (?) 1 1 MGAB 128 Mus. Bucuresci, Vd. Attica (sic !)

- - Dionys Kenderessy 1 1

Komarovo (near Hotin) Ukraine 1.VII.1955 Dr. Nicolae Săvulescu 2 7 2.VI.1962 4 4.VI.1962 1

Bugeac Constanţa 21.VII.1955 2 2 Canaraua Fetii, Danube Delta (sic !)

Tulcea 23.VII.1955 14 16 27.V.1962 2

Băneasa, Canaraua Fetii

Constanţa 24.VII.1955 1 14 29.V.1956 1 9.VI.1960 1 19.VI.1960 10 27.V.1962 1

Murfatlar Tulcea 2.VII.1958 3 3 Valu lui Traian Constanţa

7.VII.1959 Xenia Scobiola - Palade 1 1

Hagieni 12.VI.1961 Dr. Nicolae Săvulescu 3 18 15.VI.1961 5 4.VI.1962 6 4.VI.1964 1 8.VI.1964 3

Gârliţa 10.VII.1961 4 6 11.VII.1967 2

Hagieni 5.VI.1962 Aurelian Popescu-Gorj 2 8 7.VI.1963 3 19.VI.1964 3

Mangalia, Comorova Forest

30.VI.1963 Xenia Scobiola-Palade 1 1

Hagieni 21.VI.1964 Igor Ceianu 1 1 Canaraua Fetii 16-19.VI.1964 [possibly Atena Roşca] 10 10 Agigea 17.VI.1964 Aurelian Popescu-Gorj 1 1 2 Mai 20.VI.1964 - 1 1 Hagieni 21.VI.1964 Xenia Scobiola-Palade 1 3

22.VI.1964 2 Cheia (near Măneciu) Prahova 26.VII.1967 1 1


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Niculiţel Tulcea 27.VI.1967 3 3 Hagieni Constanţa

24.VI.1976 Vladimir Brădescu 4 5 VII.1980 Szekely [Levente ?] 1

Hagieni Forest, Limanu village

11.VII.1992 Rodica Serafim 4 4

Canaraua Fetii, Băneasa

21.VII.1993 Corneliu Pârvu 2 2

Hagieni 18.VI.1997 Mihaela Stănescu 1 1 Olimp ressort, Mangalia

19.VII.2003 Angela Petrescu 3 16 Foaltin Marieana 4 Rodica Serafim 9

Cama islet, Km510, on the Danube

Giurgiu 7.VI.2004 Cornel Pârvu 1 1

Bragadiru Ilfov 13.VIII.2008 Elena Pisică 1 1 Săcele Constanţa 18.VI.2012 Gabriel Chişamera 1 1 MSNP 5 Hagieni Constanţa 18.VI.1967 Dr. Nicolae Săvulescu 5 5 Nota: Ecrene is a locality situated in the Northern part of the Bulgarian Black Sea seashore. The abbreviation may refer to the Arion-Panin collection (Prof. Dr. Biol. Lotus Elena Meşter, pers. comm.), probably held at the National Institute for Research and Development in Plant Protection (Dr. Biol. Georgeta Negru, pers. comm.) .

Fig. 1. Trichodes quadriguttatus phenogram



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Fig. 2. Trichodes quadriguttatus male (Photo by Cosmin-Ovidiu Manci)

Fig. 3. The species’s range, according to the literature


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Fig. 4. Species’s Romanian range, according to the material examined

Fig. 5. The recording points for Trichodes quadriguttatus in Romania according to the specimens investigated. The newest records are marked as red stars.

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 New record for Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) in the northeast of the Gilăului Mountains (Romania)

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NEW RECORD FOR TRIOPS CANCRIFORMIS (BOSC, 1801) IN THE NORTHEAST OF THE GILĂULUI MOUNTAINS (ROMANIA)

Dragomir-Cosmin DAVID* Robert Zoltan BALÁZS**

Abstract. The tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) inhabits temporary ponds from Europe, North and South Africa, Japan and South Asia. Although it is widely distributed, the presence of this “living fossil” is conditioned by the adaptation to specific conditions. Its dry resistant cysts can survive of up to a few decades in diapause. To our knowledge, the species has been recorded in less than 50 localities in Romania, with poor accuracy. While improving its new distribution, important for scientific reasons, we provide information about a newly discovered locality, along with a brief ecological description. The species inhabits a temporary pond located in a hilly area (Cerăchii Peak) at the Spînului forest edge, near the northeast of Gilăului Mountains). We sampled the temporary pond in August and September 2014 in order to estimate the number of individuals and to measure the morphological parameters of 13 individuals. Through this new record, we aim to contribute to the distribution, morphology and ecology of this very ancient organism. Key words: Triops cancriformis, temporary pond, Cerăchii Peak, Gilăului Mountains. Rezumat. Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) populează bălţile temporare din Europa, Africa de Nord și de Sud, Japonia şi Asia de Sud. Deşi are o distribuţie largă, prezenţa acestei "fosile vii" este condiţionată de adaptarea la condiţii specifice. Ouăle lor rezistente la uscăciune pot supravieţui până la câteva decenii în stare de diapauză. În privinţa distribuţiei prezente, specia a fost semnalată cu o acurateţe scăzută, în mai puţin de 50 localităţi din Romania. Îmbunătăţirea distribuţiei acestei specii fiind importantă din motive ştiinţifice, furnizăm informaţii despre o locaţie nou descoperită, împreună cu o scurtă descriere ecologică a acesteia. Specia populează o baltă temporară localizată într-o zonă deluroasă (Vârful Cerăchii) la marginea pădurii Spînului, în apropiere de Nord Estul Munţilor Gilăului. Pentru estimarea numărului de indivizi şi măsurarea parametrilor morfologici a 13 indivizi, am investigat acest habitat în August şi Septembrie 2014. Prin această nouă semnalare contribuim la distribuţia, morfologia, şi ecologia acestui organism foarte vechi. Cuvinte cheie: Triops cancriformis, baltă temporară, Vârful Cerăchii, munţii Gilăului. Introduction

The tadpole shrimp Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) is a crustacean species that inhabits temporary ponds (of natural or anthropogenic origin) from Europe, North and South Africa, Japan and South Asia (Botnariuc, Orghidan 1953; Zierold 2006). Although widely distributed, the presence of this “living fossil” is conditioned by the adaptation to specific conditions, with dry, resistant cysts which can survive up to a few decades in diapause (Schönbrunner, Eder 2006).

In Romania, one of the first studies regarding crustaceans from the Phyllopoda order (Botnariuc,

* Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, [email protected] ** Babeș-Bolyai University, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Cluj-Napoca, [email protected]

Orghidan 1953) also mentions the species Triops cancriformis from Dej City, in northwestRomania. This species is later recorded in other 46 localities from Romania (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008), out of which only three belong to Cluj County. To present date, the total number of records found in the county is of four (Fig.1).

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the presently known distribution of Triops cancriformis in Romania, by recording this new location where the species is found.

Material and Methods

The geographical coordinates of the newly found habitat are: 46⁰46'2.46" N and E 23⁰18'44.208" E., with an elevation of 613 m (WGS84

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Dragomir-Cosmin David, Robert Zoltan Balázs

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coordinates).This temporary pond is 8.20 m in length, 2.80 m wide and has a depth of 40 cm. Following our measurements during the sampling, we found a water pH of 7 and water temperature of 20⁰C.

We sampled the pond using an aquatic net in order to assess the presence of individuals. We made sample repetitions, as follows: on the 4th, 7th and 14th of August and 2nd of September 2014. During these samplings we observed, collected and released a large number of adult individuals, thus excluding the chance of a random first sighting.

After their identification in the field with the aid of taxonomic (dichotomous) key (Botnariuc, Orghidan 1953), and after taking measurements with a slide caliper, the individuals were released back into their environment. A few individuals were captured and deposited in the collection of the Zoological Museum of Babeş-Bolyai University.

Results and Discussion

General presentation of the investigated area

We recorded the presence of Triops cancriformis (Bosc, 1801) in the northeastern area of the Gilăului Mountains (Cerăchii Peak), contributing to the known distribution of this species. The newly found habitat is represented by a temporary pond located in the ecotone between an oak forest association identified as Luzulo luzuloidae – Quercetum petraeae Hilitzer 1932 and mesophilic meadow with Festuca rubra and Agrostis tenuis, on a field road (Fig.2).

The first observation involved one individual that was swimming upside down near the surface of the water. This behavior appears among aquatic species when the oxygen level in the water is very low. The species T. longicaudatus may increase its hemoglobin level when hypoxia affects the temporary ponds (Guadagnoli et al. 2005), which may also be the case for T. cancriformis.

The presence of Triops cancriformis individuals in this pond is explained by the accumulation of rainwater, favored by a second abiotic factor, namely soil specificity, which is argillaceous here (Brtek, Thiery 1995). Also the ratio between water and mud is almost equal, with a depth of approximately 20 cm both, creating a perfect habitat for the species while denying the development of predators, such as fish (Williams 1997). No other large branchiopod besides T. cancriformis was found during our surveys.

Morphology and measurements

The morphology of the species follows the general notostracan body plan. The head bears a pair of sessile compound eyes with a single naupliar eye between them. The carapace is attached only to the head, while covering the thorax and part of the abdomen. The thorax is equipped with 11 paired phyllopodous appendages, each corresponding to a thoracic segment. The anterior rings (with appendages) and posterior rings (lacking these appendages) together form the abdomen, which ends with a telson bearing caudal rami (Brusca, Brusca 2003).

On the 14th of August 2014 we noticed, for the first time since visiting the pond, the presence of immature individuals in great numbers, while the number of adults reduced to a few individuals. This means that the population is viable, with overlapping generations which have a short-life cycle, between 1- 2 months (Brusca, Brusca 2003). We took measurements for comparison with adult individuals from a population in Lithuania (Matulaitis 2007). The results show that individuals from Romania are smaller than those from other regions, where the mean length and the mean width of the carapace is 3.62 cm, respectively 2.28 cm (Matulaitis 2007). We present the results of our measurements in table 1 and 2.

Ecology

On the 2nd of September 2014, during the last visit at the temporary pond, we found the habitat nearly dried, with a water depth less than 5 cm, all suggesting the final stage of this pond.

Although the pond will disappear due to lack of water from precipitation, the reproductive strategy of these species allows them to survive. Before the pond is fully dry, the adults will lay their dry-resistant cysts deep in the mud, making this a new “hotspot” for Triops cancriformis to thrive in. While the previous records from Cluj County came from localities situated along the valley of the Someş River, linking Triops cancriformis to the presence of the river, our locality is on the top of a hilly area, without any available watercourse. Knowing the short-range dispersal of this species, there is the possibility that anthropochory or zoochory could contribute to this species establishing unknown populations outside the protected areas (Adams et al. 2014).

Romanian distribution and conservation issues

To date, there are 46 localities, encompassing six out of seven Romanian investigated regions,


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where this species is present (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008). This makes Triops cancriformis, a widely distributed species at national level. Despite its wide range, it is restricted to local conditions, being hard to infer a distribution pattern.

Currently, in Romania there is no legislation for the protection/preservation of temporary ponds or ephemeral bodies (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008) and consequently for the protection of this species. The main threat to these ephemeral habitats is human activity.

On the other hand, the biological cycle and development of Triops cancriformis closely linked to the features of their habitat makes the conservation frame improper, since these types of ponds are not permanent.

In Romania, there is a scarcity of studies regarding its distribution, biology, ecology, while genetic studies are practically inexistent, creating

a very deep gap in the knowledge of this species preference. For example, ecology linked with small scale genetic structure of populations could be a good approach for future studies regarding the biology of the species.

In conclusion, more studies with reference to the distribution and ecology, implying morphological and molecular investigations are needed in order to comprehend this obligate freshwater and short–lifespan species.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Dr. Bogdan-Iuliu Hurdu and Dr. Pavel-Dan Turtureanu from the Institute of Biological Research, Cluj-Napoca, Romania for providing valuable comments on the manuscript.

REFERENCES Adams et al. 2014

Adams C., Griffin L., Benzies E., Aherne D., Bean C., Dodd J., Fairlamb D., Maitland P., Short range dispersal by a rare, obligate freshwater crustacean Triops cancriformis (Bosc). In: Aquatic Conservation: Marine and freshwater ecosystems 24 (2014), p. 48 – 55.

Botnariuc, Orghidan 1953

Botnariuc Nicolae, Orghidan Traian, Phyllopoda. In: Fauna R.P.R. Crustacea (IV) 2 Editura Academiei R.P.R, Bucharest (1953).

Brtek, Thiéry 1995

Brtek Jàn, Thiéry Alain, The geographic distribution of European Branchiopods (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata). In: Hydrobiologia 298 (1995), p. 263 – 280.

Brusca, Brusca, 2003

Brusca Richard, Brusca Gary, Invertebrates, 2nd edition. In: Sinnauer Associates, Inc. (2003).

Demeter, Stoicescu 2008

Demeter László, Stoicescu Aureliu, A review of the distribution of large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Laevicaudata) in Romania. In: North – Western Journal of Zoology (4) 2 (2008), p. 203 – 22.

Guadagnoli et al. 2005

Guadagnoli J., Braun A., Roberts S., Reiber C., Environmental hypoxia influences hemoglobin subunit composition in the branchiopod crustacean Triops longicaudatus. In: The Journal of Experimental Biology 208 (2005), p. 3543 – 3551.

Schönbrunner, Eder 2006

Schönbrunner Iris Maria, Eder Erich, pH – related hatching success of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Notostraca). In: Hydrobiologia 563 (2006), p. 515 – 520.

Matulaitis 2007 Matulaitis Raimundas, A new location of tadpole shrimp (Triops cancriformis L.) in Lithuania. In: Acta Zoologica Lituanica 17 (2007), p. 247-248.

Zierold 2006 Zierold Thorid, Morphological variation and genetic diversity of Triops cancriformis (Crustacea: Notostraca) and their potential for understanding the influence of postglacial distribution and habitat fragmentation, Freiburg (2006). PhD thesis


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Williams 1997 Williams Dudley, Temporary ponds and their invertebrate communities. In: Aquatic Conservation: Marine and freshwater ecosystems 7 (1997), p. 105 – 117.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1. Distribution of Triops cancriformis in Cluj County: 1. Dej (Botnariuc, Orghidan 1953); 2.

Bonţida (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 3. Răscruci (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 4. Jucu (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 5. Cerăchii Peak (our recent recording, 2014)

Fig. 2. (a) Temporary pond from Vf. Cerăchii; (b) Triops cancriformis individual

Tab. 1. Measurements of 8 immature individuals: CL – carapace length; CW – carapace width; C+AL – carapace and abdomen length; T+RL – tail and rami length (cm)

Tab. 2. Measurements of 5 adult individuals: CL – carapace length; CW – carapace width; C+AL – carapace and abdomen length; T+RL – tail and rami length (cm)


Fig. 1. Distribuţia lui Triops cancriformis în judeţul Cluj: 1. Dej (Botnariuc, Orghidan 1953); 2.Bonţida (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 3. Răscruci (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 4. Jucu (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 5. Vârful Cerăchii (semnalarea noastră recentă, 2014)

Fig. 2. (a) Baltă temporară din Vf. Cerăchii; (b) Individ de Triops cancriformis

Tab. 1. Măsurători pentru 8 indivizi imaturi: CL – lungimea carapacei; CW – lăţimea carapacei; C+AL – lungimea carapacei şi abdomenului; T+RL – lungimea cozii şi a furcii (cm)

Tab. 2. Măsurători pentru 5 indivizi adulţi: CL – lungimea carapacei; CW – lăţimea carapacei; C+AL – lungimea carapacei şi abdomenului; T+RL – lungimea cozii şi a furcii (cm)


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Fig. 1. Distribution of Triops cancriformis in Cluj County: 1. Dej ( Botnariuc, Orghidan 1953); 2. Bonţida

(Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 3. Răscruci (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 4. Jucu (Demeter, Stoicescu 2008); 5. Cerăchii Peak (our recent recording, 2014)

Fig. 2. (a) Temporary pond from Cerăchii Peak; (b) Triops cancriformis individual, photo: D.D.-C.


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Tab. 1. Measurements of 8 immature individuals: CL – carapace length; CW – carapace width; C+AL – carapace and abdomen length; T+RL – tail and rami length (cm)

Immature No.

CL

CW

C+AL T+RL

1 1.4 1.1 2.1 2.5 2 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.9 3 1.2 0.9 1.9 2.7 4 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.5 5 1.2 0.8 1.8 2.2 6 1.2 0.9 1.9 1.8 7 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.5 8 0.9 0.7 1.3 0.5

Mean 1.08 0.8 1.66 1.7 Tab. 2. Measurements of 5 adult individuals: CL – carapace length; CW – carapace width; C+AL – carapace and abdomen length; T+RL – tail and rami length (cm)

Adult No. CL CW

C+AL T+RL

1 3.4 2.2 5.1 4 2 3 2.2 4.5 4.2 3 2.9 1.5 4.2 3.1 4 2.9 1.7 4.4 4.3 5 2.4 1.6 4.6 2.6

Mean 2.92 1.84 4.56 3.64

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Racovița and surroundings(Făgăraş Depression, Transylvania)

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BATS (MAMMALIA: CHIROPTERA) OF RACOVIȚA AND SURROUNDINGS (FĂGĂRAŞ DEPRESSION, TRANSYLVANIA)

Georgiana MĂRGINEAN*

Abstract. The present study of an inventory of bats in the administrative area of Racoviţa village is the first study of bats in the Făgăraș Depression, with preliminary data. The aim of the study was to assess the geographical distribution and abundance of species in the area of the village. Surveys were performed in different groups of habitats, between 2007 and 2014. An overview regarding the relative abundance (dominance) during the 7 years of monitoring shows that the 18 identified bat species in the study area have the following distribution: two eudominant species - Nyctalus noctula (Schreber 1774), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774); four dominant species - Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817), Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774), Eptesicus serotinus Schreber, 1774, Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825); nine subdominant species - Myotis bechsteinii (Kuhl, 1817), Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817),Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839), Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), Myotis myotis/oxygnathus, Myotis brandtii (Eversmann 1845), Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817), Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800); two recedent species - Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817), Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839); one subrecedent species - Myotis alcathoe (von Helversen & Heller, 2001). In Racovița’s administrative territory region were observed five commuting routes, one spring migration route and eight feeding areas. Key words: bat species inventory, distribution, abundance, Făgăraș Depression, Romania. Rezumat. Liliecii (Mammalia: Chiroptera) din Racovița și împrejurimi (Depresiunea Făgăraşului, Transilvania). Acest studiu de inventarierea a liliecilor în teritoriul administrative al localității Racoviţa este unul preliminar, fiind primul studiu referitor la chiropterele din Depresiunea Făgărașului, cu date preliminare. Scopul principal al studiului a fost evaluarea distribuției geografice şi abundenţa speciilor, pe teritoriul localității. Colectarea datelor a avut loc în perioada 2007-2014, în diferite tipuri de habitate. O privire de ansamblu cu privire la abundența relativă a speciilor (dominanța), în decursul celor 7 ani de monitorizare, arată că dintre cele 18 specii identificate, avem următoarea distribuție: două specii eudominante: Nyctalus noctula (Schreber 1774), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774); patru specii dominante: Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817), Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774), Eptesicus serotinus Schreber, 1774, Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825); nouă specii subdominante: Myotis bechsteinii (Kuhl, 1817), Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817),Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839), Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), Myotis myotis/oxygnathus, Myotis brandtii (Eversmann 1845), Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817), Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800); două specii recedente: Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817), Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839); o specie subrecedentă: Myotis alcathoe (von Helversen & Heller, 2001). Pe teritoriul administrative al localității au fost observate cinci rute de trecere, o rută de migrație de primăvară și opt zone de hrănire. Cuvinte cheie: inventarierea speciilor lilieci, răspândire, abundenţă, Depresiunea Făgărașului, România Introduction

Racoviţa is situated at an altitude of 385 metres, at the foothills of Suru mountain peak (2281m), in the contact area between the foothills of the Făgăraș Mountains (Southern Carpathians) and the

* Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest & Făgăraş Mountains Association, Sibiu, Romania. E-mail: [email protected]

low alluvial terrace, on the left bank of the Olt river (Fig. 1). At the edge of the Făgăraș Depression, the mountains prevents boreal cold air masses moving while they obstruct the access of southern Mediterranean winds, thus creating specific ecosystems providing roosts and feeding habitat for a wide variety of bat species. The present inventory study was conducted over an area of 34.5 km2 (Fig. 2), mainly in Natura 2000

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sites. 59% of the ROSPA0098 Făgăraș Piedmont site lies in the Racoviţa territory.

The dominating landscape is one of hills and mountains, predominantly grassland habitats and mixed deciduous forests. Piedmont forests, specifically within the locality, are composed mostly of beech that descends to an altitude of 600 m. Phage associated species are Carpinus betulus, Populus alba, Populus tremula, Betula pendula, Salix sp., Acer pseudoplatanus Acer platanoides and rarely Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelcior and Acer campestre. 23% of the ROSCI0122 Făgăraș Mountains site is in the administrative region of Racovița village. The relief of these mountains is shaped by glaciers. There are intact forest fragments harboring a rich biological diversity. The beech forest floor covers altitudes between 600-1300 m, and between 1750-1800 m altitude is deciduous forest floor. The ROSCI0132 Middle Olt - Cibin - Hartibaciu site overlaps 2% of the village administrative territory. In the study area, the river valley has terraces and floodplain features. The geographical coordinates of the locality are: 45° 40′ 45” North Latitude (NL) and 24° 20′ 38” East Longitude (EL).


The study was undertaken in 2007-2014. Bat species monitoring surveys were performed from early spring to late autumn, applying a combined method based on habitat features: bat detectors and/or morphological observations. During hibernation and maternity seasons, I made observations in several buildings in the proximity of the village administrative territory (Mârșa, a former military base). During bat activity I used: Petterson D 240X time expansion bat detectors with Edirol R-09HR recording equipment, a Petterson MKIIa heterodyne detector (Magenta Electronics), a thermo-hygrometer (Extech Instruments), anemometer and barometer (Sunartis-Mingle Instruments, GmbH Europe D-47877, Willich Model: BKT381), a GPS unit (Garmin GPS 60), a photo camera (Nikon CoolPix P510) and lighting systems (electrical head lamps).

Recording points were chosen in order to investigate a wide range of habitats distributed over altitudes between 350 and 650 m. The habitats studied are different types of forests (deciduous and mixed and coniferous plantations), different water surfaces (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams with tributaries), the inhabited area. I also checked and monitored a number of shelters in the proximity of the village (residential and abandoned buildings). Recordings (in WAV file audio coding

format) were analyzed using the software BatSound 4 (Pettersson Elektronik AB). The parameters considered for species determination were the pulse structure, the minimum and maximum frequency, peak and pulse duration, emission pulse rate, the inter pulse interval, and pulse energy distribution (Barataud, 2012). The spectrograms were set on 512 pt FFT size for QCF and FM-QCF calls, 1024 pt FFT size for FM calls and 256 pt FFT size for CF calls. In order to determine the species by sonograms, I verified and compared data parameters with the available literature (Tupinier 1997; Russ 1999; Barataud 2002; Obrist et al. 2004; Barataud 2012).

Recordings at fixed points and transects were performed after sunset. Recording points were taken in half-open areas (forest edges, rivers, lake settlements) in closed habitats (forests, orchards) and open habitats (meadows, grasslands, arable lands). Walked and car transects had variable lengths (3-8 km/night) and were conducted on the streets and forest roads of Racoviţa village and its administrative territory.

During recording in fixed points and transects, I made observations on migration/commuting routes and feeding areas. Shelters from the former Mârșa military base were visited during the end of hibernation (February), during the birth season (June) and during the active season (July-October) to verify the occupancy of the shelters. Only morphological observations were made, without touching the bats, in order to not disturb the colony.

I have investigated the following eight types of habitats: 1). Water surfaces (Olt River, Racovița Pond, the permanent stream of Racovița village with its affluents, two artificial lakes), 2). Meadows (Pe Hume, Pe Față, Dealul Sebesului, Groapa Călugărului, În Rupturi), 3). Gardens/orchards (Groapa Călugărului, Vadul Mârșii), 4). Agricultural lands (Mestecăniș, the railway area, agricultural lands), 5). Forests (edge – Lupului Valley and Vadul Mârșii, forest roads in the Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica mixed plantation forest named ”Braniște”, Vadul Mârșii, planted scots pines known as”In Brazi”). 6). Buildings (all the light poles in the village streets, abandoned buildings of the former military base Mârșa, and inhabited buildings).

Results

There are no published data concerning the bats from this area. The identified species were: Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774), Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839),


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Eptesicus serotinus Schreber, 1774, M. alcathoe (von Helversen & Heller, 2001), Myotis bechsteinii (Kuhl, 1817), Myotis brandtii (Eversmann 1845), Myotis daubentonii (Kuhl, 1817), Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 1817), Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797), Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 1817), Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1817), Nyctalus noctula (Schreber 1774), Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839), Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl, 1817), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber, 1774), Pipistrellus pygmaeus (Leach, 1825), Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) and Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758).

1a). At the edge of the administrative territory defined by the Olt river, I identified an intense feeding activity of the following species: M. daubentonii, E. serotinus, N. noctula, P. nathusii, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, V. murinus, and B. barbastellus. Here, the stream flows slowly, allowing some of these bat species (M. daubentonii, N. noctula, P. pipistrellus) to feed throughout the night, near Sebes Olt railway bridge. Feeding activity was observed during both transect sections of the river and at fixed points from early spring until late autumn.

1b). Bat activity at Racoviţa pond was below expectations, bats starting their feeding activity relatively late compared to the species hunting over the Olt river. The number of individuals and species were low despite positive weather conditions. The species detected were M. daubentonii, V. murinus and P. pygmaeus.

1c). Along the stream that flows through the village, the bat activity was observed especially in summer and autumn. The Lupului Valley, named in some documents as Racovița Valley, is dammed for a large part of its flow inside the village, being partly bordered by willows (Salix alba) and old acacia trees (Robinia pseudoacacia). An intense activity of bats feeding in the active season was observed downstream from the village, towards the railway station. The species detected were P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, E. nilssonii, P. kuhlii, M. daubentonii, E. serotinus, the predominant ones being P. kuhlii, and M. daubentonii. Upstream of the village I had detected the species P. pygmaeus, V. murinus, B. barbastellus, M. alcathoe (Hoffmann R., pers comm), M. bechsteinii, N. noctula, and M. mystacinus. Their feeding activity is occasional, bats following the commuting route along the Mârșa Valley inside the forest, towards the forest edge or villages. Along the river valleys I detected the species V. murinus.

1d). I observed a migration route directed SE – NW, recorded at the forest edge of the common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest, along the artificial lakes in the former military base of Mârșa. It seems that it is a spring migration route and they also use it as a commuting route all the year. A lot of species were observed flying and hunting along the artificial lakes all the active season: M. alcathoe, M. daubentonii, N. noctula, E. serotinus, E. nilssonii, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, B. barbastellus, and M. schreibersii. Another commuting route directed E – NW intersects the route mentioned above. Two interesting observations about the bat activity along the lakes are: a). although near the lakes maternity shelters of R. hipposideros were identified, this species was not detected in migration routes or commuting along the lakes, nor feeding upon the lake surfaces; b). the first species waking up after the hibernation period was N. noctula, a large number of individuals being observed flying in February 2014 before sunset, when temperatures reached 9oC. Subsequently, weather conditions became unfavorable, it snowed and rained and the temperatures were below zero. For about 45 nights, there was no bats activity.

2). I made observations in grasslands before and after mowing in the following areas: Balta Racovița, Pe Hume, Pe Față, Sebeșului Hill, Groapa Călugărului, În Rupturi. The species encountered, although the number of individuals was small (both before and after mowing), were M. myotis/oxygnathus, E. serotinus, P. pipistrellus, and N. noctula.

3). In orchards and gardens, the activity was intense during the active season. In Groapa Călugarului, the following species were detected: E. nilssonii, N. noctula, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, B. barbastellus, and V. murinus. Bats were observed commuting in parallel with the stream and usually against its flow. Among the species detected the following species were distinguished as dominant in mid-June: B. barbastellus, and in mid-October, the genus Myotis species. In late summer I detected the species E. serotinus and N. noctula flying in circles at high altitude above ground level, over the gardens of the houses no. 373 and 374. In the Vadul Mârșii orchards, bats were observed flying from the military base toward Branişte and vice versa. The species were N. noctula, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, and V. murinus. In spring, sometimes before sunset, I observed high numbers of bats flying in circles over ”Pe Față”: (M. schreibersii, N. noctula, V. murinus, E. serotinus).


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4). Based on our observations, the bat activity in agricultural habitats was low. The occurrence of species E. serotinus and P. kuhlii, being due to commuting.

5). At the edge of the forest in Vadul Mârșii and Lupului Valley, the bat species detected were R. hipposideros, N. noctula, E. nilssonii, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, B. barbastellus, and M. schreibersii. Over the forest roads, in the ”Braniste” forest plantation, I detected the species M. bechsteinii, M. emarginatus, R. hipposideros and N. noctula. In the scots pines named "In Brazi", the predominant species was E. serotinus..

6a). In the inhabited area, the most intense bat activity was observed during summer to autumn, at the exit part of the village towards the mountains, hunting at light poles. The buildings in this area show features that allow bats to roost (cracks in walls, old roofs and others). Also, near these buildings, flows the main stream (Racovița Valley) with its tributary, named Racovicioara. The species detected were P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, N. leisleri, E. serotinus, and M. myotis/oxygnathus. I observed an occasional intense bat activity during the autumn season, at the entrance of the village near the cemetery and also in the Hotărăl area, when temperatures were above 18°C. The species detected were N. noctula and E. serotinus.

Occasionally, during spring, in the area called "The Bălți" - at about 50 m from the last house, - I observed approximately 20 individuals of the species N. noctula and E. serotinus, the first of them being predominant. On the road that leads to "În Brazi" I frequently identified in large numbers the species P. kuhlii, N. noctula, P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, N. leisleri, E. serotinus, and V. murinus. I detected social calls of the species N. leisleri in a house area. Sometimes, over the streets of Suru, Gării, Cornel Lupea, Viroana, and in the railway station, the species E. serotinus, N. noctula, P. pipistrellus, and V. murinus, were detected hunting near lighting poles. On the house no. 371 in Cornel Lupea Street were observed one individual of M. brandtii (28.06.2013 - under the roof tiles; species confirmation: Levente Barti), one individual of R. hipposideros (15.07.2013 - entered in the open window).

6b). The former Mârşa (Avrig district, Sibiu County) military base is an important area in assessing the region’s bat species, during the active season. The entire military base covers 146 hectares (both buildings and open land). Nine of the abandoned military buildings forming the base,

are temporary or permanent shelters for bats as follows: two are shelters for maternity colonies, two are temporary shelters throughout the active season and the other five are temporary shelters for solitary specimens, all belonging to Rhinolophus hipposideros. Each spring the most important of the colonies gather a total of about 35 individuals.

In 2013, after the partial destruction of the building in which the most important colony roosts, due to penetration of light and water in the hall, the colony disappeared. The colony was restored later, this time in the next hall less darkened than the first.

Discussion

As an overview regarding the relative abundance (dominance) between 2007 and 2014 of the 18 identified bat species in the study area, we have the following distribution: 2 eudominant species: N. noctula, P. pipistrellus; 4 dominant species: M. daubentonii, B. barbastellus, E. serotinus, P. pygmaeus; 9 subdominant species M. bechsteinii, N. leisleri, V. murinus, E. nilsonii, P.kuhlii, M. myotis / oxygnathus, M. brandtii, M. mystacinus, R. hipposideros; 2 recedent species: M. schreibersii, P. nathusii; 1 subrecedent species: M. alcathoe.

14 of the 18 identified bat species were detected feeding over water surfaces. Half of them are woodland species. The Dzuba index of ecological significance shows the following distribution: 2 eudominant species: M. daubentonii, P. pygmaeus; 5 dominant species: N. noctula, P. pipistrellus, B. barbastellus, E. serotinus, V. murinus; 3 subdominant species: E. nilsonii, M. bechsteinii, P. kuhlii; 0 recedent species; 3 subrecedent species: M. alcathoe. M. schreibersii, M. mystacinus, P. nathusii. The high diversity of bat species in habitats with water surfaces is due to their location near the forest habitats and orchards, in which it is possible to roost in tree holes and spaces under bark (for example: B. barbastellus, which can be found in deciduous woodland and glades, bankside woodland, woodland edges and even over open water (Entwistle et al., 2001; Russo et al., 2007); P. nathusii, which forages by rivers, has been recorded in woodland and along tree lines and roosting in tree holes (Entwistle et al. 2001).

The pond Balta Racovița is relatively far away from these types of habitats (it is located between Racovița and Mârșa villages). For foraging bats, clutter conditions (given in this case by reeds) are the most important ecological constraints. Interfering signals that follow the target echo, such as clutter echoes, produce a backward-masking


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effect, which hampers detection of insects (Schnitzler, Kalko 2001). Bats will probably will no longer feed in this area, since during the last 3 years the pond area was reduced considerably by extending the reeds (Phragmites australis); at present (2014) it occupies about 90% of the pond. In garden/orchard areas we detected eight bat species: two eudominant species - N. noctula, V. murinus; two dominant species - P. pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus; three recedent species - B. barbastellus, E. serotinus, E. nilsonii; one subrecedent species - M. schreibersii.

In the anthropic area we detected nine bat species: two eudominant species - P. pipistrellus, N. noctula; one dominant species - E. serotinus; four subdominant species - M. myotis/oxygnathus, P. pygmaeus, V. murinus, N. leisleri; one recedent species - R. hipposideros; one subrecedent species - M. brandtii.

M. brandtii is known to forage in damp areas or drier areas close to water, using both broadleaved and coniferous woodland, forest edges and clear felled areas. It also uses tree lines as flight paths (Entwistle et al. 2001). The presence of M. brandtii in a buiding roof is explained by the nearest foraging area given by the stream in front of the house and the tree lines from Groapa Călugărului area.

Conclusions

One important birthing colony located in the former military base of Mârșa. This is of major importance to the assessment of the R. hipposideros population. There is no other known roost in the area making these bat species the local hot spot. The Vadu Mârșii region is preferred by several bat species not only for roosting but also for feeding, due to the local natural landscape. Some of these species were observed feeding in the vicinity of the military base and a few kilometres

from it, being recorded in the deciduous planted forest named Branişte, at the edge of the Lupului Valley and one individual entered in a house on Cornel Lupea street.

Five commuting corridors: two on the military base, one from Vadu Mârșii to the forest road in Branişte, one on Lupului Valley forest edge and one on the Lupului Valley area, at the beginning of the forest’s road.

One important spring migration route in the former military base. The identified species is important during the active season, being represented by rare species for the area, M. alcathoe, and M. schreibersii, and during birth, R. hipposideros and M. schreibersii, these having a random presence because we do not know any underground shelter of these species in the study area.

Seven feeding areas: 1 in the former military base perimeter; 1 on the former military base ponds; 1 in the Vadu Mârșii area; 2 on the Racovița Valley stream; 1 over the Olt river; 1 on the edge of the forest in the Lupului Valley region; and another 5 occasional feeding areas: 3 of them in Bălți and 2 in the Hotărăl area.

Regarding the status of habitats on the northern side of the administrative territory of Racovița, we can say that is favorable, that logging is not out of control. But the roosts and feeding areas on the former military base may change in the future due to various proposed projects in durable development strategy of Avrig City.

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Romanian Bat Protection Association (RBPA) for their support by providing the recording equipment, to my reviewers Dr. Carmen Gache, Joseph Duxbury, Dr. Oana Mirela Chachula and Acad. Dr. Dumitru Murariu, for his support. Thank you all.


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REFERENCES Barataud 2002 Barataud Michel, 2002, The World of Bats: Acoustic Identification of French Bats.

In: Editions Sittelle, France (2002). Barataud 2012 Barataud Michel, Ecologie acoustique des chiroptères d’Europe. Identification des

espèces, études de leurs habitats et comportements de chasse. Biotope, Mèze. In: Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (2012).

Entwistle et al. 2001 Entwistle C. Abigail, Harris Stephen, Hutson M. Anthony, Racey A. Paul, Walsh Allyson, Gibson D. Stephen, Hepburn Ian, Johnston Jacklyn, Habitat management for bats. A guide for land managers, land owners and their advisors. In: Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2001).

Obrist et al. 2004 Obrist K. Martin, Boesch R. Ruedi, Flückiger F. Peter, Variability in echolocation call design of 26 Swiss bat species: consequences, limits and options for automated field identification with a synergetic pattern recognition approach. In: Mammalia, 68 (4) (2004), p. 307-322.

Russ 1999 Russ Jon, The Bats of Britain & Ireland. Echolocation Calls, Sound Analysis and Species Identification. In: Alana Books (1999).

Russo et al. 2007 Russo Danilo, Cistronec Luca, Jones Gareth, Emergence time in forest bats: the influence of canopy closure.In: Acta Oecologica 31(2007), p. 119–126.

Schnitzler, Kalko 2001

Schnitzler Hans-Ulrich, Kalko K. V. Elisabeth, Echolocation by insect-eating bats. In: Bioscience 51 (2001), p. 557–569.

Tupinier 1997 Tupinier Yves, European bats: their world of sounds. In: Editions Sittelle, France (1997).


Fig. 1. Administrative territory of Racovița village, Sibiu County (bordered and highlighted with grids).

Fig. 2. The studied area map (highlighted).


Fig. 1. Teritoriul administrativ al localității Racovița, județul Sibiu (conturat și evidențiat cu carouri).

Fig. 2. Harta zonei studiate (partea evidențiată).


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Fig.1. Administrative territory of Racovița village, Sibiu County (bordered and highlighted with grids).


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Fig. 2. The studied area map (highlighted)

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Morphological analysis and community patterns of Centaurea kotschyana Heuff. in the Romanian Carpathians

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asa

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND COMMUNITY PATTERNS OF CENTAUREA KOTSCHYANA HEUFF. IN THE ROMANIAN CARPATHIANS

Ghizela Daniela VONICA * Mihaela Andreea SAVA **

Abstract. The Carpathian-balcanic species- Centaurea kotschyana Heuff. was less approached from the morphological point of view, therefore, was wrong identified or treated as vicariant taxon to another species. Morphological and phytocenological analysis shows a clearly morphological differences between C. kotschyana and analysed species, moreover these differences are sustained by geographic spread or association composition of coastal weeds from Romanian Carpathian. Key words: Centaurea kotschyana, South-East Carpathians, morphological differences, species composition patterns.

Rezumat. Specia carpato-balcanică Centaurea kotschyana Heuff., a fost mai puţin abordată din punct de vedere morfologic, motiv pentru care a fost uneori, greşit determinată sau considerată o vicariantă a altor specii. Analizele morfologice dar şi cele fitocenologice au arătat că specia este clar diferenţiată morfologic de alte specii apropiate iar această delimitare este susţinută şi de distribuţia geografică sau structura compoziţională a asociaţiilor specifice buruienişurilor saxicole din Carpaţii României. Cuvinte cheie: Centaurea kotschyana, Carpaţii Sud-Est, diferenţe morfologice, structura compoziţională a asociaţiilor analizate. Introduction

Over time, the Centaurea genus represented an interesting subject for botanical researches. Referring to C. kotschyana, Carpathian-balkanian species were not made many studies and for this reason it doesn’t exist clear information regarding its distribution, morphology and coenotaxonomy. Due to incomplete and wrong data, the species was missidentified or confused with other species from Centaurea genus (as C. atropurpurea Waldst. & Kit.). Moreover, based on similarity index, the studied species was considered an altitudinal vicariant of C. atropurpurea (Pop 1976). Also, there are not reliable information about potential morphological differences between C. kotschyana and C. alpestris Hegetschw respectively C. tatrae Borb. The few information gathered over the years, indicate a tendency to reduce its distribution. According to the critical list of roumanian vascular plants, C. kotschyana is considered a sporadic species (Oprea 2005), and from the conservation status

*Brukenthal National Museum, Natural History Museum, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected] **Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania

point of view the species is not threatened-NT (www.iucn.org).

Also, the species C. kotschyana is considered a rare plant, respectively a Carpathian – Balkanian endemit (Sârbu et al. 2003).

In this case study, we will search for taxonomical position (with morphological differences), and a pattern in set of vegetation sample with ecological variable of C. kotschyana species.


The morphological and cenological data of Centaurea kotschyana, on the one hand, were analysed in the field and on the other hand were analysed herbarium vouchers. The field trips were conducted in September 2013, in Postăvarul Massif (Bârsei Mountains group, S-E Carpathians, Romania), where have been measured 53 of C. kotschyana individuals and have been analysed two association with C. kotschyana. The species data comprise classical vegetation relevés (with their abundance using Braun-Blanquet scale) (Cristea 1993). The relevés were completed with ecological data (UTR).

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Ghizela Daniela Vonica, Mihaela Andreea Sava

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For complementary measurements were analysed 101 herbarium vouchers of C. kotschyana from Natural History Museum Sibiu (SIB) and from Herbarium of ,,Alexandru Borza” Botanical Garden (CL). Moreover, for comparative analysis was made measurements on C. tatrae and C. alpestris. The morphological data of C. atropurpurea, were collected between 2009-2013 by Ghizela Vonica and the results were presented in her Ph.D. thesis (Vonica 2013). In total were measured 154 individual samples of C. kotschyana species, 61 samples of C. atropurpurea species, 16 samples of C. tatrae species and 4 samples of C. alpestris species.

For analysis of C. kotschyana communities, were used from literature data of 9 association with abundance of all species from Rodnei Mt.-Coronghişul Mic massif (noted with R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18), Coronghişul Mare massif (noted with R19), Faţa Cătinului Peak (noted with R20) and Mihăiasa Peak (noted with R21) (Beldie 1967; Ciucă 1984; Coldea 1990; Sanda et al. 2008).

For morphological analysis were made measurements of the steam, leaves and inflorescence level which are presented in the Fig. 1. All measurements included 15 quantitative characters (SL, IN, SB, LL, LW, IL, IW, BL, BW, ML, MW, FL, AL, AW, PL) and 4 ratios (ILW, MLW, BML, BMW) – all these were detailed explained (Tab. 1).

Statistical analysis were computed with PAST package – Paleontological Statistics.2.15 (Hammer 1999-2012) and CANOCO for Windows (Teer et al. 2002). The morphological analysis were computed with linear discriminant analysis (CCA – Canonical Correlation Analysis) which calculate the morphological distance between species. Following the obtained results, the individuals were grouped with classification methods (KmC - K means Clustering). The mean between clusters was calculated and compared with MANOVA test.

For mapping of C. kotschyana distribution were used ArcGIS software (Geographic Information System) and data from literature (Prodan 1964; Beldie 1967; Ciucă 1984; Coldea 1990; Târziu et al. 2002; Ungar 2002-reprint from 1913; Oprea 2005; Blaga et al. 2008; Drăgulescu 2010; Vonica 2013).

The plant communities analysis of C. kotschyana were computed with direct ordination (DCA, CCA) and classification (UPGMA, parsimony analysis). The ordination was computed with

CANOCO package and the other analysis with PAST package.

Results and discussions

Morphological analysis Based on statistical analysis, C. kotschyana specimens has a medium high about 50 cm, the maximum was by 99 cm (SL), which dimensions are the same with Prodan (1930). The erect steam, often unbranched has a pronounced heteromorphism of leaves, part of them form a basal rosette with lanceolate and deeply sectate leaves and much bigger than upper leaves (Fig. 1).

The other part are caulinar leaves which are pennate-fidate with mean of length by 13 cm (LL) and 5 cm width (LW). The globose inflorescence has 3.5 cm length (IL) and 3.7 cm width (IW), ratio between them (ILW) is 1. The measurement on bracts show the same value with literature with one exception, the length of middle bracts is smallest with 5 mm comparing Prodan’s value (Prodan 1930, 1964).

The similar species of C. kotschyana (namely C. atropurpurea) has almost the same plant high, with an erect steam, oftenly brunched on the terminal part. The caulinar leaves have 12 cm length and 1.4 cm width, this means that are smaller width comparing with C. kotschyana. The inflorescence has 1.5 cm ratio between length and width, having an elongated shape than globose and the middle bracts have 13 cm length (comparing with 9 mm length to C. kotschyana).

Another similar species with C. kotschyana, from a morphological point of view, is C. tatrae with an average height by 53 cm, branched steam (3-7 brunch), leaves have 10 cm length and 5.2 cm width and the length of the middle bract around 12 mm.

The correlation matrix computed for all species show a high correlation (0.99) between inflorescence length (IL ) and inflorescence width (IW), therefore, were excluded from the analysis. The statistical univariate test shows that C. kotschyana species has smaller bract appendage, relative similar with C. tatrae and the achenas are smaller too (3.78/1.79 mm).

The Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) computed for all four species revealed morphological differences, based on distance between species (Hill’s scale). From 16 measured characters, it can be seen that 5 characters discriminant (with 0.001 value) were selected after 999 unrestrictive permutations (Tab. 2).


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From CCA, the IL variable (inflorescence length) explain 0.88 of cases from the total of 1.90 cases (total inertia), which means almost 46.31% from the variable total (16 measured morphological characters), being the best discriminant factor reported on the type I error (p=0,001). All discriminant characters (IL, IN, ML, BW, LL, BL and BML) explain 81.05 % from the entire set of variable data (Fig. 2). Five of them (BML, IN, BW, BL and ML) are positively correlated with the first axis and variables of the inflorescence (IL and LL) are negatively correlated for all four species. If we analyse the species centroid, the CCA shows clear morphological differences between C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. tatrae and C. alpestris. At the individual level it can be see that between C. kotschyana and C. tatrae is a morphological overlap (Fig. 3).

Based on CCA overlap of the two species, the individuals were grouped with UPGMA classification. (Fig. 4) . Analysing the UPGMA plot, it can be seen that few individuals are wrong determinated, namely kots5 (inv. 32474-SIB herbarium), kots136 (inv. 148410B-CL herbarium), tatr3 (inv. 115055A-CL herbarium), tatr 4 (inv. 115055B SIB herbarium) and tatr 10 (inv. 116302-SIB herbarium). According to UPGMA results, kots5 and kots136 were grouped in the C. tatrae class, but its spreading area is not on Eastern Europe (including Romania), and probably these are other species which were not analysed in this paper. Beside tatr3, tatr4 and tatr10 were grouped in the C. kotschyana class.

The corology of C. kotschyana in Romania was identified on the entire Carpathian Mountains, more exactly on 148 places from Oriental Carpathian Mt., 48 places on Merdidional Carpathian Mt., and just 8 places on the Occidental Carpathian Mt. (Fig. 7). The big number of places from Orientali Carpathian Mt. is explained by the fact that those have the biggest area from Romanian Carpathian chain (Mândruţ 1993). In terms of altitudinal distribution, C. kotschyana grows at altitudes above 1600 m, in the Meridional Carpathian grows up then 2000 m (2535 m –Negoiu peak, 2505 m – Omu peak, 2468 m - Arpaşu Mare peak, 2914 m- Galbena peak) (SIB herbarium, CL herbarium). On the other hand, C. kotschyana species grows at low altitude on Occidental Carpathian Mt. (under 2000 m altitude). The preferred soils by C. kotschyana are Cambisoils and Umbrisoils, with a high acidity (pH = 3 – 3,5) and medium-level fertility.

C. kotschyana communities analysis

However, the spreading area of C. kotschyana largely overlaps with the alpine meadows and schrubs, on sunny slopes or in associations of coast weeds and meadows of spruce and beech forests. All C. kotschyana communities (literature and our recording) were achieved between 1600 m and 1800 m altitude, on the SSE exposure and the synthetic table summarize 102 species (Tab. 6). From Raunkiaer life-form classification point of view, C. kotschyana communities have 81% hemicryptophytes, that means a moderate climate specific to grassy meadows. The euro-asiatic elements participate to the spectrum with 29 % followed by central-european (16 %) and european (12%) elements (Fig. 5). The Carpathian endemics (9%): Centaurea pinnatifida Schur, Dianthus tenuifolius Schur, Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich and Thymus pulcherrimus Schur are also well represented (Fig. 6).

The species composition of C. kotschyana comunities, analysed from the ecological point of view were predominated by xero-mesophilous (56%), micro-mesothermic (27 %) and acid-neutrophilous species (58%). C. kotschyana individuals was frequently seen around Dianthus tenuifolius, Carex sempervirens and Ranunculus oreophilus, on alpine or subalpine slopes.

The plant communities with Centaurea kotschyana are different depending on the local condition. The differences between these were computed with the diversity indices, where number of individuals are tabulated in rows (taxa) and possibly several columns (associations) (Tab. 3).

The available statistics are as follows, for each association: Number of taxa (S), Total number of individuals (n), Dominance = 1-Simpson index, Simpson index of diversity (1-D), Shannon index (entropy), Menhinick's richness index and other ecological indices. From the table of diversity indices, it can be seen that Simpson's Index gives more weight to the more abundant species in a sample. For Postavaru relevés (R22, R23), this indices have higher value comparing with the other Centaurea kotschyana communities and the species richness has a higher value for R22, R23.

The hierarchical clustering routine produces a 'dendrogram' showing how the investigated relevés can be clustered using unweighted pair-group average (UPGMA) in Q-mode. The associations clusters are joined based on the average distance between all members in the two groups (Fig. 8). Based on presence-absence species it can be seen that the Postăvaru relevés


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(R22, R23) are different in species comparing with the Coronghişul Mic and Faţa Cătinului relevés (Rodnei Mt.). This situation is not surprising because the Centaurea kotschyana communities have recorded in different mountains of the S-E Carpathians and the affirmation is sustained by the value of coph. corr=0,92.

The cluster analysis show differences between some relevés but we don’t know if these differences are sustained by the variation of the ecological variable or other variable (anthropic, climatic or chemical variable). In the unconstrained ordination- the detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). No data transformation is needed because the ordinal transformation has logarithmic nature with respect to cover and provides reasonable weighting of species dominance. In DCA with detrending by segments and Hill’s scaling, the length of the longest axis provides an estimate of the beta diversity in the data set (the value of length of gradient suggest that the use of unimodal ordination methods is quite appropiate here). The ecological data will not influence the species and relevés ordination, but they will project afterwards to the ordination diagram. A closer inspection of the correlation matrix in the CANOCO Log View shows that the variable are indeed correlated but can not explain the variability of species composition (Tab. 4).

It can be seen that the first gradient (5.298) is by far the longest one, explaining about 20% of the total species variability, whereas the second and higher axis explain much less. Also, the eigenvalue of the first axis has a good dispersion, whereas the four axis has no dispersion of all species. On the other way, the first axis is not very well correlated with the ecological data (r=3.3) comparing with the second axes which is considerably higher (16.1). All this suggests that the whole data set is not governed by a single dominant gradient. On the other way, the number of axis scores calculated for relevés -ecological variable biplot is restricted in a DCA, by default, to two and the variability for the third and fourth axis is shown as 0.

From the DCA biplot (Fig. 9) it can be seen that all relevés are positively correlated with the first axis and the best variable for differences between C. atropurpurea communities is soil reaction (R). It can be seen that the soil reaction (pH) and temperature variables are correlated negatively with the first axis and humidity variable is positively correlated.

Inspection of their general distribution suggest that there is a continuous variation of species composition in the whole data set, with some exception (Parnassia palustris and Galium anisophyllon) (Fig. 10). The position of individual species supports this interpretation- with Centaurea kotschyana being typical for the weeds limestones subtrate. The second axis is more difficult to interpret because the ecological variable are weakly correlated with it. The position of arrows for ecological variables suggest that there is one variable (T) that are mutually highly positively correlated and the other are negatively correlated.

The direct ordination (constrained) extract the variation that is explainable by the ecological variable. The canonical correspondance analysis (CCA) shows that the first and the second axis, not explain more than third and fourth axes together (Tab. 5). The percentage (0.107 % of the first axis CCA) variance explained by the first axis is far to the percentage (0.552 % of first axis from DCA) obtained in the unconstrained DCA. The relevés -ecological variable correlation of both analyses are more differentiated. This suggests that the ecological variables have a little influence for species composition variation. The test of the ecological variable is not significant (F=0.69; P=0.72) and shows that the original first two axis, despite being clearly dominant, is not sufficient to explain the relevés -ecological variable relationship in the data. The forward selection from CCA, build a simpler model that explains the species composition patterns. At the first inspection of the marginal effects of ecological variables (i.e. the independent effect of each environmental variable) it can be seen that the soil reaction (R) variable has an influence of the species composition, followed by the temperature and humidity but have not a considerable effect on the composition variability.

Another insight for this data set can be obtained from species composition classification, based on ecological variable. The PAST result was run with the default options and the Centaurea atropurpurea communities plant were tailed in two groups (Fig. 12 ), the smallest one has calcareous rock crevices species and the second group has plants from association Diantho tenuifolii-Festucetum amethystinae, with transgressive species from Festuco saxatilis-Seslerion bielzii and Seslerio bielzii-Caricetum sempervirentis (Sanda et al. 2008).

Analysing the distance between relevés with branch-and-bound algorithm (parsimony analysis),


541

was evaluated 5.362.551 trees and just 3 trees with 196 tree long was stored with the PAST package (Fig. 11). The consistency index computed has value towards 1 (0,68), for evolution analysis, this means that the relevés have the same similarity based on ecological variables. The parsimony analysis used in evolution explanation has one inconvenience (the first relevés is on the dendrogram root) and from this reason the design of the tree can be changed. The other relevés are grouped in the same clade with small differences between them.

Conclusions

The ordination analysis computed with CCA revealed five morphological discriminant variable for all five studied species, namely: inflorescence length, number of steam brunch, caulinar leaf length and middle bracts length and width. Based on these traits (discriminant variable), the C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. alpestris and C. tatrae are well morphological differentiated.

Regarding the corology, the C. kotschyana species have a preponderant spreading on Oriental Carpathian Mt., on alpine grasslands. Today, the analysed species is threatened, by one hand, by natural factors (reducing the lime amount from soil by rainfall, species habitat reduced) and the other hand, by anthropic factors (overgrazing and uncontrolled tourism).

The analysis of Centaurea kotschyana communities show a high diversity, especially Postăvaru relevés (R22, R23) because these have

species more thermophile for alpine level (Aconitum anthora, Anthemis tinctoria, Euphorbia cyparissias, Geranium robertianum, Potentilla thuringiaca, Thalictrum minus and Viola tricolor saxatilis). The analyses of presence-absence species, the Postavaru relevés have more species comparing with the other relevés, probably the human intervention and climatic changes are the principals variables. Otherwise, the variability of the community plants with C. kotschyana are not depending by the ecological variables (UTR), and this conclusion sustain the human activities or other variable that result from the climate changes. The DCA and CCA analysis show that the species variability from relevés, are not important and in the future analysis is better if we analysed other variables (organic carbon, concentration of Ca, Mg, Na from soil and pluvial water, etc.). The classification of species and relevés based on ecological variables show that the Centaurea kotskyana communities are typical for Diantho tenuifolio-Festucetum amethystine Coldea 1984, Seslerietalia albicantis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et Jenny 1926, Elyno-Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the comments of Dr. Erika Schneider and Dr. Constantin Drăgulescu, who improved the first version of the manuscript. We are in debt to the Herbarium of Cluj-Napoca and Iaşi for their help with information about Centaurea kotschyana voucher herbarium. .

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Republicii Socialiste România, București (1967). Blaga et al. 2008 Blaga Gheorghe, Paulette Laura, Udrescu Sevastian, Filipov Feodor, Rusu Ioan, Vasile

Dumitru, Pedologie. In: Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca (2008). Ciucă 1984 Ciucă Maria, Flora și vegetația pajiștilor din Munții Ciucaș. In: Editura Academiei

Republicii Socialiste România, București (1984). Coldea 1990 Coldea Gheorghe, Munții Rodnei. Studiu geobotanic. In: Editura Academiei Române,

București (1990). Cristea 1993 Cristea Vasile, Fitosociologie și vegetația României. Cluj Napoca (1993). Drăgulescu 2010 Drăgulescu Constantin, Cormoflora județului Sibiu. In: Universităţii Lucian Balga,

Sibiu (2010). Hammer 1999-2012

Hammer Øyvind, Reference manual of PAST – Paleontological Statistics, version 2.15. Natural History Museum and University of Oslo (1999-2012).

Mândruț 1993 Mândruț Octavian, Geografia României. In: Editura Coresi, București (1993). Oprea 2005 Oprea Adrian, Lista critică a plantelor vasculare din România. In: Editura


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Universității ,,Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iași (2005). Pop 1976 Pop Ioan, Studiu comparativ asupra taxonomiei, corologiei și cenologiei speciilor

Centaurea atropurpurea W. Et K. și Centaurea kotschyana Heuff.. In: Stud. și Cerc. Biol., Seria Biol. Veg., 28(1), București (1976)

Prodan 1930 Prodan Iuliu., Centaureele României. In: Editura Institutul de arte grafice ,,Ardealul”, Cluj-Napoca (1930).

Prodan 1964 Prodan Iuliu, Genul Centaurea. In: Săvulescu T. (Eds.) Flora Republicii Populare Române IX, Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române, București (1964), p. 785 – 957.

Sanda et al. 2008 Sanda Vasile, Öllerer Kinga, Burescu Petre, Fitocenozele din România. Sintaxonomie, structură, dinamică şi evoluţie. In: Editura Ars Docendi, Bucureşti (2008).

Sârbu et al. 2003 Sârbu Anca, Smarandache Daniela, Pascale Gabriela, Îndrumător de practică (botanică). Universitatea din București (2003).

Târziu et al. 2002 Târziu Dumitru, Spârchez Gheorghe, Dincă Lucian, Solurile României. In: Editura ,,Pentru viață”, Brașov (2002).

Teer et al. 2002 Teer-Braak Cajo J. F., Šmilauer Petr, CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5) – Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York (2002).

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Vonica 2013 Vonica, Ghizela Daniela, Identificarea și evaluarea potențialului ornamental al unor specii de Centaurea din flora spontană a Transilvaniei în vederea completării sortimentului cultivat Cluj-Napoca (2013). PhD Thesis.

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SIB Herbarium Herbarium of Natural History Museum- National Brukenthal Museum Sibiu.

LIST OF ILUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1. Centaurea kotschyana – morphological elements: a – heteromorphic leaves, b – inflorescence, c – caulinar leaf

Fig. 2. Ordination analysis (CCA) of C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. tatrae și C. alpestris species Fig. 3. Ordination analysis (CCA) of C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. tatrae și C. alpestris individuals Fig. 4. UPGMA classification of analysed individuals Fig. 5. Life-form elements spectrum of C. kotschyana communities Fig. 6. Ecological elements spectrum of C. kotschyana communities Fig. 7. Geographical distribution of C. kotschyana (source: www.geotutorials.ro) – prepared map Fig. 8. UPGMA plot of Centaurea kotschyana relevés based on presence-absence species Fig. 9. Relevés -ecological variables biplots with DCA analysis Fig.10. Plot of species composition – C. kotschyana community computed with CCA Fig.11. Parsimony classification between relevés of C. kotschyana community Fig.12. UPGMA classification species from C. kotschyana communities based on abundance and

ecological condition Tab. 1. List of studied morphological characters Tab. 2. Discriminant variables of analysed species computed with DCA Tab. 3. Diversity indices of relevés computed with PAST Tab. 4. Summary of DCA analysis Tab. 5. Summary of CCA analysis Tab. 6. Diantho tenuifolio-Festucetum ametystine Coldea 1984


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Fig. 1. Centaurea kotschyana – elemente morfologice: a – heteromorfism folial, b – antodiu, c – frunză superioară

Fig. 2. Analiza de ordinaţie (CCA) a speciilor C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. tatrae și C. alpestris Fig. 3. Analiza de ordinaţie (CCA) a indivizilor ce aparțin speciilor C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C.

tatrae și C. alpestris Fig. 4. Analiza de clasificare-UPGMA a indivizilor analizaţi Fig. 5. Spectrul calitativ al geoelementelor din asociaţiile cu C. kotschyana Heuff. Fig. 6. Spectrul categoriilor ecologice din asociaţiile cu C. kotschyana Heuff. Fig. 7. Distribuţia geografică a speciei C. kotschyana (sursa: www.geotutorials.ro) – hartă prelucrată Fig. 8. Clasificarea UPGMA a releveelor cu Centaurea kotschyana, bazată pe prezenţa-absenţa speciilor Fig. 9. Analiza DCA a variabilelor relevee-factori ecologici Fig.10. Graficul analizei CCA a indivizilor comunităţiilor de C. kotschyana Fig.11. Clasificarea parsimoniană între relevee Fig.12. Clasificarea UPGMA a speciilor din comunităţiile cu C. kotschyana, pe baza abundentei şi a

condiţiilor ecologice Tab. 1. Lista caracterelor morfologice studiate Tab. 2. Caracterele discriminante ale speciilor analizate calculate cu analiza DCA Tab. 3. Indicele de diversitate a releveelor calculate cu PAST Tab. 4. Sumarul analizei DCA Tab. 5. Sumarul analizei CCA Tab. 6. Diantho tenuifolio-Festucetum ametystine Coldea 1984

Fig. 1. Centaurea kotschyana – morphological elements: a – heteromorphic leaves, b – inflorescence, c –

caulinar leaf


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-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2Axis 1

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Axi

s 2

IN

LL

IL

BL

BW

ML

BML

Fig. 2. Ordination analysis (CCA) of C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. tatrae and C. alpestris species

(Discriminant morphological characters: BML, IN, BW, BL, ML, IL, LL)

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

Axis 1

-4-2

02

46

810

Axi

s 2

C. kotschyana

C. tatrae

C. atropurpurea

C. alpina

Fig. 3. Ordination analysis (CCA) of C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. tatrae and C. alpestris individuals


545

Fig. 4. UPGMA classification of analysed individuals

Fig. 5. Life-form elements spectrum of C. kotschyana communities


546

Fig. 6. Ecological elements spectrum of C. kotschyana communities

(U- humidity, T- temperature, R- soil reaction)

Fig. 7. Geographical distribution of C. kotschyana (source: www.geotutorials.ro) – prepared map


547

0,24

0,32

0,4

0,48

0,56

0,64

0,72

0,8

0,88

0,96

Sim

ilarit

y

R22

R23

R19

R20

R21

R11

R16

R17

R18

R13

R14

Fig. 8. UPGMA plot of Centaurea kotschyana relevés based on presence-absence species

Fig. 9. Relevés -ecological variables biplots with DCA analysis

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04Axis 1

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

Axis

2

U

T

R

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12Axis 1

-20

24

68

10A

xis

2

R13

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

R20

R21

R22

R23

U

T

R


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Fig. 10. Plot of species composition – C. kotschyana community computed with CCA

R13

R14

R15

R16 R17

R18

R22

R23

R19

R20 R

21

12

9

9 10

8 8

10

6

1510

23

3

13 11

3

16

4

9

17

Fig. 11. Parsimony classification between relevés of C. kotschyana community

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6Axis 1

-10

12

34

5A

xis

2

AchiDist

AcinAlp

AnthyAlp

ArenSerp BartAlp

CarexSem

CentKotsCerasArv

CruciGla

FestAmet

FestRup

GalAnys

GeraRob

HelianOl

KnaLongi

LinExtra

LoiselPr

LotCorn

ParnaPal

PhyteOrb

PotenThu

RanunOre

SaxiPani

ScabiLucSeslBiel

SileneZa

SwertPun

ThymPulc

TrisAlp ViolaDec


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Fig. 12. UPGMA classification species from C. kotschyana communities based on abundance and ecological condition

0,12

0,24

0,36

0,48 0,6

0,72

0,84

0,96

Similarity

ArabAlpDoroCarpVeroBaumgAsplVirSileneZawaAsterAlpEuphraSalisHedyHedyPrimHalleBartAlpSwertPunctParnaPalSaxiPaniSaxiAizoAnthyAlpLeontAlpAcinAlpHelianNumGymnConoPhyteOrbiBiscLevPolygaAlpCentPinaPedVertiAlliumMontEryWitmPlantMedScorzRosCarexSempFestAmetDiantCarthScabiLuciKnaLongiRanunOreoTrisAlpThymPulcCruciGlaFestRupViolaDecliDiantCompSaxiLuteoSenePapoPoaMolLinExtraRanunThoThesAlpAnemNarciAstraMajHypoUniTanaCoryLaserpKrapLiguGlauSileneDubTrifAlpPimpiSaxiCardKerAvenPubCerasArvBotryLunSelagSelagCampPolyDryOctoGentVerBupCernThaliMinPolygoViviAnthCarpCalamAruCarliAcaDactyGloHelictAlpHyperRichRanunCarpArabTurAconAnthAlchColAnthTinctCampGloDeschFlexDiantSpicEuphCypGentAustGeraCaerHierAlpVeroChamViolaTriGeraRobAchiDistLotCornArenSerpMinVernGalAnysPrimElaHelianOlePotenThurHierBifCrepPraePersiBistRhinPulchCentKotscyLoiselProcSeslBielz

Calcareus rocks-creviceps species

Diantho tenuifolii-Festucetum amethystine association with


550

Tab. 1. List of studied morphological characters. All characters were measured on specimens with fully developed and undamaged terminal capitulum. The accuracy of the measurements is two decimal place. Quantitative characters

SL Total stem height cm

IN Inflorescence number/steam cm

SB Height of the flowering part of the stem, i.e. height from the lowest flowering branch to the first inflorescence

cm

LL Lamina length of a middle stem leaf cm

LW Lamina width of a middle stem leaf, including lateral teeth/lobes cm

IL Height of the involucre of the terminal capitulum, i.e. from the base of the involucre to the top of appendages on the innermost involucral bracts

mm

IW Width of the involucre of the terminal capitulum; the distance between outer surfaces of involucral bracts is measured.

mm

BL Length of the middle involucral bracts of the terminal capitulum, without appendage mm

BW Width of the middle involucral bracts of the terminal capitulum mm

ML Length of the longest appendage on middle involucral bracts of the terminal capitulum including the terminal seta on the appendage

mm

MW Maximal width of the lower widened part of the longest appendage on middle involucral bracts of the terminal capitulum

mm

FL Length of the longest lateral fimbriae of the appendage on middle involucral bracts of the terminal capitulum

mm

AL Achene length, excluding the pappus (average of 3 achenes) mm

AW Achene width (average of 3 achenes) mm

PL Length of the longest setae on the pappus (average of 3 achenes) mm

Ratios

ILW = IL/IW

BML = BL/ML

MLW = ML/MW

BMW = BW/MW


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Tab. 2. Discriminant variables of analysed species (C. kotschyana, C. atropurpurea, C. alpestris and C. tatrae) computed with DCA. Characters with significant conditional effect are listed. The significance was tested using Monte Carlo permutation test (999 permutation). λ=eigenvalue, i.e. discriminant force of the particular character, P=significance level (conditional effect), corr.=correlation coefficient with the canonical axis, marg.=characters with significant marginal effects (i.e., the effect of the variable when is alone in the model) but insignificant conditional effects.

Discriminant characters Variable λ P F

IL 0.88 0.001 96.40 IN 0.30 0.001 39.17 ML 0.16 0.001 21.18 BW 0.13 0.001 20.50 LL 0.07 0.001 11,01 BL 0.03 0.005 41918,00

BML 0.03 0.009 31199,00 BMW 0.13 0.023 21.31 MW 0.04 0.007 27211,00

MLW 0.07 0.002 41651,00 LW 0.02 0.041 14671,00 IW 0.01 0.084 19756,00 FL 0.01 0.144 30682,00

ILW 0.01 0.128 43831,00 SL 0.00 0.456 0.74

LLW 0.01 0.700 0.34 Marg. MW, ML, BW, LL, LW, IL, FL, BL, IN,

ILW, SL

Tab. 3. Diversity indices of relevés computed with PAST. These statistics apply to association data, where number of individuals are tabulated in rows (taxa) and possibly several columns (associations). Approximate confidence intervals for all these indices can be computed with a bootstrap procedure. The random samples are taken from the total, pooled data set (all columns). For each individual in the random sample, the taxon is chosen with probabilities according to the original, pooled abundances. A 95 percent confidence interval is then calculated. The available statistics are as follows, for each association: S= number of taxa, n= total number of individuals, D= dominance (calculated as 1-Simpson index). The ranges of dominance are from 0 (all taxa are equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates the community completely). Simpson index=1-D, measures 'evenness' of the community from 0 to 1. H= Shannon index (entropy), a diversity index, taking into account the number of individuals as well as the number of taxa and varies from 0 for communities with only a single taxon to high values for communities with many taxa, each with few individuals. Other indices computed are Menhinick, Margalef and Equitability.

R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 S 27 25 25 30 30 29 18 19 21 43 40 n 90 80 83.5 111.5 98 111.5 81 86 91.5 95 89 D 0.23 0.28 0.29 0.24 0.30 0.35 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.12 0.13 1-D 0.77 0.72 0.71 0.76 0.70 0.65 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.88 0.87 H 2.06 1.84 1.69 1.99 1.74 1.73 1.75 1.87 2.01 2.68 2.57 Menhinick 2.85 2.80 2.74 2.84 3.03 2.75 2.00 2.05 2.20 4.41 4.24 Margalef 5.78 5.48 5.42 6.15 6.33 5.94 3.87 4.04 4.43 9.22 8.69 Equitability 0.63 0.57 0.52 0.58 0.51 0.51 0.61 0.64 0.66 0.71 0.70


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Tab. 4. Summary of DCA (the detrended correspondence analysis). No data transformation is needed, because has a logarithmic nature with respect to cover and provides resonable weighting of species dominance. In DCA with detrending by segments and Hill’s scalling, the length of the longest axis estimate the beta diversity in the data set. Axes 1 2 3 4 Total

inertia Eigenvalues 0.552 0.327 0.150 0.050 2.634 Lengths of gradient 5.298 4.350 3.993 3.445 Species-environment correlations (r) 0.294 0.213 0.273 Cumulative percentage variance of species data % 21.0 33.4 39.1 41.0 Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation %

3.3 19.4 0.0 0.0

Sum of all eigenvalues % 2.634 Sum of all canonical eigenvalues % 0.181 Tab. 5. Summary of CCA (canonical corespondence anaysis) using all the available environmental variable. In the Global Permutation Test page were performed two type of permutation test.

Axes 1 2 3 4 Total inertia Eigenvalues 0.107 0.056 0.019 0.536 2.634 Species-environment correlations (r) 0.564 0.495 0.239 0.000 Cumulative percentage variance of species data % 4.1 6.2 6.9 27.3 Cumulative percentage variance of species-environment relation %

58.7 89.7 100.0 0.0

Sum of all eigenvalues % 2.634 Sum of all canonical eigenvalues % 0.182

Tab. 6. Diantho tenuifolio-Festucetum ametystine Coldea 1984.

Relevé number

R13

R14

R15

R16

R17

R18

R19

R20

R21

R22

R23

Vegetation cover (%) 80 75 75 90 90 100 80 80 80 100 80 Sampling area (mp) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Species K U T R Achillea distans · · · · · · · · · 1 + I 2.5 2 3 Acinos alpinus · · + 1 1 + · · · · · II 3 0 5 Aconitum anthora · · · · · · · · · + + I 2 3 5 Alchemilla colorata · · · · · · · · · + + I 2.5 2.5 2.5 Allium montanum · · · + · + · · · · · I 1.5 3.5 4 Anemone narcissiflora + + · · · · · · · · · I 3 1.5 4 Anthemis carpatica · · · · · · · · · + · I 2 1.5 2 Anthemis tinctoria · · · · · · · · · + + I 1.5 3 3 Anthylis alpestris · + + 1 + + · · · · · III 2 2 3 Arabis turrita · · · · · · · · · + + I 2 4 4 Arabis alpina · · · · · · · + · · · I 3.5 1.5 5 Arenaria serpyllifolia · · · · · · · · · + 1 I 2 2.5 0 Asplenium viride · · · · · + · · + · · I 4 2 4 Aster alpinus · · · · · · · · + · · I 2.5 1.5 3 Astrantia major + + · · · · · · · · · I 3.5 2.5 4.5 Avenula pubescens + · · · + + + · · · · II 3.5 2.5 4 Bartsia alpina + · · · · · · + 1 · · II 0.1 2 4.5 Biscutella laevigata · · + + + + · · · + · II 0 0 4 Botrychium lunaria · · · · · · + · · · · I 2.5 2 0.1


553

Bupleurum cernuum · · + · · · · · · · · I 2 1.5 4.5 Calamagrostis arundinacea · · · · · · · · · + · I 2.5 3 2 Campanula glomerata · · · · · · · · · + + I 2.5 3 4 Campanula polymorpha · · · · · · + + · · · I 2.5 2 0 Carduus kerneri + + + · · · · · · · · I 2.5 2 0 Carex sempervirens 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 1 2 2 2 V 2.5 1.5 4 Carlina acaulis · · · · · · · · · + · I 2.5 0 0 Centaurea kotschyana + · · + + · · · · 2 1 III 2 4 4.5 Centaurea pinnatifida · · · + + + · · · · + II 2 4 4.5 Cerastium arvense · · · · · + 1 · · · · I 2.5 0 3.5 Crepis praemorsa · · · · · · · · · · + I 3 3 4 Cruciata glabra 1 · + + · · + · · · · II 3 2 2 Dactylis glomerata · · · · · · · · · + · I 3 0 4 Deschampsia flexuosa · · · · · · · · · + + I 2 0 1 Dianthus compactus · + · · + · · · · · · I 2 3.5 4 Dianthus tenuifolius · · · · · · · · · + + I 2 3.5 4 Dianthus carthusianorum + + + + + + · + · + IV 2 5 5 Doronicum carpaticum · · · · · · · + · · · I 1 1.5 0 Dryas octopetala · + + + · · + · · · · II 2.5 0 4.5 Erysimum wittmanii · · · + · + · · · · · I 1.5 4 4.5 Euphorbia cyparissias · · · · · · · · · + + I 2 3 4 Euphrasia salisburgensis · · · · · · · · + · · I 3 1.5 4.5 Festuca amethystina 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 V 2 3 4.5 Festuca rupicola saxatilis 1 · + · · · + + + · · III 2 4 4.5 Galium anisophyllon · · · · · · + 1 · + + II 2 3 2.5 Gentianella austriaca · · · · · · · · · + + I 3 2 4 Gentiana verna · · · + · · + · · · · I 2.5 0 4 Geranium caeruleatum · · · · · · · · · + + I 3 2 0 Geranium robentianum · · · · · · · · · 1 + I 3.5 3 3 Gymnadenia conopsea + · + + + + · · · · · II 4 0 4.5 Hedysarum hedysaroides · · · · · · · · + · · I 3 1.5 4.5 Helianthemum oleandicum · · 2 + · 1 · · · + + III 2.5 1.5 5 Helianthemum numularium + + · + + + · · · · · II 2 1.5 4 Helictotrichon alpinum · · · · · · · · · + · I 2 2 3 Hieracium auricula · · · · · · · · · + + I 3 3 0 Hieracium bifidum · · · · + · · · · · + I 2.5 2 4.5 Hypericum richeri · · · · · · · · · + · I 2.5 2.5 3 Hypochoeris uniflora + + · · · · · · · + + II 3 2.5 2 Knautia longifolia + 1 + 1 + + · 1 · + + IV 2 1.5 2 Laserpitium krapfii + · · · · · · · · · · I 0 0 3 Leontopodium alpinum · + + + + + · · · · · II 3.5 1.5 4.5 Ligularia glauca + · · · · · · · · · · I 2 2 2 Linum extraaxillare · 1 · + + · · · + · · II 2.5 0 4 Loiseleuria procumbens · · · · · · · · · 1 2 I 2 1.5 3 Lotus corniculatus · · · · · · · · · 1 + I 2.5 0 0 Minuartia verna montana · · · · · + · · · + + I 2 0 0 Parnassia palustris · + · · · · · 1 + · · I 4.5 2 4.5 Pedicularis verticillata · · · + + + · · + · · II 0 2 4.5 Persicaria bistorta · · · · · · · · · · + I 3 2 3 Phyteuma orbiculare + · · + + 1 · · · · · II 0 2 4.5 Pimpinella saxifraga + · + · · · · · · · · I 2.5 0 3 Plantago media + · · + + · · · · · · I 2.5 0 4.5 Poa molinerii · · · · + · · · · · · I 3 2 0 Polygala alpestris · · · + + + · · · + · I 2.5 1.5 4 Polygonum viviparum · · + · · · + · · · · I 2.5 0.1 3 Potentilla thuringiaca · · + · · + · · · 1 + II 2 3 3 Primula elatior · · + + · · + + · + + III 3 2.5 3 Primula halleri · · · · · · · · + · · I 3 2 4 Ranunculus carpaticus · · · · · · · · · + · I 3.5 2 4 Ranunculus oreophilus 1 · + 1 + + 1 + + + + V 2.5 4 4 Ranunculus thora · + · · · · · · · · · I 4 1 3.5 Rhinanthus pulcher · · · · · · · · · · + I 3 2 0 Saxifraga aizoides · + · · · · · + + + + II 4.5 0 4.5 Saxifraga luteoviridis · + · · + · · · · · · I 2 1 4.5 Saxifraga paniculata · + · · · 1 · 1 + · · II 1.5 1.5 4.5


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Scabiosa lucida · + + + + + · + 1 + + IV 2.5 2 4.5 Scorzonera rosea · · · + + · · · · · · I 2 0 4 Selaginella selaginoides · · · · · · + · · · · I 4 1 4 Senecio papposus · + · · + · · · · · · I 3 2 2,5 Sesleria bielzii · · · + + · 1 · · · 1 II 2.5 2.5 4.5 Silene dubia + · · · · · · · · · · I 2 3 0 Silene zawadzkii · · · · · + · · 1 · · I 2 1.5 0 Swertia punctata · · · · · · · · 1 · · I 5 1.5 0 Tanacetum corymbosum + + · · + · · · · + · II 2.5 2.5 3 Thalictrum minus · · + · · · · · · · · I 2 4 4 Thesium alpinum · + · · · · · · · · · I 2.5 2 2.5 Thymus pulcherrimus + + + · + + 1 2 1 + 1 V 2 1.5 3 Trifolium alpestre + · · · · · · · · · · I 2.5 3 4 Trisetum alpestre 1 1 + 1 1 1 + + 1 + + V 2.5 2 0 Veronica baumgartenii · · · · · · · + · · · I 2 1.5 3 Veronica chamaedrys · · · · · · · · · + + I 3 0 0 Viola declinata 1 · + + · + · + · · · II 3.5 2 2 Viola tricolor saxatilis · · · · · · · · · + + I 2.5 3 0

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Hunor Flaviu-Crisan, Annamária Fenesi, Barna Páll-Gergely

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THE PRESENCE OF THE RARE ORCHID CORALLORHIZA TRIFIDA (L.) CHÂTELAIN AT THE SUGĂU-CAVE, (HARGHITA COUNTY, ROMANIA)

Hunor FLAVIU-CRISAN* Annamária FENESI **

Barna PÁLL-GERGELY**

Abstract. A small population of the rare orchid species Corallorhiza trifida (L.) Châtelain is reported from the vicinity of the Sugău-cave, near Gheorghieni town, Harghita County, Romania. Additional information form the Herbarium of the Babeş-Bolyai University is reported. The relevance of the new finding is discussed. Key words: Orchidaceae, conservation biology, rare plant, floristics, occurrence.

Rezumat. O populației mică de orhidee rară, Corallorhiza trifida (L.) Châtelain, este semnalată din peștera Sugău, lângă Gheorghieni, județul Harghita, România. Sunt redate și informații suplimentare privind specie vizată, din Herbarul de la Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai. Additional information form the Herbarium of the Babeş-Bolyai University is reported. Importanța noi semnalări este discutată în prezenta lucrare. Cuvinte cheie: Orchidaceae, biologie conservativă, plante rare, floristică, occurență.

The family Orchidaceae is one of the two largest families of flowering plants. Although they are diverse and widespread, relatively few species inhabit Europe, especially the northern part and the mountainous regions. Due to their species needs (habitat, pollinators, mycorrhiza partners) they are mostly rare. The limited available information on their distribution and ecology makes their protection difficult. This is especially true for the small species which lack conspicuous colourful flowers.

Corallorhiza trifida (L.) Châtelain 1760 is a small forest orchid species, which shows circumboreal distribution (Meusel et al. 1965). In Europe, the southernmost occurrences were reported from northern Greece (Raus 1995). The species is distributed in all three chains of the Carpathian Mountains and in hillsides it known to be less abundant (recorded from Iaşi and Harghita Counties) (Săvulescu 1972).

In the Eastern Carpathians (Romania) the species was reported from the Suhard Mountains (Costică et al. 2010), the Pogány-havas (Ciucului Mts.)

*Babeş-Bolyai University, Faculty of Geography, Cluj-Napoca, Romania **Babeş-Bolyai University , Hungarian Department o Biology and Ecology, , Cluj-Napoca, Romania *** Shinshu University, Department of Biology, Matsumoto, Japan, [email protected]

(Babai, Molnár 2012), the basin of the Nemţişor river (Stânişoara Mts.) (Oprea, Sîrbu 2008) the Rarău Mts (Oprea, Sîrbu 2013) and from Odorheiu Secuiesc (Săvulescu 1972).

In the Herbarium of the Babeş-Bolyai University specimens are deposited from the following localities in the Eastern Carpathians: "Rg Aust Maghiară, P. Suhard (= Suhard stream) afluent al P. Breag (tributary of the Breag stream) (?). Alt cca 1400 m.s.m, 17 Iulie 1953"; "Transilvania, distr. Mureş, Răstolniţa, Podirei, făget (beech forest)", leg. Oroian, S., 15.06.1994.; "cott. Csik, in silvis summi mt. Kiscohard supra balneas Gyilkostó", leg. Soó, R., 4.07.1941. (Suhardul Mic above the health resort Lacul Roşu = Red Lake); "Borszék, árnyékos helyeken", leg. Walz, L., 10.07.1878. (Borsec in shady area); "Reg. Mureş – Aut. Magh. r. Odorhei, Chirui – Băi (health resort Băile Chirui) cca. 800 m. s. m.", leg. Vicol, E., 24.06.1951. (Băile Chirui).

On the 19th of June, 2013, the last author found three flowering individuals of the species approximately 50–60 m northeast of the Súgó tourist house (Súgó menedékház = Refugiu "Şugo"), near the tourist path towards the cave, at 1000–1002 m a.s.l., in a Spruce (Picea abies) forest. Approximate GPS codes of the area area: 46°40.923'N, 25°40.434'E. The study area lies in Harghita County, southeast of Gheorghieni and


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northeast of Voşlobeni. On the 20th of June, 2014, two flowering specimens have been observed by the first author in the same area. There are no ongoing threads on this populations at the moment. Deforestation and disturbance by treading may be the largest threat.

Although Corallorhiza trifida is Least Concern (LC) in Europe according to the IUCN Red List (Bilz 2011), in Hungary, for example, is critically endangered (Molnár 2011). It is also considered considered as very sensitive to habitat destructions and the decline in its distributional range was reported in Estonia and the United Kingdom (Kull & Hutchings 2006). The Romanian Red List (Dihoru & Negrean 2009) does not mention it. We lack sufficient information to refer to the current

conservational status of the species. Corallorhiza trifida is present in most well-conserved, naturally-looking forests in the Ghimes area (Dániel Babai, pers. comm., 2014 February). It may more common than it seems from the limited number of published records. The solid appearance may also make the recognition in the field difficult. More investigations are needed to see if the species is really more abundant as the current data and speculations suggest.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dániel Babai for providing unpublished information on the distribution of the species and to an anonymous reviewer for his usefull advice.

REFERENCES

Babai, Molnár 2013 Babai Dániel, Molnár Zsolt, Monitoring high-diversity semi-natural grasslands in

Gyimes, Romania. "Hegyi kaszálók - gazdasági, társadalmi és természeti értékelés" (conference), May 23rd–24th 2013, Lunca de Jos, Romania (oral presentation).

Bilz et al. 2011 Melanie Bilz, Shelagh P. Kell, Nigel Maxted, Richard V. Lansdown, European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg. In: Publications Office of the European Union (2011).

Costică et al. 2010 Costică Mihai, Ştefan N., Sârbu Ioan, Contribution to the study of the wood vegetation from the Suhard Mountain. In: Analele ştiinţifice ale Universităţii “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi Tomul 56 (1), s. II a. Biologie Vegetală (2010), p. 65–81.

Dihoru, Negrean 2009 Gheorghe Dihoru, Negrean Gavril, Red Book of Vascular Plants of Romania. In: Editura Academiei Române Bucharest (2009)

Kull, Hutchings 2006 Kull Tiiu, Hutchings Michael, A comparative analysis of decline in the distribution ranges of orchid species in Estonia and the United Kingdom. In: Biological Conservation 129 (2006), p. 31–39.

Meusel et al. 1965 Meusel Hermann, Jäger Eckehardt, Weinert Erich, Vergleichende Chorologie der zentraleuropaischen Flora, 1. Jena (1965).

Molnár 2011 Molnár Attila, Magyarország orchideáinak atlasza, Budapest (2011).

Oprea, Sîrbu 2008 Oprea Adrian, Sîrbu Culiţă, Rare plants in Stânişoara Mountains (Eastern Carpathians). In: Journal of Plant Development 15, Iaşi (2008), p. 47–61.

Oprea, Sîrbu 2013 Oprea Adrian, Sîrbu Culiţă, The vascular flora of Rarău Massif (Eastern Carpathians, Romania). Note. II. In: Memoirs of the Scientific Sections of the Romanian Academy 34, Iaşi (2013), p. 18–52.

Raus 1995 Raus Thomas, The boreal and central European element in the forest flora of Greece. In: Bocconea 5(1), Palermo (1995), p. 63–76.

Săvulescu 1972 Săvulescu Traian, Flora Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti (1972).

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Geomorphological information from theory to practice. An exercise of landforms recognition in Sibiu

(Transylvania, Romania)

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GEOMORPHOLOGICAL INFORMATION FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE. AN EXERCISE OF LANDFORMS RECOGNITION IN SIBIU

(TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA)

Marioara COSTEA*

Abstract: In the last decades there have been significant changes in urban physiognomy of Sibiu city which led to radical transformation of the geomorphological matrix. This is why we opted for a recognition exercise of landforms on a geographic profile oriented towards SW - NE and thematic maps that show very good the geomorphological and functional characteristics of the urban habitat. It is also analyzed the role of relief in the development and urban evolution of the Sibiu city. In assessing geomorphological conditions are intended to analyze not only the morphometry and describing the landforms, but are also discussed the morphodynamic conditions and geomorphological processes responsible for modeling of the landscape, which ensures the circuit of sediment and influence the urban habitat. Key words: relief, landforms, geomorphologic processes, geomorphologic profile, Sibiu. Rezumat: În ultimele decenii s-au înregistrat transformări semnificative ale fizionomiei urbane a municipiului Sibiu care au condus la transformări radicale ale matricii geomorfologice. Acesta este şi motivul pentru care am optat pentru un exerciţiu de recunoaştere a formelor de relief pe un profil geografic orientat pe direcţia SV – NE şi pe hărţi tematice care care pun în evidenţă foarte bine caracteristicile geomorfologice şi funcţionale ale habitatului urban. Este de asemenea analizat şi rolul reliefului în dezvoltarea şi evoluţia teritorială a oraşului Sibiu. În evaluarea condiţiilor geomorfologice se urmăresc nu numai elemente de morfometrie şi descrierea formelor de relief, ci sunt luate în discuţie condiţiile morfodinamice şi procesele geomorfologice responsabile de modelarea reliefului prin care se asigură circuitul sedimentelor şi se influenţează habitatul urban. Cuvinte cheie: relief, forme de relief, procese geomorfologice, profil geomorfologic,Sibiu. Introduction

The relief is one of the most important components of the environment; it means all the irregularities of the surface crust. For a long time it was thought that the relief was created millions of years ago and it is unchanged. There is nothing more false. Following the development of geomorphology as an independent science (end of XIX century - beginning of XX century) and the scientific and technical progress, the relief is viewed, rightly, as a complex and dynamic system, made up of old and current landforms which are continuously transformed by geomorphologic processes under the action of internal and external agents. The man is one of the most active modelers’ agents of relief; he changes the geomorphologic landscape in his own interest, by modeling of existing landforms

* Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Sciences, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected]

and / or creating new landforms and human managed landscapes, such as "cityscape" (Bathrellos 2007).

Knowing the relief peculiarities, identifying the interaction mechanisms of them with other environmental components and application in practice of geomorphologic information are really useful, especially in the current conditions of urban sprawl. In this respect, Posea (2002) shows that the relief is "an element of nature which must be optimally and rationally used, especially since it is the material or spatially support of society existence”.

Both international and national levels, the bases of such practical interpretations were made, in the second half of the XX century and the beginning of the present century, by applied geomorphology studies. There are noted concerns about the geomorphic hazard (Bălteanu 1984; Chorley et al.

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Marioara Costea

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1985; Grecu 1992, 1997, 2002; Ielenicz 1984, 2004), accelerated erosion and land degradation (Velcea 1995; Surdeanu 1998; Rădoane et al. 1999; Rădoane 2002, 2007), the impact of hydropower arrangements (Wolman, Schick 1967, Gregory, Park 1974; Dunne, Leopold 1978; Ichim, Rădoane 1986), the impact of basement resource use, geomorphic potential mapping (Bathrellos 2005; Maria et al. 2006) etc.

Application of geomorphology in practice is done today in a multitude of fields such as: planning and land management (Mulder et al. 2001), communication routes, flood defenses works (Maria et al, 2006), land slope arrangements, soil and subsoil exploitation, tourism etc. Recently, in our country, the urban planning documentation for town development and the environmental documentation at the local (PUG, PATJ), zonal - regional (PUZ, PATZ) or national level (PATN, PRAM) comprise an argumentation part on environmental issues. In these documentations, the relief is treated as a supporting matrix of the urban ensemble and also as subject to human activities and anthropogenic changes (Cooke 1976; Ianoş 2000, 2004). In this kind of study the relief approach goes beyond of specific studies addressing exclusively to the geomorphologists, geographers in general, and falls under the daily sphere, in the social and economic life, being useful to people and specialists in other fields (Zotic 2005; Surd et al. 2005; Cocean (coord.) 2007; Bucşa, Costea – eds. 2011).

Consequently, the local administrations, the artisans of urban space, the infrastructure builders and even the people are urged to stop looks on the landforms, to understand and respect the laws of nature, including the laws of geomorphology and to take responsibility of relief changes in accordance with its features.


This study is based on field observations, topographic maps scale 1: 25 000 and geological map (Sibiu sheet) analysis. Geomorphologic observations in field aimed to identify the landforms and quantify them through measurements (altitude, slope, relief energy, fragmentation, extension in surface of the landforms). In order to surprise the changes over time we compared the geomorphologic reality with the topographic maps (edition 1982) and orthophotos (2009). Mapping of thematic maps (hypsometric map and morphodynamic map) and geomorphological profile was performed, using as base the topographic map, by transposing the

geomorphologic information from maps and field, using software package Surfer and conventional signs used in geomorphology.

The landforms and their characteristics

Sibiu is one of the most important cities in Romania, with a geographically favorable position, relatively central in the country. It is located in a submountainous depression, in a hydrographic convergence area and to the intersection of national and international communication network. Natural conditions and especially the relief have been and still are in the present the favorable elements in the development of spatial and functional evolution of Sibiu city. In the administrative boundaries of the city are found partially two distinct geomorphologic units: Sibiu Depression in the central-western part and the Hârtibaciu Plateau in the eastern part of administrative territory.

The geomorphologic landscape of Sibiu city looks like an asymmetric amphitheater looked in the mirror respect to the Cibin river axis. Opened to the north (towards the Visa corridor) and to the south (through the Cibin Valley), the city was largely developed in the alluvial plain of Cibin river.

Evolution of Cibin valley in the Sibiu Depression has generated a complex of terraces, fragmented by tributaries and an enlarged floodplain, which print their morphological characters to the built area of Sibiu city. Cindrel Mountains high border from south - southwest part sends prolong summits like buttresses - Cibin Piedmont and Cisnădioara Piedmont, which penetrate in the west and south-west the Sibiu municipality administrative territory.

To the east, Sibiu city extends into the Hârtibaciu Plateau, comprising entirely Gusteriţa Hill. To the inferior part of this hill expands the Guşteriţa neighborhood. Morphological differences are transposed also in the altitudinal development. The lowest elevations are found along the central axis of Cibin riverbed (418-396 m); the altitudes increase towards southwest in submountainous hills (600 m) and to the east - northeast in the Hârtibaciu Plateau, where the heights exceed 600 m (La Tabla Hill - 642 m) (Fig. 1).

Submountainous position of Sibiu Depression, the interference of distinct relief units, the altitudinal development and the fluvial system configuration (Cibin and its tributaries) led to space-time evolution, to urban development and to the distribution of functions of the current neighborhoods (Fig.2).



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Cisnădioara submountainous hills, well wooded, are developed in the south of Seviş valley and are the result of erosion piedmont fragmentation (Buza, 2000). These present the characters of a hilly region, with altitudes of 500-600 m and strongly deepened valleys, resulting a relief energy about 100-150 m. Their altitude decreases from southwest to northeast, they dominate the Cibin accumulation piedmont and Seviş alluvial plain, that comes in direct contact with these hills.

The Cibin Piedmont is developed to the north of Seviş valley and descends in altitude to 500 m and even to 470 m, having the character of a slightly inclined surface with large extension (width of 0.5 - 2 km), which makes the connection with the Cibin river upper terrace. From the morphogenetic point of view, this is an accumulation piedmont, resulting from the accumulation of a large alluvial fan at the Cibin river exit from the mountain. It is composed of eroded and transported material by Cibin (strong runned gravels, altered, embedded in a sandy ground) and has a torrential structure of successive deposits, covered by a thick layer (1.5 to 2 m) of clays and clayey - silty sands, which gives an active morphodynamic to the slopes. The most common processes are the superficial landslides, torrentiality and gullying. However, in the most part this area is stable due to the forestry use of the land, the soil and piedmont deposits being fixed by forest. The transition to the superior Cibin terrace is indistinguishable and is marked by a continuously weak slope glacis (2 - 5°).

The Cibin terraces are three (Sandu 1998); they have a maximum development and can be easily tracked on the right side of the river than on the left, where, in eastern sectors they are missing. The terraces bridges have low inclination 0 - 3o and wider extension on the southern side of Cibin river, with aspect of flared fields to north, as a fan. The bridges of terraces have emphasized stability compared with terrace overheads that have steep slopes (over 20°) and are often fragmented by a temporary hydrographical network. In the outcrops of terraces can be identified thick horizons of small gravel and coarse gravel, very well rounded, coarse sand and sandy-marl, into a mixture of silty-clayey and sandy-clayey which maintain the surface moisture and hinders the internal drainage of terrace deposits (Ciobanu 2002).

Although it offers stability, at the level of terraces may still occur imbalances induced by the current geomorphologic processes in a favorable geological background. Must firstly mentioned the elementary processes induced by the presence of

terrace groundwater which are quartered in the terrace deposits and creates weaknesses of building foundations by wetting and alteration. Secondly, under the pressure of massive buildings and heavy traffic, terrace deposits, which are porous and poorly consolidated, favors the compaction. This process leads to unevenness of the topography, affecting both the buildings and infrastructure. The terrace overheads have very sharp slopes. This geomorphic condition, together with the presence of clays into terrace deposits and high anthropogenic pressure by heavy buildings construction, led to landslides (Săcel Street, 2009).

The third terrace has an altitude of 450-475 m, is suspended by 50 - 60 - 70 m towards the Cibin riverbed. The most part of outboundary territory (extravilan) in the south - southwest part of Sibiu is located at the level of this terrace bridge, which continues to the east and includes the eastern extremity of Valea Aurie neighborhood, Calea Poplăcii, Dumbrava Forest and the eastern extremity of Calea Dumbrăvii up to the cemetery. This terrace is almost median fragmented in southwest - northeast direction by Valea Aurie Stream (Trinkbach), which from the Argesului Bridge proceeds downstream and fragments also the second terrace of Cibin river.

The second terrace has an absolute altitude of 420-435 m and a large extended bridge (0.5 - 2.5 - 3 km wide), being suspended with 15 to 25 m above the Cibin riverbed. The terrace level is very well represented in the administrative territory of the Sibiu city to the north-east of Turnişor neighborhood and to north of Cibin river. On its bridge are located the airport, the Sibiu - West industrial zone, the european and national roads E 81 and DN 1 and also the road which connects Sibiu to Şura Mică up to Cucului Hill. On the right side of Cibin river, this terrace has a small extension between the Poplaca Valley and the western end of the Calea Poplăcii neighborhood, but it is very well represented in the urban area of the city, by the Hipodrom, Calea Dumbrăvii, Victoriei Boulevard, the historic center of Sibiu and Vasile Aron neighborhoods.

In the built-up area, this terrace is fragmented, as well as the superior one, by Valea Aurie stream, along which the Sub Arini Park, a compact green area, penetrates the inner city until near the center. Although due to very intense human intervention, this terrace no longer maintains the natural character, it can be easily recognized in the urban landscape through the structure of the streets and of neighborhoods.


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The first terrace has an absolute altitude about 405 – 410 – 418 m and is suspended from Cibin with 5 – 10 m. Their width is much smaller than the other two terraces, and the transition to the meadow level of Cibin river is very difficult to see due to anthropogenic changes. It is very well represented on the right side of Cibin between the western boundary of the out boundary area and the Cibin river elbow at Turnişor, from where insinuates eastward, including part of the Ştrand neighborhood, part of Old Sibiu city, part of Lupeni neighborhood, Lazaret and the industrial southeast zone. On the left side of Cibin river this terrace is found in Turnişor - Alba Iulia road – Frigoriferului street, continuing with most part of the Terezian neighborhood. At the level of this terraces is located the railway and the most part of the national road (it goes down sometimes indistinguishable at the level of meadow, and sometimes rises to the level of the second terraces).

The floodplains of Cibin River and tributaries are the lowest step in terms of altitude, subject always to the seasonal rhythm of rivers leakage and to the accidental phenomena that occur into riverbeds, respectively flash floods and/or strong decrease of level. We note that upstream to Gura Râului the Cibin river basin is arranged, downstream by which the river channel processes are subordinated to this retention. Flow and water level oscillating depend by the water volume released from the lake and by the Cibin tributaries flow regime downstream the lake.

Meadow of Cibin river is very broad extended to the west of Turnişor and in the Ştrand neighborhoods, where it reaches widths of 0.5 to 1 km. The slope is very small (0-2°) and the floodplain altitude decreases from upstream to downstream, it is developing along the Cibin river from altitudes of 418 - 410 m in the west (upstream Turnişor) and it descends gradually to 405 - 396 m in the south-east section.

Cibin meadow is well developed on both sides of the river in the western sector. Until the entry into Turnişor, Cibin river presents a meandered course, with numerous abandoned meanders which are found in the meadow landscape through wetlands, active meanders with eroded and deep banks (-2m; -3 m) in the concave loops and accumulated banks in the convex loops.

Downstream Gusterita, the meadow of Cibin river is asymmetric, with maximum development on the right side, where sometimes exceeds 1 km wide and the development, on the left side at the base of the Hârtibaciu steep slope, of a strip of only 100-

300 m wide. Also, in this neighbourhood, the excess of moisture due to the groundwater affect the buildings through damp and beyond the build area favours the land use as hayfield. To the north of Sibiu urban limit develops the alluvial plains of Rozbav river, Popilor Valea and Hamba Valley. These rivers form a hydrographical convergence area between Tineretului and Guşteriţa neighbourhoods. It is presented as a wide open field to the north, with altitudes about 405 – 410 – 414 m and very low slope (0 – 2o), hindering the drainage and determining the stagnation of rain water. Also, gley soils, with low percolation regime, favour the moist of meadow through the groundwater maintaining near the surface.

Hârtibaciu Plateau is located in the eastern part of administrative territory. The geological substratum is composed by Panonian sedimentary deposits (clay, sand clay, and marl), stratified and arranged in a monoclinic structure (Ciobanu et al., 2010). Interfluves are asymmetric with shorter steep slopes (30 – 90o) towards southwest and longer - lower slopes (15 – 30o) to the northeast. The principal interfluves, oriented from northwest to southeast, aligns Hâia Hill (528 m) –Padina Goală Hill (538,6 m) – Pădurii Hill (598 m) – Galben Hill – Capul Dealului Hill – Bucăţii Hill (508 m) and dominates by 150-175 m the floodplain of Cibin river. This alignment is doubled at the northwestern limit of the territory by hilly summits of Gumuşel Hill, Cocoşului Hill (621 m), La Tablă Hill (642 m), with a north-south orientation imposed by the fragmentation of the plateau exerted by Cibin river tributaries.

In Sibiu is very visible the western versant of the Hârtibaciului Plateau, an erosion steep slope (cuesta front) which corresponds to the layer heads of monoclinic geological structure of Gusteriţa Hill. At the base of steep slope extends the deluvial glacis. It is arranged as a continuous strip between Viile Sibiului and south-eastern limit of the administrative territory, having a width of about 80-150 m and slopes of 2 – 10 - 15°, which decrease in dimension to the contact with Cibin meadow. It looks like an inclined terraces towards Cibin riverbed and consists of clayey and loamy deposits with high instability. These deposits accumulated at the base of the cuesta have a thickness of about 5-6 m and have resulted from weathering, erosion and retreat of plateau steep slope. Guşteriţa neighborhood is located at the level of this glacis and in the meadow of Cibin river.

The slopes have accentuated dynamics, being modeled by gravitational movements (collapses,



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deep and superficial landslides), splash and sheet erosion, rill and gullying processes, torrentiality, which greatly contributed and contributes to the formation and evolution of deluvio-colluvial glacis from the base (Sandu 1998; Costea 2009). These geomorphological processes are very active today and are limiting factors for the location of heavy construction and expansion of Guşteriţa neighborhood up the hill (Fig. 3). The area with the highest risk to reactivation and trigger of gravitational processes is located in close proximity of clay pit, where mechanical shocks transmitted by machines weaken deposits resistance.

Conclusions

Characteristics of geomorphologic landscape in the Sibiu municipality are influenced primarily by geological and sub-mountainous position at the contact between two relief units. High anthropogenic pressure by planning of urban nucleus for residence, for placement of communication ways and various economic activities has led to substantial changes of landforms and made difficult recognition of initial geomorphologic landscape. The relief dynamic is differentiated by two major relief units: Sibiu Depression with more stable landforms and moderate processes and Hârtibaciu Plateau with higher slope instability and more active processes.

Morphodynamic is very important, especially in current situation of urban expansion and land use change. Extension of neighborhood Guşteriţa in a geomorphological risk area, overhead terrace loading with high constructions (collective

housing), riverbeds changing and placement of construction in unconsolidated soil-waste zone, are the most pressing issues facing our city. Thus stability forms are threatened, relief dynamics rhythm is accelerated and production of geomorphologic risk phenomena is imminent.

Therefore, the researcher in geomorphology should be involved in educational activities - awareness raising - popularization for a better understanding by the public and specialists in other fields of geomorphologic phenomena and to risk prevention. In this regard, geomorphological researches are able to provide support and scientific arguments in substantiation of planning studies, in finding solutions and solving problems of urban geomorphology.

Acknowledgements

This work presents some of the research results made by us in the project “General Urbanistic Plan” of Sibiu City 2009 – 2019, financed from the Sibiu Municipality. The success of this project would not have been possible without the support of the Planwerk Cluj-Napoca and Bucşa Corneliu, the coordinator of ULB Sibiu team. I would like to acknowledge to Brukenthal Acta Musei editorial board members for their continuous support, help and kindness in publishing our paper. Special thanks to Rodica Ciobanu for their scientific support and also, thanks for the idea of making the Sibiu City geomorphology known. The author is grateful to the reviewers for all suggestions and also for language comments and corrections.

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Fig. 1. Hypsometric map of Sibiu city Fig. 2. Aspects of urban space revealed by a geomorphologic profile Fig. 3. Morphodynamic map of eastern sector of Sibiu


Fig. 1. Harta hipsometrică a municipiului Sibiu

Fig. 2. Aspecte ale spaţiului urban relevate prin profil geomorfologic

Fig. 3. Harta morfodinamică a sectorului estic al municipiului Sibiu


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Fig. 1 Hypsometric map of Sibiu city

Cibin

Cibin

Paraul Rusciorului

Paraul Stramb

Vale

a H

amb a

Valea Sãpunului

Vale

a Au

rie

V. Far

mando

ala

0 1 2 3 4 5 km

Limita teritoriului administrativ (limita extravilan)

Limita intravilan

Limita nucleului istoric

Soseaua de centurã a Sibiului

Cale feratã

Retea hidrograficã

Curbe de nivel

Trepte altitudinale

< 400 m

400 - 450 m

450 - 500 m

500 - 550 m

550 - 600 m

> 600 m

424,5 Cote altitudinale, varfuri

403,6

Dealul

Sibiului

Dl. Padina GoalãDl. Cocosului D

l. La Tablã

Capul Dealului

523,5422,6

Dl. Pãdurii 598,4

605,8

510

621,4

641,6

427,3

418,5

460,2

522

534

574

438,5

431

414

407,8

424,5

Dealul Cucului

Limit of the administrative territory

Urban limit

Historical nucleus limit

Ring road of the Sibiu city

Railway

Rivers

Level curves

Altitudes

Altitudinal levels

Burkenthal Acta Musei, IX.3, 2014 Geomorphological information from theory to practice. An exercise of landforms recognition in Sibiu


Fluvial deposits - Holocene (coarse gravel, sand)

Terrace deposits - Upper Pleistocene

(small and coarse gravel, sands, loam

y sands)Piedm

ont deposits - Lower Pleistocene

(boulders, gravel, sand , clayey- loams and sandy-loam

s)

Badenian deposits (gray marls, quartzitic gravels and ferruginous sands)

Panonian deposits (marls, clays, sands and sandstones)

400450500550600650

12 K

m

H (m

) C

ibin Piedm

ont C

ibin river terraces

T3T2

T1

Floodplain

Cibin

riverbed

Hartibaciu Plateau

1.2.

3.4.

5.

6.

Padurii H

ill 598 m

Dum

brava Forest C

alea Poplacii

Daw

n Town

Station area

Victoriei B

oulevard and Upper Tow

nLupeni

Gusterita

neighbourhood G

usterita Hill

Functional character

ecologicalleisuretouristic

rezidentialadm

inistrativeculturalrezidential touristic

rezidential academ

icindustrial

comm

ercialtransportrezidential

transportrezidential industrialagricultural

industrialagricultural leisureecological

Dom

inant geom

orphicprocesses

fluvial processeshum

idity excessflash floods

gravitational processespluviodenudationanthropic m

odeling of slopes

alteration due to the forestrill erosionsuperficial landslides

compactation

soil sealingalteration due to the groundw

ater

compactation

soil sealingcom

pactationsoil sealing

6. Clay pit form

Guşteriţa

5. Cibin riverbed upstream

G

uşteriţa bridge

Fig.2. Aspects of urban space revealed by a

geomorphologic profile

1. Dum

brava Forest 2. C

alea Poplăcii neighborhood 3. 2nd terrace in Sub A

rini Park 4. R

ailway station

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Fig.3. Morphodynamic map of eastern sector of Sibiu

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16.

1. Peak, quota; 2. Erosion outlier; 3. Superior levelling surface (±600 m); 4. Inferior levelling surface (±550 m); 5. Landslide glacis; 6. Cuesta steep slope; 7. 1st terrace of Cibin river; 8. 2nd terrace of Cibin river;

9. Terrace forehead; 10. Cibin river Meadow; 11. Slopes with different declivity; 12. Landslides; 13. Rill erosion and ravening; 14. Torrents; 15. Alluvial fan; 16. Clay pits for industrial use;

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Taxonomic attribution of the species Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier (Bennettitales)

based on cuticular analysis, and its presence in the Euro-Sinian palaeofloristic region

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TAXONOMIC ATTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES PTEROPHYLLUM PECTINATUM (JAEGER) CSAKI AND ULRICHS, EM. CZIER (BENNETTITALES) BASED ON CUTICULAR

ANALYSIS, AND ITS PRESENCE IN THE EURO-SINIAN PALAEOFLORISTIC REGION

Zoltán CZIER*

Abstract. The species Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs is a frequent element of the Ladinian – Sinemurian macroflora of the Euro-Sinian region. However, the lectotype, which lacks cuticles, is insufficient for the sure attribution of the species to Pterophyllum, because the epidermal characters are essential within the order Bennettitales. The attribution and the validation of the species are done by means of cuticular analysis, designating an epitype with preserved cuticles. An emended diagnosis of the species, containing macromorphologic and epidermal characters is elaborated. Cuticles were studied in light- and in scanning electron microscopy. The hypostomatic smooth lamina, the distinct costal fields shown by both cuticles, the rectangular to nearly semicircular shape of the subsidiary cells, are important epidermal characters of Pterophyllum pectinatum. The species appeared in the Ladinian of the European palaeofloristic province, where it persisted until the end of the Sinemurian. It expanded into the Middle Asia province and East Asia province during the Carnian, and was present in Asia until the beginning of the Jurassic. As a coexistent element of the Dictyophyllum – Clathropteris Flora, Pterophyllum pectinatum is an indicator of warm and humid palaeoclimate Key words: Pterophyllum pectinatum, Bennettitales, macromorphology, cuticle, lectotype, epitype. Rezumat. Specia Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki & Ulrichs este un element frecvent al macroflorei Ladinian – Sinemurianului din regiunea Euro-Siniană. Lectotipul însă, lipsit de cuticule, este insuficient pentru atribuirea sigură a speciei la Pterophyllum, deoarece caracterele epidermale sunt esenţiale în cadrul ordinului Bennettitales. Atribuirea şi validarea speciei sunt efectuate prin intermediul analizei cuticulare, desemnând un epitip cu cuticule păstrate. O diagnoză îmbunătăţită a speciei, conţinând caractere macromorfologice şi epidermale, este elaborată. Cuticulele au fost studiate în microscopie optică şi electronică cu baleiaj. Lamina hipostomatică netedă, câmpurile costale distincte arătate de ambele cuticule, forma dreptunghiulară la aproape semicirculară a celulelor anexe, sunt caractere epidermale importante de Pterophyllum pectinatum. Specia a apărut în Ladinianul provinciei paleofloristice Europene, unde a persistat până la sfârşitul Sinemurianului. Ea s-a răspândit în provincia Central Asiatică şi Est Asiatică în decursul Carnianului şi a fost prezentă în Asia până la începutul Jurasicului. Ca element coexistent al florei cu Dictyophyllum – Clathropteris, Pterophyllum pectinatum este un indicator al paleoclimei calde şi umede. Cuvinte cheie: Pterophyllum pectinatum, Bennettitales, macromorfologie, cuticulă, lectotip, epitip. Introduction

Pterophyllum, a Bennettitalean foliage genus of the Middle Triassic – Late Cretaceous, is well known to palaeobotanists, taxonomists, geologists, stratigraphers, and other scientists. Species of this genus commonly appear in continental deposits of the Northern Hemisphere, and sparsely in those of the Southern Hemisphere.

Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs – formerly known under the names

* Criş County Museum, Oradea, Romania [email protected]

Osmundites pectinatus Jaeger, and Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart – is a frequent element of the Ladinian – Sinemurian macroflora of the Euro-Sinian palaeofloristic region. Baden-Württemberg (Stuttgart) and Oberfranken (Bayreuth) in Germany, Neuewelt (Basel) in Switzerland, Niederösterreich (Lunz) in Austria, South Tyrol (Corvara) in Italy, and Banat (Anina) in Romania, are classic occurrence areas and main localities of P. pectinatum, regarding the provenance of the type material and of the numerous common specimens.

The Romanian Pterophyllum pectinatum record is an essential one, as it proves the presence of this

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Zoltán Czier

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species in the Hettangian – Sinemurian interval. In addition to its biochronological importance, this record has implications pertaining to palaeobiogeography, biostratigraphy, palaeoecology, and palaeoclimatology, so it warrants a detailed study. A necessary first step in this direction is to specify the fossiliferous localities with discoveries of P. pectinatum specimens, and the related literature. This is a scope of the present paper. Other aim is to describe and figure new material, based on macromorphology and on cuticular analysis. A reach is intended to find a solution to the problem concerning the lectotype, which lacks cuticles. Cuticular analyses provide important data not only for taxonomy, but also for biostratigraphy, palaeobiology and palaeoecology (Kerp 1990; McElwain, Chaloner 1996; Pott et al. 2007a). Besides, the cuticles of the Bennettitales offer possibilities to investigate the afferent palaeoenvironments (Schweitzer, Kirchner 2003; Pott, McLoughlin 2009). The present study may contribute to various researches in these sciences.

A typical epidermal feature of the order Bennettitales is the stoma marginated by two lateral subsidiary cells (Florin 1933). The paracytic-type stomatal apparatus is, therefore, essential for the attribution to the order Bennettitales of the genus Pterophyllum. In this context, the taxonomic attribution of the species Pterophyllum pectinatum to the genus Pterophyllum is conditioned by the anatomical constitution of the stomatal apparatus, and generally by the foliage epidermal anatomy. Only cuticular analyses can indicate all the specific epidermal characters, therefore, laboratory workings are indispensable. I completed them at Budapest, the light microscopy (LM) in the Palaeobotanical Laboratory of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM-BP), and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the SEM Laboratory of the Hungarian Geological Institute.

The emended diagnosis of the genus Pterophyllum, stipulates not only macromorphologic characters but also epidermal characters (Harris 1969; Watson, Sincock 1992). A species is surely attributable to this genus only if its type material presents epidermal characters in addition to the macromorphologic characters. As a rule, this means that at least one type specimen of each acceptable species of Pterophyllum must possess cuticles. Just in some cases of exception, modern investigation methods allow description of epidermal characters when cuticles are not preserved. Pterophyllum pinnatifidum Harris (1932)

and P. firmifolium Ye in Wu et al. (1980), from the Middle-Late Triassic Madygen Formation, Kyrgyzstan, are two such examples. Many epidermal characters of these species in rather good details became known due to stereomicroscope and SEM examination of the silicon casts of well preserved leaf impressions (Moisan et al. 2011). The value of this method generally is low, because the examinations possibly cannot show decisive diagnostic characters like the constitution of the stomatal apparatus, and the ornamentation of the cells. The shown characters, however, sometimes may be sufficient for a sure taxonomic attribution.

Historical background

Brongniart (1825) has acquainted the scientific world with the fossil plant genus Pterophyllum by introducing this name in the palaeobotanical literature. Many old and new papers treat this classical genus. The works of Brongniart (1825; 1828), Nathorst (1876), Zeiller (1906), Thomas (1930), Harris (1932; 1969), Watson, Sincock (1992), Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert et al. (2001), Schweitzer, Kirchner (2003), Pott et al. (2007d), Pott, McLoughlin (2009), and Herendeen (2011), are among the most popular publications. Comprehensive floral catalogues, like those of Jongmans, Dijkstra (1963), Andrews (1970), Boersma, Broekmeyer (1980), Dijkstra, Van Amerom (1985), contain plentiful data referring to the genus and to the hundreds of its species.

Based on fossil foliage found in the Keuper sandstone nearby Stuttgart, Jaeger (1827) described a new species that he named Osmundites pectinatus in view of the fact that it apparently resembles the mostly extant fern genus Osmunda. Brongniart (1828) realized that the foliage presents cycadean affinities, and has transferred the species to his genus Pterophyllum. By the transfer, Brongniart has renamed the species, creating the illegitimate name Pterophyllum jaegeri. Another illegitimate name is Pterophyllum longifolium Brongniart, 1828 – a homotypic synonym of the type species Pterophyllum filicoides (Schlotheim 1822) Zeiller 1906, of which the basionym is Algacites filicoides Schlotheim.

Bronn (1835), Kräusel and Schaarschmidt (1966), Kimura and Kim (1989) have shown that Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart taxonomically is distinct from the type species, as well as from those species of Pterophyllum to which ones it presents some resemblances in form and size: Pterophyllum tietzei Schenk (1887), P. subaequale



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Hartz (1896), P. astartense Harris (1932), P. xiphipterum Harris (1932), P. ctenoides Ôishi (1932), P. thomasi Harris (1952), and P. cheondariense Kimura and Kim (1989).

Csaki and Ulrichs (1985) place the old illegitimate name Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart in synonymy with the legitimate name of their new combination Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, and designate the lectotype.

Jaeger (1827) described in a detailed manner the Osmundites pectinatus foliage from the Keuper near Stuttgart, but designated no type specimen. The specimens were sent to the Royal Natural History Museum Stuttgart, where Jaeger has performed his research. Csaki and Ulrichs (1985) note that from the original material of Jaeger a single specimen exists, because all the other were destroyed in the bombardments of the year 1944. The specimen is kept in the palaeobotanical collection of the Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History.

The descriptions and figures of Jaeger (1827) refer to the macromorphology of the Osmundites pectinatus specimens. His diagnose does not refer to any epidermal character. Brongniart (1828) gave the name Pterophyllum jaegeri, adding nothing to the data published by Jaeger. Bronn (1835) has described features attributed to the species, without giving an emended diagnosis, and so have proceeded all the subsequent authors. An emended specific diagnose should be elaborated.

Lectotype and epitype

The name Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs is typified by the lectotype that lacks cuticles. The importance of this species nevertheless is under the shadow of this problem. Such a lectotype cannot serve the precise application of the name of a species of Pterophyllum. The species Pterophyllum pectinatum cannot be considered as surely belonging to the genus, not even to the order, but this issue is solvable by designating an epitype with preserved cuticles, which supports the lectotype. The selection of the epitype bearing cuticles to validate this species is necessary, being in concordance with the Art. 9.8 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (McNeill et al. 2012).

Considering the specific characters (Jaeger 1827), the characters of the genus (Brongniart 1828; Harris 1969; Watson, Sincock 1992; Pott,

McLoughlin 2009) and of the order (Florin 1933), the selection of the epitype fulfil definite conditions. The epitype in this case shall be a medium-sized, completely segmented flat leaf, with more than two times longer than broad, almost parallel-sided and almost equal wide, medium-sized segments; the segments must present lateral attachment by their whole base to a clearly visible rachis; the venation must consist of parallel or almost parallel, not anastomosed veins; the epidermal characters of the lamina must indicate paracytic-type stomatal apparatus. In addition to all these conditions, the specific characters shown by the epitype shall differ from the characters of the other species of the genus, though they must remain within the limits of the diagnosis.

Designating a specimen for epitype is not possible from the original material of Jaeger, because nowadays it contains only the lectotype, and even if there were other specimens, they would be inadequate, as the fossil plants from the Keuper of Stuttgart possess no cuticles. Consequently, no one specimen designable as epitype for any species of Pterophyllum could be discovered nearby Stuttgart. The appropriate specimen that completes the requirements originates from other region.


The Botanical Department of the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest contains in its palaeobotanical collection a Pterophyllum hand specimen, which presents interest for the topic of this research. The slab, having the inventory number 601971, is a gift received by the Museum in March 1892.

The donor was Baron Andor Semsey, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The mineral semseyte (lead antimony sulphide, Pb9Sb8S21), of which the name contains the baron's name, is widely known. Probably it is not as much known, Semsey contributed with substantial support to the enrichment of important scientific collections. Nagy (1997), and Pozsonyi (2002) publish interesting information, relating to his life.

The keeping box contains an old label that provides an original handwritten text in Hungarian, which gives the translation: ‘1892. III. – gift from the part of A. Semsey. Anina, Liassic, Fern impression.’ This means, the piece was collected between 1790 when woodcutter Miklós Hammer discovered the Anina coalfield (Hantken 1878),


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and March 1892 when Andor Semsey donated the rock slab.

The rock is dark grey silty sandstone with coalified vegetal remains, originating from the Anina coal-bearing sequence of the Lower Jurassic deposits of Reşiţa – Moldova Nouă zone, the Getic Realm, Southern Carpathians. According to Bucur (1991), this sequence belongs to the Valea Terezia Sandstone Member of the Steierdorf Formation; hence, the age of the specimen is in the interval Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. This means a sure biostratigraphic assignment, namely to the Banatozamites chlamydostomus Subzone (Czier 2000a) of the Clathropteris meniscioides Biozone (Czier 1999).

Well-preserved fossil plant compressions are on the face of the slab. One of them is designated epitype for Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs. To distinguish this specimen from another specimen found on the slab – that specimen is the holotype of Banatozamites chlamydostomus Czier 1996 – the specimens belonging to different genera are provided with subinventory numbers. Therefore, the complete inventory number of the Pterophyllum pectinatum epitype is HNHM-BP 601971/2, whereas of the Banatozamites chlamydostomus holotype is HNHM-BP 601971/1.

Two microscopical preparations preserve cuticles of the epitype. The cuticles were obtained from the middle portion of a leaf segment. Having confected a LM preparation (HNHM-BP LM ZC 19), the cuticles were studied in the usual way, while a SEM preparation (HNHM-BP SEM ZC 9) has permitted examination of fine cuticular details showing the anatomical structure of the epidermis. The SEM preparation was coated with carbon and gold, by means of the coating mechanism incorporated into the airlock chamber of the JEOL JSM-35 scanning microscope. The coating has permitted optimal usage of medium-high, 25 kV accelerating voltage, which appears as the best value for cuticular studies using this microscope. All the other details concerning the LM and the SEM preparation methods are published (Czier 1995; 1996; 1998; 2000d; 2001; 2008; 2009).

The Romanian Pterophyllum pectinatum record

The Romanian continental Lower Jurassic generally is well-known to palaeobotanists and geologists, mainly because it gives the record of a typical European Mesophytic macroflora. The flora apparently is an exceptional one, as its literature contains two hundred and forty counted taxa (Czier

2000d), but this number considerably will decrease owing to the revision that recently has started (Czier 2011). The palaeofloristic associations are dominated by bennettitalean and protoconiferous gymnosperms. The dipteridaceous and matoniaceous ferns are well represented, but no angiosperms are present.

Fine granular sandstones, siltstones, claystones and shales, frequently associated with coal seams, all in Gresten-type lithofacies, contain abundant coalified bennettitalean foliages, which appear as impressions and as compressions. The epitype of Pterophyllum pectinatum originates from Anina, but the regional occurrence of the species is well represented both in Banat and in Oltenia. The sites around the localities figured on the map (Fig. 1) might serve as potential sources for new collectings, to discover specimens proper for new typification, if the epitype will be lost.

The Romanian Pterophyllum pectinatum record originates from the Southern Carpathians. The Sviniţa Formation with the Culmea Şarlova Conglomerate Member (Valea Sirinca) and the Ogaşul Vodânischi Sandstone Member (Svinecea Mare, Pregheda, Dragosella Mică, Pietrele Albe, Cozla), the Schela Formation (Pleşa, Valea Porcului), and the Steierdorf Formation (Anina) are the lithostratigraphic units and the sampling localities of this record. The lithostratigraphic units are defined by Mrazec (1898), Bucur (1991), and Czier (2000a; 2000d).

Considering the formally defined biostratigraphic units of the Romanian continental Lower Jurassic (Czier 2000b; 2000d), Pterophyllum pectinatum appears in the fossil flora of Romania only in the Clathropteris meniscioides Biozone (Hettangian – Sinemurian). The biochronologic range of the species' apparition locally presents restrictions, at Valea Sirinca to Hettangian pro parte (the Leptostrobus laxiflora Subzone), at Svinecea Mare, Pregheda, Dragosella Mică, Pietrele Albe, and Cozla to Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian (most probably the Neocalamites carcinoides Subzone), and at Anina to Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian (the Banatozamites chlamydostomus Subzone).

Systematic palaeontology

Class CYCADOPSIDA Brongniart 1843 Order BENNETTITALES Engler 1892 Family WILLIAMSONIACEAE (Carruthers 1870) Nathorst 1913 Genus Pterophyllum Brongniart 1825 em. Harris 1969 em. Watson and Sincock 1992



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Type species: Pterophyllum filicoides (Schlotheim 1822) Zeiller 1906.

Basionym: Algacites filicoides Schlotheim 1822, p. 47, pl. 4, fig. 2. Remark: According to Cleal (pers. com. 2013), “Pterophyllum filicoides was not one of the originally designated types, but only became so as a result of the name being conserved” – as proposed by Pott et al. (2007d) and accepted by the IAPT Fossil Plant Committee (reported by Herendeen 2011).

Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger 1827) Csaki and Ulrichs 1985 emend. Czier (Figs. 2, 3A-D, 4A-D)

Selected synonymy: 1827. Osmundites pectinatus - Jaeger,

pp. 29-32, 37-38, pl. 5, fig. 6, pl. 7, figs. 1-5.

1828. Pterophyllum Jaegeri - Brongniart, p. 95, 195.

1835. Pterophyllum Jaegeri - Bronn, p. 152, pl. 12, fig. 1.

1877. Pterophyllum Jaegeri Brongniart - Heer, p. 79, 132, figs. 1, 2, pl. 31, figs. 1-4.

1895. Pterophyllum Jaegeri Brong. - Seward, p. 13, 35, 37, 38.

1900. Pterophyllum Jaegeri Brongniart - Zeiller, p. 235, fig. 164.

1903. Pterophyllum Jaegeri Brongniart - Leuthardt, p. 14, pl. 5, figs. 1-3, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, pl. 10, fig. 1.

1966. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Kräusel and Schaarschmidt, p. 8, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 3, figs. 1-4, pl. 5, fig. 6.

1985. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) nov. comb. - Csaki and Ulrichs, p. 12.

1987. Pterophyllum jägeri - Duan, p. 179, 182, tab. 1.

1994. P. jaegeri Ad. Brongn. - Dobruskina, p. 51, 202, 291, 292, 293, 295, 298, 300, 301, 303, 315, 321, 342, 343, 344, tabs. 10, 12.

2005. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Kustatscher and Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, p. 37.

Romanian record: 1958. Pterophyllum jaegeri

Brongniart - Mateescu, p. 13, pl. 8, fig. 2.

1958. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Semaka, p. 414, tab. 3.

1962. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Semaka, p. 533, 539, 550, 554, fig. 4, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2, tab. 1.

1964. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brong. - Răileanu et al., p. 24, tab. 2.

1964. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Semaka, p. 660, 661, tabs. 3, 4.

1967. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongn. - Mateescu, p. 83, 84, pl. 1, fig. 2.

1970. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Semaka, p. 17, 25, 26, 28, 47, 48, tabs. 3, 10, 11, 13.

1972. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Semaka et al., p. 436, 439, tab. 1.

1985. Pterophyllum jaegeri Brongniart - Preda et al., p. 74, tab. 1.

Lectotype: specimen P. 1327, kept in the palaeobotanical collection of the Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany (Jaeger 1827, 29-32, 37-38, pl. 7, fig. 3; Csaki, Ulrichs 1985, 12).

Epitype: specimen HNHM-BP 601971/2, slides HNHM-BP LM ZC 19 and HNHM-BP SEM ZC 9, kept in the palaeobotanical collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary (Figs. 2, 3A-D, 4A-D). Material: two specimens (lectotype and epitype). Type locality and horizon: Stuttgart, Germany, the Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein), Carnian. Occurrence: Eurasia, Euro-Sinian palaeofloristic region.

Emended diagnosis

Leaf petiolate, petiole long, about 1/4th from the length of the entire leaf. Lamina thin and flat, oblong to elliptic-elongate, with rounded apex. Elongate segments, linear or slightly arched in the acroscopic direction, perpendicularly or slightly obliquely attached to a longitudinally finely striate rachis. Densely to slightly remotely set, opposite to subopposite segments with gaps between them never exceeding their width. Individual segments


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more or less narrowed in their proximal third, separate to slightly confluent at their bases, with rounded to obtusely rounded apex. Veins usually simple, occasionally dichotomous. Hypostomatic lamina, with distinct costal and intercostal fields shown by both cuticles. Adaxial epidermis and costal fields of abaxial epidermis with rows of rectangular, more or less elongate epidermal cells possessing slightly sinuous anticlinal walls and smooth periclinal walls. Intercostal fields of abaxial epidermis with rounded to polygonal, isodiametric to irregular, sinuous-walled ordinary epidermal cells, and with stomata in more or less conspicuous rows. Stomatal pore mainly perpendicular to the veins. Brachyparacytic, sunken stomatal apparatus with guard cells possessing semi-elliptic cutinized dorsal thickenings, and with rectangular to nearly semicircular, slightly sinuous-walled subsidiary cells.

Specific and generic characters

The emended specific diagnose contains only diagnostic characters of Pterophyllum pectinatum. It is based on Jaeger's original diagnosis, description and figuration, combined with the present description and figuration. Important characters such as the impari-segmented leaf architecture, the complete and regular segmentation of the leaf, the more than two times longer than broad, almost parallel-sided and almost equal wide outline of the individual segments, their lateral insertion to the rachis by the whole base, the dependence on the position in the leaf of their length and width, the parallel or almost parallel running of the veins, the restriction to the intercostal fields of the occurrence of stomata in the abaxial epidermis, the more or less kidney shape of the guard cells, the strong cutinization of their dorsal thickenings and the weakly cutinization of their polar ends, are not included. However, all these implicitly are considered, being generic characters of Pterophyllum.

Description of the epitype

The epitype is a pinnate leaf (Fig. 2), of which the middle portion is preserved. The lamina is flat, 55 mm wide. The rachis is slender, 1.5–2 mm wide. It is not prominent, at first sight appearing almost smooth, but examined nearer shows about six fine striations. Suboppositely positioned, slightly remote, elongate, medium-sized leaf segments inserted at an angle of about 80 degrees by their whole base to the lateral sides of the rachis, divide the lamina.

Individual segments are up to 4 mm wide. They are somewhat narrowed in their proximal third, but no segment base is contracted. Both the basiscopic and the acroscopic margins are decurrent, thus the segments appear as being a little confluent at the base (Fig. 3A). The gap between the neighbouring segments is between 1–3 mm. The margins of the segments are nearly parallel, slightly arched in the acroscopic direction. The mean length of the segments is estimated to 50 mm, the length/width-ratio to 10:1 – 25:1. The venation consists of veins simple, occasionally dichotomously forked, parallel to the margins of the segments. The bifurcations may appear anywhere, but mainly in the proximal half of the segments. As a particularity of the venation, some veins positioned close to the segment margins may fork. The number of the veins at the base of the segments is about seven. Owing to their forking, the veins' number increases up to about ten. The vein concentration in the middle of the segment is of 25 veins/ cm.

Cuticles are well preserved, suitable for detailed microscopical study. The lamina is hypostomatic, with distinguishable costal and intercostal fields shown by both cuticles. The adaxial cuticle (Fig. 3B) is thin, delicate, indicating rows of rectangular, more or less elongate epidermal cells that possess slightly sinuous to almost straight anticlinal walls and smooth periclinal walls. The length and the width of the cells are between 20–60 µm, and 15–40 µm. The vein courses in the costal fields are marked by 2–3 rows of narrow cells that are about 50 µm long and 20 µm wide. The intercostal fields (Fig. 3C) indicate 10–13 rows of usually shorter and wider, about 40 µm long and 30 µm wide cells. The abaxial cuticle (Fig. 3D) is thick, robust, consisting of about 100 µm wide costal fields and of about 300 µm wide intercostal fields. The costal fields indicate bands of 4–6 rows of rectangular, frequently oblong epidermal cells (Fig. 4A). The length and the width of these cells are between 43–80 µm, and 18–32 µm. The long side of the cells follows the direction of the rows. The anticlinal cell walls are slightly sinuous. The intercostal fields indicate typical epidermal structure of ordinary epidermal cells and stomata (Fig. 4B). The intercostal epidermal cells are mainly shorter and always wider than the costal cells are. The length and the width of the intercostal epidermal cells are between 50–62 µm, and 33–44 µm. Their shape is rounded, polygonal, isodiametric to irregular. They show sinuous anticlinal walls, but some sinuosities may be small, inconspicuous. The outer periclinal cell walls are smooth. The stomata are in 4–5 obvious to sometimes rather irregular



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rows. They usually present regular transverse orientation. In few cases, the orientation is somewhat oblique, but never exceeds 45°. The stomata are 35–43 µm long and 26–34 µm wide. The stomatal apparatus is brachyparacytic (Fig. 4C). The guard cells present semi-elliptic strongly cutinized dorsal thickenings; the polar ends are weakly cutinized. The length of the stomatal pore is 14–16 µm. Two laterally placed, 38–45 µm long and 30–42 µm wide, rectangular to nearly semicircular, slightly sinuous-walled subsidiary cells overhang the guard cells. The stomata are sunken, as well observable by SEM examination of the inner side of the cuticle (Fig. 4D). The numerical value of the stomatal density is of 80 stomata/ sq. mm; the stomatal index is of 10%.

Comparisons and revisions

Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger 1827) Csaki and Ulrichs 1985 taxonomically is distinct from the later homonym species P. pectinatum Kurr in Schimper 1872, P. pectinatum Fontaine 1883, and P. pectinatum (Prynada 1956) Krassilov 1969. Schenk (1867) considered Pterophyllum pectinatum Kurr, from the Keuper of Stuttgart, a variety with remotely disposed segments of P. jaegeri, but Schimper (1872) has shown that the two species are distinct. Pterophyllum pectinatum Fontaine, from the Triassic of Lockville, North Carolina, USA, is based on Pterozamites pectinatus Emmons (1857). According to Knowlton (1919), the species of Fontaine has been revised as Pterophyllum daleanum Ward 1900. The combination Pterophyllum pectinatum (Prynada) Krassilov, from the Jurassic-Cretaceous transitional deposits of the Russian Primorye (Krassilov 1973a; 1973b), with the basionym Tyrmia pectinata Prynada, has nothing to do with Osmundites pectinatus Jaeger. According to Krassilov (pers. com. 2013) “the name Pterophyllum pectinatum, first published in 1985 (although based on Osmundites pectinatus Jaeger, 1827) captures no priority over the homonymous Pterophyllum pectinatum published before 1985”.

The macromorphologic attributes to differentiate Pterophyllum pectinatum from other species of the genus are its long petiole, the thin and flat, oblong to elliptic-elongate, medium-sized lamina with rounded apex, the clearly visible but not prominent rachis, the dense to slightly remote set of the segments with gaps between them not exceeding their width, the possible slightly narrowed shape of the segments in their proximal third, and the possible decurrence of both margins of the segments. Distinctive epidermal features are the

thin adaxial and the thick abaxial cuticle, the hypostomatic smooth lamina, the distinct costal fields shown by both cuticles, the arrangement of the stomata usually in bands of 4–5 rows, the mainly perpendicular but sometimes oblique orientation of the stomatal pore, and the rectangular to nearly semicircular shape of the subsidiary cells.

The Pterophyllum pectinatum specimen from Anina closely resembles a Pterophyllum jaegeri leaf, figured by Zeiller (1900), from the Late Triassic of Switzerland. The Swiss material only partly is attributable to P. pectinatum. According to Barnard (1970), several specimens described by Leuthardt (1903), from the Keuper of Neuewelt, do not belong to the genus Pterophyllum.

Jongmans, Dijkstra (1963) quote in their catalogue Pterophyllum jaegeri after the treatise of Schimper (1870), and of the monograph of Frentzen (1922). Boersma, Broekmeyer (1980), Dijkstra and Van Amerom (1985) have enclosed in their catalogues citations of P. jaegeri, after Kräusel and Schaarschmidt (1966), Ricour (1968), Fraas (1972), and Richter (1981). Many of the specimens kept in old collections are restudied and redetermined in the last years. The P. jaegeri material from the Carnian of Lunz, Austria, published by Krasser (1909), is an example, the specimens being attributed by Pott et al. (2007c) to P. filicoides.

Pais (1977) describes and figures Pterophyllum specimens originating from the Oxfordian of Leiria, Portugal. The unsure specific attribution does not allow pronouncing that the Portuguese material points to the youngest occurrence of the species, though the specimens are comparable with P. jaegeri.

Only few of the published specimens are attributable to different genera, but these attributions are important. Kustatscher and Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert (2010) revise Pterophyllum jaegeri of Linnell (1933), and Pterophyllum jaegeri robustum (Compter 1894) Frentzen 1922, as Nilssonia cf. neuberi Štúr ex Pott et al. 2007b. Therefore, the Lower Keuper (Middle Triassic) flora of Thale, Germany, appears as neither containing the species jaegeri, nor its robustum variety.

Some Pterophyllum jaegeri specimens mentioned in unpublished manuscripts or even in the published literature never were in details described or figured. Such specimens maybe are worthless to be mentioned, but the determinations sometimes may be utile, for example, when they might


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indicate the presence of the species in a region that expressly is important from a point of view. An example is the 19th Century P. jaegeri material of Štúr, from Idrija, Slovenia, mentioned by Pleničar (1970). Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert et al. (2001) remark, that Štúr has not given detailed descriptions, or illustrations, so it is impossible to compare and review the flora. Even in these circumstances, this occurrence is worthy of note, because the region presents biochronological importance, as it is one of those, which may indicate the presence of the species in Ladinian deposits.

Discussion

According to Boersma, Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert (1991), Pterophyllum is present in Ladinian – Late Cretaceous. However, not all the species of the genus are documented from this entire interval. The fossil record based on Osmundites pectinatus, Pterophyllum jaegeri, and on the new material, shows that Pterophyllum pectinatum does not belong to the P. cycadites – P. thomasii group, which, according to Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert, Van der Burgh (1989), appears in the Middle- and Upper Jurassic. Pterophyllum pectinatum is mainly allied to the Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic P. filicoides – P. brevipenne group. However, the species P. pectinatum appears also in the Middle Triassic.

The Italian record is a relevant evidence for the Ladinian apparition of Pterophyllum jaegeri (Leonardi 1953; 1967; Bosellini 1989; Avanzini, Wachtler 1999; Wachtler, Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert 2000a; 2000b; Kustatscher 2001; Kustatscher et al. 2004; Kustatscher, Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert 2005). The Romanian record proves that the species still appears in the Sinemurian. All the other records in the world are younger than Ladinian, and older than Sinemurian. Pterophyllum pectinatum consequently is a species present only in the Ladinian – Sinemurian interval.

Pterophyllum pectinatum, with its homotypic synonyms Osmundites pectinatus and Pterophyllum jaegeri, is a common element of many Eurasian macrofloras, so it may be equally utilized in floristical comparisons of small and large regions (Czier 2000c; 2002). The main occurrence regions of P. jaegeri, mentioned by Dobruskina (1994), are ‘Svalbard, Baden-Württemberg, Franken, Thüringer Senke, Subherzynische Senke, Basel environs, Northern Switzerland, Suddeutsche Senke, France and Italy, Zoldo and Gardo, Dolomiti, Lunz, Shah Pasand in

Elburz, Madygen, Fergana, Lamaya, Western Sichuan, South-western Sichuan, Baoding, Nan-hsiang coal-field of Hunan, Nariwa, Okayama province’. Passoni and Van Konijnenburg-Van Cittert (2003) describe a new occurrence in Carnian deposits at Mount Pora, the Bergamasc Alps, Italy. Pterophyllum jaegeri is well represented in Europe in the Ladinian flora of the Dolomites in the North of Italy, and in the Hettangian – Sinemurian flora of the Banat and Oltenia regions in the South-West of Romania, in addition to its presence in the Carnian of Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and in the German Keuper. Regarding the occurrences from the Far East, Yabe and Ôishi (1929) have described P. jaegeri from Korea and China. Zhou (1989) expresses the idea that the material could belong to Pterophyllum subangustum Yang, 1984, but this does not appears a revision, so it is P. pectinatum. Hsü et al. (1979) describe other P. jaegeri material, from South China. Duan (1987) confirms the presence of the species in the Chinese Keuper-Rhaetic flora, by quoting Hsü's determination.

The biochronological and palaeogeographical distribution of the mentioned occurrences, explains the following events. Pterophyllum pectinatum appeared in the Ladinian of the European palaeofloristic province, where it persisted until the end of the Sinemurian. On the other hand, it is specific also to the other provinces of the Euro-Sinian region. The species is, therefore, more than a European macrofloristic element of autochthonous origin. The Asian presence is explainable by considering P. pectinatum a species that expanded towards the East. The species expanded during the Carnian into the Middle Asia province and the East Asia province; it existed in Asia until the beginning of the Jurassic period. Pterophyllum pectinatum coexisted within almost all the Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic palaeofloristic associations of the Dictyophyllum – Clathropteris Flora, both in Europe and in Asia, where the vegetation has found favourable palaeoecological conditions created by mangrove-type wetlands and swampy parallic basins, under warm and humid climate. The coexistence is documented by the presence of filicalean ferns in all the associations with P. pectinatum; the flourishing vegetation of the Dictyophyllum – Clathropteris Flora is a quality of the ‘tropical’ conditions near the northern Tethyan border (Taugourdeau-Lantz, Vozenin-Serra 1987). Associated with the Dictyophyllum – Clathropteris Flora, and frequently with the North-Tethyan coal-forming palaeoenvironments, Pterophyllum



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pectinatum implicitly is an indicator of the warm and humid palaeoclimate.

The epidermal characters of Pterophyllum pectinatum are among the significants in generic context, because the species occurs on large terrains. The stomatal density and the stomatal index of this species, and of other species of which the type materials contain specimens with preserved cuticles (e.g., Pterophyllum filicoides, Pterophyllum aequale, Pterophyllum brevipenne, Pterophyllum subaequale, Pterophyllum ptilum), perhaps might be used to enhance the knowledge about the Mesozoic atmosphere. Beerling et al. (1998), Beerling and Royer (2002) successfully characterize the Phanerozoic global carbon cycle, by using epidermal characters of diverse ginkgoalean species, based on the idea that Ginkgoites is a heterotypic synonym of Ginkgo (Czier 1998). Together with the use of the ginkgoaleans, Bonis et al. (2010) reconstruct the fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 concentration of the end-Triassic, by the use of stomatal frequency analysis on Lepidopteris seedferns. The estimation of the CO2 concentration and of the percentual composition of the Middle-Upper Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous atmosphere, by using epidermal characters of diverse species of the genus Pterophyllum, also appears a captivating subject. The literature dealing with the stomatal density and index records indicating the paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration (Royer 2001), with the high CO2 level at the Triassic–Jurassic transition (Steinthorsdottir et al. 2011), and with the interrelated topics, already is extensive, and surely will continue to expose a wealthy base of relevant data, augmented with new and interesting information.

Conclusions

Type specimens that lack cuticles, are insufficient for the sure attribution of any species to the genus Pterophyllum.

The LM and SEM cuticular analyses manifest several epidermal characters to differentiate Pterophyllum pectinatum from the other species of the genus. The most important epidermal characters of P. pectinatum are the thin adaxial and the thick abaxial cuticle, the hypostomatic smooth lamina, the distinct costal fields shown by both cuticles, the arrangement of the stomata usually in bands of 4–5 rows, the mainly perpendicular but sometimes oblique orientation of the stomatal pore, and the rectangular to nearly semicircular shape of the subsidiary cells.

Pterophyllum pectinatum is an exclusive attribute of the Euro-Sinian realm. The species appeared in the Ladinian of the European province, where it persisted until the end of the Sinemurian. It expanded into the Middle Asia province and the East Asia province during the Carnian, and existed in Asia until the beginning of the Jurassic period.

Pterophyllum pectinatum is a coexistent element of the Dictyophyllum – Clathropteris Flora, of which the rich vegetation grew under warm and humid climate, near the northern border of the Tethys.

Acknowledgements

Many thanks to István Matskási, Director-general of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (Budapest, Hungary), and to Lilla Hably, Head of the Botanical Department of the Museum, who allowed me access in collection to study the material. Grateful acknowledgements are expressed to Shuying Duan (Beijing, China), Ben A. LePage (Fort Washington, USA), Joao Pais (Caparica, Portugal), Shunqing Wu (Nanjing, China), and Zhiyan Zhou (Nanjing, China), as well as to reviewers Christopher Cleal (Cardiff, UK), and Valentin Krassilov (Haifa, Israel), who have changed with me ideas and literature. Research financially supported by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

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Geological Survey Bulletin 1300, Washington (1970). Avanzini, Wachtler 1999

Avanzini Marco, Wachtler Michael, Dolomiten, Reisen in die Urzeit, Bolzano (1999).

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Fig. 1. The map of the localities with Pterophyllum pectinatum from Romania.

Fig. 2. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitype (HNHM-BP 601971/2) from Anina, Romania, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. Insertion of the lamina, and venation of a segment.

Fig. 3. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitype (HNHM-BP 601971/2, HNHM-BP LM ZC 19) from Anina, Romania, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. A. General view of the leaf. B. Adaxial cuticle, indicating rows of epidermal cells. The elongate cells along the diagonal line correspond to a vein course. C. Adaxial cuticle indicating intercostal epidermal cells with slightly sinuous to almost straight walls. D. Abaxial cuticle indicating the epidermis structure. Bands without stomata correspond to the veins, stomatal bands to the regions between the veins.

Fig. 4. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitype (HNHM-BP LM ZC 19, HNHM-BP SEM ZC 9) from Anina, Romania, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. A. Abaxial cuticle indicating a band without stomata between two stomatal bands. The band without stomata, corresponding to the course of a vein, is composed from four rows indicating rectangular cells. The intercostal bands indicate stomata, and epidermal cells of rounded to irregular shape. B. Abaxial cuticle indicating a typical stoma and epidermal cells. C. Contrast photonegative indicating the brachyparacytic stomatal apparatus. D. High resolution SEM photo indicating a sunken stoma viewed from the inner side of the cuticle.


Fig. 1. Harta localităţilor cu Pterophyllum pectinatum din România.

Fig. 2. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki & Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitip (HNHM-BP 601971/2) de la Anina, România, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. Inserţia laminei şi nervaţiunea unui segment.

Fig. 3. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki & Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitip (HNHM-BP 601971/2, HNHM-BP LM ZC 19) de la Anina, România, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. A. Vedere generală asupra frunzei. B. Cuticulă adaxială, indicând şiruri de celule epidermale. Celulele alungite de-a lungul diagonalei corespund direcţiei unei nervuri. C. Cuticulă adaxială, indicând celule epidermale intercostale cu pereţi uşor sinuoşi la aproape drepţi. D. Cuticulă abaxială indicând structura epidermei. Benzile fără stomate corespund nervurilor, benzile stomatice regiunilor dintre nervuri.

Fig. 4. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki & Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitip (HNHM-BP LM ZC 19, HNHM-BP SEM ZC 9) de la Anina, România, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. A. Vedere generală asupra frunzei. B. Cuticulă adaxială, indicând şiruri de celule epidermale. Celulele alungite de-a lungul diagonalei corespund direcţiei unei nervuri. C. Cuticulă adaxială, indicând celule epidermale intercostale cu pereţi uşor sinuoşi la aproape drepţi. D. Cuticulă abaxială indicând structura epidermei. Benzile fără stomate corespund nervurilor, benzile stomatice regiunilor dintre nervuri.



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Fig. 1. The map of the localities with Pterophyllum pectinatum from Romania


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Fig. 2. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitype (HNHM-BP 601971/2) from Anina, Romania, Hettangian pro parte – Sinemurian. Insertion of the lamina, and venation of a segment.



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Fig. 3. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitype A. General view of the leaf. B. Adaxial cuticle, indicating rows of epidermal cells. The elongate cells along the diagonal line correspond

to a vein course. C. Adaxial cuticle indicating intercostal epidermal cells with slightly sinuous to almost straight walls. D. Abaxial cuticle indicating the epidermis structure. Bands without stomata correspond to the

veins, stomatal bands to the regions between the veins.


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Fig. 4. Pterophyllum pectinatum (Jaeger) Csaki and Ulrichs, em. Czier. Epitype A. Abaxial cuticle indicating a band without stomata between two stomatal bands. The band without stomata, corresponding to the course of a vein, is composed from four rows indicating rectangular cells. The intercostal bands indicate stomata, and epidermal cells of rounded to irregular shape. B. Abaxial cuticle indicating a typical stoma and

epidermal cells. C. Contrast photonegative indicating the brachyparacytic stomatal apparatus. D. High resolution SEM photo indicating a sunken stoma viewed from the inner side of the cuticle.

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 The Pycnodont phacodus Dixon, 1850, in the late eocene of the fossil area Turnu Roşu (Romania)

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THE PYCNODONT PHACODUS DIXON, 1850, IN THE LATE EOCENE OF THE FOSSIL AREA TURNU ROŞU (ROMANIA)

Rodica CIOBANU* Nicolae TRIF**

Abstract. The present paper focuses on the study of fossil teeth of pycnodont type. The studied teeth belong to the paleontologic collections - Richard Breckner Collection - from the Sibiu Natural History Museum and were collected from the Eocene limestone of Turnu Rosu. In the present paperwork, 73 teeth are presented that show a clear ornamentation specific to the genera: "fine pits" on the occlusal surface. The "punctatus" species was previously described in the Cretaceous deposits from Morocco, Brazil, south-eastern United States and England. It is for the first time that this species is mentioned in Eocene and in Romania. The identification to genera or species level is difficult when the studied material is formed only from isolated teeth. Among the studied and illustrated teeth, some specimens present ornamentations/protrusions at the crown/root boundary about which existence we could not find any references in the consulted studies. Key words: fossil teeth, Phacodus punctatus, Late Eocene, Turnu Roşu, Romania. Rezumat. Lucrarea este axată pe studiul dinţilor fosili de tip pycnodont. Dinţii studiaţi aparţin colecţiilor paleontologice – Colecţia Richard Brekner – din Muzeul de Istorie Naturală din Sibiu, au fost colectaţi din calcarele Eocene de Turnu Roşu. În lucrare sunt prezentaţi 73 de dinţi cu o clară ornamentaţie specifică genului: “fine pits”(mici adâncituri). Specia "punctatus" este descrisă în depozite Cretacice din Maroc, Brazilia, Sud Estul Statelor Unite si Anglia. Este prima semnalare a prezenţei speciei Phacodus punctatus pentru Eocenul din Romania. Determinarea la nivel de gen şi specie este dificilă atunci când materialul studiat este alcătuit doar din dinţi izolaţi. Printre dinţii studiaţi şi ilustraţi în lucare sunt specimene ce prezintă ornamentaţii sau protuberanţe la limita coroană-rădăcină despre a căror existenţă nu am găsit referiri în literatura studiată. Cuvinte cheie: dinţi fosili, Phacodus punctatus, Eocen superior, Turnu Roşu, Romania. Introduction

In the present paper we present teeth belonging to the Phacodus genera, part of Richard Breckner's paleontological collection. For the vast majority of palaeontologists from Romania Richard Breckner is virtually unknown. However, his collection of fish teeth (mostly shark teeth) is unique in Romania. The fact that about 30% of the teeth were identified by him, at the level of knowledge that existed at the beginning of the 20th century, says a lot about Breckner's knowledge in the field.

From this collection, selachians (Ciobanu 2002) and teleostei (Ciobanu 2011 a, b, 2012; Ciobanu, Trif 2013) were previously described and published.

Breckner’s paleontological collection, the teeth in subject included, contains 5,000 fish teeth from

* Brukenthal National Museum, Natural History Museum, Sibiu, [email protected] ** Independent researcher, [email protected]

Turnu Rosu (also known as Porcesti), most of them being shark teeth. His collection was acquired in 1954 (according to museum archives) from Heinrich Breckner, a printer from Sibiu. This collection is part of the Sibiu Natural History Museum, which was opened on May 12th, 1895 as a public institution and main office for the Society of Natural Sciences (Siebenbürghisches Verein für Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt).

Material and metods

In this paper we describe isolated teeth from the paleontological reservation "Calcarele eocene de la Turnu Rosu (Porcesti)". The richness of the Eocene fauna that was recovered in these deposits and from where the fish teeth were also collected attracted scientists’ attention as early as the beginning of the 19th century, when several valuable systematic researches were conducted. The majority of the paleontological studies referring to this particular areal were conducted by

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the members of the above mentioned society. Eocene Epicontinental deposits were found north of the Făgăraş Mountains and to the southern edge of the Transylvanian Basin. Around Turnu Roşu, the Eocene formations appear like a ”klippe” area on the north-western end of the Făgăraş Crystalline.

The latest concept regarding the horizontal stratigraphical levels of the limestone at Turnu Roşu belongs to Mészáros (1996). He also defined the Turnu Roşu Group together with the Valea Nişului and Valea Muntelui Formations which contain fish teeth. The analysis of the fossil fauna reveals the existence of almost all Eocene groups of life at Turnu Roşu. It is also important to underline that these limestones represent the largest deposits of isolated fish teeth in Romania. Environment reconstructions, based on the correlation between fossil fauna and recent representatives of the species, lead to the conclusion that the waters in this area were warm, tropical-subtropical, rich in oxygen and fauna.

The reservation areas from where fish teeth were recently collected are Nişului Valley and Caselor Valley. Unfortunately, neither Neugeboren [Ludwig Johann Neugeboren - 1806-1887- he was the first palaeontologist who studied in Transylvania and published the first scientific study related to the Eocene sharks from Turnu Roşu], nor other old collectors – in our case Breckner – mentioned the exact place from where they collected the items. Another worthy fact is that the number of fish teeth collected in the last few centuries is very small compared to the old collections. In the last years we had the opportunity to collect some new specimens from Turnu Rosu formations. The collecting places were marked on the map (Fig. A).

Systematic palaeontology Order Pycnodontiformes Berg, 1940 Family incertae sedis Phacodus Dixon, 1850

Hooks et al. (1999) presented a revised diagnosis for this genera: “subcircular to oval teeth, covered with numerous, fine pits”.

Phacodus cf. p. punctatus Dixon, 1850 Fig.1-73

Material: 73 isolated teeth (inv. no: 34245- 34317) from Breckner`collection.

Origin: Eocene limestone from Turnu Roşu (Porceşti).

Description

The studied teeth from this paper clearly belong to the Phacodus genera. On the occlusal surface all teeth crowns present the "fine pits" mentioned in the diagnose of the genus. Images of the internal side of the crown highlight the fact that these "pits" have a correspondence in the form of fine ducts along the entire width of the crown (Fig. B).

The analysis of the morphologic characteristics of the crown revealed differences in shape and dimensions. Nonetheless, from a morphologic point of view, we can distinguish several types.

One category is kidney-shaped teeth. They are the biggest in size (Fig.1 – 12) and they have the width larger then the length. These teeth, kidney-shaped, have the contact area between the crown and the root prolonged with sharp protrusions (Fig. 66). Also, some of these teeth display some ridge-like bumps. It is possible that those teeth had a central position in the dental apparatus.

Another category is circular teeth (Fig. 26) or circular to oval teeth (Fig. 13 – 27). Some of them have a ridge visible on the occlusal surface (Fig. 11, 27 a, b). It is possible that these teeth had an anterior position within the central row of teeth. The third category is teeth that display more geometric or irregular shapes. We think that these teeth were positioned on one of the lateral lines of the dental apparatus. This category of teeth has spike-like extensions at the crown-root border. Some of these were blunted, either functionally or by the rolling motion of the water and waves. These extensions give the teeth various geometric shapes: triangular (Fig. 28-46), rectangular (Fig. 47-59), square (Fig. 60-67) or rhombic (Fig. 68-70). Some irregular shaped teeth are also present (Fig. 71-73). It may be that the protrusions and spikes contributed to the stiffening of the rows of teeth in the dental apparatus.

Discussion

The systematic of the pycnodont type teeth is debatable, as mentioned before by most specialists. It is difficult to identify, even on genus level, if the dental apparatus are preserved relatively whole. When the fossilized remains are isolated teeth, the difficulties in identifying the genus and species level, or even position in the dental apparatus, increase.

Arambourg (1952) described the species punctatus var. africanus and observed that they „differed slightly from the English specimens in size and shape” (Hooks et al. 1999).


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In the identification of the teeth difficulties arise because in the already published studies the description concerning the teeth’ shape is done by referring to the entire dental apparatus and not to isolated teeth. Also, the descriptions regarding shape characteristics are rather poor.

Arambourg (1952, p. 227) described the Phacodus teeth more detailed. The median vomer teeth are the most massive, with the most anterior ones being almost circular getting wider towards the back and becoming more oval to kidney-shape (L/l; 9/14 mm). The lateral teeth are rounded to irregular and also smaller, not surpassing 5 mm in diameter.

Splenial teeth were described from a fragment of a dental apparatus. The teeth from the most external position are twice as small as the vomer ones (about 5 to 6 mm) and have an irregular to oval contour. In the next series the teeth are globular, slightly oval, twice as wide then the previous ones. The most posterior tooth has l/L 9/8 mm. All described teeth have the characteristics of the genus, namely, the crown covered with numerous fine pits. Arambourg (1952 p. 228) stated that the Moroccan specimens slightly differ from the English ones by the less oval shape of the teeth in the main row, by the less kidney-shaped contour and by the size reductions of the lateral rows.

Professor Schwimmer comunicated us that the teeth found in the Southeastern USA, does not have major discrepancy compared the ones figured in our paper (pers.com. 3 april 2014).

Conclusions

The pycnodont fish existed from late Triasic to late Eocene time. They populated shallow waters, close to the shore in subtropical and tropical seas, including the Tethys Sea. This type of environment has been reconstructed for the coastal area of the Eocene sea in Turnu Roşu area as well. In terms of biogeographical characteristics, the fish fauna from Turnu Roşu and throughout Transylvania presents tropical indo-pacific features (Ciobanu 2006).

The pycnodonts "were deep-bodied, manoeuvrable fish, restricted to a durophagous habit" (Nursall 1996). The pycnodont fish fed on invertebrates such as echinoderms, molluscs and crustaceans.

The specimens described in the Eocene limestones from Turnu Rosu are the first report of this genus for Romania and for the European Eocene. In what the determination is concerned, they belong without a doubt to the Phacodus genus, but because this study is the first report of an eocene species and taking into account that we only have isolated teeth, we cannot affirm with certitude that they belong to the punctatus species.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Prof. David R. Schwimmer (Dep't of Earth & Space Sciences Columbus State University) for his useful advice. We are very grateful to Ioana Ciobanu for translating the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Arambourg 1952 Arambourg Camile, Les vertébrés fossiles des gisements de Phosphates de L'Afrique du Nord (Maroc-Algérie-Tunisie). In : La Géologie service au Maroc. Notes et Mémoires, 92, (1952),p. 227-228, pl.XXXVII, figs.27, 28.

Ciobanu 2002 Ciobanu Rodica, Selacienii paleogeni din România. In: Editura Universităţii „Lucian Blaga”, Sibiu (2002).

Ciobanu 2006 Ciobanu Rodica, Evaluări paleoecologice pe baza patrimoniului muzeal. Studiu de caz: Turnu Roşu. In: Marisia. Studii şi materiale XXVIII, Tg. Mureş (2006), p. 69-79.

Ciobanu 2011 a Ciobanu Rodica, Eotrigonodon (Osteichthyes, Plectognatii) in Richard Breckner’s Collection (Natural History Museum Sibiu). In: Oltenia – Studii şi comunicări, Ştiinţele Naturii XXVII (2), Craiova (2011), p. 203-209.

Ciobanu 2011 b Ciobanu Rodica, Eotrigonodon (Osteichthyes, Plectognatii) oral teeth - in Eocene Limestone from Turnu Roşu (Sibiu, Romania). In: Brukenthal. Acta Musei VI.3, Sibiu (2011), p. 549-558.


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Ciobanu, Trif 2012

Ciobanu Rodica, Trif Nicolae, Diodontidae (Osteichthyes) from „The Turnu Roşu (Romania) Eocene Limestone” Reserve. In: Brukenthal Acta Musei VII.3, Sibiu (2012), p. 631-642.

Ciobanu 2013 Ciobanu Rodica, Labridae (Osteichthyes) from Turnu Roşu (Romania) Eocene Limestone. In: Brukenthal. Acta Musei VI.3, Sibiu (2013), p. 615-625.

Hooks et al. 1999 Hooks Gar, Schwimmer David, Williams Dent, Synonymy of the Pycnodont Phacodus punctatus Dixon, 1850, and its occurrence in the Late Cretaceous of the Southeastern United States. In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3), 1999, p.588-590.

Mészáros 1996 Mészáros Nicolae, Stratigrafia regiunii Turnu Roşu – Porceşti. In: Convergenţe transilvane 4, Sibiu (1996).

Nursall 1996 Nursall Ralph, Distribution and ecology of pyncodont fishes, Meosoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology. In: G. Arratia & G.Viohl (eds.), p.115-124, 3 figs., Verlag Friedrich Pfeil München, German (1996).


Fig. A Recent collecting of the palaeontological reserve “Eocaene limestone from Turnu Roşu”

Fig. B Occlusal teeth face, covered with fine pits

Fig. 1-73 Phacodus cf. P. punctatus Dixon, 1850

Scara imaginilor 1 cm


Fig. A Colectări recente în Rezervaţia paleontologică „Calcarele eocene de la Turnu Roşu"

Fig. B Suprafaţa ocluzală acoperită de pori fini

Fig. 1-73 Phacodus cf. P. punctatus Dixon, 1850

Scale of figs. 1 cm


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Fig. A. Recent collecting of the Turnu Roşu palaeontological reserve

Fig. B. Occlusal teeth face, covered with fine pits


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Fig. 1-7. Phacodus cf. P. punctatus Dixon, 1850


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Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 A prominent representative of germans in Romania – August Roman Roland Von Spiess Von Braccioforte zu

Portner und Hoflein (1864-1953)

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A PROMINENT REPRESENTATIVE OF GERMANS IN ROMANIA – AUGUST ROMAN ROLAND VON SPIESS VON BRACCIOFORTE ZU PORTNER UND HOFLEIN (1864-1953)

Rodica CIOBANU*

Abstract. On the 6 th of August, Brukenthal National Museum celebrated 150 years since the birth of August Roland von Spiess, thanks to whom today in Sibiu a hunting museum exists. Spiess was a protector of nature, being passionate by its research and knowledge. He collected hunting trophies and published many books and scientifical articles mainly regarding cinegetical fauna. He donated his house and his collection to Brukenthal National Museum. In the present paper, we provide arguments towards his complex activity to the person who was also the director of the royal hunting of king Feridinand. Key words: Spiess, hunting museum, Sibiu. Rezumat. Pe 6 august anul curen,t Muzeul Naţional Brukenthal a sărbătorit 150 de ani de la naşterea lui August Roland von Spiess, datorită căruia în Sibiu există un muzeu de vânătoare. Spiess a fost un protector al naturii, pasionat de cercetarea şi cunoaşterea ei. A colecţionat trofee de vânătoare, a publicat numeroase articole și cărți in care a studiat fauna cinegetică. Și- donat casa și colecția Muzeului Naţional Brukenthal. În lucrare prezentăm activitatea complexă a celui care a fost şi director al vânătorii regale in timpul regelui Ferdinand. Cuvinte cheie: Spiess, muzeu de vânătoare, Sibiu. Introduction

August Roland von Spiess, thanks to whom today there is a hunting museum in Sibiu, one of the first in Romania, known specifically as a hunter, exceptional weapons and hunting trophy collectors, but his protection of nature activities are less known. On the 6 th of August, we celebrated 150 years since the birth of Spiess.

To understand Spiess’ activity as a protector of nature, his passion for hunting weapons, we have to shortly review his childhood and school years which marked the evolution of Spiess in later years.

School years

August Roman Roland von Spiess von Braccioforte zu Portner und Hoflein was born on the 6th of august 1864 in Przemyśl Galatia (present day Poland). His father, August Friedrich Spiess von Braccioforte, was a career officer in the Austro-Hungarian army, a passionate hunter, was who initiated him in the use of weapons, in the first lessons regarding the fight for existing in nature, regarding the rules that need to be

* Brukenthal National Museum, Natural History Museum, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected]

followed by a hunter during a hunt, but also rules regarding the hunted.

His childhood years, in the nature surrounding the city of Fiume where his parents got married, constituted the moments which he remembered his whole life. At the age of 65 this is how theauthor characterized that period:

“The love for nature can be won through education, more often than not however it is a legacy from our nature enthusiastic parents, or it is a legacy from some ancestor. For me it was definitely both factors... My kind mother was, first of all, the owner of some land half way between Fiume and Abazia, and admirable property, which started at the shore of the sea and climbed up the steep coast of the mountains, so everywhere you had the most beautiful view of the Adriatic Sea. (Spiess, 1947a, p. 66)

But as he himself confesses: „these beautiful and idyllic times, had to come to an end, when in the lack of other schooling, I had to go to Italian primary school, where I didn’t really take advantage of the scientific side of it” (Spiess, 1947a, p.66). He went from school to school according to how his father was moved from one

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garrison to the other. All of these and the inclination of the young man towards nature science made the father take a painful decision for mother and son „Send the boy to military school” (Spiess, 1947a, p.7). Due to this, in October 1875 he was sent to Military School in “Stankt Pölten” (Austria). The well-known rigidity of military school was even harder to put up with by the student who broke military rules to explore the surroundings of the city. The vacations spent with his father, who was being moved from garrison to garrison, he introduced his son in the science of weapons usage, of hunting which sweetened the life of young Spiess.

Military formation period

An important stage in Spiess’ destiny was constituted by the student years spent in the Terezian Military Academy in Wiener-Neustadt (until 1885). This is where he meets Transylvania, the forests and its fauna through a szecler colleague Arpad Bora von Szemerja, who, when made general, used to say: „in exalting colors, about his beautiful Transylvanian homeland, about the forests and the bears there” (Spiess, 1947a, p.66). The stories about the forests, the hunting in Transylvania stirred up the curiosity of the one who already explored the forests of many countries of the empire. The stories and songs of the young szecler such as „I shot the deer in the wild forest” and „Blessed Transylvania, the country of wealth and strength” had attracted not only Spiess, but other colleagues would leave their books down to listen to these rhymes. (Spiess, 1947a, p.66)

In May 1889 was promoted to lieutenant major, establishing in the city Sibiu, serving here as a training officer. Continuing his military activity he received plenty of merits. So, in 1893 became a professor at the Military Cadets School from Sibiu and in May 1st 1896 he was advanced to captain and received as a reward for his didactic activity the distinct honor of military bronze medal. Although it would seem that his military activity did not contribute to the development of natural sciences, but Spiess led the geodesic action in the Western Mountains which was an opportune occasion to study nature.

He advanced in rank, until the rank of colonel and as recognition for his military activities on the 15th of February 1915 he was in command of the 2nd Regiment of Infantry in Sibiu.

„A particular luck for me was that the supreme commander of the western armies of Sibiu who

was a hunter”. Văitoianu later named the president of the council of ministers (Spiess, 1947 b, p.75). He was passionate with hunting, arms and he has had the opportunity to visit Spiess and see his trophy and arms collection asking for technical and ballistics advice. The division general Văitoianu, as he was passing through Sibiu let Spiess know that he suggested to King Ferdinand I that he, Spiess, be appointed to the office of Director of the Royal Hunters. So, starting from July 1st 1921 Spiess becomes the Head of the Royal Hunters. As the Director he had in his suborder 21 hunting fields, and some of them were the best of Europe and even the world. Each field stretched over tens of thousands of hectares and the one from the Danube Delta was no smaller than 250.000 ha (Spiess, 1947b, p.75)

Activity in the natural science domain

A.von Spiess’ activity in the natural science domain was diverse, perseverant and tenacious – qualities we believe he earned in his job as an officer. He was also a talented publicist and each field exploration in the field was narrated and scientifically presented.

A good hunter must also be a good connoisseur or arms and must be a sharp shooter to be able to spare the hunted animal any unnecessary suffering and to be able to not endanger the lives of other participants to the hunt. The first lessons he took on hunting were from his father who as a professional in the hunting art and as a career officer, wished that his son would perfect his craft which is why he sent him to different classes. “When I was still a child, my father was an excellent shooter or both pellets and bullets, he stimulated my interest for target shooting and this is why I was sent to follow classes at the target shooting school of the Bruck army a.d. Laita.” (Spiess, 1947c, p. 91). All of these were useful to him throughout his entire hunting activity.

Ornithological research

A big part of the articles written by Spiess from the research activities of the fauna were about ornithological fauna. This was not by accident because even in fauna there are species that are hunted for trophies and because among the hunting fields that were administrated by Spiess, a large portion of it were in the Danube Delta, already known as “birds paradise”.

The ship which periodically supplies food and materials to those who guarded the Snake Island helped Spiess get to this birds paradise. On this



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journey he was accompanied by his daughter who later turned out to be an exquisite ornithologist. (Spiess, 1929a, p.180). Alexandru Borza, the famous botanist with whom Spiess collaborated for a long time also took part to this journey. (Spiess, 1929a, p.168). Following the study on the ornithological fauna on Snake Island he wrote a detailed, competent and well documented article about it. The purpose of this journey was in fact the ringing pond birds, the search for colonial pelicans and the photographing of nests. Unfortunately the pelican colony was not found. After exploring Snake Island, Spiess focused his attention on the problem concerning certain birds from the island. He deemed it necessary ringing a great number of migrating birds which could offer data regarding “the migrating paths of the birds, their wintering spots, their nesting places and the heights they can reach.” To study the wealth of the ornithological fauna he proposes an ornithological observatory. (Spiess, 1928b, p.183). Also, he recommends that the guns must be taken away from guards, that the guards and the sailors should be paid not to grow sheep of other animals that can destroy the nests, the anemic vegetation etc. (Spiess, 1929a, p.180).

The expedition on Snake Island was a good opportunity to gather samples for his own museum. An example to this effect would be the hunted snake on the island, which he caught with the help of Borza (Spiess, 1929c, p.206). Spiess’ concerns about the ornithological fauna from the island can be seen in his following quote: “two small expensive stones […] are missing from the crown of this country blessed by God and nature which are the defense of birds and of plants regulated by the law […] on Snake Island.

He focused his attention on day prey birds: eagles, vultures, falcons, etc.. he studied biology, feeding, nesting habits, etc. specific habitats. (Spiess, 1941, p.219). The articles are very detailed so that they can be important sources for determining the numerical evolution of prey populations. "It's not rare to see huddled around the body two to three hundred of hoitari [...], 15-20 grey eagles shoulder to shoulder, and under the weight of these huge birds, tree branches are bent to the ground." ( Spiess, 1941a, p.220).

Spiess was also a connoisseur of wildlife in other countries especially those in Europe. A comparative study of populations of vultures and eagles, migration paths, spreading in Transylvania, Moldova and the Old Kingdom. (Spiess, 1941 c, p.301).

He was a known ornithological research beyond the Carpathians. The finding that there is a lack of communication between specialists in Transylvania and the Old Kingdom was his. One of the articles about ornithological fauna in Transylvania aimed to rectify some mistakes found in official reports to give precise explanations on ornithological movement in Transylvania. On this occasion lists birdwatchers that are known by their research and present their achievements abroad. Also, combat statement that Romania has no links with foreign ornithological centers, especially regarding Transylvania (Spiess, 1928a, p.168).

In one of his articles congratulated Professor Borza, renowned botanist, who in many conferences about the protection of nature and always thought the birds (Spiess, 1928a, p.220).

Of intense study of the bird fauna is proven and personal collection whose composition proves his professionalism Spiess. Hungarian ornithologist Silvia Stein Jakob Schenk von Spiess wrote that "the existence of birds in an area is established only when there is a copy in a museum" (Stein, 2001-2005, p.18).

Research of mammals with hunting potential

1.Cervids

Spiess was concerned, among mammals, especially deer taking into account the fact that natural fact Spiess was the hunter and collector of trophies. World War did not only damage and human and wildlife. Therefore it was necessary to protect its more than was necessary in normal times. Spiess welcomed every game law after World War I appreciated it as one of the best in Europe. The subsequent application of the law and protection measures has filled the gaps created by the war. But not only positive effects, such Spiess notes that protection and hunting are two inseparable notions and disregard the relationship biunique has serious repercussions the numerical evolution of a population of animals, the ratio prey - predator species and leads to degeneration (Spiess, 1928b, 184).

In this regard found that the excessive protection of deer and deer with phenomena of degeneration. Spiess evoked the example of Germany where ciutelor thinning and removal of weak calves led to the deer of 190 points Nadler (Spiess, 1939, p.53). It was not always well understood in Spiess' papers his position on deer hunting. Spiess and attitude explained that at the eleventh hour to


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avoid degeneration, and refrain herd this game what it says in German so undeserved "herunterhegen" that is to protect the "decadence". Hunters often are the first to indicate degeneration, disease, birth defects in wildlife.

2. Carnivours

A topical issue for the period for which he was asked opinion was that of reducing the number of wolves by poisoning with strychnine. Spiess has not only said opinion frankly and competence, but also took the opportunity to show cause breeding wolves. When it came to Transylvania in the late nineteenth century, there was a balance between wolves and deer population because surplus wolves were shot by villagers. Law hunters after World War I, who commanded excessive fauna, monetary crisis that made hunting lands are to be free men guarded guards or underpaid caused excessive growth in the number of wolves’ local produce great damage. The solution of underpaid guards and / or comfortable, using strychnine led to dying especially foxes. But the wolf with sharp senses of such traps is avoided and a corpse with strychnine, at most a wolf found dead over 30 foxes (Spiess, 1933, p.70, 71).

Also, Spiess refute the idea that wolf hunting as health agent. In one of the articles on the wolf, show that health workers can be considered as only mammals and birds "are not killing or injuring any damage that those who removed the corpses hunting wild animals and pets that have died of infectious diseases, such as vultures that consume only becomes putrefied corpses "(Spiess, 1933, p.70, 71). Rather wolf kills more than he can eat, but can be considered a regulator that kills the proportion of sexes especially those pregnant females and especially.

Activities to protect the hunted

August von Spiess believe that nature protection and hunting are two inseparable concepts "that defend the forest, deforestation hunting ax vegetation where they have to eat and where to shelter." (Spiess, 1928b, p.184). He argued in his articles to create well managed hunting parks on Royal Hunting regulations so as to make for good protection of vegetation and wildlife.

In the hunt, nature and wildlife researcher Spiess was helped by other hunters and shepherds mostly locals. They were the ones who spend a good part of the year in the woods and could provide data on fauna. So close was the connection between farmers and hunters Spiess that whenever he had occasion mentioned in his articles, the names and

saw the support received from them. They had to observe, at the request of Spiess animals were in various areas, their number, where they were couch etc. (Spiess, 1941b, p.268).

He condemned those who they called "poacher" the peasants who hunted "... to defend the particular wild or endangered wealth for the weather to earn a piece of meat chosen.” Most of the times they were not understood by the townspeople, especially farmers whose farms and livestock were attacked by animals wild they are determined to take radical measures against them. "I wonder [Spiess wrote] what would make that city man instead peasant whose only cow was killed by a bear or a flock of sheep which wolves rushed and almost tore them all" (Spiess, 1945, p .141).

Expeditions in Africa

Spiess undertook two expeditions in Africa. At the old age of 72 and 74 years respectively, to fulfill that dream and to participate in safaris to Africa and to fill the collection of trophies with exotic species. The first expedition, in 1936, came to the land of Kilimanjaro and Meru volcano, in the Equatorial Africa. In this trip was the chance to be guided by Margaret Trappe - first female professional hunter in Africa, a good connoisseur of African and African wildlife.

The second trip, in 1938, took place on the route Tanga - Wami River to Lake manner which. These two trips have delighted the publisher (book published evidence from travel), the hunter, and as a natural explorer. “Urged by my mother, an enthusiastic amateur nature and educated by my father, a retired hunter and shot by shot, my eyes were opened to the charm of nature and its creatures ... And I have made two trips to Central Africa. More so hot I `ve dedicated to natural love my country and her feathered creatures”. (Spiess, 1941c, p.302)

Contribution to the formation of the first zoo in Sibiu

Active researcher predators, August von Spiess and wanted to be closer to them and to retain their eyes all the time. Therefore put in the garden to build three large and one small loft which could increase 10-15 eagles. The yard also increased six bears, a wolf, a boar, badgers and many small animals (Spiess, 1947a, p.66). Throughout his long career of hunting for over 67 years, Spiess rose and observed in captive animals. Particularly studies related to animals in captivity: ways of



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feeding, diseases occur longevity reached, sociability between species, etc.. (Spiess, 1947a, p.67). Growth conditions captive wild animals, observations were made in 1929 in Sibiu, to establish the first zoo in Sibiu who had the nucleus donor animals Spiess (Spiess, 1929c, p.13).

Spiess was not easy to maintain a relatively large family and a zoo in your backyard. His work was appreciated by contemporary neighbors helped as they could (pers.com.1998). "The circumstances in which I got retired, they did point to have to put my passion to keep wild animals in captivity and observe them closely. I have no staff to buy me and bring me horse meat, and it became rare and expensive. "(Spiess, 1947a, p.68). "I played my freedom Eagles and vultures. The bear "Petz" lying in bed with my children, I taught Sibiu Zoo. [...] Mutantur tempore ... "(Spiess, 1947a, p.68).

Publishing activity

Spiess was a very talented journalist and not only our appreciation but all those who reviewed books. His descriptions are not only thorough but plastic and induce the reader experiences a sense of participation in the writer. Very well known, places, wildlife, local hunting habits. "Deeply connoisseur and lover of the Carpathians, writer endowed with the gift to transmit vivid and fresh color and scent era, accompanied by certain references in cinegeticii. "(Spiess, 2005).

His books, such as "game reserves Retezat Mountains" are true manuals for hunters: the hunting techniques, hunting etc describe habits. Spiess known not only managed land areas and wildlife, but people knew and places that I had presented whenever opportunity regardless of social classes from noble families to shepherds who were companions trips its (Hönig, 1933, p.16).

He has published most articles specialized in various hunting magazines in Germany, Austria and Hungary and in Romania "magazine Hunters" and "Carpathians". Most books contain hunting stories whose action takes place in the Transylvanian Carpathians and had many reprints in publishing in Germany and Romania. Spiess only book published in Romanian language was "From Transylvania to Kilimandjaro. Hunters in Africa "published in 1942 - as a sign of respect for the Royal House of Romania who supported during expeditions.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank dr. Helga Stein (August von Spiess’s granddaughter) for her useful advice, for proving valuble information about her family and to Ioana Ciobanu for the useful suggestions improving the language of the text and for translating it.

REFERENCES Honig 1933 Honig Alfred, Game reserves of cut, In: Journal Hunting 11, an XIV, 1933, p.16.

Alfred Hönig, Rezervele de vânat din Retezat, In: Revista Vânătorilor anul XIV, nr.11, (1933), p.16.

Spiess 1928a Spiess August Roland von, Onitologie, apărarea naturei şi al vânatului, In : Revista Vânătorilor 10, an.IX, Bucureşti (1928a), p. 168, 220.

Spiess 1928b Spiess August Roland von, Onitologie, apărarea naturei şi al vânatului, In : Revista Vânătorilor 11, an.IX, Bucureşti (1928b), p. 183, 184.

Spiess 1929a Spiess August Roland von, Parcul zoologic de la Sibiu, Revista Vânătorilor, anul X, (1929a), p.13

Spiess 1929b Spiess August Roland von, Insula Şerpilor din lucrările ornitologice ale D-lui Director al Vânătorilor Regale, A. R. v. Spiess, In: Revista Vânătorilor, anul X, nr.10, (1929b), p. 168, 180.

Spiess 1929c Spiess August Roland von, Insula Şerpilor din lucrările ornitologice ale D-lui Director al Vânătorilor Regale, A. R. v. Spiess, In: Revista Vânătorilor, anul X, nr.12,


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(1929c), p. 205, 206.

Spiess 1931 Spiess August Roland von, 55 de ani, vânătoare, In: Revista Vânătorilor, în româneşte de G. Lehrer, anul XII, nr.1, ianuarie, (1931), p.6.

Spiess 1933 Spiess August Roland von, O anchetă asupra primejdiei lupilor, In: Revista Carpaţii, anul XV, nr.3, (1933), p.70, 71.

Spiess 1939 Spiess August Roland von, Mugetul Cerbilor Carpatini în toamna trecută, Discuţii, In: Revista Carpaţii, anul VII, nr.3, (1939), p.53.

Spiess 1941a Spiess August Roland von, Acvile şi vultani în România. In: Revista Carpaţii, anul IX, nr.9, (1941a), p.206, 219, 220, 249, 250, 252, 301.

Spiess 1941b Spiess August Roland von, Acvile şi vultani în România. In: Revista Carpaţii, anul IX, nr.11, (1941b), p.268.

Spiess 1941c Spiess August Roland von, Acvile şi vultani în România. In: Revista Carpaţii, anul IX, nr.12, (1941c), p.301, 302.

Spiess 1945 Spiess August Roland von, Ceva despre braconieri şi despre armele lor. In: Revista Carpaţii, an XXVI, nr.11-12, (1945), p.141.

Spiess 1947a Spiess August Roland von, Câte ceva despre răpitoare în captivitate, In: Revista Carpaţii, anul XXVIII, nr.4, (1947a), p.7, 25, 55, 66, 67, 68.

Spiess 1947b Spiess August Roland von, Câte ceva despre răpitoare în captivitate. In: Revista Carpaţii, anul XXVIII, nr.5, (1947b), p.75.

Spiess 1947c Spiess August Roland von, Câte ceva despre răpitoare în captivitate. In: Revista Carpaţii anul XXVIII, nr.6, (1947c), p.91.

Spiess von 2005 Spiess August Roland von, Caprele Negre din Masivul Retezat. Fondul de vânătoare al masivului Retezat, viaţa animalelor şi al păsărilor sale, istoria şi vânătoarea sa, In: Editura Hora Sibiu (2005).

Stein von Spiess 2001-2005,

Stein Spiess Silvia von, Catalogus ornitologicus, ediţie revizuită şi adăugită de Helga Stein-Irene Würdinger, Sibiu-Hildsesheim, In: Studii şi comunicări, Ştiinţe Naturale, vol.29 – supliment, Sibiu (2001-2005), p.12, 15.

*** 1933 Im Zauber der Karpathen, In: Revista Carpaţii, an.I, nr.12, (1933), p. 38.(recenzie nesemnată)

*** 1937 Karpathenhirsche, In: Revista Vânătorilor an. XVIII, (1937) p. 205.(recenzie nesemnată)


Fig. 1. The ”August von Spiess” Museum of Hunting Sibiu Fig. 2. Spiess the hunter (42 years old) Fig. 3. August von Spiess in front of the cage whit bird’s of pray in his home garden, the

museum today Fig. 4. August von Spiess in uniform as the Keeper of the Royal Hunting under the King

Ferdinand I of Romania


Fig. 1. Muzeul de Vânătoare ”August von Spiess din Sibiu Fig. 2. Spiess vânător (42 de ani) Fig. 3. August von Spiess-în faţa volierei cu acvile şi vulturi din grădina casei devenită în



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prezent muzeu Fig.4. August von Spiess în uniformă de director al Casei Regale Ferdinand I al României

Fig. 1. The ”August von Spiess” Museum of Hunting Sibiu

Fig. 2. Spiess the hunter (42 years old)


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Fig. 3. August von Spiess in front of the cage whit bird’s of pray in his home garden, the museum today

Fig. 4. August von Spiess in uniform as the Keeper of the Royal Hunting under the King Ferdinand I of

Romania.


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asa

IN MEMORIAM - ALEXANDRU IOAN TATU (19.12.1991 - 30.07.2013)

Ioan TĂUȘAN* Ionuț Ștefan IORGU**

Alexandru Ioan Tatu was born on the 19th of December 1991 in Sibiu. He graduated in 2010 at “Gheorghe Lazăr” National College of Sibiu. Alexandru used to visit the Natural History Museum from the same town, even as a young lad. He would take photos of plants, animals, both vertebrates and invertebrates and made notes whenever he saw something interesting. One time, when he visited the museum, I (I.T.) noticed that a young passionate boy was spending “too much” time in the permanent exhibition. After approaching him, I found out that he was planning to study veterinary medicine. Surprised by his decision, I advised him to choose a different path, involving biology and ecology. After a few days, he returned to the museum and told me that he wanted to apply for a scholarship, by taking a special exam (“Emil Racoviță” test) at the Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca. After his first year as biology student, I introduced him to Ionuț Ș. Iorgu Ph.D., due to his decision on studying Orthoptera. His first scientific contribution took place in 2011, at the International Zoological Congress of “Grigore Antipa” Museum, when he presented a poster on the Armoured crickets (Orthoptera: Bradyporinae) from the collections of the Natural History Museum of Sibiu.

Next summer, Alex took part in the team led by prof. dr. László Rákosy, studying the insect and plant biodiversity from Dealurile Clujului Est site, later on proposed as a NATURA2000 site. His activity involved the study of grasshoppers and bush-crickets and mainly their response to human management. He presented his results at the Romanian Lepidopterological Society Symposium in April 2013. In June of the same year, he

* Brukenthal National Museum, Natural History Museum, Sibiu, Romania, [email protected] ** Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History, Bucharest, Romania, [email protected]

defended his Bachelor Thesis – “Grasshopper communities of xero-mesophytic meadows from Dealurile Clujului de Est, Natura 2000 site”.

Despite his young age, he managed to publish four scientific research articles as first author or co-author. He participated at three conferences and studied the Orthoptera collections from Cluj-Napoca (“Bela Kis” collection) and Sibiu.

He was also very keen on studying bush-crickets from mountain habitats, accompanying Ionuț Ș. Iorgu in the vicinities of Sibiu, Piatra Craiului and Cindrel Mountains on several occasions.

In early July 2013, while studying the surroundings of Sibiu, Alexandru had the opportunity of learning about his favourite insects from some renowned orthopterists: Luc Willemse, Roy Kleukers and Baudewijn Odé.

Unfortunately, his passion led him to one last campaign in Țarcu Mountains in July 2013, alongside two good friends, Alexandra and Bogdan. A moment of negligence was enough for Alexandru to injure his head and the end was imminent.

His sudden death, in Timișoara hospital, came as a shock for parents, friends, teachers and colleagues. Nobody could understand why a 21 young naturalist had to leave this world so fast.

Besides his enthusiasm and passion for nature, he was a kind person, willing to help anyone, regardless the problem. The Viking’s (as prof. Rákosy named him) smile and optimism were enough to make anyone a better day.

We dedicate this humble tribute to his memory and may the crickets’ songs follow his soul together with our thoughts!

Farewell our friend!

Brukenthal. Acta Musei, IX. 3, 2014 Ioan Tăușan, Ionuț Ștefan Iorgu

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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Iorgu et al. 2012 Iorgu Ștefan Ionuț, Tatu Alexandru Ioan, Iorgu Elena Iulia, First record of the

Bush-cricket Isophya harzi (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae) outside its locus typicus.In: Trav. Mus. Nat. His. Nat. Gr. Antipa 55(2), (2012), p. 201 – 206.

Tatu, Tăușan, 2012a Tatu Alexandru Ioan, Tăuşan Ioan, Armoured crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigonidae: Bradyporinae) in the Natural History Museum Collections of Sibiu (Romania). In: Brukenthal Acta Musei VII.3, (2012), p. 487-498.

Tatu, Tăușan 2012b Tatu Alexandru Ioan, Tăuşan Ioan, Corythuca ciliata (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Tingidae) – second record for the lace bug fauna of Romania. In: Brukenthal Acta Musei VI.3, (2012), p. 453-458.

Tatu 2013 Tatu Alexandru Ioan, Comunitățile de ortoptere din pajiștile xero-mezofile din situl Natura 2000 Dealurile Clujului Est. Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca (2013) (manuscript).

Tăușan et al. 2012 Tăuşan Ioan Tatu Alexandru Ioan, Cravă Adriana Valentina, Comparative analysis of pitfall traps with different liquids for studying ground-dwelling insects with special reference to ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Acta Oecologica Carpatica V, (2012), p. 145-152.

My last chase for grasshoppers with Alexandru Ioan Tatu, near Sibiu, VII.2013

(photo: Ionuț Ș. Iorgu)

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