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Cand veti termina de studiat acest volum veti putea sa:

Formulati pluralul substantivelor si sa detectati genul cuvintelor.

Folositi corect principalele timpuri verbale.

Explicati de ce engleza pe care o vorbiti va fi cu atat mai interesanta cu cat veti putea folosi mai multe cuvinte descriptive.

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CUPRINS

SELECTION 1 METODE DE STUDIU 3 Citire, ascultare, scriere

SELECTION 2 CUVINTE 5 Singularul si pluralulGenul cuvintelorAcum, mai tarziu sau saptamana trecutaCuvinte descriptiveCuvinte pentru indicarea cantitatii

UNIT 1 REVISION: Plurals. Gender of Words.Now, Yesterday or Tomorrow?PresentSimple

UNIT 2 Descriptive Words 15

UNIT 3 The Future Tense-Simple Future 19

UNIT 4 Present Perfect 21

UNIT 5 Simple Present Continous 25 AndSimple Past Continous

UNIT 6 Present perfect Continous 29

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METODE DE STUDIU

STUDIEREA CURSULUIStudiul

Acesta este primul din cele trei volume de studiu “Telemarketing Promotion” care ofera o introducere facila in folosirea limbii engleze , pentru cei fara prea multe cunostinte in domeniu. Este de asemenea un excelent curs de recapitulare pentru cei care au terminat scoala cu multi ani in urma si care au uitat multe din cunostintele acumulate.

Veti vedea ca in aceste volume preliminare , in majoritatea exemplelor date sunt folosite numai cuvinte simple. Gramatica este de asemenea explicata intr-un mod simplu , fara a va solicita sa invatati prea multi termeni de specialitate.

Dupa ce veti fi studiat cu atentie aceste trei volume, lucrand fiecare set de verificari, pe masura ce ajungeti la ele in timplul studierii cursului, veti fi invatat suficient pentru a va exprima corect si clar in limba engleza.

Fiecare mapa de curs contine un numar de 10 teste, care constituie o parte importanta a studiului dumneavoastra. Fiecare test trebuie rezolvat integral in scris si trimis spre corectare indrumatorului personal. In acest fel, va verificati pas cu pas cunostintele acumulate.

In aproape fiecare casa se afla un dictionar englez – roman si orice student care nu are acasa unul poate face rost. Tineti dictionarul langa dumneavoastra in timp ce studiati sau cititi.

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Folositi-va si timpul liber pentru a citi, nu numai perioadele de studiu. In timp ce cititi, invatati cuvintele noi si modul in care ele se inlantuie in fraze. Astfel, capacitatea dumneavoastra de a intelege engleza creste. Este foarte important sa cititi: cititi articole din ziare si reviste – chiar si reclame, desi acestea nu sunt totdeauna un ghid de incredere pentru o engleza mai buna.

Faceti din ascultarea limbii engleze, ori de cate ori este posibil, o parte a studiului dumneavoastra. Daca ascultati la radio sau la televizor, veti invata mai multe cuvinte, cum sa le legati intre ele si cum sa le pronuntati corect. A asculta si a sta de vorba cu alte persoane este un alt exercitiu, dar aici exista in cele mai multe tari o dificultate, intru-cat nu toti oamenii pronunta la fel, diferentele depinzand in primul rand de zona de origine a persoanelor in cauza. Dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard, adica acea forma a englezei care nu prezinta variatii regionale. Nu exista in engleza standard cuvinte sau structuri gramaticale care sa nu fie folosite in tarile unde se vorbeste engleza ca limba nativa. Cand vorbim familiar, folosim probabil cuvinte specifice zonei in care traim; dar dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard. De asemenea, oamenii fac greseli in vorbirea englezei; trebuie sa invatati sa depistati aceste greseli, astfel incat sa nu le repetati. In sfarsit, engleza vorbita si cea scrisa nu sunt absolut identice; putem vorbi mai liber, mai familiar decat scriem.

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Citind, ascultand si vorbind puteti invata nu numai cuvinte, ci si cum sa le folositi in fraze, dar este chiar mai important sa exersati folosind aceste cuvinte pentru a va exprima propriile idei. Incercati sa folositi cuvintele noi pe care le auziti sau le cititi si curand va veti da seama ca puteti sa va scrieti propriile ganduri.

Ar fi inutil sa invatati cum se scrie sau cum suna un cuvant, daca nu stiti si ce inseamna: in aceasta consta ajutorul dictionarului. Trebuie sa fiti pregatiti pentru o munca grea si constanta, dar asigurati-va ca stiti intelesul fiecarui cuvant nou si in acest fel veti putea sa-l folositi corect.

SINGULARUL SI PLURALUL

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Ce sunt cuvintele?

Cuvantul este reprezentat de un sunet sau un grup de sunete Prin care toti membrii unui grup inteleg acelas lucru. Limba reprezinta totalitatea cuvintelor.

Cand scriem, folosim litere pentru a nota sunetele cuvintelor. Fiecare sunet existent intr-o limba poate fi reprezentat de o anumita litera sau de un grup de litere. Scrierea s-a dezvoltat probabil intr-un mod similar limbii vorbite. La inceput, se pare ca oamenii comunicau unul cu altul prin desene. In timp desenele au ajuns sa reprezinte lucruri asociate cuvintelor, mai de graba decat obiectul propriu-zis. Astfel un soare desenat putea insemna caldura sau lumina. Prin repetitie, desenele s-ar fi simplificat din ce in ce mai mult, ajungand in cele din urma sa arate ca literele alfabetului scris. Tot asa, aceste simboluri ar fi ajuns sa reprezinte sunete independente( probabil sunetele initiale ale obiectelor) si nu obiecte sau idei.

UNU SAU MAI MULT DE UNU?

Deseori dorim sa vorbim sau sa scriem despre mai mult de o persoana sau un lucru, si cel mai simplu mod de a face acest lucru este sa adaugam litere, ca in exemplele urmatoare:

Singular

A dog The dog One dogUn caine Cainele Un caine,numeral

Plural

Two dogs Some dogs Several dogsDoi caini Niste caini Mai multi caini

Termenii singular si plural sunt destul de expliciti : Singular inseamna numai unul, in vreme ce plural inseamna mai mult de unul.

Exemplu :

Bed (pat) beds

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House (casa) HousesPicture (tablou) Pictures

Building (constructie) BuildingsBoat (barca) Boats River (rau) Rivers

Tree (copac) TreesPlant (planta) PlantsFlower (floare) Flowers

Girl (fata) GirlsBoy (baiat) BoysShip (vapor) ShipsBall (minge) Balls

Ocean (ocean) OceansMountain (munte) MountainsForest (padure) Forests

Lion (leu) LionsBird (pasare) Birds

Room (camera) Rooms

Exista cateva moduri de a forma pluralul cuvintelor. Acestea vor fi explicate in cele ce urmeaza.

Plurals :

Solve the following exercises but do not send theam to Another Life Services.

1. Write down the singular form of these words:

GeeseFeets Mices Sheeps

2. Write down the plural of the following words :

StreetBus Woman Tooth

Nouns ending in “o”

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Volcano volcanoes Tomato tomatoes

Most words ending in “o” add “es” for plural; but when there is a vowel before the “o” just add “s”.

Radio radiosStudio studios

And also :

Photo photosPiano pianos

Nous ending in “ss”, “sh”, “ch”, “x” form their plural by adding an “es”

Class classesChurch churchesBrush brushesBox boxes

THE GENDER OF NOUNS :

Masculine Feminine Common Male female both sexesActor Actress Child, babyBoy Girl SpouseHusband Wifeking Queen MonarchLion Lioness PersonMan WomenMaster MistressSteward stewardees

The ending “ess” is one of the ways of forming the feminine of a masculine word :

1. Write down the feminine of the follwing words :PrinceDog

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Baron

2. Write down the masculine of the following words : LadyWomen Cow

NOW , LATER OR LAST WEEK ?

TODAY, TOMORROW, YESTERDAY

“I” and the action

Tense

Aspect Present Past Future

SIMPLE I eat I eat yesterday I shall eattomorrow

CONTINUOUS I am eating I was eating I shall beeating

PERFECT I have eaten I had eaten I shall haveeaten

PERFECT +CONTINUOUS

I have beenEating

I had beenEating

I shall have been

eating

Note that each Tense has four aspects,that last one being a combination of the previous two.The Continuous suggests a preogressive kind of action, the Perfect – an action covering an interval of time, as opposed to a moment ( as it is with the Simple Aspect ).

Regular verbs from the Past by adding –ed at the end, but there are also verbs wich have two forms for the past : these are called irregular verbs ( see Appendix 2 in the Preliminary Course )

Exemple:

“He, She, It” and the Action

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PRESENT PAST FUTUREHe eats He eat He will eat

He is eating He was eating He will be eatingShe eats She eat She will eat

REMEMBER

For the 3rd person singular, add “s” at the end of the verb!

The Present Tense of the Verb “ to like”

AFFIRMATIVE

SINGULAR PLURAL

I like we likeYou like you likeHe they likeShe likesIt

Verbs ending in “s”, “ss” ,”ch”, “sh”, “z”, “o”, add “es” for the the 3rd person singular:

To cross- he crossesTo buzz-it buzzesTo push-she pushesTo do-he doesTo go-she goes

See also Appendix 3.

The Present of the Verb TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE I have I’ve Have I? You have You;ve Have you?

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He has She has It has

He’s She’s It’s

Has he? Has she? Has it?

We have We’ve Have we? You have You’ve Have you? They have They’ve Have they?

NEGATIVE 1

NEGATIVE 2

NEGATIVE 3

INTEROGARTIVE 1

NEGATIVE 2

I have not I’ve not I’haven’t Have I not? Haven’t I?You have not

You’ve not You haven’t?

Have you not? Haven’t you?

He has notShe has notIt has not

He’s notShe’s notIt’s not

He hasn’t?She hasn’t?It hasn’t?

HeHas she not?it

HeHaven’t she?It

We have not

We’ve not We haven’t?

Have we not? Haven’t we?

You have not

You’ve you haven’t

You haven’t

Have you not? Haven’t you?

They have not

They’not They haven’t?

Have they not? Haven’t they?

Affirmative:I have=I’ve

Present Tense of the Verb TO SEE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

I see Do I see? I do not see I don’t see? Do I not see?Don’t I see?

You see do you see? You do not see?

You don’t see?

Do you not see?Don’t you see?

He seeShe sees

It see

Does he see?Does she see?Does It see?

He does not see

She does

He doesn’t see?

She doesn’t

Doesn’t He see?Doesn’t she see?Doesn’t It see?

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not seeIt does not

see

see?It doesn’t

see?

We see Do we see? We do not see

We don’t see?

Do we not see?Don’t we see?

you see Do you see? You do not see

You don’t see?

Do you not see?Don’t you see?

They see Do they see? They do not see

They don’t see?

Do they not see?Don’t they see?

Present Tense of the Verb TO READ

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE

NEGATIVEI read Do I read? I do not read I don’t read? Do I not read?

Don’t I read?You read Do you read? You do not

readYou don’t

read?Do you not

read?Don’t you read?

He readsShe readsIt reads

Does he read?Does she readDoes it read?

He does not read

She does not read

It does not read

He doesn’t read?

She doesn’t read?

It doesn’t read?

Doesn’t he read?

Doesn’t she read?

Doesn’t it read?

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We read Do we read? We do not read

We don’t read?

Do we not read?

Don’t we read?

You read Do you read? You do not read

You don’t read?

Do you not read?

Don’t you read?They read Do they read? They do not

readThey don’t

read?Do they not

read?Don’t they

read?

DESCRIPTIVE WORD

What kind of? Person or thing? The way we speak would be very boring without using various

descriptive word to help us express ( and explain ) the colour, shape and size . the feautures of the things we speak about.

Here you have some adjectives. Look in the dictionary for their meaning and write it down in the coumms bellow.

COLOUR

RedGreenYellowBlue

Orange

WhiteBlackPurplePink

Brown

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SHAPESquare

OvalRound

Triangular

StraightFlat

Curved

CHARACTERISTICS+

ExcellentPleasantDeliciousBeautiful

Nice

Kind GenerousFriendlyHelpfulHappy

CHARACTERISTICS -

UnpleasantAwfulUgly

MeanMiserable

Nasty

SIZE

BigEnormous

HighLarge

MediumSmallTiny

GiganticHugeLittleLong

MinuteTallVast

Try to find other words that express shape, characteristics ( good or bad ), kind and size and add them to the ones given here. As you have probably noticed, there are people using a word or a couple of word very often. Try to avoid this and learn as many descriptive word as you can, rather than saying: “ a nice evening , some nice people, a nice soup, nice books, nice movies, an enjoyable holiday”.

EXERCISE: Answer the following questions but do not send them to ANOTHER LIFE SERVICES. Use a dictionary to identify the following word. You are given the first two letters of the word, the number of letters of the whole word and its meaning.

ci..................... 8 letters shaped like a circle

ch………………….. 8 letters bright and lively

be…………………. 9 letters lovely to look at

de…………………. 9 letters tasting very pleasant

ex…………………. 8 letters stirring stimulating

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en………………… .. 9 letters which gives pleasure or joy

ex……………….. .. 9 letters very good indeed

me………………….. 6 letters neither large nor small

mi…………………… 6 letters very small indeed

mi……………………. 9 letters very sad and depressed

WORD TO SHOW QUANTITY

“How much” and “How many”?

Fiind in the dictionary the meaning of the words:

About

Any

Few

Little

Much

Many

None

Several

Some

Compare

Womens OilMany Objects BUT Much Water

Cups of coffee coffee

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The Future Tense-Simple Future

The Simple Future of the Verb “TO WATCH”

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 TRADUCEREI shall watch I’ll watch Voi privi

You will watch You’ll watch Vei priviHe will watchShe will watchIt will watch

He’ll watchShe’ll watchIt’ll watch

Va privi

We shall watch We’ll watch Vom priviYou will watch You’ll watch Veti priviThey will watch They’ll watch Vor privi

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I shall not watch I shan’t watchYou will not watch You won’t watchHe will not watchShe will not watchIt will not watch

He won’t watchShe won’t watchIt won’t watch

We shall not watch We won’t watchYou will not watch You won’t watchThey will not watch They won’t watch

INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

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NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2Shall I watch Shall I not watch? Shan’t I watch?

Will you watch Will you not watch? Won’t you watch?Will he watchWill she watchWill it watch

Will he not watch?Will she not watch?Will it not watch?

Won’t he watch?Won’t she watch?

won’t il watch?Shall we watch Shall we not watch? Won’t we watch?Will you watch Will you not watch? Won’t you watch?Will they watch Will they not watch? Won’t they watch?

The Present Perfect Tense

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The Present Perfect of the Verb “TO PLAY”

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVEI have played I’ve played Have I played?

You have played You’ve played Have you played?He has playedShe has playedIt has played

He’s playedShe’s playedIt’s played

Has he played?Has she played?Has it played?

We have played We’ve played Have we played?You have played You’ve played Have you played?They have played They’ve played Have they played?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I have not played I’ve not playedYou have not played You’ve playedHe has not playedShe has not playedIt has not played

He’s not playedShe’s not playedIt’s not played

We have not played We’ve not playedYou have not played You’ve not playedThey have not played They’ve not played

INTERROGATIVE

NEGATIVE1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Have I not played? Haven’t I played?

Have you not played? Haven’t you played?Has he not played?Has she not played?Has it not played?

Hans’t he played?Hans’t she played?Hans’t it played?

Have we not played? Haven’t we played?Have you not played? Haven’t you played?Have they not played? Haven’t they played?

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The Present Perfect of the Verb “ TO DO”

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE

I have done I’ve done Have I done?You have done You’ve done Have you done?He has doneShe has doneIt has done

He’s doneShe’s doneIt’s done

Has he done?Has she done?Has it done?

We have done We’ve done Have we done?You have done You’ve done Have you done?They have done They’ve done Have they done?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2I have not done I’ve not done

You have not done You’ve not doneHe has not doneShe has not doneIt has not done

He’s not doneShe’s not doneIt’s not done

We have not done We’ve not doneYou have note done You’ve not doneThey have not done They’ve not done

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Have I not done? Haven’t I done?

Have you not done? Haven’t you done?Has he not done?Has she not done?Has it not done?

Hasn’t he done?Hasn’t she done?Hasn’t it done?

Have we not done? Haven’t we done?

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Have you not done? Haven’t you done?Have they not done? Haven’t they done?

THE SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ANDTHE SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS

The Present Continous of the verb “TO SMILE”

Affirmative 1 Affirmative 2 Interrogative

I am smiling I’msmiling Am I smiling?You are smiling You’re smiling Are you smiling?

He is smilingShe is smiling

He’s smilingShe’s smiling

Is he smiling?Is he smiling?

We are smiling We’re smiling Are we smiling?You are smiling You’re smiling Are you smiling?They are smiling Ther’re smiling Are they smiling?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I am not smiling I’m not smilingYou are not smiling You’re not smiling

He is not smilingShe is not smiling

He’s not smilingShe’s not smiling

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It is not smiling It’s not smilingWe are not smiling We’re not smilingYou are not smiling You’re not smilingThey are not smiling They’re not smiling

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Am I not smiling? Aren’t I smiling?

Are you not smiling? Aren’t you smiling?Is he not smiling?Is she not smiling?Is it not smiling?

Isn’t he smiling?Isn’t she smiling?Isn’t it smiling?

Are we not smiling? Aren’t we smiling?Are you not smiling? Aren’t you smiling?Are they not smiling? Aren’t they smiling?

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Simple Past Continous of the Verb “TO SMILE”

AFFIRMATIVEI was smiling

You were smilingHe was smilingShe was smilingIt was smiling

We were smilingYou were smilingThey were smiling

INTERROGATIVEWas I smiling?

Were you smiling?Was he smiling?Was she smiling?Was it smiling?

Were we smiling?Were you smiling?Were they smiling?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I was not smiling I wasn’t smilingYou not were smiling You weren’t smilingHe was not smilingShe was not smilingIt was not smiling

He wasn’t smilingShe wasn’t smilingIt wasn’t smiling

We were not smiling We weren’t smilingYou were not smiling You weren’t smilingThey were not smiling They weren’t smiling

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INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Was I not smiling? Wasn’t I smiling?

Were you not smiling? Weren’t you smiling?Was he not smiling?Was she not smiling?Was it not smiling?

Wasn’t he smiling?Wasn’t she smiling?Wasn’t it smiling?

Were we not smiling? Weren’t we smiling?Were you not smiling? Weren’t you smiling?Were they not smiling? Weren’t they smiling?

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUSLY

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Present Perfect Continuous of the Verb “TO PLAY”

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE

I have been playing I’ve have been playing Have I been playing?You have been playing You’re have been

playingHave you been

playing?He has been playingShe has been playingIt has been playing

He’s have been playingShe’s have been playingIt’s have been playing

Has he been playing?Has she been playing?Has it been playing?

We have been playing We’re have been playing Have we been playing?You have been playing You’re have been

playingHave you been

playing?They have been

playingThey’re have been

playingHave they been

playing?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 1

I have not been playing I’ve not been playingYou have not been playing You’ve not been playing

He has not been playingShe has not been playingIt has not been playing

He’s not been playingShe’s not been playingIt’s not been playing

We have not been playing We’ve not been playingYou have not been playing You’ve not been playingThey have not been playing They’ve not been playing

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Have I not been playing? Haven’t I been playing?

Have you not been playing? Haven’t you been playing?Has he not been playing?Has she not been playing?Has it not been playing?

Hans’t he been playing?Hans’t she been playing?Hans’t it been playing?

Have we not been playing? Haven’t we been playing?

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Have you not been playing? Haven’t you been playing?Have they not been playing? Haven’t they been playing?

Aspectele verbului in limba engleza

Verbele in limba engleza pot avea patru aspecte: simplu ( Simple ), progresiv ( Continous ), pefect ( Perfect ) si perfect progresiv ( Perfect Continous ). Fiecare dintre aceste aspecte poate aparea la oricare dintre cele trei timpuri: present (Present ), trecut ( Past ) si viitor ( Future ).

Aspectele progresiv si perfect le corespunde cate un “ verb auxiliar” ( cu care se formeaza ), care preia timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ; aspectul progresiv perfect se formeaza prin combinarea celor doua auxiliare .

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Astfel:

“ Continous Tense” se formeaza cu auxiliarul “ to be” :“ to be” + infinitivul verbului de conjugat + “ing” ( la timpul si persoana verbului conjugat )

“Perfect Tense” se formeaza cu auxiliarul “to have” :” to have” ( la timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ) + forma a 3 a verbului conjugat

“ Perfect Continous Tense” se formeaza cu ambele auziliare.” to be” si “to have”:To have + been + infinitivul de conjugat + “ing”.

Transformarea timpurilor verbale in trecerea de la vorbire directa la cea indirecta

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Present Continuous Past ContinuousPresent Simple Past SimplePresent Perfect Past Perfect

Past Perfect No changePast Simple Past Perfect

Past Continuous No changeShall/will Would

Can No change

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Must CouldCould No change

Ought to No changeMay Might

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