narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumis narkopolitikis ...

narkopolitikis saxelmZRvanelo

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gamocema 1, 2010 wlis marti

narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi narkopolitikis Sesaxeb obieqturi da Ria dialogis xelSewyobis globaluri qseli

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narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumis narkopolitikis saxelmZRvanelo

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Sesavali.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ii

madlobas vuxdiT................................................................................................................................................................................................. iii

teqstSi gamoyenebu.............................................................................................................................................................................................. iv

Tavi 1 - ZiriTadi principebi ................................................................................................................................................................1

1.1 struqturizebuli midgoma strategiis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvisadmi.................................................................3

1.2 ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantia ..............................................................................................6

1.3 prioriteti unda mieniWos narkotikebis ukanono brunviT gamowveuli zianis Semcirebas....................8

1.4 socialurad daucveli jgufebis integraciis xelSewyoba.........................................................................................10

1.5 Ria da konstruqciuli urTierTobebis damyareba samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan.........................................13

Tavi 2 - sisxlis samarTlis normebi ........................................................................................................................................ 17

2.1 kanonmdeblobis reforma narkotikebis sferoSi................................................................................................................17

2.2 efeqturi samarTaldamcavi zomebi............................................................................................................................................... 29

2.3 dapatimrebis masStabis Semcireba.................................................................................................................................................39

2.4 sisxlis samarTlisa da aRsrulebis sistemis efeqturi strategiebi................................................................. 49

Tavi 3 - jandacvisa da socialuri politikis programebi............................................................................... 59

3.1 narkotikebis moxmarebis prevencia................................................................................................................................................ 59

3.2 wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba............................................................................................................................................67

3.3 zianis Semcireba.........................................................................................................................................................................................77

ii iii

Sesavali

narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (IDPC) warmoadgens arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da profesiuli sazogadoebis globalur qsels, romlebic

specializdeba kontrolirebadi narkotikuli saSualebebis warmoebasa

da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. Cveni mizania, xeli SevuwyoT

narkopolitikis efeqturobis, mimarTulebisa da arsis Sesaxeb obieqturi da

Ria dialogis warmarTvas erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze da dasabuTebuli

politikis SemuSavebas, romlebic efeqturia narkotikis moxmarebiT gamowveuli

zianis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. Cven periodulad vamuSavebT brifingis

dokumentebs, vavrcelebT Cveni wevri saxelmwifoebis angariSebs narkotikul

nivTierebebTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb da vuwevT

saeqsperto momsaxureobas politikosebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs mTeli msoflios

masStabiT. narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumis wevrebs aqvT didi

gamocdileba narkotikuli nivTierebis problemebisa da samoqmedo gegmebis

analizis dargSi da maT didi wvlili SeaqvT erovnuli da saerTaSoriso

politikis Sesaxeb dialogis warmarTvis saqmeSi.

narkopolitikis winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo (miTiTeba) Seiqmna 2009 wels

Cveni eqspertebis qselTan erToblivi kvlevisa da konsultaciis safuZvelze. am

dokumentis mizania Cveni regionaluri da erovnuli partniorebi uzrunvelyos

resursebiT, romlebic aucilebelia maTsave regionebSi erovnuli narkopolitikisa

da programebis gadasaxedad da TanamSromlobis dasamyareblad politikis

SemuSavebaze pasuxismgebel pirebTan narkopolitikisa da programis gaumjobesebis

mizniT. miTiTebis ganaxleba moxdeba yovelwliurad globalur doneze arsebuli

gamocdilebisa da mecnieruli faqtebis cvlilebebis kvaldakval.

garda amisa, dokumentSi aRwerilia narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumis

mier 2010 wlis manZilze gaweuli sakonsultacio samuSaoebi. wevrebisa da

eqspertebis globaluri qselis daxmarebiT narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso

konsorciumi politikis SemuSavebaze pasuxismgebel pirebs sTavazobs specialistis

konsultaciis gawevas da maTi qveynisTvis Sesaferisi samoqmedo gegmebisa da

strategiebis mxardaWeras. aRniSnuli SeiZleba, ganxorcieldes werilobiTi

masalis safuZvelze, faqtebis prezentaciiT, Sexvedrebis organizebiT maRali

Tanamdebobis pirebTan, gacnobiTi turebis organizebiTa da konsultantebis

daxmarebiT. zemoT miTiTebuli momsaxureobiT dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi

daukavSirdiT q-n ana fordams (el-fosta: [email protected]).

mailto:afordham%40idpc.net?subject=

ii iii

madlobas vuxdiT:

avtorebs:amira armenta (transnacionaluri instituti) (Transnational Institute)ros beli (axali zelandiis narkologiis fondi) (New Zealand Drug Foundation)erik karlini (mowveuli konsultanti)naiam istvudi, “relizi” («Release»)en fordami, narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (IDPC)Jeneviev harisi, “relizi” («Release»)hiugo laqi (gaerTianebuli samefos jandacvis samsaxuri) (UK National Health Service)anderson morelis de kastro e silva (viva rio) (Viva Rio)mari nuJie, narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (IDPC)roqsan soSie, zianis Semcirebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso programa (International Harm Reduction Development Programme)aleqs stivensi, kentis universiteti (University of Kent)maik treisi, narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (IDPC)koleta iangersi, laTinuri amerikis sakiTxebis vaSingtonis ganyofileba

(Washington Office on Latin America)

winamdebare miTiTebis Sedgenis procesis monawileebi da recenzentebi:

adriana beltrani, laTinuri amerikis sakiTxebis vaSingtonis ganyofileba

(Washington Office on Latin America)david bevli-teilori, leqtori, svansis universiteti (Swansea University)alan kleri, zianis Semcirebis koalicia (Harm Reduction Coalition)riCard elioti, kanadis aiv/Sidsis sakanonmdeblo qseli (Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network)qristofer halami, narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (IDPC)ernesten jensema, transnacionaluri instituti (Transnational Institute)keti ledeburi, andebis sainformacio qseli (Andean Information Network)mari nuJie, narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (IDPC)riCard pirshauzi

heidi rosovski, CRECEroqsan soSie, zianis Semcirebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso programa (International Harm Reduction Development Programme)nikola singltoni, gaerTianebuli samefos narkotpolitikis komisia (UK Drug Policy Commission)rikardo soberoni (Centro de Investigación Drogas y Derechos Humanos, Peru)aleqs stivensi, kentis universiteti (University of Kent)daniel vulfi, zianis Semcirebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso programa (International Harm Reduction Development Programme)uoren iangi, axali zelandiis sakanonmdeblo komisia (New Zealand Law Commission)

Targmani: Tea doliZe

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breviaturas y siglas

AIDS SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromi

ART antiretrovirusuli mkurnaloba

EMCDDAevropis narkotikebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis monitoringis evropuli centri (European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction)

HIV adamianis imunodeficitis virusi

IDPC narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumi (International Drug Policy Consortium)

IDU narkotikis ineqciuri momxmareblebi

IHRA zianis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso asociacia (International Harm Reduction Association)

NGO arasamTavrobo organizaciebi

NSP nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebi

OST opioid-CanacvlebiTi Terapia

TB tuberkulozi

UN gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia

UNAIDS aiv/Sidsi-s gaerTianebuli erebis organizacis erTiani programa

UNODC gaeros narkotikebis da danaSaulis ofisi

WHO msoflio jandacvis organizacia

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1

1Tavi 1ZiriTadi principebi

1

ZiriTadi principebi

msoflios umetes qveyanaSi ganxorcielda gaerTianebuli erebis mier

1961 wels miRebuli narkopolitikis konvenciebi, Sesabamisi aqcentiT

kanonebsa da iZulebis zomebze, romelTa saboloo mizanic akrZaluli

narkotikuli nivTierebebis miwodebis aRmofxvraa. Tumca, am ukanasknel

periodSi mravali politikosi iZulebuli gaxda, gadaesinja adrindeli

midgoma am strategiuli mimarTulebebisadmi, rac gamowveuli iyo

Semdegi mizezebiT:

• SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda akrZaluli narkotikebis bazris saerTo masStabis

Semcireba;

• aSkarad gamoikveTa is negatiuri Sedegebi, romlebic mohyva narkotikebis

kontrolis arsebuli sistemis ganxorcielebas (magaliTad, organizebuli

danaSaulis masStabebis zrda);

• narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli jandacvis problemebis gamwvavebis

gamo aucilebeli gaxda narkotikebis momxmareblebis kriminalizaciisa da

marginalizaciis Sedegebze dafiqreba;

gaerom SeSfoTeba gamoTqva adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis

darRvevis gamo, rasac adgili aqvs narkotikebis brunvis kontrolis procesSi.

mocemul konteqstSi qveynis mTavrobebma unda gadaxedon narkopolitikis

erovnul kanonebs, strategiebsa da programebs, raTa moxdes arsebuli resursebis

rac SeiZleba, efeqturad gamoyeneba da miRweul iqnas narkopolitikis

ZiriTadi mizani - mosaxleobis maqsimaluri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da misi

jandacvisa da socialuri ganviTarebisTvis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqmna.

dRes saxezea uamravi faqti da msofliom sakmarisi gamocdileba daagrova

narkotikebTan brZolis erovnuli strategiebis SesamuSaveblad da yvelaze

efeqturi programebis SesarCevad. winamdebare miTiTeba SemuSavda swored am

codnasa da gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT da igi politikosebs gauwevs racionalur

konsultacias efeqturi narkopolitikisa da programebis SemuSavebis meTodebis

Sesaxeb maTsave qveynebSi arsebuli problemebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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efeqturi narkopolitikis ZiriTadi principebi

Cveni rekomendaciaa, erovnuli narkostrategiebi yovelTvis efuZnebodes

xuT ZiriTad princips:

1) narkopolitika unda efuZnebodes prioritebebisa da Tanamedrove

monacemebis struqturizebul da obieqtur Sefasebas;

2) nebismieri qmedeba unda ganxorcieldes adamianis uflebebis

saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis dacviT;

3) narkopolitikis mizani unda iyos mavne Sedegebis Semcireba da ara

narkotikis moxmarebisa da narkotikis bazris masStabis Semcireba;

4) politika da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi mimarTuli unda iyos

marginalizebuli jgufebis socialuri integraciisken;

5) strategiebis ganxilvisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi qveynis

mTavrobam gulaxdili da konstruqciuli urTierToba unda

daamyaros samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan.

xuTive principi ganxilulia winamdebare miTiTebis TavebSi.

2 3

1961 wlidan moyolebuli gaeros narkotikebis konvenciis safuZvelze umetesi

qveynis narkopolitika dgeboda iseTi kanonebis miRebiT, romlebic aregulirebda

narkotikebis warmoebis masStabs. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi narkotikuli saSualebebis

warmoebis masStabebsa da Taviseburebebze, miwodebasa da moxmarebaze moqmedi

mizezebisa da garemoebebis araerTgvarovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTeli gaxda, rom

aucilebelia yovelmxrivi, kompleqsuri nacionaluri strategiebis SemuSaveba.

garda amisa, naTeli gaxda, rom narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis SemuSaveba

da dacva warmoadgens saxelmwifos saqmianobis mravali mimarTulebidan mxolod

erT-erT mimarTulebas strategiuli miznebis miRwevis gzaze.

saqmianobis mimarTulebebi socialuri da jandacvis politikis sferoSi ukve

karga xania, ideologiuri debatebis sagania da warmoadgens rTul politikur

da diplomatiur problemas. narkotikebTan brZolis politikisa da maT Soris,

narkopolitikis ganxorcielebis strategiis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvis procesSi

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mTavrobis mxridan struqturizebul midgomis

gamoyeneba. narkotikebis Sesaxeb mxolod arsebuli kanonebis realizeba da

gadawyvetilebebis gadasinjva “xisti” Tu “moqnili” politikis prizmaSi sakmarisi

ar aris. idealur SemTxvevaSi efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesi

narkopolitikis dargSi erovnul doneze unda Seicavdes Semdeg normatiul

elementebs:

• maRali donis miznebis gansazRvra. es miznebi unda dadgindes

narkotikebis ukanono brunvisa da moxmarebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sefasebis

Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic (uaryofiTi Sedegebi) did zians ayenebs

sazogadoebas. sxvadasxva sazogadoebebsa da saerTod, sazogadoebas SeuZlia,

aqtiuri monawileoba miiRon maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani, narkotikebTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gadaWraSi. magaliTad, konkretuli garemoebidan

gamomdinare, ama Tu im qveynisTvis prioritetuli SeiZleba iyos organizebuli

danaSaulisa da Zaladobis Semcireba, narkotikis moxmarebiT gamowveuli,

narkotikis momxmareblis ojaxis wevrebisadmi miyenebuli zianis Semcireba, aiv-

infeqciisa da sxva daavadebebis gavrcelebis Semcireba.

• savaraudod, dasaxuli iqneba ramdenime mizani, romlebic iTvaliswinebs

narkotikebis ukanono brunvis masStabis Semcirebas da aseTi brunvis

uaryofiTi Sedegebis Serbilebas. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, operatiuli miznebi,

rogoricaa narkotikuli saSualebebis winaswar dadgenili moculobiT

amoReba da damnaSaveebis winaswar gansazRvruli raodenobiT dakaveba, ar aris

efeqturi nacionaluri strategiis maCvenebeli.

1.1. struqturizebuli midgoma strategiis SemuSavebisa da ganxilvisadmi

4 5

• im moqmedebebis gegmis SemuSaveba, romlebic unda ganaxorcielos

mTavrobam miznebis misaRwevad. mTels msoflioSi izrdeba informaciis

moculoba, romelic exmareba politikosebs, SearCion saqmianobis yvelaze

efeqturi mimarTuleba da ganaxorcielon Sesabamisi programebi. ase magaliTad,

xelT gvaqvs faqtebi, romlebic amtkicebs, rom wamaldamokidebulebis

mkurnaloba amcirebs quCis danaSaulebaTa ricxvs, an zianis Semcirebis

programebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad mcirdeba aiv-infeqciebiT avadoba.

TavisTavad cxadia, rom moqmedebis speqtri da masStabi damokidebuli iqneba

arsebul resursebze. Tumca, investiciebi narkotikebTan brZolis efeqturi

strategiebisa da programebis ganxorcielebis mizniT udavod mogvcems

saxsrebis dazogvis saSualebas jandacvis sferoSi xarjebis Semcirebis,

socialuri problemebis gadaWrisa da danaSaulis Semcirebis xarjze

(wamaldamokidebulebis programebi rogorc wesi, ufro iafi jdeba, vidre

danaSaulze reagirebis zomebi, romlebsac mkurnalobis programebi sruliad

mizanmimarTulad ar iTvaliswinebs).

• narkotikebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli

departamentebisa da saagentoebis monawileoba da maTTan

TanamSromloba. narkotikebis problema, romelsac awydeba sazogadoeba,

SeuZlebelia gadaiWras mxolod saxelmwifo departamentis an saagentos mier.

kompleqsuri da integrirebuli strategiis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia

mravali sxvadasxva samTavrobo uwyebis moqmedebis koordinacia, maT Soris

jandacvis, samarTlis, ganaTlebis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da socialuri

muSaobis departamentebisa. programebis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba unda moxdes

am departamentebis adgilobrivi ganyofilebebis mier municipalur organoebTan,

religiuri konfesiebis warmomadgenlebTan da sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis

organoebTan erTad – maT Soris, im sazogadoebebebTan erTad, romlebic

warmoadgenen mowyvlad jgufebs (magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic moixmaren

narkotikul saSualebas an romlebic zrdian mcenares, romelic Seicavs

narkotikul saSualebas). rekomendebulia koordinaciis efeqturi meqanizmebis

Seqmna adgilobriv da erovnul doneze, romlebic uzrunvelyofs sxvadasxva

organizaciebis monawilebas strategiis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi da iZleva

arsebuli resursebis efeturad gamoyenebis saSualebas. strategiis efeqturobis

Sefasebis mizniT aucilebelia angariSgebis stabiluri meqanizmis Seqmna.

• mTavrobis mier konkretuli saqmianobis mxardasaWerad gamoyofili

resursebis moculoba. narkotikebis ukanono brunvasTan brZolis erovnuli

strategiebi didad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan resursebis ganawilebis

mixedviT. zogierTi qveyana (pirvel rigSi, aSS) yovelwliurad miliardobiT

dolars xarjavs narkotikebTan brZolis erovnuli strategiebis farglebSi

dagegmili RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebaze maSin, rodesac sxva qveynebi

gamohyofen xolme sruliad umniSvnelo saxsrebs narkotikebis problemebis

mosagvareblad. xarji SeiZleba, Sediodes jandacvis an sasamarTlo da

samarTaldamcavi zomebis saerTo biujetSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoyofili

4 5

xarjebis gamoyenebiT narkotikebTan brZolis strategiis miznebis miRweva

sakmaod rTulia. unda aRiniSnos, rom politikur moRvaweeebs unda

hqondeT narkopolitikisa da Sesabamisi programebis ganxorcielebaze (mag.,

usafrTxoebis, profilaqtikuri da mkurnalobis zomebis ganxorcielebaze)

gaweuli realuri, “aqtiuri” danaxarjis Sefasebisa da Tanxebis ekonomiis

dadgenis saSualeba “reaqtiuli” danaxarjebis SemTxvevaSi (mag., narkotikebis

moxmarebiT gamowveuli iseTi problemebis gadawyveta, rogoricaa danaSauli,

ekomikuri dacema an daavadebebi).

Casatarebeli samuSaos moculobisa da strategiis ganxorcielebis

vadebis zustad gansazRvra da efeqturobis Sefaseba. Tu moqmedebis

mizans warmoadgens arsebuli narkopolitikis miRwevebisa da warumateblobebis

magaliTze gamocdilebis miReba, maSin aucilebelia narkotikebis ukanono

brunvasTan brZolis strategiebisa da RonisZiebebis Seswavlis meqanizmebis

SemuSaveba. es procesi gulisxmobs konkretuli miznebisa da vadebis dadgenasa

da dadgenil vadebSi obieqturi, struqturizebuli Sefasebis Casatareblad

mzadyofnas. 1990-ian wlebSi mravalma qveyanam SeimuSava narkotikebTan

brZolis kompleqsuri erovnuli strategiebi, romelTa Sevsebac da ganaxlebac

amJamad mimdinareobs. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda

(magaliTad, portugaliaSi, ungreTsa da avstraliaSi), strategiebis gadaxedvis

procesi arc Tu sistematuri da obieqturi iyo, ramac SemdgomSic arafeqturi

moqmedebebi gamoiwvia. garda amisa, aRniSnuli xarvezis Sedegad am qveynebs

axali da potenciurad ufro efeqturi midgomebis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobac

moespo. radgan verc erTma qveyanam ver SesZlo narkotikebis ukanono brunvasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis bolomde gadaWra, politikosebi valdebuli arian,

sistematurad saxavdnen axal miznebs da sTavazobdnen axal gadawyvetilebebs

sazogadoebas, romlebic damyarebuli iqneba faqtiur monacemebsa da arsebul

gamocdilebaze. swored aseTi midgomaa swori da ara sxvadasxva ideologiebsa da

politikur ritorikas amofareba.

6 7

narkotikuli saSualebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis Tanaxmad, narkotikebze

kontrolis sistemis mTavari amocana mdgomareobs “kacobriobis janmrTelobisa da

keTildReobis” uzrunvelyofaSi. organoebs, romlebic akontroleben narkotikul

saSualebebas, aseve ekisrebaT kompleqsuri valdebuleba gaeros 1945 wlis

konvenciis 55-e da 56-e muxlebis safuZvelze, romlebic iTvaliswineben adamianis

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sayovelTao pativiscemasa da dacvas.

adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi momdinareobs adamianis pirovnebis

Rirsebisa da Rirebulebis aRiarebidan. adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi

Tavisuflebebi aris universaluri, urTierTdamokidebuli, urTierTdakavSirebuli

da ganuyofeli maxasiaTeblebi, rac niSnavs imas, rom maTi CamorTmeva adamianisTvis

im sababiT, rom adamiani moixmars narkotikul nivTierebas an aiv-inficirebulia

dauSvebelia. amis Sesaxeb erTmniSvnelovnad ganacxada gaeros adamianTa uflebebis

umaRlesma komisarma b-nma navanethem pileim: “dauSvebelia pirebs, romlebic

narkotiks moixmaren, CamoerTvaT risame ufleba”.

adamianis uflebebi – ara mxolod konkretuli principebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli

gancxadebaa. yvela saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Tanaxmad,

valdebulia, pativi sces da daicvas adamianis uflebebi. es niSnavs imas, rom

arc erT saxelmwifos ar aqvs sakuTari moqalaqeebisa da maT Soris narkotikis

momxmareblisa da im pirebis uflebebis darRvevis ufleba, romlebic zrdian

narkotikuli nivTierebis Semcvel mcenares. saxelmwifo valdebulia, ar dauSvas

sakuTari moqalaqeebis uflebebis Selaxva (darRveva) mesame mxarisa da maT

Soris, samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier. es aseve niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifom

unda miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi kanonmdeblobasTan, konstituciur debulebebTan,

biujetTan da sxv. dakavSirebiT, romelTa mizanic moqalaqeTa uflebebis upirobo

dacva iqneba.

anadrom groverma, gaeros specialurma momxsenebelma yoveli adamianis jandacvis

umaRlesi standartebis uzrunvelyofis uflebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

SeSfoTeba gamoTqva narkopolitikis Tanamedrove meTodebTan dakavSirebiT.

samwuxarod, ukanasknel periodSi narkopolitikis egidiT sul ufro gaxSirda

adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebi. ufro metic, adamianis uflebebis sferoSi

raime winsvlas mocemuli politika arc arasdros iTvaliswinebda. adamianis

uflebebis darRvevis yvelaze gavrcelebuli magaliTebia:

• sicocxlis uflebis darRveva, maT Soris sikvdiliT dasja da sasamarTlos

gverdis avliT sasjelis gamotana narkotikTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis gamo;

1.2. ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis garantia

6 7

• wamebisgan, sastiki da araadamianuri

mopyrobis akrZalvis uflebis darRveva

narkotikis momxmareblebis usafuZvlo

dakavebisa da im Seuracxyofis gamo, rasac

adgili aqvs wamaldamokidebulebis

iZulebiTi mkurnalobis sxvadasxva

dawesebulebaSi;

• monobisgan Tavisuflebis uflebis darRveva – wamaldamokidebulebis iZulebiTi

mkurnalobis zogierTi centri dRemde iyenebs pacientebis iZulebiT muSaobas;

• janmrTelobis uflebis darRveva, romelic ukavSirdeba ZiriTad medikamentur

saSualebebze da aiv-infeqciis SemTxvevaSi prevenciul zomebze, mkurnalobaze,

zrunvasa da mxardaWeraze xelmisawvdomlobis SezRudvas;

• socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis darRveva, rasac adgili aqvs

narkotikuli nivTierebis Semcevli mcenareebis amoZirkvis kampaniebis dros;

• diskriminaciis akrZalvis uflebis darRveva, maT Soris narkotikebze

kontrolis sferoSi arsebuli kanonebis diskriminaciuli gamoyeneba, kerZod,

eTnikur umciresobebTan, qalebTan da mkvidr mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi.

dRes adamianis uflebebis aseTi darRvevebi sazogadoebis sul ufro met

yuradRebas ipyrobs. saxelmwifos mxridan valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saqmeSi

sul ufro aqtiur rols asruleben adamianis uflebebis damcveli arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi. adamianis uflebebis dacvis sakiTxs sul ufro meti yuradReba

eTmoba gaeros narkotikebis kontrolis organoebis mxridan. gaeros narkotikebisa

da danaSaulis ofisis aRmasrulebelma direqtorma maria kostas mier bolo

periodSi gakeTebuli erT-erTi gancxadeba aseTia: “muSaobisas Cven pirvel rigSi

vxelmZRvanelobT gaerTianebuli erebis wesdebiT da wesdebis yvela xelmomwer

qveyanas aRebuli aqvs valdebuleba, daicvas adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi

Tavisuflebebi da aseve, daicvas adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaracia”.

...”Cven gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vuTmobT jandacvis sakiTxebs narkotikebze

kontrolis zomebis ganxorcielebisas. narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli konvenciebis

debulebebi unda ganxorcieldes adamianis uflebebis dacviT. aqamde am aspeqts

muSaobis procesSi nakleb yuradRebas vuTmobdiT da es midgoma cxadia, unda

SevcvaloT.” gaeros specialuri momxsenebeli wamebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,

profesori novaki da gaeros adamianis uflebebis umaRlesi komisari nevanethem

pilei sazogadoebas mouwodeben, rom narkopolitika efuZnebodes midgomebs,

romlebic iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebebis upirobo dacvas.

aSkaraa, rom qveynis mTavrobebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebi narkotikebze

kontrolis erovnuli politikisa da programebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis

procesSi ar uTmobdnen sakmaris yuradRebas adamianis uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis dacvas. aseTi msoflmxedveloba unda Seicvalos, romlis

“dauSvebelia adamianebs, romlebic iyeneben narkotikebs, CamoerTvaT romelime ufleba”. – navaneThem pilei, gaeros adamianTa uflebebis umaRlesi komisari

8 9

politika, romlis amocanasac uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semcireba warmoadgens, ufro efeqturia, vidre politika, romlis mizanic narkotikebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmnaa.

farglebSic kanonmdebloba adamianis uflebebis mimarTulebiT aRiarebuli iqneba

im erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis erT-erT elementad, romlis farglebSic

xorcieldeba narkopolitika. axali narkopolitikis amocanebSi unda Sediodes: • janmrTelobis dacva, romelic iTvaliswinebs wvdomis gaumjobesebas medikamentebze,

zianis Semcirebis, prevenciuli, mkurnalobis, zrunvisa da mxardaWeris programebis

xelSewyobas;

• mxardaWera alternatiuli ganviTarebisa da siRaribis daZlevis mimarTulebiT,

ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi da dasaqmebis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da

sxv. sakiTxebis gadaWra;

• adamianis usafrTxoeba, ra mizniTac jandacvis organoebis yuradReba

mimarTuli unda iyos im pirebisken, romlebic iTvlebian narkotikebTan

dakavSirebuli seriozuli problemebis saTaved da ara narkotikebis dabali

donis gamsaReblebisken, romlebic safrTxes ar warmoadgenen, aseve narkotikis

momxmareblebisa da soflis macxovreblebisken.

XX saukuneSi msoflio qveynebis Zalisxmeva narkotikebze kontrolis sferoSi

mimarTuli iyo narkotikebiT vaWrobis masStabis Semcirebisken da pirvel

rigSi – sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT. iTvleboda, rom aRniSnuli

zomebis gamoyenebiT Semcirdeboda narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli ziani,

Tumca, es zomebi garkveulwilad warumatebeli aRmoCnda. Tumca, Teoriulad

narkovaWrobis masStabis Semcirebam SeiZleba, gamoiwvios zianis Semcireba, magram

praqtikaSi xSirad sawinaaRmdego xdeba. magaliTad, narkotikebis gamsaReblebis

mikvlevis Tundac warmatebul operacias SeiZleba, Sedegad mohyves Zaladobis

gaZliereba narkogamsaReblebis konkurent

jgufebs Soris, romlebic cdiloben

daikavon gamoTavisuflebuli teritoria,

xolo ama Tu im narkotikuli nivTierebis

gavrcelebis akrZalvis zomebis Sedegad

narkotikis momxmareblebma SeiZleba, sxva

iseTi nivTierebebis gamoyeneba daiwyon,

romlebic kidev ufro saSiSia adamianis

janmrTelobisTvis.

1.3. prioriteti unda mieniWos narkotikebis ukanono brunviT gamowveuli zianis Semcirebas

8 9

garda amisa, dRes arsebuli politika xSirad damatebiTi zianis momtania. kanonebi,

romlebic iTvaliswinebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas narkotikebis moxmarebisa

da saineqcio mowyobilobis Senaxvis gamo, stimuls aZlevs samarTaldamcav organoebs,

Causafrdnen, daakavon da daapatimron narkotikis momxmareblebi nemsebisa da

Spricebis gacvlis punqtebis siaxloves, riTac ar aZleven maT prevenciuli zomebiT

sargeblobis saSualebas. garda amisa, xSir SemTxvevaSi wamaldamokidebulebi Tavs

ikaveben wamaldamokidebulebis programaSi monawileobisgan, radgan SiSoben, ar iqnan

registrirebuli wamaldamokidebulebis saxelmwifo saregistracio siebSi, rasac

SeiZleba, samuSao adgilis dakargva, marTvis mowmobis CamorTmeva da mSoblis uflebebis

CamorTmevac ki mohyves Sedegad. aseTi politika aseve, xels uwyobs narkotikebis

moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli sarisko qcevis ganviTarebas, ris Sedegadac vrceldeba

sxvadasxva Tanmdevi daavadebebi. aRniSnuli SeuZlebelia uaryofiTad ar aisaxos zogadad

sazogadoebis janmrTelobaze, jandacvis mdgomareobaze (daavadebebis prevenciisa da

mkurnalobis sferoze mzardi datvirTvis gamo) da qveynis biujetze. grZelvadiani

miznebis miRweva - narkotikebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmna an narkotikebis

ukanono bazrebis likvidacia – ar SeiZleba, miviCnioT mdgrad da efeqtur politikad.

arsebuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom iseTi politika da programebi, romlebic

mimarTulia konkretuli problemebis gadaWrisken, ufro qmediTia, vidre bazridan ama Tu

im preparatebis amoRebis mcdeloba an narkotikebisgan Tavisufali sazogadoebis Seqmna.

zianis Semcirebis mizania narkotikebis moxmarebisa da ukanono moxmarebis masStabis

Semcireba. zianis Semcirebis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi jandacvis

sferoSi, magaliTad, iseTi programebis Catarebisas, rogoricaa Spricebisa da nemsebis

gacvla, wamaldamokidebulebis prevencia da mkurnaloba, socialuri mxardaWeris gaweva.

magram amas garda zianis Semcireba gulisxmobs mavne Sedegebis Semcirebis zomebis

mimarTulebiT muSaobas yoveli konkretuli adamianis, sazogadoebebebisa da zogadad,

mosaxleobis sasargeblod. amitom zianis Semcireba xSirad gvesaxeba, rogorc pragmatuli

da efeqturi midgoma, romelic mimarTulia qveynis mosaxleobisa janmrTelobis

mdgomareobisa da keTildReobis gaumjobesebisken da adamianis uflebebis dacvisken.

unda aRiniSnos, rom zianis Semcirebis momxreebi narkotikebis bazrisa da narkotikebis

moxmarebis masStabis saerTo Semcirebas narkopolitikis erTaderT da miT umetes, mTavar

miznad ar miiCneven (damatebiTi informacia mocemul sakiTxze ix. nawilSi 3.3).

gacilebiT didi wvlili “kacobriobis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis mdgomareobaSi”

Seaqvs iseTi politikisa da programebis SemuSavebas, romlebic mimarTulia daavadebebis

gavrcelebis, danaSaulis Semcirebisken da narkotikis momxmareblebis sazogadoebriv-

sasargeblo saqmianobaSi CarTvisken. qveynis mTavrobebma moqmedeba unda daiwyon

narkotikebis ukanono brunvis Sefasebidan, rasac (narkotikebis ukanono brunvas)

faqtiurad, yvelaze didi ziani moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi isini ukeT

iqnebian momzadebuli mocemuli problemebis gadasaWrelad saWiro strategiebis

SemuSavebisa da realizaciisaTvis.

zianis Semcirebis saerTo koncefcia unda CaiTvalis erT-erT mmarTvel principad

narkopolitikisa da programebis SemuSavebisas.

10 11

narkotikebis moxmarebis gavrcelebis xasiaTi sxvadasxva socialur jgufebSi

gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. Tu zog qveyanaSi narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabi

met-naklebad Tanabrad aris gadanawilebuli socialur klasebs, xalxebsa da

kulturebs Soris, sxva qveynebSi igi koncentrirebulia calkeul raionebsa da

sazogadoebebebSi.

miuxedavad amisa, erTi tendencia narkotikebis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT

ucvlelia – wamaldamokidebulebis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi damaxasiaTebelia

socialurad naklebad dacul jgufebisTvis. da es arc aris gasakviri –

mravalricxovanma gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom cxovrebis mZime pirobebi, travmatuli

situaciebi da emociuri problemebi warmoadgens wamaldamokidebulebis

ganviTarebis ZiriTad faqtorebs. mZime socialur pirobebSi macxovrebeli

adamianebi mudam iqnebian metad mowyvladi narkotikebis regularuli

moxmarebisadmi da maTi moxmarebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebisadmi.

socialur sakiTxebze pasuxismgebeli departamentebisa da samTavrobo

dawesebulebebis saqmianoba ZiriTadad mimarTulia mosaxleobis Raribi da

socialurad daucveli fenebis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisken da am

jgufebis warmomadgenlebis integrirebaze socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.

Tumca, narkotikebis kontrolis sferoSi erovnuli politikis mravali aspeqti

narkotikis momxmareblebze axdens iseT gavlenas, romelic swored rom

mosalodneli Sedegis sawinaaRmdegoa, kerZod:

• narkotikebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba iwvevs adamianebis, adamianTa

jgufebisa da rig SemTxvevebSi, mTeli sazogadoebebis stigmatizacias da

zRudavs maT SesaZleblobas, monawileoba miiRon sazogadoebis socialur da

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi;

• programebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic emsaxureba narkotikebis moxmarebis

faqtebis gamovlenasa da dasjas, xSirad mosdevs narkotikis momxmareblis

garicxva saswavlo dawesebulebidan da daTxovna samuSaodan, rac kidev ufro

amwvavebs arsebul problemebs;

• narkotikis moxmarebis aRkveTis mizniT iseTi zomebis gatareba, rogoricaa

dakaveba da sajarimo sanqciebis daweseba, nakleb efeqturia. rogorc wesi,

aRniSnuli zomebis gamoyenebis Sedegad narkotikis momxmarebels espoba

sazogadoebis mxridan SesaZlo pozitiuri zemoqmedebis miRebis SesaZlebloba

da izrdeba misi janmrTelobisa da danaSaulebriv dajgufebebSi moxvedris

riski;

1.4. socialurad daucveli jgufebis integraciis xelSewyoba

10 11

• samarTaldamcavi da sxva zomebi, romlebic aiZuleben wamaldamokidebul

pirebs, daemalon saxelmwifos, arTulebs jandacvis sistemis specialistebis

wvdomas aseT pirebze da amcirebs socialuri programebis gamoyenebis

saSualebas aseTi pirebis sasargeblod.

Tu qveynis mTavrobas surs, efeqturad imoqmedos moqalaqeTa Soris narkotikebis

moxmarebis problemis gadaWris mimarTulebiT, man unda ganaxorcielos iseTi

politika da programebi, romlebic ar dauSveben calkeuli pirebisa da yvelaze

metad mowyvladi jgufebis socialur marginalizaciasa da stigmatizacias.

socialuri marginalizacia SeiZleba, minimumamde iqnas dayvanili, Tu Seicvleba

saxelmwifos mxridan narkotikebis moxmarebis nebismieri formis Sefaseba, rogorc

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisa da wamaldamokidebuli pirebis dapatimrebisa

da mkacrad dasjis farTod gavrcelebuli praqtika. msoflio qveynebi sul

ufro xSirad aRiareben, rom damsjel RonisZiebebs moaqvT gacilebiT didi ziani,

vidre sargebeli. gaeros generalurma mdivanma Sids-Tan brZolis saerTaSoriso

dRes (2009 w.) warmoTqmul sityvaSi ganacxada: “movuwodeb yvela qveyanas

damsjeli zomebis, politikasa da meTodebis gauqmebisken. es xels gviSlis aiv/

Sids-Tan brZolis saqmeSi... SesaZlebeli unda gaxdes aiv/Sids-Tan brZolis iseTi

meTodebis gamoyeneba, romlebic efuZneba mtkicebulebebs da ara ideologiebs

da im adamianebTan dakavSireba, romlebic yvelaze metad saWiroeben aseTi

zomebis ganxorcielebas da romlebic yvelaze metad arian dazaralebuli”.

marTlac, dRes mravali qveyana narkotikis moxmarebisTvis dawesebuli mkacri

sadamsjelo zomebidan reformebze da maT Soris, depenalizaciaze (narkotikebTan

dakavSirebul samarTaldarRvevebze dawesebuli sadamsjelo zomebis

Serbileba) an dekriminalizaciaze (im kanonebis gauqmeba, romelTa Tanaxmadac

narkotikebis moxmareba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad iTvleba an saqmis

administraciul da samedicino samsaxurebisadmi gadacema) gadadis, risi mizanic

narkotikebis momxmareblebis socialuri izolaciis Semcirebaa. dekriminalizacia

depenalizaciasTan SedarebiT didi upiratesobiT sargeblobs, radgan igi xels

uwyobs socialur reintegracias.

tradiciuli narkopolitikis idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gansja, ostrakizmi da

mkacri sasjeli SeiZleba, mravali potenciuri momxareblisTvis gamafrTxilebeli

zoma aRmoCndes. narkotikebis bazari Semcirdeba da sabolood, gaqreba; magram

realurad aRmoCnda, rom es zomebi ar moqmedebs wamaldamokidebulebis masStabze

mosaxleobis garkveul jgufebSi maSin, rodesac narkotikebze xelmisavwdomloba,

maTi fasebi, mzardi siRaribe da uTanasworoba, aseve mZime socialuri pirobebi

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens saerTo mdgomareobaze.

socialuri integraciis principi SeiZleba, ganvixiloT or doneze: narkopolitika

da ufro Ria socialuri da ekonomikuri politika.

12 13

narkopolitika. marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofisa da prevenciisa da mkurnalobis

programebis strategiebi unda efuZnebodes socialuri integraciis Semdeg principebs:

• kanonebi narkotikebis Sesaxeb da maTi realizebis taqtika ar unda Seicavdes zomebs,

romlebic gaaZlierebs im adamianebis socialur mowyvladobas, romlebic moixmaren

an zrdian narkotikul saSualebas. amis nacvlad aucilebelia yuradReba mieqces an

aseTi adamianebis reintegracias an alternatiuli ganviTarebis programebs. gaeros

narkotikebis da danaSaulis ofisis gancxadebiT, wamaldamokidebul pirebs unda

moveqceT, rogorc moqalaqeebs, romlebsac daxmareba sWirdebaT da ara rogorc

damnaSaveebs, romlebic sasjels imsaxureben.

• prevenciuli da saganmanaTleblo programebi zedmiwevniT kargad unda iyos

damuSavebuli, raTa Tavidan aviciloT procesebi, romlebic xels uSlis narkotikis

momxmarebeli axalgazrdebis CarTvas “zrdasrul” socialur cxovrebaSi (aseTi

procesebis ricxvSi Sedis skolidan garicxva, specializebuli momsaxureobis gawevaze

uaris Tqma da sxva).

• wamaldamokidebulebis samkurnalo programebis mizans unda warmoadgendes narkotikebis

momxmareblebisTvis sazogadoebaSi warmatebiT integraciis saSualebis micema.

• im jgufebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic yvelaze metad zaraldebian

narkotikebTanbrZolis procesSi (narkotikis momxmareblebi da mwarmoeblebi), unda

CaerTon narkopolitikisa da narkotikebTan brZolis programebis SemuSavebis

procesSi. aseTi midgoma mogvcems ufro dasabuTebuli politikis SemuSavebis

saSualebas da xels Seuwyobs mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis arasasurveli negatiuri

Sedegebis Tavidan acilebas.

ufro Ria socialuri da ekonomikuri politika. narkotikebis gavrcelebis

Sesaxeb arsebuli saerTaSoriso monacemebis analizi da gamokvlevebi, romlebic Catarda

mosaxleobis calkeul jgufebSi, cxadyofs, rom nebismier sazogadoebaSi siRaribe,

uTanasworoba da sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisadmi kuTvnileba ufro mniSvnelovan

da xangrZliv zemoqmedebas axdens narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabsa da moxmarebiT

gamowveul problemebze, vidre erovnuli narkopolitika. yvelaze xSirad am mimarTebiT

asaxeleben evropis qveynebs. magaliTad, SvedeTsa da holandiaSi narkotikebis moxmarebis

done SedarebiT dabalia, Tumca maTi narkopolitika sxva qveynebis narkopolitikisgan

didad gansxvavebulia. amasTan, orive qveyanaSi sakmaod maRalia cxovrebis done, adamianTa

uflebebi kargad aris daculi; orive qveyana xasiaTdeba Zlieri sazogadoebebebiTa

da orive maTganSi xorcieldeba efeqturi socialuri programebi. Tu mTavrobis

prioritetul amocanas warmoadgens narkotikadmokidebulebis saerTo masStabis

Semcireba, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes SedarebiT Ria socialuri politikis

danergvaze da dauSvebelia mkacri politikis gamoyeneba, rac kidev ufro gaaRrmavebs

wamaldamokidebuli pirebis socialur izolacias. mocemuli Temebi dawvrilebiT aris

ganxiluli nawilSi 3.1, romelic eZRvneba wamaldamokidebulebis prevencias da me-4

TavSi, romelic eZRvneba sazogadoebebebis ganviTarebas.

12 13

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo politikosebi

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs aRiqvamen rogorc problemas, romelic

unda aRmoifxvras. amasTan, narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT politikosebisTvis

fasdaudebeli iqneboda narkotikebis bazrisa da sazogadoebebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb

informaciis iseTi wyaro, rogoricaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, momxmarebelTa da

narkotikebis mwarmoebelTa sazogadoebebebi, magram im pirobiT, rom SemuSavebuli

iqneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan urTierTpativiscemis dacvis konstruqciuli

meqanizmebi.

winamdebare “miTiTebebis” Tanaxmad, gansazRvreba “samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”

moicavs ramdenime jgufs an sazogadoebebas, romlebic metad mowyvladi arian

narkopolitikisadmi: narkotikis momxmareblebi, aiv-inficirebuli pirebi, pirebi,

romelTac mohyavT sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi, romlebic aRiarebulia ukanonod

maTSi narkotikuli nivTierebebis Semcvelobis gamo, mkvidri xalxebi da maTi

sazogadoebebi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis dawesebulebebSi Sedis arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi, aseve qselebi da gaerTianebebi, romelTa amocanebs warmoadgens

mocemuli jgufebis interesebis dacva, maTTvis specializebuli momsaxureobis gaweva,

pozitiuri cvlilebebis mxardaWera im politikaSi, romelic maT interesebs exeba.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebi da organizaciebi mTavar rols TamaSoben

saxelmwifo politikis yvela sferoSi da warmoadgenen monacemTa, gamocdilebisa

da codnis fasdaudebel wyaros. Sinaarsiani da konstruqciuli urTierToba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan efuZneba monawileobis, gamWvirvalobisa da

angariSgebis principebs.

aiv-infeqciis gavrcelebis sawinaaRmdego moZraobis aqtivistebi epidemiis jer

kidev adreul etapze aRiarebdnen, rom efeqturi mkurnalobisas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba daavadebisadmi yvelaze mowyvladi adamianebis monawileobas eniWeba.

politika da programebi, romlebic mimarTulia aiv-infeqciis prevenciisken

an gavrcelebis tempebis Semcirebisken, yvelaze qmediTi da mdgradia, rodesac

muSavdeba daavadebisadmi yvelaze mowyvlad adamianebTan da sazogadoebebebTan

TanamSromlobis pirobebSi.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi did rols TamaSoben narkotikebTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis analizisa da programebisa da momsaxureobis

ganxorcielebis mimarTulebiT. maT aqvT didi codna da gamocdileba am sakiTxebSi,

rac gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria mTavrobisa da saerTaSoriso saagentoebisTvis.

1.5. Ria da konstruqciuli urTierTobebis damyareba samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan

14 15

unda vaRiaroT is dadebiTi roli, romelsac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba TamaSobs efeqturi da moqmedi politikisa da programebis SemuSavebis saqmeSi. unda Seiqmnas narkotikebis problemebis gadaWris saqmeSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobisTvis saWiro pirobebi.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos is dadebiTi

roli, romelsac samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba TamaSobs efeqturi da

qmediTi politikisa da programebis

SemuSavebisa da realizaciis

saqmeSi. rekomendebulia Sesabamisi

struqturisa da pirobebis Seqmna

SedarebiT mowyvladi jgufebis

warmomadgenlebTan pozitiuri

da konstruqciuli urTierTobis

dasamyareblad.

gaeros narkotikebis da danaSaulis ofisi ukve aRiarebs narkopolitikis

ganxilvis saqmeSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis didmniSvnelobasa da

perspeqtiulobas. ZiriTadad es exeba sazogadoebebebs, romlebic yvelaze meti

mowyvladobiT gamoirCevian narkopolitikisadmi. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

monawileobis struqturuli meqanizmi Seiqmna narkotikuli saSualebebis

komisiis mier iniciativis “2008 wlis Semdeg” (Beyond 2008) farglebSi.

proeqtis xangrZlivoba 2 welia da mis farglebSi msoflio samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis aTasobiT warmomadgeneli Seikriba, romlebmac imsjeles sxvadasxva

qveyanaSi narkotikebze kontrolis sistemaze zemoqmedebisa da komisiis mier

ganxiluli rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, globaluri fondis

xelmZRvanelobam sami adgili gamoyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciis

warmomadgenlebisTvis xmis sruli uflebiT. globaluri fondis grantebis

realizaciis koordinaciis meqanizmebi, romlebic qveyanaSi iqna SemuSavebuli,

daxmarebas uwevda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebs saxelmwifo

struqturebTan partnioruli urTierTobebis damyarebaSi, raTa yvela

dainteresebul mxares mieRo monawileoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan pozitiur, mdgrad da strategiul urTierTobas

mravali upiratesoba aqvs, maT Soris – politikuri mxardaWeris gamyareba da

Sesabamisi strategiebis uzrunvelyofa, ufro metad informaciuli politikis

formireba, mxardaWeris gaZliereba strategiebis ganxorcielebis procesSi

da qseluri gaerTianebebis gaZliereba sazogadoebrivi politikis sferoSi

konsensusisa da moqmedebebis organizaciis miRwevisa da aseve, monitoringisa da

Sefasebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdis mizniT.

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan pozitiuri, mdgradi da strategiuli urTierTobis

ZiriTadi amocanebia:

• daxmarebis gaweva narkopolitikis SemuSavebis saqmeSi arsebuli mdgomareobis

mixedviT, maT Soris problemebis analizi da prioritetebis gansazRvra

konsultaciebsa da praqtikul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT;

14 15

• politikosebsa da samoqalaqo warmomadgenlebs Soris efeqturi urTierTobis

damyarebis xelSewyoba. didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianebisa da sazogadoebebebis

monawileobas im zomebis dagegmvaSi, romlebic uSualo zemoqmedebas axdens

maTze;

• urTierTxelsayreli partnioruli urTierTobebis damyareba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis organizaciebTan programebis erToblivad Catarebisa da/an

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mier maTi realizaciis saqmeSi;

• samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis qselebis ganviTarebis mxardaWera

efeqturi politikis SemuSavebisa da programebis SemuSavebis saqmeSi;

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas mniSvnelovani roli akisria adgilze situaciis

efeqturi monitoringisa da Sefasebisa da qveynis mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli

strategiebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi

SeiZleba, TanamSromlobdnen saxelmwifosTan problemebis gamovlenisa da im

zomebis analizis mizniT, romlebic mimarTulia am problemebis gadaWrisken. garda

amisa, qselur jgufebs SeuZliaT, moaxdinon saWiro resursebis mobilizeba samizne

jgufebTan misawvdomlobis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT.

informaciisa da mosazrebebis konstruqciuli da partnioruli gacvlis mizniT

mTavrobasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs Soris unda arsebobdes

komunikaciis gamWvirvale meqanizmebi.

16 17

2Tavi 2sisxlis samarTlis normebi

16 17

2.1. kanonmdeblobis reforma narkotikebis sferoSi

riT aris mocemuli Tema mniSvnelovani?

XX saukunis dasawyisSi narkotikebze kontrolis saerTaSoriso sistemis Seqmnis

Semdeg kanonebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebda

mkacr sasjels garkveuli saxis fsiqoaqtiuri

nivTierebebis warmoebaze, gavrcelebasa

da moxmarebaze da mocemuli kanonebis

aRsrulebaSi samarTaldamcavi organoebis

monawileoba warmoadgenda narkotikebis

ukanono brunvisa da moxmarebis masStabis

Semcirebis mTavar strategiebs. adre

iTvleboda, rom aseTi politikis Sedegad

Semcirdeboda narkotikebiT gamowveuli

samedicino da socialuri problemebi.

samarTaldamcavi organoebis strategiebma da moqmedebam sxvadasxva qveynebSi yvelaze

didi gavlena iqonies narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadawyvetaze.

mocemul TavSi gaecnobiT: • riT aris mocemuli Tema

mniSvnelovani?• gaeros konvencia narkotikebis

Sesaxeb;• gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis

adamianis uflebebis sistema; • narkotikebi da maTi klasifikacia; • kontroli narkotikul

saSualebebze da sanqciebi; • narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli

danaSaulis dasjis axali sistema; • mxardamWeri programebi jandacvisa

da socialuri politikis sferoSi; • rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

Tanamedrove narkopolitika, romelic orientirdeba miwodebis Semcirebaze, ar axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas globalur narkobazarze da rigi uaryofiTi SedegebiT xasiaTdeba.

mTavari gzavnili aqcentis gadatana narkotikebis momxmareblebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgelobisa da dasjis zomebis gamoyenebidan adamianis uflebebis dacvaze, sazogadoebrivi jandacvis gaumjobesebasa da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze aamaRlebs socialuri politikisa da

18 19

narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis upirvelesi daniSnulebaa, wvlili Seitanos saerTo erovnul strategiebSi, romlebic mimarTulia danaSaulis Semcirebisken, aiv-infeqciisa da sisxliT gadamdebi sxva daavadebebis prevenciisken da mosaxleobis janmrTelobisa da qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gaumjobesebisken.

mravali kvlevis Sedegi metyvelebs

imaze, rom samarTlebriv zomebze

orientacias didi gavlena ar

mouxdenia narkotikebis globaluri

bazris masStabze da gamoiwvia rigi

negatiuri Sedegebi. sul ufro meti

qveyana aRiarebs, rom narkotikebis

kanonmdeblobas upirveles yovlisa,

wvlili unda Sehqondes saerTo

erovnul strategiebSi, romlebic

mimarTulia danaSaulis Semcirebis,

aiv-infeqciis da sisxliT gadamdebi

sxva daavadebebis prevenciisa da mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gaumjobesebisken.

gaeros konvencia narkotikebis Sesaxeb

narkotikebis kontrolis globaluri sistema Sesdgeba sami konvenciisgan,

romlebic avseben erTmaneTs da romlebic ratificirebulia gaeros umravles

wevr-qveyanaSi. am konvenciebiT ganisazRvreba xelmomweri qveynebis valdebulebebi.

yvelas rodi axsovs, rom am valdebulebebis mTavari mizani “kacobriobis

janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis dacvaa”. praqtikulad konvenciebis xelmomwer

qveynebs aqvT narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis Seqmnisa da am kanonebis dacvis

uzrunvelyofis farTo uflebamosileba.

gaeros 1961 wlis konvencia narkotikuli saSualebebis Sesaxeb Seicavs

narkotikuli nivTierebebis CamonaTvals da iTvaliswinebs am nivTierebebze

mkacri kontrolis dawesebas im mosazrebiT, rom maTi gamoyeneba gansakuTrebiT

saxifaToa adamianis janmrTelobisTvis da iwvevs damokidebulebas. garda amisa,

mocemuli nivTierebebis Terapiuli moqmedeba sakmaod SezRudulia. 1961 wlis

konvenciis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens narkotikebTan brZola. konvencia uSvebs

maT gamoyenebas “gamorCeulad samedicino da samecniero miznebiT”. narkotikebis

gamoyeneba sxva mizniT konvenciis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia. garda amisa, konvencia

qveynis mTavrobebs avaldebulebs, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmos mkurnalobis

uzrunvelyofas, informirebulobas, gamojanmrTelebis gzaze damdgar pacientebze

zrunvasa da wamaldamokidebuli pirebis reabilitaciasa da socialur

reintegracias (muxli 38). konvenciis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia momsaxureobis am

saxeebis SeTavazeba, rogorc marTlmsajulebisa da sasjelis alternatiuli

zomisa (muxli 36, punqti 2). rigma organizaciebma, maT Soris jandacvis

saerTaSoriso organizaciam da narkotikebis kontrolis saerTaSoriso komitetma

araerTgzis miuTiTes konvenciis rigi debulebebis urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi

xasiaTis Sesaxeb: magaliTad, siaSi 1 Setanilia kanafi da kokis foTlebi (mocemuli

sia iTvaliswinebs umkacresi kontrolis zomebs, romlebic analogiuria heroinze

kontrolis zomebisa).

18 19

1971 wlis konvencia fsiqotropuli

nivTierebebis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebs

kontrolis TiTqmis erTnair reJims ukanasknel

periodSi damuSavebul fsiqotropul

preparatebze, rogoricaa halucinogenebi da

trankvilizatorebi da maT gamoyenebas uSvebs

gamorCeulad samedicino da mecnieruli miznebiT.

mocemuli konvencia iTvaliswinebs narkotikebis

momxmarebelTa gamovlenis, narkotikuli

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis

informirebulobis, kadrebis momzadebisa da

samecniero kvlevebis Catarebis valdebulebas

(muxli 20). konvenciis Tanaxmad, qveynis mTavrobebi

valdebuli arian, pirebi, romlebic borotad

sargebloben fsiqotropuli nivTierebebiT,

uzrunvelyon mkurnalobis, movlis, reabilitaciisa

da socialuri reintegraciis adekvaturi

SesaZleblobebiT – an SesTavazon yovelive

CamoTvlili marTlmsajulebisa da sasjelis

alternatiuli zomis saxiT (muxli 22, punqti 1b

da muxli 20, punqti 1). konvencia aseve saubrobs

narkotikebis ukanono brunvasTan brZolis Sesaxeb

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gziT (muxli 21).

1988 wlis konvenciaSi Sesulia debuleba TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb mis

xelmomwer mxareebs Soris, risi mizanic narkotikebis ukanono brunvis problemis

gadaWraa. es debuleba konvenciaSi Sevida transnacionalur organizebul

danaSaulebriv dajgufebebTan brZolis mizniT, romlebic 1980-ian wlebSi

sul ufro Zlierdebodnen da did gavlenas ixveWdnen. konvenciis xelmomweri

mxareebi iZulebuli iyvnen, mieRoT zomebi, raTa sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad

eRiarebinaT (erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT) nebismieri

qmedeba, romelic 1961 da 1971 wlebis konvenciebiT (muxli 3, punqtebi 1 da 21)

gaTvaliswinebuli nivTierebebis warmoebas, gayidvas, transportirebas, gavrcelebasa

da SeZenas ukavSirdeboda.

1988 wlis konvencia iwonebs iseTi zomebis miRebas, romelTa mizanic narkotikuli

nivTierebebis Semcveli akrZaluli mcenareebis SeZena da gazrda piradi

moxmarebis mizniT sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad CaiTvleba (muxli 3, punqti 2);

magram muxlSi 3, punqti 4(d) naTqvamia, rom akrZaluli narkotikuli nivTierebebis

piradi moxmarebis mizniT Senaxvis, SeZenisa da gazrdis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos

SeuZlia, miiRos zomebi mkurnalobis, aRzrdis, mkurnalobisSemdgomi dakvirvebis,

reabilitaciisa da socialuri reintegraciis mizniT, rogorc alternativis an

gansjisa da dasjis sanqciebis damatebiTi zomebisa. amgvarad, 1988 wlis konvenciis

dekriminalizacia – im kanonebis gauqmeba, romlebic narkotikebis moxmarebas gansazRvraven, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls, an mocemuli kanonebiT gamotanili gadawyvetilebis gadatana administraciuli jarimebisa da samedicino daxmarebis prizmaSi.

depenalizacia – narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis gamo dawesebuli sanqciebis Serbileba.

orive SemTxvevaSi narkotikebis moxmareba iTvleba ukanonod.

20 21

muxli 3 (punqtebi 4b-g-d) nebas

rTavs konvenciis xelmomwer qveynebs,

monawileoba miiRon narkotikebis piradi

moxmarebisTvis Senaxvis SemTxvevebis

depenalizaciaSi da garkveuli zomiT,

maT dekriminalizaciaSic.

konvencia aseve, nebas rTavs

saxelmwifoebs, miiRon kanonebi, romlebic efuZneba samedicino momsaxureobisa

da wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis gawevis, rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi

sasjelis alternatiuli zomis aucileblobas, razec ukve iyo saubaro wina

or konvenciaSi. da bolos, 1988 wlis konvenciaSi xazgasmulia, Tu ramdenad

mniSvnelovania samarTaldarRvevebisa da maT Soris organizebul danaSaulSi

monawileobis, arasrulwlovnebisadmi danaSaulisadmi midrekilebisa da

Zaladobisa da iaraRis gamoyenebis gamo sanqciebis dadgenisas “faqtobrivi

mdgomareobebis” gaTvaliwineba (muxli 3, punqti 5).

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebebis sistema

adamianis uflebebi da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi didad aqtualuria

narkopolitikis konteqstSi. aucilebelia narkotikebis momxmarebelTa iseve,

rogorc nebismieri sxva moqalaqis uflebebis dacva nebismier garemoebaSi.

uflebebsa da ZiriTad TavisuflebebSi Sedis:

• sicocxlis ufleba;

• adamianis ufleba, ar daeqvemdebaros wamebasa da sxva saxis araadamianur da

sastik sasjels, maT Soris iZulebasa da Rirsebis damamcirebel mopyrobas;

• Rirseuli cxovrebis ufleba;

• adamianis ufleba, ar daeqvemdebaros diskriminacias – magaliTad, jandacvis

momsaxureobaze xelmisawvdomlobis an samsaxurSi mowyobis TvalsazrisiT;

• janmrTelobis ufleba, romelSic Sedis wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobaze

informirebuli Tanxmobis ufleba;

• Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedurisa da Tanabarzomadi simZimis sasjelis

miRebis ufleba.

narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis SemuSavebisas politikosebi valdebuli arian,

daicvan da pativi scen adamianis uflebebs. narkotikebis Sesaxeb moqmedi kanonebis

ganxilvisa da ganaxlebis procesSi gaeros konvenciebiT gaTvaliswinebul

farglebSi qveynis mTavrobebs vurCevT, Seafason narkotikuli saSualebebi,

narkotikis momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva nebismier viTarebaSi aucilebelia igive zomiT, ra zomiTac xdeba nebismieri sxva moqalaqis uflebebis dacva.

20 21

sanqciebi da sasjelis zomebi,

romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia

narkotikebis ukanono brunvaze

kontrolis sistemiT narkotikebTan

dakavSirebul sasjelebze da aseve,

Seafason jandacvisa da socialur

sferoSi programebis mxardaWeris

SesaZleblobebi. es sakiTxebi ufro

dawvrilebiT qvemoT aris ganxiluli.

narkotikebi da maTi klasifikacia

narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebis umetesoba narkotikebis klasificirebas

axdens im potenciuri safrTxis mixedviT, romelic mocemuli saxis narkotikis

gamoyenebas mosdevs. narkotikuli saSualebebis klasifikacia aseve, gansazRvravs

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli sanqciebis simkacres. qveynis mTavrobisTvis

zogadad, Znelia mecnieruli midgomis gamoyeneba da narkotikebis klasifikaciiT

xelmZRvaneloba, radgan safrTxis xarisxze moqmedebs mudmivad cvalebadi

rigi faqtorebi. Tumca, is principi, rom sxvadasxva nivTiereba sxvadasxva donis

kontrols saWiroebs, SeiZleba, gamodges im pirobiT, Tu mocemuli nivTierebis

mikuTvnebas ama Tu im siisadmi ar miviCnevT sanqciis ganmsazRvrel erTaderT

faqtorad. ganaCenis gamotanisas sasamarTlo organoebma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon

faqtorebis erToblioba danaSaulis specifikisa da samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT (magaliTad, narkotikis raodenoba, misi miwodebis meTodi,

gansasjelis nasamarTleoba warsulSi da mkurnalobis saWiroeba). narkotikuli

nivTierebebis erovnuli klasifikaciis ganxilvisas aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis

gadawyveta:

• darCes Tu ara ZalaSi narkotikuli nivTierebebis arsebuli klasifikacia?

iqneb, danaSaulis simZimis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Rirdes am

klasifikaciis nacvlad alternatiuli procesis gamoyeneba – magaliTad, iseTi

procesis, romelic iTvaliswinebs damamZimebel da Semamsubuqebel faqtorebs?

Tu ar arsebobs narkotikuli nivTierebebis moqmedi klasifikaciis Secvlis

aucilebloba, unda gairkves, ramdenad efuZneba igi mecnierul monacemebs da

ramdenad gasagebia igi sazogadoebisTvis.

• romeli narkotikuli nivTierebebis brunvas unda aregulirebdes

kanonmdebloba (gaeros konvenciebis Sesrulebis valdebulebis

gaTvaliswinebiT) da ra saxiT unda moxdes an nivTierebebis klasificireba?

• narkotikuli nivTierebis klasis dadgenisas arsebobs Tu ara misi xarisxis

(sisufTave, moqmedebis Zala), raodenobisa da Savi bazris Rirebulebis

gaTvaliswinebis aucilebloba?

samarTlebrivi resursebi mimarTuli unda iyos narkobazris yvelaze saziano da antisocialuri aspeqtebisken da imavdroulad, xels unda uwyobdes narkotikebis momxmareblebis socialur integracias.

am amocanis gadaWris mizniT zogierTi qveyana gadavida dekriminalizaciasa da depenalizaciaze.

22 23

• ra kriteriumebiT vixelmZRvaneloT klasifikaciaSi axali fsiqoaqtiuri

nivTierebebis Setanisas?

• Tu mocemuli nivTierebiT aRar sargebloben an Tu faqtebiT dadginda, rom

nivTierebas moaqvs imaze meti an naklebi ziani, vidre iTvleboda, aucilebelia

gadasinjvis proceduris gansazRvra da mocemuli nivTierebis sxva siaSi

gadatanis SesaZleblobis dadgena;

• ra gziT aris SesaZlebeli urTierTkavSiris dafiqsireba akrZalul da sxva

nivTierebebs (alkohols, Tambaqo, samkurnalo preparatebs) Soris?

zogierTi kvlevis Tanaxmad, arsebobs informacia im zianis Sesaxeb, romelic

gamowveulia sxvadasxva saxis narkotikebze xelmisawvdomlobiTa da maTi moxmarebiT.

mTavrobas narkotikuli saSualebebis klasificirebisas SeuZlia, gamoiyenos am

kvlevebis Sedegebi, romlebic iTvleba sarwmunod.

kontroli narkotikul nivTierebebze da sanqciebi

aucilebelia Riad msjeloba sakanonmdeblo aqtebTan da samarTlebriv zomebTan

dakavSirebuli zomebis da sanqciebis gansazRvris Sesaxeb. proaqtiuri midgomis

ararsebobis pirobebSi narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebi xSir SemTxvevaSi

TviTneburad da araobieqturad gamoiyeneba, rasac Tan sdevs isedac SezRuduli

raodenobis resursebis araswori gamoyeneba, usamarTlo da diskriminaciuli

zmebis miReba. arc erT qveyanas ar SeuZlia, miiRos sanqciebi yvela im piris

misamarTiT, romelic awarmoebs, moixmars da avrcelebs narkotikul nivTierebebs.

swored amitom aris ase aucilebeli strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba da

prioritetebis naTlad gansazRvra iseT situaciebSi, rodesac iqmneba kanonmdeblobis

gamoyenebis aucilebloba. aseve, mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad Seaferxebs

piris dakaveba da dapatimreba narkotikebis miwodebasa da moxmarebas.

msoflios umetesi qveynebis mTavrobebma narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabis

zrdis pasuxad gaafarToves kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebis sfero. amasTan, sxvadasxva

kvlevebis Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom dapatimrebis, rogorc narkopolitikis erT-

erTi meTodis efeqti SezRudulia. magaliTad, sasjelis zomebis ganmsazRvrelma

britanulma sabWom (UK’s Sentencing Guidelines Council) ukanasknel periodSi gamoaqveyna

sazogadoebasTan Catarebuli konsultaciis angariSi, narkotikebTan dakavSirebul

samarTaldarRvevebTan dakavSirebuli sadamsjelo zomebis Sesaxeb. konsultaciis

monawileebma eWvi gamoTqves dasjis arsebuli sistemis efeqturobis Sesaxeb, romlis

mizanic danaSaulis Tavidan acilebaa.

Sedegad zogierTma qveyanam SeimuSava da daiwyo alternatiuli strategiebis

gamoyeneba. samarTlebrivi resursebi, warsulSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli

dapatimrebisa da sanqciebis nacvlad, axla ukve mimarTulia narkotikebis bazris im

aspeqtebisken, romlebic sazogadoebisTvis saSiSi da damRupvelia da imavdroulad,

xels uwyobs narkotikebis momxmarebelTa socialur integracias.

22 23

am miznis misaRwevad qveynebma ganaxorcieles depenalizacia da dekriminalizacia.

mocemuli midgomis Sedegad unda Semcirdes cixeebis gadatvirTva patimrebiT da

sasamarTlo sistema gamoTavisufldes narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli naklebad

mZime danaSaulebis ganxilvis aucileblobisgan.

dekriminalizacia gulisxmobs im kanonebis gauqmebas, romlebic narkotikebis

moxmarebas sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad gansazRvravs, an procesis

gadamisamarTebas administraciuli organoebis warmoebaSi an jandacvis organoebSi.

am mxriv yvelaze novatoruli midgomiT gamoirCeva portugalia, sadac 2001 wels

miiRes erovnuli kanoni, romlic Tanaxmadac dekriminalizacias daeqvemdebara

yvela narkotikuli saSualeba, heroinisa da kokainis CaTvliT. narkotikebiT

vaWroba ki kvlavac idevneba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli. narkotikis

Senaxva piradi moxmarebis mizniT akrZalulia, magram iTvleba administraciul da

ara sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad. es kanoni gulisxmobs narkotikuli saSualebis

piradi moxmarebisTvis Senaxvis braldebiT dakavebuli yoveli adamianis

mimarTvas disciplinaTaSoris komisiebSi, romelTac gamoaqvT gadawyvetileba

administraciuli sanqciebis dawesebis Sesaxeb: magaliTad, sazogadoebrivad

sasargeblo samuSaos, jarimebis, profesiuli saqmianobis licenziis Sewyvetis

saxiT. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi komisia dakavebuls SesTavazebs samkurnalo an

saganmanaTleblo programaSi monawileobas. “portugaliuri sqemis” moqmedebis

Sefaseba saerTo mdgomareobasa da gansakuTrebiT, qveyanaSi narkotikebis

gavrcelebis masStabebze am etapze naadrevad gveCveneba. faqti erTia, 2001 wels

am kanonis miRebam xeli Seuwyo portugaliis cixeebisa da sasamarTlo sistemis

gantvirTvas. gaizarda samkurnalo dawesebulebebSi mkurnalobis msurvelTa

ricxvi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda narkomoxmarebis uaryofiTi Sedegebis, maT Soris

sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebisa da narkotikis moxmarebiT gamowveuli

sikvdilianobis SemTxvevebi.

sxva qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo reforma TiTqmis igive mimarTulebiT viTardeba.

2005 wels dasavleT avstraliaSi miiRes kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebs marihuanas

dekriminalizacias. 2008 wels meqsikaSi narkotrafikTan mkacri sakanonmdeblo

zomebis gamoyenebiT xangrZlivi da warumatebeli brZolis Semdeg miiRes kanonebi,

romlebic iTvaliswinebda narkotikebis dekriminalizacias. 2009 wels argentinis

parlamentma ganixila kanonproeqti, romelic iZleva uzenaesi sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis saSualebas im pirebis sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis

Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, romlebic daakaves marihuanas Senaxvis braldebiT. CexeTis

mTavroba axla axdens nakotikebis mcire raodenobiT Senaxvis dekriminalizacias.

depenalizacia iTvaliswinebs narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli

samarTaldarRvevebis gamo sanqciebis Serbilebas. aseTi midgoma gamoiyeneba

did britaneTSi marihuanasTan dakavSirebiT. policia narkotikis SenaxvisTvis

dakavebul pirs aZlevs gafrTxilebas an gamouwers jarimas. amasTan, sisxlis

samarTlis saqme ar aRiZvreba da SemTxveva policiis adgilobriv ganyofilebaSi

registrirdeba, rogorc samarTaldarRveva. sisxlis samarTlis saqme SeiZleba

24 25

aRiZras narkotikis Senaxvis braldebiT samarTaldamrRvevis mesamed dakavebis

SemTxvevaSi an garkveul damamZimebel viTarebaSi.

narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis dasjis axali sistema

politikosebi axal midgomebTan dakavSirebiT savaraudod, dadgebian garkveuli

problemebis winaSe. tradiciis Tanaxmad, narkotikebis Senaxvis mizeziT sisxlis

samarTlisa da sasamarTlo devna xorcieldeba narkotikuli nivTierebis raodenobisa

da klasifikaciis mixedviT da aseve, Tu arsebobs imis damadasturebeli faqti, rom

dakavebuli apirebda narkotikis gayidvas. droTa manZilze qveynis mTavrobebma

gaacnobieres, rom mxolod es faqtorebi ar aris sakmarisi narkotikebis akrZaluli

brunvis monawileebis dasadgenad da resursebis misamarTad im pirebis gamosavlenad,

romelTac sazogadoebisTvis yvelaze didi ziani moaqvT.

arsebuli problemis pirobebSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom narkotikebis Sesaxeb

arsebuli kanonebis damrRvevebi SeiZleba, pirobiTad davyoT oTx jgufad, romelTagan

yoveli maTgani saWiroebs specifikur midgomas kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.

• adamianebi, romlebic narkotikebs moixmaren araregularulad

(“rekreaciuli” momxmareblebi). am jgufs miekuTvnebian momxmareblebi,

romlebsac daakaveben xolme

narkotikebis mcire raodenobiT

sakuTari moxmarebis mizniT

Senaxvis gamo. rogorc wesi,

aseT pirebTan dakavSirebiT ar

arsebobs mtkicebuleba imisa, rom

isini wamaldamokidebuli arian

(maT ar aqvT nasamarTleoba

narkotikis Senaxvis gamo, ar aqvT

gaxsnili avadmyofobis istoria)

an odesme monawileobdnen sxva

ukanono qmedebebSi. praqtikuli da

samecniero gamocdileba gviCvenebs,

rom narkotikis gavrcelebis

masStabis Semcirebis mizniT mocemul

jgufSi mkacri sasjelis gamoyeneba

araefeqturia. kanonebi imgvarad

unda iyos struqturizebuli, rom es jgufi iyos nakleb prioritetuli da masze

daixarjos sasamarTlo sistemis minimaluri resursebi. zogierTma qveyanam am mizans

miaRwia narkotikebis Senaxvis sakanonmdeblo dekriminalizaciis an policiisadmi

rekomendaciebis gacemis gziT, raTa ar miiCnion narkotikis momxmarebelTa

mocemuli jgufi prioritetulad. sxva qveynebi SedarebiT martiv meTodebs

iyeneben am problemis gadasaWrelad: jarimis gamoweras adgilze an gafrTxilebis

araoficialur sistemas. zomebis sistemis SemuSavebisas mTavrobam jerovani

unda gvaxsovdes narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis damrRvevebis Semdegi oTxi jgufis Sesaxeb, romelTagan yoveli jgufi Tavisebur midgomas saWiroebs:

• narkotikis “rekreaciuli” momxmareblebi;

• damokidebuli momxmareblebi;• “socialuri dilerebi”/”dabali donis”

dilerebi; • “organizebuli” dilerebi/”maRali

donis” dilerebi.

24 25

yuradReba unda dauTmos policiis TanamSromelTa yvelaze dabali donis

mxridan SesaZlo korufciis minimizacias.

• narkotikebze damokidebuli momxmareblebi. am jgufSi SeiZleba,

Sediodnen pirebi, romlebsac daakaveben narkotikebis Senaxvis braldebiT da

Tu arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom maTTvis narkotikis moxmareba warmoadgens

sarisko qcevis Semadgenel nawils, romelsac ziani moaqvs maTTvis da

garSemomyofebisTvis da rom am adamianebs SeiZleba, davexmaroT samkurnalo

programebiT. xSirad maT akaveben ara mxolod narkotikebis Senaxvis,

aramed sxva sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis braldebiT – magaliTad, kerZo

sakuTrebasTan, seqs-biznesTan da narkotikebis mcire raodenobis gayidvasTan

dakavSirebuli danaSaulis CadenisTvis. mTavrobam aucileblad unda

Seqmnas meqanizmebi narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis farglebSi, rac

saSualebas miscems mas am jgufis warmomadgenlebi mimarTos samkurnalod.

mraval qveyanaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom am jgufis wevrebis

gamovlena, maTi mdgomareobis Sefaseba da maTi mimarTva mkurnalobaze

iZleva narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli danaSaulisa da janmrTelobis

zianis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas. Tumca, iZulebiTi mkurnalobis centrebi

wamaldamokidebulebisa da narkotikis moxmarebiT gamowveuli zianis

Semcirebis sakiTxebs efeqturad ver wyveten. garda amisa, aseT centrebSi

xSiria adamianis uflebebis darRvevis faqtebi (mag., wameba da iZulebiTi

Sroma). mkurnalobis aseTi formebi dauSvebelia (iZulebiTi mkurnalobis

centrebSi mkurnalobis uaryofiTi Sedegebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi

informacia ix. “wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba”, Tavi 3.2).

sakiTxi mkurnalobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba, Setanil iqnas antinarkotikul

kanonmdeblobaSi. Tumca, mkurnalobaze mimarTva da Tavad mkurnaloba unda

tardebodes Sefasebis yvela normisa da saWiro meqanizmebis dacviT. Tu

narkotikis momxmareblis gasamarTleba xdeba sisxlis samarTlis muxliT da mas

miesjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, sisxlis samarTlis gamasworebel dawesebulebaSi

mas unda gaewios maRalefeqturi mkurnaloba (dawvrilebiTi informacia

wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis Sesaxeb ix. nawilSi 3.2).

• “socialuri” dilerebi/”dabali donis” dilerebi. mraval qveyanaSi

pirebis umetesoba, romlebic dapatimrebuli arian da ixdian sasjels

narkotikebis gayidvis braldebiT, narkotikebis bazris dabal safexurze dganan.

samarTalmdacavi organoebisTvis isini ufro TvalSisacemi arian. kanonebis

umetesoba narkotikis realizacias adgens Senaxuli narkotikis raodenobis

mixedviT da nebismieri mtkicebulebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi imis Sesaxeb, rom

piri, romelic inaxavda narkotikul nivTierebas, mis gayidvas apirebda. mxolod

am jgufis warmomadgenlebi – socialuri mommarageblebi – yidian narkotikebs

mcire mogebis miRebis mizniT. sxvebi – e.w. “mulebi” – monawileoben

narkotikebis brunvaSi, rac gamowveulia an imiT, rom maT emuqrebian, an imiT,

rom gamouval mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. am jgufisadmi samarTaldamcavi

26 27

organoebis yuradRebasa da maTi misamarTiT

sasjelis gamoyenebas arTulebs Semdegi ori

faqtori: 1) rogorc ki am pirebs daapatimreben

da maT bazars moaSoreben, maT adgils

swrafadve ikaveben sxvebi, rac niSnavs imas,

rom aseTi politikis zemoqmedeba bazarze

SezRudulia; 2) “dabali donis” dilerebi

rogorc wesi, emorCilebian im adamianebs,

romlebic realurad akontroleben bazars.

narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis aRsrulebis

meqanizmebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs Senaxuli

narkotikis raodenobas da mtkicebulebas,

rom dakavebuli apirebda narkotikis gayidvas,

xSir SemTxvevaSi masStaburi dapatimrebebiTa

da zedmetad mkacri sasjeliT mTavrdeba.

narkotikebis kanonmdeblobis farglebSi aqcenti unda gadavides “maRali

donis” dilerebze da garda amisa, saWiroa narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis

darRvevebis faqtebis mxedvelobaSi miReba.

• “organizebuli” dilerebi/”maRali donis” dilerebi. mocemuli jgufi

Sedgeba organizebuli kriminaluri bandebisgan, romlebic akontroleben

did narkobazrebs da maT kiserzea is udidesi ziani, romelsac narkotikebi

ayenebs sazogadoebas. SedarebiT gavleniani pirebis dakaveba Zalian Znelia,

magram swored isini unda gaxdnen samarTaldamcavi da represiuli zomebis

mTavari samizne. danaSaulis xarisxisa da sasjelis zomis sworad dadgenis

mizniT rekomendebulia aseve, damamZimebeli faqtorebis mxedvelobaSi miReba.

brunvis moculobisa da Senaxuli narkotikis raodenobis garda, am faqtorebSi

Sedis iaraRis ukanono floba, Zaladobrivi qmedebebis gamoyeneba, narkotikebiT

vaWroba sazogadoebriv adgilebSi an bavSvebis gamoyenebiT da sxv.

narkotikebis Sesaxeb koreqtulad SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebadi kanonebi

udavod efeqturad imoqmedebs narkobazris xasiaTze da xels Seuwyobs

Zaladobisa da narkotikebiT vaWrobis donis, misi demonstraciuli xasiaTisa

da sazogadoebisadmi miyenebuli zianis Semcirebas.

mxardaWeris programebi jandacvisa da socialuri politikis sferoSi

kanonmdebloba narkotikebis sferoSi unda uzunvelyofdes balanss narkobazris

problemis gadaWrasa da jandacvisa da socialuri politikis sferoSi

wamaldamokidebul pirebze orientirenuli programebis ganxorcielebas Soris.

xSir SemTxvevaSi am kanonebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi an maTi ganxorcieleba

xels UuSlis sazogadoebrivi jandacvis (maT Soris, aiv-infeqciis prevenciis)

an socialuri reintegraciis (maT Soris wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis)

programebis ganxorcielebas. SiSi iseTi zomebis farTod gavrcelebasTan

narkotikebis kanonmdebloba xels unda uwyobdes balansis SenarCunebas narkobazris problemis gadaWrasa da jandacvisa da socialuri politikis im programebis ganxorcielebas Soris, romelTa mizansac narkotikebis momxmareblebis daxmareba warmoadgens.

26 27

dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa dakaveba da mkacri sasjeli, xels uSlis narkotikis

momxmareblebsa da sazogadoebas Soris kontaqtebis damyarebas, xels uwyobs

stigmatizaciasa da sarisko qcevis Camoyalibebas.

narkotikebis kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisas rekomendebulia, Tavi avaridoT Semdegs:

• kanonebs, romlebic krZalavs “narkotikebis moxmarebisTvis saWiro

mowyobilobis” Senaxvas, radgan aseTma kanonebma SeiZleba, xeli Seuwyos

steriluri Spricebis, filtrebis gavrcelebis programebisa da iniciativebis

kriminalizacias, romelTa mizanic garkveuli saxis narkotikebis gamoyenebiT

gamowveuli zianis Semcirebaa da romlebic aiv-infeqciisa da hepatitis

prevenciis strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia;

• kanonebs, romlebic aferxebs zianis Semcirebis programebis ganxorcielebas,

romlebic klasificirdeba, rogorc “midrekileba narkotikebis moxmarebisadmi”,

ra SemTxvevaSic zianis Semcirebis programebis muSaoba metad rTuldeba da

mkveTrad izrdeba narkotikebis momxmarebelTa stigmatizacia;

• kanonebs, romlebic Zalian xistia ganaCenis gamotanisas, rac aiZulebs

sasamarTlo organoebs, patimroba miusajon yvela samarTaldamrRvevs,

miuxedavad danaSaulis garemoebisa. aseTi kanonebis gavleniT mcirdeba

wamaldamokidebulebis mimarTvis SesaZlebloba mkurnalobaze, romelic

warmoadgens sasjelis alternatiul zomas da savaldebulo minimaluri

sasjelis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi pirebs, romlebmac Caidines naklebad mZime

danaSauli, sxvebis msgavsad, xangrZliv patimrobas usjian.

• kanonebs, romlebic arTulebs kontrolirebad preparatebze wvdomas samedicino

da kvlevis miznebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaeros konvenciebi xazs usvams

narkotikebis uzrunvelyofisa da kanonieri brunvis aucileblobas, mraval

qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonebi da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi aferxebs am debulebis

ganxorcielebas an ukiduresad arTulebs mis gamoyenebas. iseTi narkotikebis

medicinaSi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebis Seswavlis procesi, rogoricaa

marihuana da eqstazi, garTulebulia narkotikebis kontrolis aucileblobiT

gamowveuli akrZalvebis gamo. mkacri zomebia agreTve dawesebuli

meTadonisa da buprenorfinis brunvasTan dakavSirebiT da paliatiur

movlasa da mkurnalobaze (magaliTad, morfinze) xelmisawvdomlobaze,

ris gamoc im adamianebis 80%, romlebic saWiroeben aseT mkurnalobas, ver

iReben mas. rigi qveynebis mTavrobebi acnobiereben Seqmnil problemas da

muSaoben kanonmdeblobis Secvlis mimarTulebiT, raTa axali kanonmdebloba

iTvaliswinebdes rigi akrZaluli narkotikebis medicinaSi gamoyenebis

SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, kanadis mTavrobam samkurnalo saSualebebis brunvaze

kontrolis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi dauSva samedicino mizniT

marihuanas Senaxva da gamoyeneba. zogierTma regionma (magaliTad, aSS zogierTma

Statma) moipova imuniteti marihuanis momxmareblebis devnis winaaRmdeg,

romlebic narkotiks serTificirebuli samedicino specialistebisgan iZenen.

28 29

rekomendaciebi

• narkotikebis moxmarebisa da warsulSi arsebuli kontrolis

strategiebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saWirod migvaCnia

narkotikebis erovnuli kanonmdeblobis kompleqsuri analizi;

• qveynebis mTavrobebma da saerTaSoriso saagentoebma unda Seafason

narkotikebis Sesaxeb moqmedi kanonebisa da maTi realizaciis

Sesabamisoba adamianis uflebebis dacvis moTxovnebTan;

• narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebisa da gadaxedvis

procesSi mTavrobebma zustad unda daadginon, Tu narkotikebis brunvis

romel aspeqtebs moaqvT yvelaze didi ziani sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis

(am aspeqtebs upirvelesad “maRali donis” narkovaWrebi ukavSirdebian

da ara narkotikis momxmareblebi, wvrili dilerebi da kurierebi) da

Sesabamisad gadaawyon kanonmdebloba;

• axali kanonebi narkotikebis Sesaxeb an kanonebi, romlebSic Sevida

cvlilebebi Sesworebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTlad unda adgendes

nivTierebebis siebSi Setanis kriteriumebs. narkotikuli nivTierebebis

maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvrisas aucilebelia struqturizebuli,

samecniero monacemebze dafuZnebuli analitikuri midgoma, mocemuli

nivTierebis siaSi damatebisa da siidan amoRebis martivi da moqnili

meqanizmis arseboba;

• axali kanonebi narkotikebis Sesaxeb an kanonebi, romlebSic Sevida

cvlilebebi Sesworebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda Seicavdes debulebebs,

romlebic mkafiod gamijnaven erTmaneTisgan narkobazris sxvadasxva

moqmed pirebs da maTi jgufebisTvis Sesabamisi zomebis gamoyenebis

wesebs. “dabali donis” dilerebisa da wamaldamokidebuli pirebisTvis

saWiroa Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternatiuli zomebi – magaliTad,

jarimebi an mkurnalobisa da mxardaWeris programebze mimarTva;

• narkotikebis Sesaxeb axali kanonebis an im kanonebis formulireba,

romlebSic Sevida cvlilebebi Sesworebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kargad

unda iyos gaazrebuli da mxars unda uWerdes jandacvis programebsa da

socialur politikas da ar unda arTulebdes maT moqmedebas. isini ar

unda qmnides barierebs zianis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. kanonebi unda

uzrunvelyofdes samkurnalo opioiduri saSualebebebis gamoyenebis

SesaZleblobas CanacvlebiTi Terapiis mizniT.

28 29

ZiriTadi publikaciebi

Bewley-Taylor, D., Hallam, C. & Allen, R. (2009), Beckley Report 16 – The Incarceration of Drug Offenders, An Overview, (The

Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme), http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/pdf/BF_Report_16.pdf

Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2006), Legislating for Health and Human Rights: Model Law: Model Law on Drug Use and HIV/

AIDS, http://www.aidslaw.ca/EN/modellaw/english.htm

EMCDDA (2003), The role of the quantity in the prosecution of drug offences: an ELDD comparative study (Lisbon: European Legal

Database on Drugs), http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_5738_EN_Quantities.pdf

Galbally, R. (2000), The Review of Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Legislation: Final Report Part A. (A Council of Australian

Governments Review), www.tga.gov.au/docs/pdf/rdpfina.pdf

Greenwald, G. (2009) Drug Decriminalisation in Portugal: lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies, (Washington D.C.: The

CATO institute), http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/greenwald_whitepaper.pdf

House of Commons Science and Technology Committee (2006), Drug classification: making a hash of it? Fifth Report of Session

2005–06, http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmsctech/1031/1031.pdf

Nutt, D., King, L., Saulsbury, W. & Blakemore, C. (2007), ‘Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of

potential misuse’. The Lancet 369:1047–1053, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673607604644/abstract

Pain & Policy Studies Group (2009), Do International Model Drug Control Laws Provide for Drug Availability? (World Health

Organisation Collaborating Centre for Policy and Communications in Cancer Care; the Paul P Carbone Comprehensive Cancer

Centre, School of Medicines and Public Health, University of Wisconsin), http://www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/internat/model_law_

eval.pdf

Release (2009), Response to the Sentencing Advisory Panel’s Consultation Paper on Sentencing for Drug Offences, http://www.release.org.

uk/images/stories/pdf/SGC%20submission.pdf

Ritter, A. (2009), ‘Methods for comparing drug policies – the unity of composite drug harm indexes’. International Journal of Drug

Policy 20(6):475–479, http://www.ijdp.org/article/S0955-3959(09)00049-8/abstract

Room R., et al. (2008), The Global Cannabis Commission Report – Cannabis: Moving Beyond Stalemate (Oxford: The Beckley

Foundation), http://www.idpc.net/sites/default/files/library/BF_Cannabis_Commission_Rpt2008_EN.pdf

World Health Organization (2000), Guidelines for the WHO review of dependence-producing psychoactive substances for

international control. EB105/2000/REC/1, ANNEX 9, with appendices, http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip40e/

whozip40e.pdf

http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip40e/whozip40e.pdf

http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip40e/whozip40e.pdf

30 31

mocemul nawilSi gaecnobiT:• riT aris mocemuli Tema

mniSvnelovani?• Tanamedrove strategiisa da

taqtikis problemebi; • axali fokusi samarTaldamcav

saqmianobaSi; • rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

2.2. efeqturi samarTaldamcavi zomebi


gaeros konvenciebi narkotikis kontrolis Sesaxeb da sxvadasxva qveynebis

kanonmdeblobebi efuZneba im princips, rom sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi komponentis

Setana, romlebic krZalavs narkotikebis warmoebas, gavrcelebasa da moxmarebas,

droTa manZilze gamoiwvevs moTxovna-miwodebis aRkveTas, anu narkotikebis bazris

mospobas. narkopolitikis ganxorcielebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben

adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo samarTaldamcavi struqturebi, narkotikebis

kontrolis specializebuli saagentoebi, xolo zogierT qveyanaSi – jari. dReis

mdgomareobiT, narkotikebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis aRkveTis samarTaldamcavi

RonisZiebebi Sedgeba Semdegi komponentebisgan:

• kontroli narkotikebis Semcveli mcenareebis warmoebaze, maT Soris maTi

ganadgureba da mkacri samarTaldamcavi zomebis gamoyeneba narkotikebis

mwarmoeblebisa da maT mimarT, romlebic zrdian narkotikuli nivTierebebis

Semcvel mcenareebs;

• narkotikebis kontrabandis aRkveTa;

• gamoZiebis warmoeba da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zomis gatareba im pirebis mimarT,

romlebsac bralad edebaT narkotikebis kontrabanda, gansakuTrebiT ki - didi

masStabiT;

mTavari gzavnili samarTaldamcavma organoebma unda dasaxon kompleqsuri amocanebi,

misdevdnen dabalansebul politikasa da moqmedebas, romelic mimarTulia danaSaulebriobis Semcirebisa da jandacvisa da

narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT socialuri politikis problemebis gadaWrisaken da ar Semoifarglon mxolod narkobazris masStabis

Semcirebis mcdelobiT.

30 31

• im pirebis dakaveba da dasja, romlebic monawileoben narkotikebis vaWrobaSi;

• im pirebis dakaveba da dasja, romelTac bralad edebaT akrZaluli

narkotikebis Senaxva da moxmareba;

mwarmoeblebisa da kontrabandistebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebi ZiriTadad

orientirebulia narkotikis momxmareblisadmi narkotikebis miwodebis aRkveTaze.

momxmareblebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebis mizania ubiZgon momxmarebels, uari

Tqvas narkotikis moxmarebaze dapatimrebis SiSis gamo.

movida dro, ganvacxadoT, rom strategiebma, romelTa principia farTod

gavrcelebuli samarTaldamcavi zomebis gamoyeneba da im pirebis mkacrad dasja,

romlebic zrdian, yidian da moixmaren narkotikebs, sasurveli Sedegi ar gamoiRo –

maTi gamoyenebiT akrZaluli narkotikebis bazris

masStabis Semcireba ver moxerxda. amas garda,

msgavs strategiebze dafuZnebulma mravalma

RonisZiebam gamoiRo mkveTrad uaryofiTi Sedegebi.

sazogadoebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa

da keTildReobaze narkotikebis uaryofiTi

zemoqmedebis Sesamcireblad samarTaldamcavi

strategiebis fokusi unda Seicvalos.

Tanamedrove strategiisa da taqtikis problemebi

Tanamedrove msoflioSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis socialur da politikur konteqstSi

naTeli gaxda, rom tradiciulma politikam da strategiebma ver uzrunvelyo

narkotikebis bazris masStabis mniSvnelovani da mdgradi Semcireba. globalur

doneze ki verc gaeros mier organizebulma kampaniebma da verc qveynebis mier

nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebam ver uzrunvelyo narkotikebis bazris

likvidacia an Tundac, mniSvnelovani zomiT

Semcireba farTomasStabiani politikuri

da finansuri mxardaWeris miuxedavad. rig

qveynebSi gatarebuli operaciebis warmateba

(kerZod, konkretuli dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg

Catarebuli operaciebis) “sahaero burTis”

efeqtis gamo arc Tu mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.

saqmianoba, romelic likvidirdeboda

samarTaldamcavi operaciebis dros, maleve

ganaxldeboda xolme sxva regionebSi,

sxva jgufebis monawileobiT an sxva saxis

narkotikebze. aRniSnuli badebs problemebs,

romlebic gacilebiT seriozulia, vidre is

problemebi, romlebic Zalovani meTodebis

gamoyenebamde arsebobda.

“sahaero burTis efeqti”: narkobazris romelime aspeqtis – magaliTad, narkotikebis gazrdis an gayidvis adgilobrivi “wertilis” – winaaRmdeg gatarebuli warmatebuli zomebis Sedegia mxolod is, rom saqmosnebi gadainacvleben xolme sxva raionSi, sadac maTi saqmianobis Sedegebi SeiZleba, kidev ufro damRupveli aRmoCndes.

strategiebma, romlebic efuZneba samarTlebrivi zomebis masStabur gamoyenebas, ver uzrunvelyo akrZaluli narkotikebis bazris zomebis Semcireba.

32 33

garda amisa, rigma erovnulma strategiam Tu taqtikam SeiZleba, uaryofiTi Sedegi

gamoiRos da aRmoCndes kontrproduqtiuli. gaeros narkotikebis da danaSaulis

ofisi am dilemas “gauTvaliswinebel Sedegebad” moixseniebs da am Sedegebs

miakuTvnebs Semdegs:

• farTomasStabiani, mimzidveli bazris Seqmna, romelsac iyeneben

organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi, mniSvnelovnad afarToebs am

jgufebis SesaZleblobebs da afarToebs bazris masStabs. aseTi bazrebis

winaaRmdeg gatarebuli samarTaldamcavi zomebis Sedegad SeiZleba, Seiqmnas

danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis monawileTa mxridan sisastikisa da kriminaluri

moqmedebebis “xelsayreli pirobebi”;

• “sahaero burTis efeqti”. analitikosebi aRniSnaven, rom warmatebulma

operaciam narkomovaWreebis konkretuli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba

xeli Seuwyos Zaladurobriv qmedebebs axali dajgufebebis mier “vakanturi”

teritoriis mopovebisTvis brZolis procesSi;

• gadaadgilebis politikis arasworad gamoyeneba. es aris alternatiuli

fasi, romelsac sazogadoeba ixdis araefeqturi strategiebisa da taqtikis

SezRuduli resursebis gamoyenebisTvis, ris Sedegadac naklebi saSualebebi

rCeba ufro efeqturi zomebis gansaxorcieleblad;

• narkotikis momxmarebelTa marginalizacia. samarTaldamcavi organoebis

moqmedeba narkotikis momxmarebelTa winaaRmdeg da sazogadoebis mxridan

uaryofiTi reaqcia narkotikebis momxmarebelTa qcevaze garkveulwilad

kontproduqtiulia da xels UuSlis momxmarebelTa reintegracias

sazogadoebaSi. iseTi zomebi, rogoricaa kriminalizacia, dakaveba da

Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, ar uwyobs xels narkotikebis moxmarebaze uaris Tqmas.

piriqiT, es zomebi arRvevs ojaxur da sazogadoebriv kavSirebs da xels

uSlis wvdomas samkurnalo programebze,

SromiT mowyobasa da ganaTlebis miRebas.

aseTi politika gansakuTrebiT Zalumad

moqmedebs umciresobebze, romlebic xSirad

warmoadgenen samarTaldamcavi organoebis

ZiriTad samiznes. magaliTad, aSS-Si

patimarTa umetesoba, romelTac Tavisuflebis

aRkveTa narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli

danaSaulebis gamo miesajaT, afroamerikelebi an espanurenovani adamianebi arian.

kriminalizacia xels uwyobs am adamianebis stigmasa da diskriminacias.

“strategiuli dilema” ar niSnavs, rom samarTaldamcavma organoebma uari unda

Tqvan narkotikebis bazris kontrolze. igi niSnavs imas, rom politikosebma unda

iswavlon axleburad azrovneba da dagegmva.

samarTaldamcavi organoebis amocanas warmoadgens moqalaqeebis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis dacva.

32 33

axali fokusi samarTaldamcav saqmianobaSi

mocemul Temas safuZvlad udevs narkobazrisa da narkotikebis moxmarebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samarTaldamcavi saqmianobis Sesabamisi miznebisa da

prioritetebis gadafasebis aucilebloba. fundamentur doneze policiisa da

sxva samarTaldamcavi organoebis amocanas warmoadgens

moqalaqeebis samsaxurSi yofna da maTi janmrTelobisa da

keTildReobis dacva. politikosebisa da samarTaldamcavi

organoebis xelmZRvanelebis azriT, moqalaqeebis dacvis

saukeTeso saSualeba narkotikebiT gamowveuli zianisgan

aris is, rom es brZola mimarTulia akrZaluli narkotikebis

bazris ganadgurebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli kriminaluri

saqmianobis, janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis problemebis

likvidaciisken. amitom operaciebis warmatebis gazomva

unda moxdes narkobazris likvidaciis gzaze gadadgmuli

nabijebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Sefasebis kriteriumebSi SeiZleba, Sediodes naTesebiT

dakavebuli ganadgurebuli farTobi, CamorTmeuli narkotikebis an prekursorebis

raodenoba, narkodilerebis mier dagegmili aRkveTili operaciebi da dakavebuli

narkomomxmareblebi an “dabali donis” dilerebi.

samwuxarod, am maCveneblebidan arc erTi ar aris narkotikebis problemis

simwvavis Serbilebis erTmniSvnelovani mtkicebuleba. magaliTad, kriminaluri

dajgufebebis saqmianobis aRkveTis warmatebulma operaciebma ver Seamcira

narkotikebze xelmisawvdomloba, xolo naTesebis ganadgurebis masStaburma

operaciebma ver Seamcira narkotikebis warmoebis moculoba.

aseve ar dgindeba korelaciuri kavSiri narkotikis dapatimrebul momxmarebelTa

raodenobasa da narkotikebis moxmarebis

masStabs Soris.

ar arsebobs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom

konfiskaciis, dapatimrebisa da dasjis

taqtika gadawyvets narkotikebis

problemas. meti yuradReba unda daeTmos

da meti resursi unda iqnas mimarTuli

narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli

danaSaulisa da zianis Semcirebisken.

samarTaldamcavi organoebis saqmianoba

orientirebuli unda iyos narkotikebis bazarze mosalodnel Sedegebze (rogorc

dadebiTze, ise uaryofiTze) da ara bazris moculobaze.

• bazarTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi ufro metad unda

iTvaliswinebdes grZelvadiani moqmedebis indikatorebs. mniSvnelovania

imis dadgena, samarTaldamcavi moqmedebebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda Tu

ara axalgazrdebis xelmisawvdomlobis SezRudva konkretul narkotikebze

samarTaldamcavi saqmianobis amocanebi unda ukavSirdebodes narkotikebis brunvis Sedegebs da ara mis moculobas.

strategiebi mimarTuli unda iyos im dajgufebebisa da kerZo pirebis saqmianobis aRkveTisken, romelTa saqmianobasac yvelaze metad azaralebs sazogadoebas.

34 35

(indikatorebiT izomeba moxmarebis done an xelmisawvdomloba); da iqonia

Tu ara zegavlena samarTaldamcavma operaciebma narkotikebis fasze an

sisufTaveze sacalo bazarze. Tu es asea, maSin efeqti narkotikebis bazarze

da mis momxmareblebze iyo dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi.

• narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebriobis dadgenis amocanas

didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos. SesaZlebeli gaxda Tu ara organizebuli

dajgufebebis Semosavlis, Zalauflebisa da moqmedebis arealis Semcireba?

SesaZlebeli gaxda Tu ara narkotikebis momxmareblebis mier Cadenili msubuqi

danaSaulebis ricxvis Semcireba?

• rogorc damatebiTi amocana, unda Sefasdes, Tu ra wvlili Seitana

jandacvis RonisZiebebma jandacvisa da socialuri politikis

sferoSi. jandacvis organoebis mier ramdeni wamaldamokidebuli gaigzavna

samkurnalod? ramdenma adamianma SesZlo stabiluri mdgomareobis miRweva

aseTi mkurnalobis Sedegad? gaxda Tu ara SesaZlebeli dozis gadaWarbebiT

gamowveuli sikvdilianobis Semcireba? Semcirda Tu ara wamaldamokidebulebs

Soris aiv-infeqciebisa da virusuli hepatitebiT daavadebis maCvenebeli?

• aucilebelia narkotikebTan da wamaldamokidebulebasTan

dakavSirebuli amocanebis gadaWra. ra zegavlena iqonies

samarTaldamcavma zomebma zemoqmedebis qveS myofi sazogadoebebis socialur-

ekonomikur mdgomareobaze? samarTaldamcavi zomebis Sedegad Seicvala Tu

ara narkotikebis moxmarebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis specifika?

CamoTvlili indikatorebis gamoyenebiT ufro adekvaturadaa SesaZlebeli im

wvlilis Sefaseba, romelic samarTaldamcav organoebs SeaqvT narkopolitikis

saerTo amocanebis gadaWris saqmeSi da mocemuli indikatorebi warmoadgenen

SedarebiT myar safuZvels dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis gzaze. Tu strategiebi

da RonisZiebebi sxvadasxva amocanebs efuZneba, aRniSnuli gulisxmobs ara

uaris Tqmas narkotikebis bazarze samarTaldamcavi zomebisgan gamoyenebaze,

aramed gansxvavebul midgomas arsebuli SesaZleblobebisa da taqtikisadmi.

qvemoT mogvyavs ramdenime magaliTi, Tu ra gziT aris SesaZlebeli sxvadasxva

samarTaldamcavi struqturis saqmianobiT axleburi midgomebis ganxorcieleba:

brZola organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg. samarTaldamcavi

struqturebi verasdros SesZleben akrZaluli narkotikebis bazris bolomde

likvidirebas (grZelvadiani da ZviradRirebuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic saWiroa

erTi romelime dajgufebis saqmianobis aRsakveTad, iwvevs aseTi dajgufebis sxva

dajgufebiT Secvlas). amitom strategiebi da RonisZiebebi mimarTuli unda iyos

im jgufebisa da pirebis saqmianobis aRkveTisken, romlebsac yvelaze didi ziani

moaqvT sazogadoebisTvis oficialuri pirebisa da dawesebulebebis mosyidvis gziT,

Zaladobisa da moqalaqeebis daSinebis an kanonieri ekonomikuri saqmianobis CaSlis

gziT. organizebul danaSaulebriv dajgufebebTan brZolis zomebi unda efuZnebodes

34 35

dazvervis saimedo monacemebs, maTi sazogadoebaze

zemoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTma midgomam

SeiZleba, gaarTulos gadawyvetilebebis miReba

prioritetis Sesaxeb, romelic mimarTulia

narkobiznesis SedarebiT saziano zemoqmedebisken

da ara mxolod narkotikebis konfiskaciisa

da dilerebis dapatimrebisken. erT-erTi

mTavari amocana aseve unda iyos sazogadoebriv

adgilebis siaxloves narkovaWrobis winaaRmdeg

brZola an aseT adgilebze rac SeiZleba, meti

araZaladobrivi xasiaTis megobruli qselebis

Seqmna. policiis mier dazvervis informaciis

mopovebis praqtika danergilia did britaneTSi,

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, kanadaSi, axal zelandiasa

da avstraliaSi, Tumca am midgomas bolo dros

akritikeben zianis Semcirebis momxmreebi im mizeziT, rom igi uaryofiTad moqmedebs

narkotikis momxmarebelTa jamrTelobasa da uflebebze.

sacalo bazrebis problemebis gadawyveta. narkotikebis sacalo bazrebi

SeiZleba, arsebobdes sxvadasxva formatSi: sazogadoebriv da kerZo sivrceSi,

igi SeiZleba, koncentrirebuli iyos erT adgilze an gaSlili iyos did

teritoriaze, imyofebodes adamianebis dominanturi mcirericxovani jgufis an

mravalricxovani socialuri qseluri gaerTianebebis kontrolqveS. sacalo

bazrebis sxvadasxva saxeebi sxvadasxva zians ayeneben sazogadoebas, - magaliTad,

es SeiZleba iyos daSineba da Zaladoba, rac ZiriTadad gamowveulia imiT, rom

narkotikis sacalo bazari rogorc wesi, Zlier SesamCnevia. samarTaldamcavma

zomebma, romlebic gamorCeulad bazris xiluli aspeqtebisken aris mimarTuli,

SeiZleba, gamoiwvios cvlilebebi bazris funqcionirebaSi, rac kidev ufro sazianos

gaxdis bazars sazogadoebisTvis. aseTi cvlilebebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli

magaliTia – narkodilerebis konkretuli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli

operaciis Sedegad Zaladobis maCvenebeli matulobs, radgan imarTeba brZola

sxvadasxva narkojgufebs Soris gamoTavisuflebuli teritoriis dasakaveblad da

Zalauflebis mosapoveblad.

analogiurad, policiis reidma kerZo teritoriaze, sadac xorcieldeba narkobiznesi,

SeiZleba gamoiwvios sabazro operaciebis gadaadgileba sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris

adgilebze an naklebad saSiS teritoriaze. konkretul raionSi Seqmnili specifiuri

situaciis miuxedavad, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi arsebul, koncentrirebul sacalo

bazars, romelic funqcionirebs iseTi adamianebis monawileobiT, romlebic mzad arian,

mimarTon Zaladobas, daSinebasa da korufcias sakuTari biznesis dasacavad, rogorc

wesi, meti ziani moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis. sacalo bazrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli

samarTaldamcavi saqmianoba unda efuZnebodes zust informacias mocemuli bazrebis

Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb da unda iswrafvodes, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos bazrebis

formatze maTi mavne zemoqmedebis minimumamde Semcirebis mizniT.

samarTlebrivi zomebi sacalo bazrebTan dakavSirebiT unda iTvaliswinebdes informaciis mogrovebas adgilobrivi bazris Sesaxeb. maTi mizani unda iyos bazros formatze zemoqmedeba, raTa minimumamde iqnas dayvanili is negatiuri Sedegebi, rac narkobazars moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis.

36 37

mocemuli midgomis sailustraciod gamodgeba “bostonis saocreba”. 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls bostonSi (aSS) mkveTrad imata mkvlelobaTa ricxvma (15 kaci 100 000 mosaxleze 1980-ian wlebSi da 25 kaci 100 000 adamianze 1990 wels).

mkvlelobebi ZiriTadad xdeboda axalgazrda

Savkanian mamakacTa Soris, romelTagan bevri iyo

quCis bandis wevri da CarTuli iyo krek-kokainis

swrafad mzardi bazris operaciebSi. isini xSirad

iyenebdnen naxevradpnevmatur iaraRs. 1992 wels

sasikvdilo incidentis Semdeg Seiqmna religiuri

jgufebis koalicia, romelmac daiwyo forumebis

organizeba bandis wevrebis, policielebis, sasuliero

pirebisa da socialuri muSakebis monawileobiT.

bandis wevrebs SesTavazes arCevani – mieRoT daxmareba ganaTlebisa da

profesiuli unar-Cvevebis asaTviseblad an gamxdariyvnen samarTaldamcavi zomebis

obieqti Zaladobis zrdis braldebiT. proeqtis farglebSi tardeboda iaraRiT

ukanono vaWrobis aRkveTis RonisZiebebi. operaciis Sefasebam, romelic Catarda

2001 wels, aCvena yovelTviuri mkvlelobebis raodenobaTa 63%-iT Semcireba

axalgazrdebs Soris.

axalgazrdebis xelmisawvdomlobis Semcireba narkotikebze. ideas narkotikebze xelmisawvdomlobis SezRudvis Sesaxeb qveyanaSi an calkeul

regionSi naklebad Tu vuwodebT realisturs, magram arsebobs sacalo bazarze

zemoqmedebis realuri SesaZlebloba im axalgazrdebisTvis riskis Semcirebis

mizniT, romlebmac SeiZleba, daiwyon narkotikebis gamoyeneba narkobazarTan

urTierTobis Sedegad.

samarTaldamcavi organoebi yuradRebas unda uTmobdnen adgilobrivi

narkobazrebis formatis Secvlis RonisZiebebs. magaliTad, maT SeuZliaT, moawyon

reidebi narkovaWrobis aRkveTis mizniT parkebSi da sabavSvo moednebze an

xeli Seuwyon bazrebis arsebobas mxolod kerZo teritoriebze. garda amisa,

SesaZlebelia moxdes narkotikebis miyidva bavSvebze da arasrulwlovnebis

monawileoba aseT procesebSi SeiZleba, CaiTvalis damamZimebel garemoebad

ganaCenis gamotanis dros. es midgoma gamoiyeneba CexeTis respubliakSi, estoneTSi,

daniasa da aSS-Si, Tumca am midgomis Sedegad garkveulwilad didia riski imisa,

rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dadgenili vadebi SeiZleba, ar iyos samarTliani.

magaliTad, aSS-Si pirebi, romlebic yidian narkotikebs skolebTan axlos, yvelaze

xSirad Raribi Savkanianebi arian, radgan swored isini cxovroben qalaqis mWidrod

dasaxlebul raionebSi, sadac saskolo dawesebulebebia Tavmoyrili. “damamZimebeli

faqtorebis” dadgenisas didi yuradRebaa saWiro.

aucilebelia zemoqmedeba narkotikebis sacalo bazrebze, raTa Semcirdes axalgazrdebis kontaqti aseT bazrebTan.

36 37

wamaldamokidebulebis mier Cadenili

aramZime danaSaulebis raodenobis Semcireba.

narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis yvelaze

metad gavrcelebuli tipebia: qurdoba, TaRliToba,

prostitucia da Zarcva, romlebsac rogorc

wesi, Cadis wamaldamokidebuli piri narkotikis

sayideli fulis moZiebis mizniT. mravali qveyana

mivida im daskvnamde, rom wamaldamokidebuli

pirebis wilad ZiriTadad msubuqi danaSauli

modis. qveynebSi, sadac arsebobs SedarebiT aqtiuri

samarTaldamrRvevebis identifikaciisa da maTi

mkurnalobaze mimarTvis sistema, mocemuli midgoma ekonomikurad sasargeblo

da efeqturi aRmoCnda individualur doneze danaSaulis Semcirebis saqmeSi.

dakavebuli wamaldamokidebulis samkurnalod gagzavna, sasjelis mkurnalobiT

Secvla da samkurnalo programebis organizeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi

efeqturi aRmoCnda damokidebuli momxmareblebis mier momavalSi narkotikebTan

dakavSirebul danaSaulebriv qmedebaze uaris Tqmis TvalsazrisiT. amgvarad,

kanonzomierad migvaCnia, samarTaldamcavma organoebma meti yuradReba dauTmon am

adamianebis mimarTvas mkurnalobaze da uari Tqvan sasamarTlo devnis procedurebze

da wamaldamokidebuli pirebis dapatimrebaze, rac saxelmwifos sakmaod Zviri

ujdeba. msoflioSi arsebobs narkotikdamikidebuli pirebis dadgenisa da maTi

mkurnalobaze mimarTvis sxvadasxva formebi. am principis gamoyenebis yvelaze didi

gamocdileba erovnuli antinarkotikuli strategiis farglebSi portugaliaSi

arsebobs. narkotikebis Senaxvis braldebiT dakavebuli yvela piri gadaecema

policias, romelic Sedis disciplinaTaSorisi komisiis SemadgenlobaSi, romlebic

Semdeg gzavnian maT Sesabamisi samkurnalo programebis gasavlelad (informacia

narkotikebis kanonmdeblobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb ix. nawilSi 2.1). 2001 wels

miRebuli narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonis efeqturobis zogierTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom

kanonma dadebiTi gavlena iqonia wamaldamokidebuli pirebis mxridan danaSaulis

recidivebis da maTi socialuri reintegraciis statistikaze.

jandacvisa da socialuri politikis programebis mxardaWera.

narkotikebis problemuri momxmareblebi rogorc wesi, sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebisgan gariyuli arian. narkotikebze damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas xels

uwyobs siRaribe da gaucxoeba (cxovrebis mZime pirobebi da emociuri travmebi

mxolod zrdis wamaldamokidebulebisadmi mowyvladobas), rasac Tavis mxriv,

mxolod amZimebs wamaldamokidebuleba. wamaldamokidebulebis dakavebam da

dasjam an maTTvis samsaxursa da ganaTlebaze xelmisawvdomlobis SezRudvam

SeiZleba, gaarTulos maTi reabilitacia da sazogadoebaSi integracia. mocemul

pirobebSi narkotikebis moxmareba xSirad ukavSirdeba janmrTelobis seriozul

risks, maT Soris dozis gadaWarbebasa da sisxliT gadamdeb daavadebebs (hepatiti,

aiv-infeqcia). msoflios mraval qveyanaSi aiv-infeqciis pandemia gamowveulia

inficirebuli Spricebis erToblivi gamoyenebiT, rac ubiZgebs qveynebis jandacvis

sistemis xelmZRvanel struqturebs monawileoba miiRon wamaldamokidebulebs

yvelaze aqtiuri samarTaldamrRvevebis identificireba da maTi mkurnalobaze mimarTva – individualur doneze danaSaulis Semcirebis ekonomikurad efeqtur meqanizms warmoadgens.

38 39

Soris aiv-infeqciis prevenciis gavrcelebis globalur

programaSi. dRes gamoyenebuli mravali zoma, maT

Soris sufTa Spricebis gavrceleba, xorcieldeba

narkotikebis xangrZlivi moxmarebis konteqstSi. maTi

mTavari amocanaa narkotikis momxmareblebis sicocxlisa

da janmrTelobis SenarCuneba da maTi daxmareba, raTa

gaiaron mkurnaloba. zogierTi samarTaldamcavi organo

didad ar emxroba am iniciativebs, aRiqvams ra maT

narkotikebis moxmarebis xelSemwyob an gamamarTlebel

faqtorad. mxardaWerisa da partnioruli urTierTobebis ararseboba marTlac

didi problemaa narkotikebTan brZolis gzaze. samarTalmdacavi organoebi mxars

unda uWerdnen wamaldamokidebulebis mimarTvas mkurnalobisa da socialuri

mxardaWeris Sesabamis programebSi monawileobis misaRebad, rac xels Seuwyobs

sazogadoebrivi jandacvis programebis daxvewas, gansakuTrebiT aiv-infeqciis

gavrcelebasa da dozis gadaWarbebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis SemcirebasTan

dakavSirebuli programebisa. policia da sasamarTlo organoebi regularulad

Sedian kontaqtSi maRali riskis jgufebis warmoadgenlebTan. maT SeuZliaT,

iTamaSon mniSvnelovani roli sasargeblo informaciis gavrcelebaSi da

amasTan, uzrunvelyon xelmisawvdomloba Spricebsa da narkotikebis usafrTxo

moxmarebisTvis saWiro sxva masalebze da pirveli daxmarebis aRmoCenaze dozis

gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi.

rodesac samarTaldamcavi organoebi TanamSromloben jandacvis programebTan,

mniSvnelovani warmatebebic garantirebulia aiv-infeqciis gavrcelebis

tempebisa da dozis gadaWarbebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis donis Semcirebis

mimarTulebiT, radgan isini erT mizans emsaxurebian. 1994 wels Sveicariis

mTavrobam miiRo axali antinarkotikuli strategia, romlis centrSic

sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoeba, jandacva da moqalaqeebis socialuri keTildReoba

dgas. strategia iTvaliswinebs prevenciuli zomebis miRebas, mkurnalobis

gawevas, zianis Semcirebis programebisa da jandacvis zomebis amoqmedebas.

igi iTvaliswinebs wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis mizniT opiatebis (maT

Soris, heroinis) receptiT gacemis legalizebas. am strategiis progresuli

ganxorcielebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Semcirda narkotikebis problemuri

moxmareba: 1990-dan 2005 wlamde periodSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda heroinis

moxmareba, dozis gadaWarbebis SemTxvevebi da narkotikebis moxmarebasTan

iribad dakavSirebuli sikvdilianobis SemTxvevebi (maT Soris, aiv-infeqciiTa

da hepatitiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobac). 1991-2004 wlebSi narkotikebis

moxmarebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli 50%-ze metad Semcirda. da

bolos, narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli aiv-infeqciis SemTxvevebi aTi wlis

manZilze 80%-iT Semcirda.

samarTaldamcavi organoebi unda gaxdnen ZiriTadi partniorebi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis ganmtkicebis strategiebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.

38 39

rekomendaciebi

• saWiroa samarTaldamcavi saqmianobis strategiebis gadaxedva. mocemuli

strategiebis fokusi unda Seicvalos narkopolitikis amocanebisa

da miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT. narkopolitikam uari unda Tqvas

iseT zomebze, rogoricaa konfiskacia da narkotikis momxmareblis

sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da amis sanacvlod momxmareblebTan unda

daamyaros partnioruli urTierTobebi janmrTelobisa da socialuri

keTildReobis problemebis gadaWris mizniT.

• moqmedebebi organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg

unda efuZnebodes sando informacias. iseTi zomebis sanacvlod,

rogoricaa konfiskacia da narkotikis momxmareblis devna, saxelmwifom

yuradReba da resursebi unda mimarTos am dajgufebebis saqmianobiT

gamowveuli yvelaze saziano SedegebTan brZolisken;

• samarTaldamcavi organoebis strategiebi, romlebic mimarTulia

narkotikebis sacalo bazris winaaRmdeg, unda efuZnebodes sando

informacias, maT Soris adgilobrivi bazrebis dinamikis Sefasebas.

strategiebis avtorebi unda iswrafvodnen, gavlena moaxdinon am bazrebis

formatze, raTa maTiT gamowveuli ziani minimumamde iqnas dayvanili;

• aucilebelia iseTi strategiebis SemuSaveba, romlebic minimumamde

Seamcirebs axalgazrdebis monawileobas narkotikebis ukanono brunvaSi.

am amocanis gadaWra SesaZlebeli iqneba, Tu samarTaldamcavi zomebi

narkotikebis adgilobrivi bazrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli iqneba

bazrebis formatis Secvlisken, raTa es bazrebi naklebad xelmisawvdomi

iyos axalgazrdebisTvis;

• aucilebelia mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da ekonomikurad

efeqturi meqanizmebi, romelTa saSualebiTac moxdeba narkotikis

momxmarebelTa mimarTva Sesabamis programebSi monawileobis misaRebad.

samarTaldamcavma organoebma SeiZleba, moaxdinon wamaldamokidebuli

pirebis identificireba da maTi mimarTva samkurnalo programebSi

monawileobis misaRebad.

40 41

ZiriTadi publikaciebiEuropean Commission, Trimbos Instituut, Rand Europe (2009), A report on global illicit drug markets 1998-2007 (European Communities), http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/doc_centre/drugs/studies/doc/report_short_10_03_09_en.pdf

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2007), Drug use and related problems among very young people (under 15 years old) (EMCDDA), http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_44741_EN_TDSI07001ENC.pdf

Lenton, S. et al. (2005), An Evaluation of the Impact of Changes to Cannabis Law in Western Australia: Summary of the Year 1 Findings. Monograph Series No. 12. (Australia: NDLERF & NDRI), http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/pub/Cannabis_WA.pdf

McSweeney, T., Turnbull, P.J. & Hough, M. (2008), Tackling drug markets and distribution networks in the UK (London: UKDPC), http://www.ukdpc.org.uk/resources/Drug_Markets_Full_Report.pdf

Stevens, A. & Bewley-Taylor, D. (2009), Beckley Report 15 – Drug markets and urban violence: Can tackling one reduce the other? (Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme), http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/pdf/report_15.pdf

UK Drug Policy Commission (2009), Refocusing drug-related law enforcement to address harms – Full review report (London: UKDPC), http://www.ukdpc.org.uk/resources/Refocusing_Enforcement_Full.pdf

http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/pdf/report_15.pdf

40 41


mniSvnelovani?• Tavisuflebis

aRkveTis sanqciebis farTo gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi;

• Tavisuflebis aRkveTis strategiuli alternativebi;

• rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

2.3. dapatimrebis masStabis Semcireba


narkotikebis ukanono brunvis Semcirebis saSualebad mravali qveynis

mTavroba narkotikis momxmarebelTa Tavisuflebis aRkveTas miiCnevs. idea,

romlis ganxorcielebasac nawilobriv

policiis aqtivobis gaZliereba da

wamaldamokidebulebTan mimarTebaSi sisxlis

samarTlis sanqciebis gamkacreba sWirdeba,

ganpirobebulia im rwmeniT, rom Zlieri

samarTaldamcavi sistema da Tavisuflebis

aRkveTis masStaburi gamoyeneba narkotikebis

potenciur momxmareblebsa da dilerebs

daukargavs narkotikebis ukanono brunvaSi

monawileobis survils. swored amitom umetes qveyanaSi Tavisuflebis aRkveTa

iTvleba narkopolitikis mniSvnelovan nawilad, Tumca am sanqciis gamoyeneba

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvanairad xdeba.

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulebebSi braldebul patimarTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba.

mTavari gzavnili gansasjeli pirebis raodenobis Semcireba dekriminalizaciis,

depenalizaciis da/an sasjelis Secvlis alternatiuli meqanizmebis gamoyenebis gziT warmoadgens im zianis Semcirebis ekonomikurad efeqtur gzas, romelic gamowveulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTis

adgilebisa da sasamarTlo sistemis gadatvirTviT. garda amisa, mocemuli meTodebi iZleva narkotikebis kanonmdeblobis damrRvevi

pirebis socialuri reintegraciis saSualebas.

42 43

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebis braldebiT dakavebuli da

dapatimrebuli adamianebis ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT

aSkaraa aSS-Si, sadac patimarTa 50%-ze meti federaluri cixis kedlebSi sasjels

ixdis narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva danaSaulis gamo. am mxriv

SedarebiT mcire zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba evropis, aziis, afrikis, okeaniis,

CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis qveynebi.

gaeros narkotikebis kontrolis sistemiT ar aris naTlad gamokveTili

damokidebuleba narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulobaTa dasjis

zomebisadmi. narkotikebis kontrolis saerTaSoriso komitetma 2007 wlis

yovelwiur angariSSi mTeli Tavi miuZRvna

“ganaCenis gamotanisas proporciuli

sanqciebis” Sefardebis aucileblobis sakiTxs.

Tumca, es rekomendacia gakeTda arsebuli

saerTaSoriso iuridiuli sistemis farglebSi,

romelic Zveleburad emxroba Tavisuflebis

aRkveTas msgavs danaSaulTa CadenisaTvis.

kerZod, es exeba narkotikebis Sesaxeb 1988 wlis konvencias, romelic avaldebulebs

qveynis mTavrobas, miiRos yvela saWiro zoma narkotikebis ukanono brunvasTan

dakavSirebuli nebimismieri qmedebis aRsakveTad da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis

farglebSi aseT qmedebebs afasebs, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls (muxli 3). radgan qveynebis xelisuflebam daawesa mkacri sakanonmdeblo zomebi konvenciis

Sesabamisad, gaCnda imis saSiSroeba, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zomis masStaburi

gamoyeneba wamaldamokidebulebis winaaRmdeg Zalian Zviri dajdeba, es aris

araefeqturi RonisZieba da iwvevs jandacvisa da socialuri politikis sferoSi

kidev ufro met problemas. garda amisa, es zomebi ar iZleva warmatebis miRwevis

saSualebas narkotikebis prevenciisa da moxmarebis SezRudvis mimarTulebiT

saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebis moqnilobis miuxedavad (maT Soris,

narkotikuli saSualebebisa da fsiqotropuli nivTierebebis ukanono brunvis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1988 wlis

konvencia, misi winamorbedi dokumentebis msgavsad, jandacvisa da socialuri

politikis sferoSi iTvaliswinebs zomebis gamoyenebis uflebas narkotikebis

Senaxvis gamo sisxlis samarTlis zomebTan erTad an maT nacvlad).

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sanqciebis farTo gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, mkacr samarTaldamcav zomebs,

romlebic orientirdeba narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis

braldebiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTaze, negatiuri Sedegebi moaqvs ara mxolod

samarTaldamrRvevebisTvis, aramed saxelmwifo institutebisTvisac.

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Cadenis gamo dakavebuli sul ufro meti adamiani xvdeba sapatimroSi.

42 43

finansuri aspeqtebi. harvardis ekonomistis jefri maironis SefasebiT, 2006

wels aSS-m daxarja 12,3 miliardi dolari federalur da Statis cixeebSi

narkotikebTan dakavSirebul danaSaulobaTa gamo dapatimrebuli pirebis

Senaxvaze. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Catarebulma Sefasebam cxadyo, rom erTi

patimris yovelwliuri Senaxvis xarji aWarbebs harvardis universitetis erTi

studentis swavlebisa da cxovrebis xarjs. aseTi maRali xarji mxolod aSS

teritoriisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. am qveynis sazRvridan CrdiloeTiT

sapatimro sistemis xarjma 2005-2006 wlebSi Seadgina TiTqmis 3 miliardi dolari.

didi britaneTi kanonisa da wesrigis dacvaze xarjavs gacilebiT mets, vidre sxva

nebismieri qveyana, romelic aris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis

organizaciis wevri, maT Soris, amerikac.

sisxlis samarTlis sistemis dawesebulebebis gadatvirTva. dasjis

aucilebeli minimumis, sasamarTlomdeli dakavebis gamoyenebam da masTan

dakavSirebulma Tavisuflebis aRkveTam im pirebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac

Caidines Zaladoba, SeiZleba, Selaxos qveynis sisxlis samarTlis sistemis

reputacia da Seaferxos misi muSaoba. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sanqciis

gamoyenebis Sesaxeb debulebebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben ufro xangrZlivi

vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas im pirebisTvis, romlebmac Caidines narkotikebis

brunvasTan dakavSirebuli umniSvnelo danaSauli, vidre bankis mZarcvelebisTvis,

gamtaceblebisTvis, moZaladeebisTvis (maT Soris mkvlelebisTvis), arRvevs

sasjelis proporciulobis princips. sisxlis samarTlis sistemis dawesebulebebis

gadatvirTvas wvrilmani damnaSaveebis saqmeebiT SeiZleba, Sedegad mohyves

sasamarTloebis mier usamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis gamotana da resursebis

mimarTva ara SedarebiT “maRali donis”, aramed wvrilmani damnaSaveebisken.

SezRuduli zemoqmedeba narkotikebis moxmarebis Semcirebaze.

zogierTi qveynis mTavroba amtkicebs, rom samarTaldamcavi zomebi xels uwyobs

narkotikebis moxmarebis Semcirebas ZiriTadad moTxovnaze uSualo zemoqmedebis

gziT. aRniSnuls ori winapiroba aqvs: 1) Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilze

gamwesebul narkotikis momxmarebels espoba narkotikebis brunvaSi monawileobis

saSualeba; 2) mkacri sasjelis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia narkotikis

momxmarebelTa SeCereba da narkotikis moxmarebis saerTo donis Semcireba.

magaliTad, aSS StatebSi, sadac yvelaze mati patimaria gasamarTlebuli

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Cadenis braldebiT,

narkotikis moxmareba sxva StatebTan SedarebiT ufro xSirad fiqsirdeba. 2004

wels Catarebulma kvlevam, romlis farglebSic Sedarebuli iyo marihuanis

moxmareba amsterdamsa da san-franciskoSi, aseve cxadyo, rom narkotikebis

moxmarebaze Tavisuflebis aRkveTa did zemoqmedebas ver axdens. miuxedavad imisa,

rom am or qalaqSi sruliad gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi zomebi gamoiyeneba

(amsterdamSi marihuanas moxmareba legalizebulia, xolo san-franciskoSi igive

moqmedebaze mkacri sasjelia dadgenili), kvlevam gamoavlina saocari msgavseba

narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabis mxriv. miuxedavad imisa, rom dapatimrebis

SiSis gamo SeiZleba narkotikis moxmareba Semcirdes an aRikveTos, mocemuli

44 45

kvlevebi iZleva safuZvels, vivaraudoT, rom dasja sakmaod SezRuduli

moqmedebiT xasiaTdeba akrZaluli narkotikebis moxmarebaze, gansakuTrebiT,

rodesac saubaria wamaldamokidebul pirebze.

mosazreba, rom mkacri sasjeli amcirebs da aRkveTs narkotikebis moxmarebas,

mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs cixeebSi sakmaod didi zomis narkobazris arsebobas. Sefasebis

Tanaxmad, romelic Sesulia narkotikebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis monitoringis

evropuli centris 2003 wlis angariSSi, naTqvamia, rom patimrobis periodSi evropis

cixeebSi narkotikebs moixmarda patimrebis 12-60%. germaniaSi 2006 wels Catarebuli

kvleva cxadyofs, rom patimarTa 75% agrZelebda ineqciuri narkotikebis moxmarebas

cixis pirobebSi.

sxva qyevnis mTavrobebi Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zomis gamoyenebas

wamaldamokidebulebTan mimarTebaSi amarTleben im mosazrebiT, rom patimroba

dadebiTad moqmedebs reabilitaciaze. Tumca, kargad aris cnobili, rom

patimroba Tavad aRmzredlobiT zemoqmedebas ar axdens. Tu gasamarTlebuli

narkotikebis momxmarebeli gaivlis wamaldamokidebulebis maRali xarisxis

mkurnalobas, SeiZleba, miviRoT dadebiTi efeqti – momxmarebelma Seamciros da

aRkveTos narkotikis moxmareba da recidivis albaTobac dabali iyos cixidan

ganTavisuflebis Semdeg. amasTan, wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba cixeSi

yovelTvis unda ganvixiloT, rogorc ukiduresi zoma. kvlevebis monacemebiT,

mkurnaloba saukeTeso Sedegebs iZleva Terapiul dawesebulebebSi. magaliTad,

niu-iorkis programis “wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba, rogorc patimrobis

alternatiuli zoma” Sedegad dadginda, rom samarTaldamrRvevebis mxolod 26%,

romlebic sasjelis moxdis nacvlad samkurnalod gaigzavnen, ganmeorebiT moxvda

gansasjelis skamze maSin, rodesac samarTaldamrRvevebis 47%, romelTac Tavidanve

Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesajaT, ganmeorebiT moxvda cixeSi.

socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi. sabiujeto saxsrebis mimarTva sapatimro

sistemis Sesanaxad nacvlad mkurnalobisa savaraudod, uaryofiTad imoqmedebs

sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebis sxva sferoebze. aseTma midgomam SeiZleba, Seqmnas

iseTi socialuri pirobebi, romlebic ubiZgeben adamians, daiwyos akrZaluli

narkotikis moxmareba. es socialuri pirobebi yvelaze metad moqmedebs

demografiul jgufebze, romlebic garkveulwilad ukve iTvlebian socialurad

da ekonomikurad daCagrulad – magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxis umciresobebis

warmomadgenlebi. Tavisuflebis masobrivma aRkveTam aseve, SeiZleba, uaryofiTad

imoqmedos sazogadoebaSi arsebuli socialuri kontrolis araoficialur

zomebze. amerikuli kvlevebi, romlebic swavloben sazogadoebebSi danaSaulis

donisa da dapatimrebul afroamerikelTa ricxovnebis Tanafardobas, cxadyofs, rom

danaSaulebrioba mcirdeba patimrebis raodenobis mciredi zrdis SemTxvevaSi imis

gamo, rom samarTaldamrRvevebi eTiSebian sazogadoebas. amasTan, kvlevis mniSvnelovan

daskvnas warmoadgens is, rom samarTaldamrRvevebis ricxvis zrdasTan erTad

sisxlis samarTlis sistema asustebs afroamerikul sazogadoebaSi araformaluri

socialuri kontrolis sistemur procesebs.

44 45

janmrTelobis problemebi. patimroba zrdis jandacvis xarjsac, kerZod, xarjs,

romelic saWiroa sisxliT gadamdebi iseTi daavadebebis samkurnalod, rogoricaa

aiv-infeqcia da C hepatiti. patimrebi ufro xSirad moixmaren narkotikebs

(gansakuTrebiT, ineqciuri gziT), vidre mTeli sazogadoeba. narkotikis ineqciur

moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saxis riskic ufro maRalia cixis

pirobebSi. Sesabamisad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi ufro maRalia aiv-

infeqciisa da sxva, sisxliT gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebis riski. cixeebSi

patimrebs Soris aiv-infeqciisa da wamaldamokidebulebis didi gavrcelebisa

da saineqcio mowyobilobis ziarad gamoyenebis gamo cixe warmoadgens aiv-

infeqciis gavrcelebis maRali riskis adgils. saboloo jamSi, aRniSnulis Sedegad

maRalia aiv-epidemiis riski im sazogadoebebSi, romelTac patimrebi ubrundebian

sapatimrodan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg (ix. “narkotopolitika cixeSi”, nawili 2.4).

masobrivi dapatimreba aseve, warmoSobs problemebs janmrTelobis sferoSi, romelTa

Sorisaa aradiagnostirebuli fsiqiuri aSlilobebi, qronikuli daavadebebi

(magaliTad, diabeti da hipertenzia) da aseve, piris Rrus cudi mdgomareoba.

xangrZliv patimrobas Tan sdevs sapatimroebSi xandazmuli patimrebis momravleba

(alcheimeris daavadeba, sasunTqi gzebisa da gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemebis daavadeba

da sxv.). cixeebis patimrebiT gadatvirTvisa da resursebis deficitis gamo xSiria

patimrebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauareseba.

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis strategiuli alternativebi

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi patimrebis Senaxva

Zviri jdeba, xolo patimroba TavisTavad SezRuduli efeqtiT xasiaTdeba,

namdvilad Znelia, gamarTleba movuZebnoT narkopolitikas, romlis prioritetsac

dapatimreba warmoadgens. narkotikebis moxmarebisadmi iseTi midgoma, TiTqos

igi danaSauli iyos, aucileblad unda Seicvalos da wamaldamokidebuleba

unda miviCnioT jandacvis problemad da wamaldamokidebulebisTvis sasjeli

mkurnalobiT CavanacvloT. mocemuli midgoma niSnavs

imas, rom cixeebSi Semcirdeba patimarTa raodenoba

da dakavebuli narkotikebis momxmareblebisTvis

SemuSavdeba alternatiuli meqanizmebi.

narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebis

gadaxedva. narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebul

danaSaulebaTa dasjis sakiTxisadmi midgoma

aucileblad fundamentalurad unda Seicvalos.

saWiroa erovnuli antinarkotikuli kanonmdeblobis

gadaxedva, raTa sasjeli ganisazRvrebodes danaSaulis simZimis mixedviT

da narkotikebis brunvis saerTo mdgomareobaze SesaZlo zemoqmedebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. garda amisa, cixeebis gantvirTvis mizniT aucilebelia, sasamarTlo

gamoTavisufldes narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonis wvrilman damrRvevTa saqmeebis

garCevis valdebulebisagan – aseTi samarTaldamrRvevebi ar warmoadgenen did

dRes ukve zogierTi qveyana gadadis narkotikebis moxmarebis depenalizaciasa da dekriminalizaciaze.

46 47

saSiSroebas sazogadoebisTvis (detaluri

rekomendaciebi politikosebisTvis ix. nawilSi

2.1).

depenalizacia da dekriminalizacia.

gasul dekadaSi rigi qveynebi, maT Soris

portugalia, meqsika, argentina da CexeTis

respublika Seudgnen narkotikebis moxmarebis

dekriminalizaciis strategiis ganxorcielebas,

ris mizansac narkotikebis brunvasTan

dakavSirebul danaSaulTan brZola da

sisxlis samarTlisa da aRsrulebis sistemis

dawesebulebebis krizisiT gamowveuli

uaryofiTi Sedegebis Semcireba warmoadgenda.

dekriminilazacia am SemTxvevaSi vrceldeba

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebul samarTaldarRvevebze da masSi Sedis

samoqalaqo sanqciebis daweseba (magaliTad, administraciulis) an yvela sanqciaze

uaris Tqmas narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebul wvrilman danaSaulSi

braldebulebis mimarT. dRes arsebobs imis damamtkicebeli sakmarisi faqtebi, rom

aseTi strategiebi efeqturia cixeebisa da sisxlis samarTlis sistemis gantvirTvis

TvalsazrisiT da maTi gamoyenebis Sedegad narkotikebis moxmarebis zrda ar

daikvirveba (narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

informacia ix. nawilSi 2.1).

sxva qveynebSi ki gamoiyeneba depenalizacia (procesi, romelic arbilebs

narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli samarTaldamrRvevebisTvis dawesebuli

sasjels) da amgvarad, am qveynebSi arsebobs Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternatiuli

zomebis gamoyenebis saSualeba. magaliTisTvis gamodgeba didi britaneTi, sadac

depenalizacia gamoiyeneba iseT pirebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic daakaves marihuanas

Senaxvis gamo (narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

informacia ix. nawilSi 2.1).

narkotikebis momxmarebelTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis

Secla alternatiuli gamasworebeli zomebiT maTi dakavebisas. sisxlis

samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Secla alternatiuli gamasworebeli zomebiT

gamoiyeneba sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis tradiciuli midgomebis minimumamde

dayvanis mizniT da wamaldamokidebulebisTvis aucilebeli momsaxureobis gawevis

mizniT samarTaldamcavi sistemis wvrilmani samarTaldamrRvevebis saqmeebisgan

gamoTavisuflebis mizniT.

portugaliis kanoni dekriminalizaciis Sesaxeb, romelic miRebul iqna 2001 wels

(narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis reformis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia ix.

nawilSi 2.1) iTvaliswinebs samarTaldamrRvevebis mimarTvas wamaldamokidebuli

pirebis gadarwmunebis komisiaSi (Comissões para a Dissuasão da Toxicodependência).

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Secvla gamasworebeli moqmedebis alternatiuli saSualebebiT miznad isaxavs sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis tradiciuli meqanizmebis gamoyenebis minimumamde dayvanasa da narkotikis momxmareblebisTvis mkurnalobisa da jandacvis sxva zomebis SeTavazebas.

46 47

narkotikis Senaxvis gamo dakavebul pirs policia gzavnis regionalur komisiaSi,

romelic Sedgeba sami adamianisgan. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba, Sediodnen

soc. muSakebi, iurist-konsultantebi da medicinis specialistebi, romlebic

muSaoben teqnikuri eqspertebis gundis mxardaWeriT. komisia samizne programebis

daxmarebiT cdilobs, wamaldamokidebuli daarwmunos mkurnalobis upiratesobaSi.

am mizniT maT SeiZleba, daaweson sanqciebi, maT Soris sazogadoebrivi Sroma,

jarimebi, profesiuli saqmianobis licenziis Sewyveta da gansazRvrul adgilebze

stumrobis akrZalva da aseve, SesTavazon wamaldamokidebuls samkurnalo

an saganmanaTleblo programaSi monawileobis miReba. mocemuli sistemis

miRebis momentidan narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonis damrRvevTa wili, romelTac

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis ganaCeni gamoutanes, 2005 wels Semcirda 28%-mde 1999 wels dafiqsirebuli pikuri maCveneblidan, romelic Seadgenda 44%-s. aRniSnulis

Sedegad cixeebSi patimrebis ricxvi yovel 100 adgilze 2001-2005 wlebSi 119-dan 101,5 patimramde Semcirda. moyvanili monacemebi cxadyofs, rom portugaliis

reformam xeli Seuwyo sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis sistemis gantvirTvas.

dapatimrebis momentSi samarTaldamrRvevebis mimarTvis sqema, romelic moqmedebs

did britaneTSi, marTalia iTvleba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternatiul

variantad, magram efuZneba narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonis damrRvevTa

mkurnalobaze mimarTvis princips. es strategia efuZneba im ideas, rom

mkurnaloba xels Seuwyobs akrZaluli narkotikebis moxmarebis aRkveTas an

misi masStabis Semcirebasa da masTan dakavSirebul samarTaldarRvevaze uaris

Tqmas. dapatimrebuli piris mimarTva xdeba policiis ubnidan an sasamarTlo

darbazidan. mocemuli sqemebi efeqturad amcirebs narkotikebis moxmarebasa da

masTan dakavSirebul samarTaldarRvevebs, Tumca, Tu ramdenad efeqturia maTi

grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba cixeebSi patimrebis raodenobis Semcirebaze, jer kidev

Sesafasebelia.

sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Secla alternatiuli

gamasworebeli zomebiT ganaCenis gamotanisas. narkotikebis brunvasTan

dakavSirebuli samarTaldarRvevebis

braldebiT dapatimrebuli pirebiT cixeebis

gadatvirTvis problema SeiZleba, gadaiWras

sisxlis samarTlis sanqciebis CanacvlebiT

alternatiuli, gamasworebeli qmedebis

zomebiT. zogierTi qveynis mTavrobam

amgvari meqanizmi ukve SeimuSava da

efeqturadac iyenebs mas.

avstraliis mTavrobam miiRo strategia,

romelic uzrunvelyofs samarTaldamcavi

zomebisa da samkurnalo programebis

erToblivad gamoyenebas im pirebis mimarT,

romlebic arRveven kanonmdeblobas

narkotikebis brunvis Sesaxeb moqmedi kanonmdeblobis damrRvevi pirebi, romelTac ar CaudeniaT Zaladobrivi danaSauli da romlebic ar uqmnian safrTxes sazogadoebas, eqvemdebarebian mimarTvas mkurnalobaze an maT mimarT gamoiyeneba sxva sanqciebi, magram ara Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zoma.

48 49

narkotikebis Sesaxeb. sasjels marihuanas gazrdisa da SenaxvisaTvis warmoadgens

samoqalaqo sanqciebi, maT Soris jarimebi da gafrTxilebebi samarTaldarRvevis

Sesaxeb. avstraliis umetes StatSi policia warmatebiT axorcielebs am

samarTaldamcav zomebs da am gziT Tavs aridebs im uaryofiT Sedegebs, romlebic

Tan sdevs amkrZalavi modelis gamoyenebas, maT Soris sazogadoebis wevrebis

produqtiulobis daqveiTebasa da samoqalaqo uflebebis darRvevas. aseTi midgomis

Sedegad gansasjelTa raodenoba klebulobs: 2005 wels patimrebis mxolod

10% iqna gasamarTlebuli akrZaluli narkotikebis brunvasTan dakavSirebuli

samarTaldarRvevebis braldebiT.

aSS-Si moqmedebs narkotikebis saqmeebis ganmxilveli sasamarTloebis sistema,

romlis farglebSic mosamarTleebs miniWebuli aqvT uflebamosileba,

akontrolon dakavebuli narkotikebis momxmareblebis mkurnaloba, romelic

xorcieldeba Terapiul dawesebulebebSi an dawesebulebebSi wamaldamokidebulis

sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT da gamoiyeneba, rogorc Tavisuflebis aRkveTis

alternatiuli zoma. am sasamarTloebis idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom zogierTi

braldebulis mkurnalobam SeiZleba, gaaumjobesos maTi mdgomareoba da

xeli Seuwyos maTive sazogadoebaSi mdgomareobis gajansaRebas. standartuli

sasamarTlo procedurebisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemuli tipis sasamarTloebi Seiqmna,

rogorc koleqtiuri zemoqmedebis meqanizmi, romlis farglebSic mosamarTleebs,

prokurorebs, socialur muSakebsa da damcvelebs erTad gamoaqvT ganaCeni.

narkotikebis saqmeebis ganmxilveli sasamarTloebis saqmianobaSi Sedis ganaCenis

gamotanamde wamaldamokidebulis mimarTva mkurnalobaze an Tavisuflebis

aRkveTis ganaCenis gamotana sasjelis aRsrulebis gadavadebiT, Tu aRniSnuliT

kmayofildeba mkurnalobis moTxovnebi.

dReisaTvis aSS-Si narkotikebis saqmeebis ganmxilvelma sasamarTloebma daaxloebiT

55 000 adamianis saqme gaarCia. miRebuli monacemebi cxadyofs, rom es sistema

da gansakuTrebiT, narkotikis momxmareblebis mimarTva mkurnalobaze amcirebs

recidivebis procentul maCvenebels da iTvleba nakleb xarjian politikad,

vidre Tavisuflebis aRkveTa (wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT ix. nawili 3.2). magaliTad, aSS-Si erTi patimris Senaxvis saSualo

yovelwliuri Rirebuleba Seadgens 23 000 dolars maSin, rodesac narkotikebis

saqmeebis ganmxilvel sasamarTlos samkurnalo programaSi monawileobis saSualo

wliuri xarji Seadgens daaxloebiT 4300 dolars.

yvela zemoT CamoTvlilma iniciativam SeiZleba, wvlili Seitanos narkotikebis

Sesaxeb msubuqi danaSaulis braldebiT gasamarTlebuli patimrebis ricxovnebis

SemcirebaSi. SesaZlebelia sasjelis Secvlis sxvadasxva meqanizmebis erT sistemad

gaerTianeba, rac Seamcirebs qveyanaSi sisxlis samarTlis sistemis datvirTvas da

xels Seuwyobs warmatebis miRwevas jandacvisa da socialuri politikis sferoSi.

48 49

rekomendaciebi

• aucilebelia akrZaluli narkotikebis brunvasTan da

samarTaldarRvevebis SemTxvevaSi dadgenili sasjelis zomebTan

dakavSirebuli kanonmdeblobis gadaxedva, raTa gamovlenil

iqnan pirebi, romlebic monawileoben narkotikebis brunvaSi da

ganisazRvros maTi roli narkotikebis bazarze. samarTaldamcavi

da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zomebi unda gamoiyenebodes mxolod

kanonmdeblobis masStaburi darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme exeba

Zaladobas. qveynis mTavrobebi unda ganixilavdnen depenalizaciisa

da dekriminalizaciis SesaZleblobas im samarTaldamrRvevebTan

dakavSirebiT, romlebsac Zaladobrivi danaSauli ar CaudeniaT.

• unda SemuSavdes da dainergos sasjelis Canacvlebis meqanizmebi piris

dakavebis dros, raTa sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis sistemis muSaoba

damatebiT ar daitvirTos wvrilmani damnaSaveebis saqmeebis ganxilviT;

• Tavisuflebis aRkveTasTan dakavSirebuli sasjelis zomebi unda

gamoiyenebodes SedarebiT iSviaTad an saerTod ar unda gamoiyenebodes

narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonebis wvrilmani damrRvevebis mimarT.

maT mimarT ufro adekvaturi iqneba zemoqmedebis iseTi zomebis

gamoyeneba, rogoricaa administraciuli sasjeli (narkotikebis

epizoduri gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) an maTi samkurnalod mimarTva, Tu

saubaria wamaldamokidebul pirebze. nebismieri sisxlissamarTlebrivi

procedurebi, romlebic zrdis datvirTvas cixis sistemaze, maT Soris

aucilebeli minimaluri sasjeli da sasamarTlomdeli dakavebis

procedurebi, unda gamoiyenebodes mxolod im pirebis mimarT, romlebmac

Caidines seriozuli samarTaldarRveva.

• ufro zogadad rom visaubroT, damokidebuleba narkotikebis

moxmarebisadmi unda Seicvalos da igi unda CaiTvalos ara danaSaulad,

aramed jandacvis problemad. im wamaldamokidebulTa sasjeli,

romelTac seriozuli danaSauli da Zaladobis aqti ar CaudeniaT,

unda Seicvalos mkurnalobiT.

50 51

ZiriTadi publikaciebi Bewley-Taylor, D., Hallam, C. & Allen, R. (2009), Beckley Report 16 – The incarceration of drug offenders, an overview. (The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme), http://www.idpc.net/sites/default/files/library/Beckley_Report_16_2_FINAL_EN.pdf

Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (2006), Legislating on health and human rights: model law on drug use and HIV/AIDS. Module 1: Criminal law issues, http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=1052

Crossen-White, H. & Galvin, K. (2002), ‘A follow-up study of drug misusers who received an intervention from a local arrest referral scheme’. Health Policy 61(2):153-171, http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/heap/article/PIIS016885100200009X/abstract

Edmunds, M., May, T., Hearnden, I. & Hough, M. (1998), Arrest referral – Emerging lessons from research. (Criminal Policy Research Unit, South Bank University), Report prepared for the Home Office, http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icpr/publications/Arrest%20Referral,%20emerging%20lessons%20from%20research.pdf

Greenwald, G. (2009), Drug decriminalisation in Portugal – Lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies. (Washington D.C.: CATO Institute), http://www.cato.org/pubs/wtpapers/greenwald_whitepaper.pdf

Jürgens, R., Ball, A. & Verster, A. (2009), ‘Interventions to reduce HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in prisons’, The Lancet Infectious Diseases 9(1):57–66, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(08)70305-0/abstract

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(08)70305-0/abstract

50 51

2.4. sisxlis samarTlisa da aRsrulebis sistemis efeqturi strategiebi


wina TavebSi saubari iyo narkotikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli kanonebis reformebis

aucileblobaze, romelTa mizanic im pirebis raodenobis Semcirebaa, romelTac ar

CaudeniaT narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli Zaladobrivi xasiaTis danaSauli, magram

sasjels ixdian Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi. narkotikebis epizoduri

momxmareblebisa da wamaldamokidebuli pirebis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa, rac sayovelTaod

gavrcelebul zomas warmoadgens, didi safrTxis winaSe ayenebs maT janmrTelobasa da

socialur keTildReobas da udides tvirTad awveba saxelmwifo biujets.

miuxedavad amisa, mraval qveyanaSi narkotikis momxmareblebi Seadgenen

patimrebis mniSvnelovan nawils, rasac Tavisi mizezebi aqvs:

• kanonebi narkotikebis Sesaxeb da narkostrategiebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis SeuzRudavad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas narkotikebis

brunvasTan dakavSirebul danaSaulebze;

• gaWianurebuli sasamarTlo samarTalwarmoeba, rac iwvevs sasamarTlo procesamde

gansasjelebis xangrZlivad dakavebas Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi;

• wamaldamokidebuli pirebis monawileoba prostituciaSi, narkotikebiT

vaWrobaSi da sxvisi qonebis xelyofis operaciebSi;

• zogierTi adamiani swored cixeSi iwyebs narkotikis moxmarebas, rasac xels

uwyobs am dawesebulebebSi narkotikebze xelmisawvdomloba.


mniSvnelovani?• janmrTelobis riski cixis pirobebSi;• janmrTelobis riskis Semcireba; • rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

mTavari gzavnilimiuxedavad miwodeba-moTxovnis Semcirebis mimarTulebiT miRebuli

zomebisa, mwvave problemad rCeba narkotikuli saSualebebis moxmareba da gavrceleba cixeebSi. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelobam unda SeimuSaos patimari wamaldamokidebulebis daavadebebisa da dozis gadaWarbebis

prevenciisa da mkurnalobis mkafio gegma.

52 53

narkopolitikis saerTaSoriso konsorciumis (IDPC) azriT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis

dawesebulebebis administraciis erT-erTi mTavar amocanas warmoadgens patimarTa

uflebebis dacva. miRebuli zomebi aRmoCnda araefeqturi narkotikebze wvdomis

SezRudvisa da narkotikebiT gamowveuli janmrTelobis zianis Semcirebis

mimarTulebiT. mocemuli Tavis mizania patimrebis jandacvis mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli strategiebisa da programebis, aseve, cixidan ganTavisuflebis Semdeg

maTi socialuri reintegraciis sakiTxis mimoxilva. saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis

Tanaxmad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebis xelmZRvaneloba valdebulia,

gauwios patimrebs saWiro daxmareba janmrTelobis dacvis mimarTulebiT da

am samuSaos Sesrulebis drosac isini unda xelmZRvanelobdnen “Tanaswori

wvdomis” principiT, rac niSnavs imas, rom patimars aqvs samedicino daxmarebisa da

mkurnalobis miRebis igive uflebebi, rac mosaxleobis sxva jgufebs.

janmrTelobis riski cixis pirobebSi

narkotikebis momxmareblebis cxovrebis stilis Taviseburebebi da aseve, maTi

qcevis specifika, dakavSirebuli narkotikis moxmarebasTan, iwvevs imas, rom

patimrobis pirobebSi isini aRmoCndebian janmrTelobis safrTxis winaSe, maT

Soris aiv-infeqciiT, hepatitiTa da tuberkuloziT daavadebis riskis winaSe. rig

SemTxvevebSi am daavadebebis

gavrceleba patimarTa Soris

seriozul problemebs uqmnis

cixis administracias.

aiv-infeqcia seriozul safrTxes

uqmnis mTels msoflioSi 10

milioni patimris janmrTelobas.

umetes qveyanaSi aiv-infeqciiT

avadoba patimarTa Soris

gacilebiT maRalia, vidre

qveynis mTels mosaxleobaSi. Tumca, aiv-infeqciis gavrceleba sxvadasxva qveynis

sapatimroebSi da Tavad erTi qveynis masStabiTac ki gansxvavebulia. rig

SemTxvevebSi cixeebSi aiv-infeqciis gavrceleba SeiZleba, 100-jer aRematebodes

aiv-inficirebis maCvenebels imave qveynis mTels mosaxleobaSi. Catarebuli

kvlevebis monacemebi cxadyofs, rom narkotikis ineqciuri moxmarebis maCvenebeli

patimrebs Soris naklebia, vidre narkotikis momxmarebel danarCen sazogadoebaSi.

Tumca, sagangaSo maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba Spricebisa da nemsebis saziarod

gamoyeneba da amiT gamowveuli safrTxe: umetes qveyanaSi Tavisuflebis aRkevTis

adgilebSi narkotikebis ineqciurad moxmareba 60-90% SemTxvevaSi Spricebis

ziarad gamoyenebiT xdeba.

patimarTa Soris C hepatitiT inficirebis SemTxvevebi Zalian xSiria. msoflio

jandacvis organizaciis SefasebiT, msoflio mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3%

inficirebulia C hepatitiT, xolo misi gavrcelebis maCvenebeli Tavisuflebis

aiv-infeqciis gavrcelebis masStabi cixeebSi 100-jer aRemateba igive maCvenebels mTels sazogadoebaSi.

gamasworebeli sistemis dawesebulebebSi moxvedril narkotikis momxmarebelTa 60-90% saineqcio mowyobilobas iyenebs ziarad.

52 53

arsebuli Sefasebis Tanaxmad, C hepatitis gavrceleba cixeebSi varirebs 4,8%-dan (indoeTi) 92%-mde (CrdiloeT espaneTi).

aRkveTis adgilebze Seadgens 4,8% (indoeTis

cixeebi) da 92% (CrdiloeT espaneTis cixeebi).

msgavsi mdgomareobaa Seqmnili tuberkulozis

mxrivac: Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi es

maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia, vidre igive

maCvenebeli qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis masStabiT.

tuberkulozis maCvenebelma viqtoriis erT-erT cixeSi (avstralia) Seadgina

10%. bahias (brazilia) erT-erT cixeSi Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, latenturi

tuberkulozis gavrceleba aRwevda 61,5%-s, xolo aqtiuri tuberkulozis – 2,5%-s.

amgvarad, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebis xelmZRvaneloba dgas

narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli jandacvis gacilebiT seriozuli

problemebis winaSe: cixis pirobebSi inficirebis riski izrdeba, xolo sapatimrodan

gaTavisuflebuli adamianebi warmoadgenen erTgvar “xids”, romlis saSualebiTac

vrceldeba sxvadasxva infeqciebi mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi.

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi daavadebebis gavrcelebis zrdis mizezebia:

• sapatimroebis patimrebiT gadatvirTva garkveulwilad antisanitarul

pirobebSi, sadac xelmisawvdomloba prevenciul zomebze SezRudulia, rac

qmnis daavadebebis gavrcelebis pirobebs sayofacxovrebo gziT (tuberkulozi)

da sisxliT (aiv-infeqcia, hepatiti);

• patimarTa sarisko qceva – kerZod, daucveli seqsi, arasteriluri

instrumentebis gamoyeneba narkotikebis ineqciisas da tatuirebisas;

• SezRuduli wvdoma prevenciul da zianis

Semcirebis zomebze;

es problemebi metad arTulebs saerTo mdgomareobas

miuxedavad sisxlis samarTlisa da gamasworebeli

sistemis dawesebulebebSi jandacvisa da mxardaWeris

programebis efeqturi muSaobisa. amas garda, cixeebis

umetesobaSi SeimCneva TanamSromlebisTvis aucilebeli

unar-Cvevebis, resursebisa da jandacvis instrumentebis

deficiti. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,

pirebs Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi unda hqondeT ufleba, gaewioT umaRlesi

standartebis jandacvis momsaxureoba. aRniSnul debulebas iTvaliswinebs

msoflio jandacvis organizaciis 1945 wlis konstitucia da aseve, 1966 wlis

saerTaSoriso paqti ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb.

amgvarad, yvela saxelmwifos ekisreba kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli

valdebuleba, SeimuSaos da ganaxorcielos mecnierulad dasabuTebuli

tuberkulozis gavrceleba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre mTels sazogadoebaSi.

54 55

programebi Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi, romlebic emsaxurebian narkotikis

momxmarebelTa janmrTelobis dacvas da narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli

zianis Semcirebas.

janmrTelobis riskis Tavidan acileba

miuxedavad imisa, rom narkotikebis moxmarebasTan brZolis strategiebsa da

meTodebs uamravi kvleva mieZRvna, mxolod zogierTi maTgani Tu aRiarebs

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobisa da zianis

Semcirebis didmniSvnelobas. bevr qveyanaSi cixis biujeti SezRudulia, xolo

usafrTxoebas xSirad ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWeben, vidre wamaldamokidebuli

pirebis jandacvas. sapatimros administracia rogorc wesi, cdilobs ebrZolos

narkodilerebs da SezRudos akrZalul narkotikebze xelmisawvdomloba, ra

mizniTac iRebs usafrTxoebis mkacr zomebs an nergavs da iyenebs narkotikebze

testirebis meTodebs. es meTodebi ar iZleva dasaxuli amocanebis ganxorcielebis

saSualebas, xolo miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba, uaryofiTic ki iyos. ase

magaliTad, narkotikebze testireba Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi ubiZgebs

wamaldamokidebulebs, daiwyon iseTi narkotikis moxmareba, romlebzec testi

ar arsebobs an romelTa kvalis aRmoCenac organizmSi rTulia. am narkotikebis

moxmareba xSirad gacilebiT sazianoa adamianis janmrTelobisTvis, vidre im

narkotikisa, romelsac piri manamde moixmarda (patimari SeiZleba gadavides

heroinis moxmarebaze marihuanidan, romlis kvali organizmSi ufro didxans rCeba).

rigma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom narkotikebze testirebis

programebi ar iTvleba ekonomikurad efeqturad.

gaeros narkotikebis da danaSaulis ofisis gancxadebiT,

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi aseTi programebis

ganxorcielebas Tavi unda avaridoT.

sapatimroebis xelmZRvanelobam unda uzrunvelyos

adamianis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso

valdebulebebis Sesruleba. cixeebSi janmrTelobis

dacvis politikis gatarebis gziT qveynebi xels uwyoben mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebas da ara mxolod narkotikis momxmareblebs Soris. aseTi politika

dadebiT zegavlenas axdens rogorc adamianebis janmrTelobaze, ise qveynis finansur

mdgomareobaze. sapatimroebis xelmZRvanelobas aqvs garkveuli SesaZleblobebi,

romlebic man unda ganaxorcielos, rogorc msoflio jandacvis organizaciisa da

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis Sidsis erTiani programa (UNAIDS).

swavleba da informirebuloba. mravalma patimarma arc ki icis inficirebis

riskis Sesaxeb, romelic mas emuqreba. aucilebelia informaciis gavrceleba riskis

am saxeebisa da piradi da sazogadoebrivi prevenciis zomebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT

zogierTi cixis administracia SeimuSavebs xolme specialur video-masalas da

atarebs leqciebs patimrebisTvis.

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi Tavi unda avaridoT narkotikebze testirebis Catarebas.

54 55

vaqcinaqciis programebi. B hepatitisgan dasacavad arsebobs efeqturi vaqcina. cixeebSi

arsebobs vaqcinaciis SesaZlebloba patimrebs

Soris, romelTagan bevri maTgani cixis kedlebs

gareT arc ki sargeblobda prevenciuli

programebiT. vaqcinacia Sesdgeba ori ineqciisgan,

romlebic tardeba 6 Tvis intervaliT. mravali cixis xelmZRvaneloba atarebs

hepatitis winaaRmdeg vaqcinaciis programas narkotikis momxmarebel patimrebs

Soris da bevri patimris reaqciac vaqcinaciis programebze dadebiTia. isini

Tavadac cdiloben, daicvan programaSi monawileobis wesebi.

daculi seqsis programebze xelmisawvdomloba. bevr cixeSi xelmZRvaneloba

uSvebs patimrebze prezervativebis darigebas. adre gamoTqmuli varaudi imis

Sesaxeb, rom cixeSi darigebul prezervativebs kontrabandis mizniT gamoiyenebdnen,

usafuZvlo aRmoCnda. damatebiT zomebSi Sedis sapatimroebSi patimrebisa da

TanamSromlebisaTvis informirebis, konsultirebisa da swavlebis programebi

sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi daavadebebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul programebSi

Sedis patimrebis nebayoflobiTi konsultireba da daavadebebze testireba,

aseve informirebuloba Zaladobis, seqsualuri Zaladobisa da seqsualuri

urTierTobebis iZulebis prevenciis Sesaxeb.

nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebi. aiv-infeqciis prevenciis

mimarTulebiT efeqturia sxvadasxva programebi, maT Soris steriluri saineqcio

mowyobilobis gavrcelebis programebi narkotikis ineqciur momxmareblebs Soris.

Tumca, Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi SeimCneva garkveuli winaaRmdegoba

mocemuli programebis danergvisadmi. cixeebSi Spricebis gacvlis winaaRmdeg

argumentebi aseTia: a) SiSi imisa, rom patimrebi nemsebs gamoiyeneben iaraRad cixis

TanamSromlebis an sxva patimrebis winaaRmdeg; b) naxmari nemsi qmnis inficirebis

risks; g) xelmisawvdomloba sufTa nemsebsa da Spricebze xels Seuwyobs

narkotikebis moxmarebas.

2009 wels Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis

programa msoflio masStabiT aTma qveyanam danerga. Sedegi dadebiTi aRmoCnda.

kvlevebis umetesoba adasturebs, rom aRniSnuli RonisZiebis Sedegad saineqcio

mowyobilobis ziarad gamoyenebis masStabi Semcirda, xolo zemoT moyvanili

SiSi ar gamarTlda. magaliTad, berlinis or cixeSi Catarebulma kvlevam

aCvena saineqcio mowyobilobis ziarad gamoyenebis Semcireba Spricebis gacvlis

programis amuSavebis Semdeg (71%-dan da TiTqmis 0-mde).

narkotikebis dozis gadaWarbebis prevencia. narkotikis momxmarebeli

patimrebi iTvlebian maRali riskis jgufad, radgan maT Soris maRalia dozis

SemTxveviTi gadaWarbebis riski, gansakuTrebiT sapatimrodan gaTavisuflebis

Semdgom periodSi. cixeSi wamaldamokidebulebi narkotikebs naklebi raodenobiT

moixmaren, ris gamoc maTi organizmis tolerantoba narkotikuli nivTierebis

cixis administraci am unda uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesruleba.

56 57

mimarT klebulobs. es niSnavs imas, rom maTi organizmi veRar umklavdeba dozas,

romelsac patimrobamde itanda da Tu cixis kadlebis datovebis Semdeg patimari

iwyebs narkotikis adrindeli dozebiT momxmarebas, dozis gadaWarbebisa da

sikvdilis riski mniSvnelovnad izrdeba. 1997 wels safrangeTis erT-erT cixeSi

Catarebulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom sikvdilisa da dozis gadaWarbebis maCvenebeli

15-24 wlis asakis yofil patimrebs Soris 124-jer meti iyo narkotikebis saerTo

momxmareblebTan SedarebiT, xolo 35-54 wlis asakis momxmareblebSi – 274-jer

meti. garda amisa, yofili patimrebi ufro mowyvladi arian TviTmkvlelobiT,

tolerantobis daqveiTebiTa da dabinZurebuli narkotikebis moxmarebiT

gamowveuli letaluri Sedegisadmi. amasTan dakavSirebiT dozis gadaWarbebis

prevenciis programebi aucileblad unda iTvaliswinebdes informaciis gavrcelebas,

konsultaciebis gawevasa da iseTi praqtikuli zomebis miRebas, rogoricaa

naltreqsonis darigeba (wamali, romelic droebiT blokavs opatebis moqmedebas).

narkotikebis momxmarebelTa mkurnaloba da reabilitacia. Tavisuflebis

aRkveTis adgilebi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, xelsayrelia wamaldamokidebulebis

samkurnalod, radgan sapatimroSi wamaldamokidebuli iZulebiT wyvets kavSirs

cixis kedlebs gareT darCenil Zvel kompanionebTan da misi monawileoba

narkotikis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebul samarTaldarRvevis aqtebSi SeuZlebeli

xdeba. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi yofnam wamaldamokidebuls SeiZleba,

misces saSualeba, Seicvalos cxovrebis qaoturi, “quCuri” cxovrebis wesi da

saRi gonebiT Seafasos narkotikebis uaryofiTi gavlena mis cxovrebasa da

janmrTelobaze.

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi SesaZlebelia, ganxorcieldes mravali

sxvadasxva zoma wamaldamokidebulebis samkurnalod. msoflios mraval cixeSi

yvela pirobaa Seqmnili opioidCanacvlebiTi Terapiis Casatareblad, kerZod,

meTadonis gamoyenebiT. opioidCanacvlebiTi Terapiis programebi adekvaturi

dozirebisa da mkurnalobis kursis saTanado xangrZlivobis dacviT, efeqturia

narkotikis moxmarebis sixSirisa da saineqcio mowyobilobis ziarad gamoyenebis

riskis Semcirebis mizniTac. garda amisa, es programebi amcirebs aiv-infeqciisa da

sxva sisxliT gadamdemi daavadebebis gavrcelebas. opioidCanacvlebiT Terapias

sxva mravali sargebeli moaqvs patimrebisa da saerTod, sazogadoebisTvis.

mecnieruli monacemebis Tanaxmad, ganmeorebiTi dapatimrebis albaToba naklebia

im yofili patimrebisTvis, romlebic monawileobdnen opioidCanacvlebiTi

Terapiis programaSi. garda amisa, opioidCanacvlebiTi Terapia dadebiT gavlenas

axdens institucionalur qcevaze, amcirebs narkotikebis Sovnis motivacias

momxmareblebSi da amgvarad, xels uwyobs usafrTxoebis dacvas sapatimroebSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom cixis xelmZRvaneloba xSirad (gansakuTrebiT programis

muSaobis sawyis etapze) SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams SesaZlo Zaladobisa da

meTadonis aralegaluri brunvis gamo, opioidCanacvlebiTi Terapiis programebis

daxmarebiT martivad xdeba am problemebis gadaWra.

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garda amisa, zogierTi kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebiT dgindeba, rom

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba sakmaod

efeqturia fsiqosocialuri Terapiis gamoyenebiT.

cixeebSi wamaldamokidebulebis efeqturi mkurnalobis Sedegad sapatimrodan

gaTavisuflebis Semdeg reabilitaciisa da narkotikis moxmarebis Tavidan

dawyebis prevenciis maqsimaluri SesaZleblobebi iqmneba. mkurnalobis principebi

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi analogiuria cixis kedlebs gareT Catarebuli

mkurnalobis principebisa:

• unda Seiqmnas im pirebis dadgenis meqanizmebi, romlebic saWiroeben

mkurnalobas. humanur da efeqtur samkurnalo programebSi patimrebis

nebayoflobiTi monawileobis albaToba gacilebiT metia. patimris cixeSi

Semosvlisas testirebis procedurebi da misi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis

Sefaseba specialistebis mier, rekomendaciebi da samkurnalo programebSi

monawileobis misaRebad mimarTvebis gacema xels Seuwyobs im patimrebis

gamovlenas, romlebic saWiroeben mkurnalobas da miscems maT mkurnalobis

stimuls;

• mravali qveynis cixeSi mkurnalobis sxvadasxva modelebi efeqturad

gamoiyeneba janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da danaSaulis

Semcirebis mizniT. Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebis xelmZRvaneloba unda

cdilobdes, rom iseTi momsaxureoba, rogoricaa detoqsikacia, CanacvlebiTi

Terapia da fsiqosocialuri programebi xelmisawvdomi iyos cixis pirobebSi.

programebi ise unda iyos organizebuli, rom patimrebma SesZlon Tavisuflad

airCion maTTvis saWiro programa;

• patimrebis cixidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg maT reabilitacias gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda daeTmos, rac ganamtkicebs mkurnalobis miRweul Sedegebs.

zogierTi kvlevis Tanaxmad, reabilitacia patimrebis cixidan gaTavisuflebis

Semdeg aucilebelia cixeSi wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis zemoqmedebis

optimizaciis mizniT, raTa aRkveTil iqnas narkotikebis moxmarebasTan

dakavSirebuli danaSaulis ganmeorebiT Cadena. es niSnavs imas, rom

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi da sazogadoebaSi uwyveti mkurnalobis

Catarebis mizniT aucilebelia gansakuTrebuli meqanizmebi.

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis kargi

organizebis pirobebSi warmatebis albaToba izrdeba, Tu xdeba mkurnalobis

motivacia (magaliTad, patimari SeiZleba vadamde gaTavisufldes sapatimrodan

samkurnalo programis gavlis SemTxvevaSi).

58 59

rekomendaciebi

• Sesabamisi strategiebis SesamuSaveblad aucilebelia vicodeT

narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabi, xasiaTi da wamaldamokidebulebis

tendenciebi patimrebs Soris;

• saineqcio aRWurvilobis ziarad gamoyenebis riskis Tavidan asacileblad

aucilebelia nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebis ganxorcieleba.

es programebi didi sifrTxiliT unda dainergos da unda iTvaliswinebdes

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebze dasaqmebuli TanamSromlebis

informirebasa da swavlebas. cixis pirobebidan da patimrebis

moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia nemsebisa da Spricebis

gavrcelebis meTodis gansazRvra (“xelidan xelSi” Tu avtomatidan);

• nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebis garda aucilebelia

damatebiTi, zianis Semcirebis programebis organizeba (maT Soris

narkotikebis moxmarebisas riskis Semcirebis, dozis gadaWarbebis

prevenciisa da daucveli sqesobrivi urTierTobebis, prezervativebis

darigebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb swavleba), ris mizansac sisxliT gadamdebi

daavadebebis gavrcelebis prevencia da narkotikebis moxmarebasTan

dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWra warmoadgens;

• yvela patimarma unda gaiaros gamokvleva wamaldamokidebulebaze da

abstinenciuri sindromis riskze. am problemebis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi mas

unda gaewios kvalificiuri daxmareba;

• opioiddamokidebul yvela patimars unda mieces CanacvlebiTi Terapiis

programaSi monawileobis saSualeba (maTi arCevanis mixedviT).

preparatebis dozireba unda iyos pacientisTvis sakmarisi, xolo

mkurnaloba – droSi SeuzRudavi. CanacvlebiTi Terapiis programebi

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi detalurad unda fasdebodes;

• wamaldamokidebul pirebs unda hqondeT sxva samkurnalo programebSi

monawileobis saSualeba, maT Soris fsiqosocialuri Terapiisa da

urTierTdaxmarebis jgufebSi;

• unda arsebobdes mWidro kavSiri samkurnalo programebs Soris

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi da sazogadoebaSi, raTa patimars

cixidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg hqondes mkurnalobis gagrZelebis

saSualeba.

58 59

ZiriTadi publikaciebi Holloway, K., Bennett, T. & Farrington, D. (2005) The effectiveness of criminal justice and treatment programmes in reducing drug-related crime: A systematic review (UK: Home Office Online Report 26/05) http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr2605.pdf

Jürgens, R., Ball, A. & Verster, A. (2009) ‘Interventions to Reduce HIV Transmission Related to Injecting Drug Use in Prisons’. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 9(1):57–66, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(08)70305-0/abstract

Lines, R. (2007), ‘HIV infection and human rights in prison’ In WHO, Health in prisons: A WHO guide to the essentials in prison health (Geneva: Switzerland), http://www.euro.who.int/document/e90174.pdf

Lines, R., Jurgens, R., Betteridge, G., Stover, H., Laticevschi, D. & Nelles, J. (2006), Prison needle exchange: a review of international evidence and experience (Montreal: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, 2nd Ed.), http://www.aidslaw.ca/publications/interfaces/downloadFile.php?ref=1173

Mayet, S. Farrell, M. & Mani, S.G. (2010) Opioid agonist maintenance for opioid dependent patients in prison (Cochrane Database of Sustematic Reviews, Issue 1), http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD008221/frame.html

Mitchell, O., Wilson, D.B. & MacKenzie, D.L. (2006) The Effectiveness of Incarceration-Based Drug Treatment on Criminal Behaviour. Campbell Systematic Reviews 2006: 11, www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/98/

Perry, A., et al. (2009), Interventions for drug-using offenders in the courts, secure establishments and the community (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3), http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005193.html

Stöver, H. & Nelles, J. (2003), ‘10 years of experience with needle and syringe exchange programmes in European prisons: A review of different evaluation studies’. International Journal of Drug Policy 14:437–444, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S095539590300152X

UN Office on Drugs and Crime, World Health Organisation & Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (2008), HIV and AIDS in places of detention - A toolkit for policymakers, programme managers, prison officers and health care providers in prison settings (New York: United Nations), http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/HIV-toolkit-Dec08.pdf

World Health Organization (2009), Clinical guidelines for withdrawal management and treatment of drug dependence in closed settings (Geneva: WHO WPRO), http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/idu/prisons/clinical_guidelines_close_setting_wpro.pdf

World Health organization (2007), Health in prisons. A WHO guide to the essentials in prison health (Copenhagen: WHO Europe), http://www.euro.who.int/document/e90174.pdf.

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (2007), Effectiveness of interventions to address HIV in prisons (Geneva: WHO), http://www.who.int/hiv/idu/OMS_E4Acomprehensive_WEB.pdf.

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (2007), Evidence for Action Technical Papers – Interventions to address HIV in prisons: Drug dependence treatments (Geneva: WHO), http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/EVIDENCE%20FOR%20ACTION%202007%20drug_treatment.pdf

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (2007), Evidence for Action Technical Papers – Interventions to address HIV in prisons: Needle and syringe programmes and decontamination strategies (Geneva: WHO), http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/EVIDENCE%20FOR%20ACTION%202007%20NSP.pdf

http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr2605.pdf

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(08)70305-0/abstract

http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/EVIDENCE%20FOR%20ACTION%202007%20NSP.pdf

http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/EVIDENCE FOR ACTION 2007 NSP.pdf

http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/EVIDENCE FOR ACTION 2007 NSP.pdf

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3Tavi 3jandacvisa da socialuri politikis programebi

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3.1. narkotikebis moxmarebis prevencia


narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis mizans warmoadgens informirebulobis

amaRleba narkotikebis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli riskis Sesaxeb da piradi,

socialuri da garemo faqtorebis ukeTesobisken Secvla jandacvisa da socialuri

keTildReobis gaumjobesebis gziT. mocemuli strategiebi SesaZlebels xdis,

Tavidan aviciloT narkotikebis moxmareba an davayovnoT narkotikebis moxmarebis

dawyeba da wamaldamokidebulebis Camoyalibeba potenciur momxmareblebSi.

narkotikebis problemuri moxmareba ukavSirdeba rTul socialur, emociur da

fsiqologiur faqtorebs da aseve, garemo faqtorebs. zogadad, isini SeiZleba

dajgufdes “riskis” faqtorebad da “damcav” faqtorebad. damcavi faqtorebi

mimarTulia narkotikebis potenciuri moxmarebis Semcirebisken. damcav faqtorebs

ganekuTvneba maRali socialur-ekonomikuri statusi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miRebis, kargi samsaxuris Sovnis, myari ojaxuri kavSirebis qonis survili da

aseve, uaryofiTi damokidebuleba ojaxis wevrebis, axloblebisa da sazogadoebis

wevrebis mier narkotikebis moxmarebis faqtisadmi. riskis faqtorebs ganekuTvneba

narkotikebze ioli wvdoma, dabali socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,

gadatanili travmebi da narkotikebiT borotad sargebloba, axloblebisa

da ojaxis wevrebis mier narkotikuli nivTierebebis moxmareba da ojaxisa da

sazogadoebis wevrebis mxridan mxardaWeris deficiti. riskis faqtorebis Sedegad

izrdeba narkotikis moxmarebis albaToba. narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciuli


mniSvnelovani?• narkotikebis moxmarebis

prevenciis Tanamedrove strategiebis problemebi;

• ufro kompleqsuri midgoma narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciisadmi;

• rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

ZiriTadi gzavnilinarkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis efeqturi zomebi unda SemuSavdes

integrirebuli programebis saxiT individis, sazogadoebisa da arsebuli garemos doneze. mocemuli zomebiT didi yuradReba unda eTmobodes socialur faqtorebs, maT Soris siRaribesa da sazogadoebriv gariyulobas, romlebic narkotikebis moxmarebis

xelSemwyob faqtorebs warmoadgens, aseve garemo pirobebis sakiTxebs.

62 63

programebi saerTod, igegmeba iseTi gaTvliT, rom gaizardos damcavi faqtorebis

ricxvi da Semcirdes riskis faqtorebi.

narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis Tanamedrove strategiebis problemebi

warsulSi politikosebi cdilobdnen, SeemuSavebinaT masobrivi prevenciis

iseTi programebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebda narkotikebisa da testirebis

Sesaxeb informirebulobis amaRlebas, media kampaniebis Catarebas narkotikebis

moxmarebis winaaRmdeg da treningebis Catarebas sayofacxovrebo unar-Cvevebis

gamosamuSaveblad. aRniSnul RonisZiebebs amarTlebdnen imiT, rom am gziT

axalgazrdebs miecemodaT wvdoma narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli riskis

Sesaxeb monacemebze. savaraudod, miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze axalgazrdebi

naklebi albaTobiT daiwyebden narkotikebis moxmarebas an ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

uars ityodnen narkotikebis sistematur moxmarebaze.

dRemde bevrma swavlulma Seiswavla, Tu ra gavlenas axdens mocemuli

prevenciuli programebi narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabsa da

wamaldamokidebulebaze. rigi kvlevebis Sedegad konkretul sazogadoebebSi

dadginda am programebis efeqturoba narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabis Semcirebis

mimarTulebiT. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba, moviyvanoT amerikuli programa “STAR” - wamaldamokidebulebis prevenciis programa saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi,

mSoblebisTvis, sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi

da jandacvis sistemis warmomadgenlebTan. programis ganxorcielebidan erTi da

sami wlis Tavze Catarebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom programam mocemul samizne

auditoriaSi mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabze.

miuxedavad amisa, arc erTi kvleviT ar dasturdeba, rom aseTi saxis programebi

efeqturi iqneba narkotikebis moxmarebis saerTo Semcirebis mimarTulebiT nebismier

pirobebSi. mravali angariSis daskvniT nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom narkotikebis

moxmarebis prevenciis mocemuli programebi saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi narkotikebis

moxmarebaze SezRudul zemoqmedebas axdens. prevenciuli programebis umetesoba

warmatebiT gamoiyeneba konkretul raionSi an konkretul sazogadoebaSi.

grZelvadiani Sefaseba ar Catarebula, rac eWvqveS ayenebs aseTi programebis

realur efeqturobas. amdenad, dRes arsebuli formiT, es programebi namdvilad

ver CaiTvleba wamaldamokidebulebis problemis gadaWris universalur da

xangrZlivi moqmedebis saSualebad.

eWvi prevenciuli programebis efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqva sxva

masStaburi programebis Sefasebebis Semdegac. amerikuli programis “DARE” (farTod gavrcelebuli universaluri da didbiujetiani saswavlo programa

narkotikebis Sesaxeb) kvlevis Semdeg, romelic 10 wlis manZilze tardeboda,

ver moxerxda im faqtis dadgena, rom programam dadebiTi zemoqmedeba moaxdina

narkotikebis moxmarebaze. meore, amis msgavsi magaliTia masobrivi informaciis

62 63

saSualebebis amerikuli axalgazrduli kampania

narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis mizniT,

romelic moewyo 1998 wels. kvlevebis Sedegad,

romlebic Catarda kampaniis efeqturobis

Sefasebis mizniT, ver dadginda, rom Catarebuli

kampaniis Sedegad axalgazrdebs Soris

narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabi Semcirda.

ufro metic, zogierT prevenciul RonisZiebaSi monawileoba SeiZleba,

axalgazrdebisTvis saziano SedegiT damTavrdes. amis magaliTia saskolo

dawesebulebebSi Semowmeba narkotikebis moxmarebaze. 2007 wels

wamaldamokidebulebis ganaTlebisa da swavlebis avstraliis erovnulma centrma

Caatara skolebSi Semowmebis ramdenime gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis kvleva. mocemuli

kvlevebi da rigi sxva angariSebi ZiriTadad aseT programebs akritikeben. naTeli

gaxda, rom Semowmebis programebi:

• ar aris efeqturi axalgazrdebs Soris narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis

mimarTulebiT;

• jdeba Zviri da gadaqaCavs im SezRudul resursebs, romelTa gamoyenebac

ufro didi warmatebiT SeiZleba sxva, iseTi programebis farglebSi, romelTa

ganxorcielebac savaraudod, ufro efeqturad Seamcirebs da aRkveTs

narkotikebis moxmarebas axalgazrdebs Soris;

• xels uSlis swavlisa da dasvenebis (magaliTad, sportiT dakavebas) organizebas,

romelTac udavod dadebiTi roli ekisreba narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciis

saqmeSi;

• arRvevs ndobas moswavleebs, studentebsa da maT pedagogebsa da mSoblebs Soris;

• rig SemTxvevebSi iZleva yalb Sedegebs – magaliTad, arsebuli monacemebiT

mkicdeba, rom Sesiebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebis (romlebic afTiaqSi

ureceptod gaicema) gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, miRebul iqnas

amfetaminebze testis dadebiTi pasuxi; aseve, kodeinis miRebis SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba, miRebuli iqnas dadebiTi pasuxi heroinis moxmarebaze, xolo yayaCos

Teslis Semcveli sakvebi produqtis miRebisas – dadebiTi pasuxi opiatebis

moxmarebaze. es niSnavs imas, rom narkotikebis moxmarebis braldebiT SeiZleba,

daisajos udanaSaulo adamiani;

• ar iZleva im moswavleebisa da studentebis gamovlenis saSualebas, romelTac

narkotikebTan dakavSirebiT seriozuli problemebi awuxebT da amdenad,

am pirebis mimarTva samkurnalo da mxardamWer programebSi monawileobis

misaRebad ar xerxdeba;

zogierT prevenciul RonisZiebaSi, magaliTad, narkotikebze testirebaSi monawileoba, SeiZleba, uaryofiTi SedegebiT dasruldes axalgazrdebisTvis.

64 65

• SeiZleba, gamoiwvios gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi, magaliTad, gacilebiT saSiSi

narkotikebis moxmareba, romelTa kvalis aRmoCena organizmSi ufro Znelia

(magaliTad, daTroba gaTiSvamde, iseTi narkotikebis moxmareba, romlebic

SedarebiT male gamoidevneba organizmidan, maT Soris metamfetaminebi, eqstazi

da inhalantebi).

cxadia, rom narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciisadmi Tanamedrove midgoma ver

uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miznis miRwevas, romelic mdgomareobs narkotikebis

moxmarebis SemcirebaSi. am mimarTebiT aucilebelia mimdinare erovnuli

strategiebis gadaxedva da narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciuli programebis

SemuSaveba, romlebic realurad gamoiReben pozitiur Sedegebs da ekonomikurad

xelsayreli iqneba.

ufro kompleqsuri midgoma narkotikebis moxmarebis prevenciisadmi

prevenciis efeqturi strategiis ganxorcielebamde unda moxdes amocanebis

gansazRvra. Tu politikosebs surT, rom adamianebma miiRon informirebuli

gadawyvetileba narkotikebis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT, maT unda gaiTvaliswinon,

rom saganmanaTleblo kampaniebi saswavlo dawesebulebebSi masobrivi informaciis

adgilobriv da saxelmwifo saSualebebiT efeqturi iqneba mxolod maSin,

Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba samizne populaciis specifika. mTavrobis yoveli

mcdeloba, Seamciros narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabi mTels sazogadoebaSi,

rogorc wesi, nakleb warmatebulia. amitom prevenciis strategiebis

ganxorcieleba unda xdebodes realuri amocanebis

gaTvaliswinebiT – magaliTad, unda moxdes

axalgazrdebis informirebuloba, rac daexmareba

maT, win aRudgnen narkotikis moxmarebis

cdunebas (da ara narkotikebis moxmarebis

masStabis Semcireba mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi).

resursebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas im adamianebis

moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad, romelTac

mocemuli resursebi realurad sWirdebaT da ara

zogadad, axalgazrdebis misamarTiT.

msoflio jandacvis organizaciis SefasebiT, daavadebebisa da narkotikebis

moxmarebis efeqturi prevencia damokidebulia integrirebul midgomaze

individualur da sazogadoebrivi doneze da garemo pirobebis doneze. individis

doneze prevencia efeqturi iqneba, Tu adamianebi miiReben codnas da Seiswavlian

qcevis Secvlis meTodebs. aseTi saxis prevenciuli zomebi marTlac uwyobs xels

adamianebis informirebulobas narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb

da ubiZgeben maT nakleb sarisko qcevisken da imavdroulad, warmoadgens im

praqtikul saSualebebs, romlebic saWiroa qcevis Sesacvlelad (aucilebeli

narkotikebis moxmarebis efeqturi prevencia damokidebulia integrirebul midgomaze individualur da sazogadoebrivi doneze da garemo pirobebis doneze.

64 65

unar-Cvevebis gamosamuSaveblad an wamaldamokidebulis samkurnalod mimarTvas).

magram Secdoma iqneboda imis varaudi, rom prevenciuli zomebis Sedegad Seiqmneba

qcevis cvlilebis socialuri winapirobebi mxolod individual doneze muSaobiT.

calkeuli adamianebi moqmedeben vrcel socialur, ekonomikur da politikur

sivrceSi. magaliTad, zogadad uTanasworo mdgomareoba jandacvis samsaxurebze

wvdomis TvalsazrisiT dakavSirebulia socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebTan, xolo

rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, marginalizacia uaryofiTad moqmedebs yvela

adamianisa da mTlianad sazogadoebis keTildReobaze.

praqtikaSi akrZaluli narkotikebis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi

iSviaTad miiCneva socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxad. maT xSirad

miiCneven teqnikur problemad, romelic SeiZleba daiyos strategiebad,

romlebic mimarTulia moTxovna-miwodebis Semcirebaze da strategiebad,

romlebic mimarTulia zianis Semcirebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teoriulad

narkotikebis problemuri moxmareba SeiZleba sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris

problema gaxdes, mecnieruli monacemebi cxadyofs,

rom igi aSkarad ukavSirdeba gansazRvrul socialur-

ekonomikur faqtorebs: ganaTlebis dabal dones, swavlis

Sewyvetasa da skolidan garicxvas, umuSevrobas, Sromis

dabal anazRaurebas da muSaobis mZime pirobebs, mcire

Semosavals da valebs, mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgilis

arqonas, usaxlkarobas, narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveul

sikvdilianobas, daavadebebs, mkurnalobasa da daxmarebaze

arasakmaris wvdomasa da socialur stigmas. sxva

kvlevebis Tanaxmad, narkotikebis problemuri moxmareba da

wamaldamokidebuleba naklebad aris gavrcelebuli im

sazogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs srulfasovani socialuri cxovrebis saSualeba.

aseT sazogadoebebSi arsebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, mdidrebsa da Raribebs

Soris gansxvaveba umniSvneloa. niderlandebsa da SvedeTSi mTavrobis politika

ukve didi xania, orientirebulia srulfasovani socialuri cxovrebisa da

socialur-ekonomikuri keTildReobisTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmnaze. miuxedavad

im gansxvavebebisa, rac am ori qveynis narkopolitikis strategiebSi arsebobs, am

qveynebSi narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabi dabalia. es aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze,

rom narkotikebis moxmarebis masStabze narkopolitikis strategiebis garda sxva

faqtorebic moqmedebs, maT Soris saerTo socialuri da ekonomikuri keTildReoba.

saWiroa qveynis mTavrobam prioriteti mianiWos mosaxleobis yvelaze Raribi

fenebis problemebs, sadac narkotikebis problemebis wamoWris yvelaze didi riski

arsebobs da SeimuSaos kompleqsuri midgoma, romelic iTvaliswinebs moqmedebas

sam sxvadasxva doneze: individualur, sazogadoebisa da garemo pirobebis doneze.

im faqtorebis codna, romelTa gamoc Raribi fenebis mowyvladoba narkotikebis

problemuri moxmarebisadmi izrdeba, daexmareba politikosebs riskis minimumamde

SemcirebaSi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznobrivi proeqtebis

ganxorcielebis gziT. mocemuli midgoma xels Seuwyobs saqmianobis gafarToebas

narkotikebis moxmareba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi kavSirSia rig masStabur socialur-ekonomikur faqtorTan.

66 67

da masSi ara mxolod narkotikebisa

da jandacvis, aramed mowyvladobis,

arasakmarisi ganviTarebis, siRaribisa da

adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebis CarTvas.

garda amisa, aseTi midgomis farglebSi

rekomendebulia wamaldamokidebulebis

prevenciuli zomebis ufro farTo

masStabiT ganxorcieleba, vidre amas

tradiciuli prevenciuli programebi

iTvaliswinebs.

preveciis strategiebze, romlebic iTvaliswinebs mxolod narkotikebis Sesaxeb

adamianebis informirebulobas (romeli informaciac xSirad gazviadebulia), uari

unda vTqvaT. programebi mimarTuli unda iyos ufro masStaburi socialur-

ekonomikuri problemebis gadaWrisken; isini unda emsaxurebodes srulfasovani

socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebisa da adamianis uflebebis potencialis

ganviTarebasa da SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas. warmatebuli strategiebi unda

moicavdes rogorc strategiul (uTanasworobis fundamenturi problemebis

gadawyveta), ise taqtikur (uTanasworobis Semcirebis zomebis ganxorcieleba)

midgomebs. strategiuli midgomebi gulisxmobs socialur-ekonomikur garemosTan

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis, maT Soris adamianis ganviTarebisa da socialuri

uTanasworobis Semcirebis sakiTxebis gadaxedvas. maTSi Sedis swavlaze wvdoma,

janmrTelobis usafrTxoeba samuSao adgilze, umuSevrobis Semcireba da

srulfasovani socialuri cxovrebisTvis SesaZleblobebis Seqmna. taqtikuri

zomebi uzrunvelyofs mowyvladi da marginalizebuli jgufebis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebas jandacvis strategiebis farglebSi.

mocemuli midgoma iZleva yuradRebis gamaxvilebis SesaZleblobas ara mxolod narkotikebisa da jandacvis problemebze, aramed mowyvladobis, siRaribis, arasakmarisi ganviTarebis sakiTxebsa da adamianis uflebebze.

66 67

rekomendaciebi

• prevenciis strategiis SemuSavebamde aucilebelia prevenciis amocanebis

gansazRvra;

• Tavi unda avaridoT prevenciis strategiebs, romlebmac SeiZleba

gamoiRos gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi. aseTia strategiebi, romlebmac

SeiZleba gamoiwvios mowyvladi populaciis sazogadoebidan gariyva

narkotikebis moxmarebaze testirebis an skolebSi meZebari ZaRlebis

daxmarebiT narkotikebis Zebnis RonisZiebebis Sedegad;

• narkotikebis sferoSi prevenciis tradiciuli strategiebi unda

gaxdes saerTo strategiis nawili, romelic efuZneba moqalaqeTa

socialur-ekonomikur winsvlasa da jandacvis sferos ganviTarebas.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos maRali riskis jgufebs. am

mizniT qveynis mTavroba valdebulia, Seiswavlos maTi moTxovnebi, sanam

daiwyeba mocemuli strategiis SemuSaveba;

• prevenciis strategiebi unda iTvaliswinebdes mTavari pirebisTvis,

maT Soris narkotikebis momxmareblebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebisTvis

efeqturi strategiebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebas. am procesSi

mudmivad unda iRebdes monawileobas zemoqmedebis qveS myofi

sazogadoeba, rac uzrunvelyofs miRebuli zomebis adekvaturobas

da xels Seuwyobs gauTvaliswinebeli negatiuri movlenebis Tavidan

acilebas;

• Sefasebebis warmoeba sruliad aucilebelia da am mizniT aucilebelia

informaciis regularulad Segroveba socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis programebis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi

narkotikebis moxmarebis tendenciebze. aRniSnuli xels Seuwyobs

programebis warmatebiT gamoyenebas praqtikaSi rogorc drois mocemul

monakveTSi, ise momavalSic.

68 69

ZiriTadi publikaciebi American Civil Liberties Union (1999), Drug testing: a bad investment (New York: ACLU), http://aclu.org/FilesPDFs/drugtesting.pdf

Cuijpers , P. (2002), ‘Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs – A systematic review’. Addictive Behaviours 27(6):1009–1023, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12369469

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2003), The state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway, http://ar2003.emcdda.europa.eu/en/home-en.html

Ezard, N. (2001), ‘Public health, human rights and the harm reduction paradigm: From risk reduction to vulnerability reduction’, International Journal of Drug Policy 12(3):207-219

Marmot, M.G. (1998), ‘Improvement of social environment to improve health’. The Lancet 351(9095):57–60, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)08084-7/fulltext?version=printerFriendly

Plant, E. & Plant, M. (1999), ‘Primary prevention for young children: a comment on the UK government’s 10 year drug strategy’. International Journal of Drug Policy 10(5):385–401, http://www.ijdp.org/article/S0955-3959(99)00019-5/abstract

Rhodes, T. (2002), ‘The “risk environment”: a framework for understanding and reducing drug-related harm’. International Journal of Drug Policy 13(2):85–94, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0955395902000075

World Health Organisation, Social Change and Mental Health (1998), The rapid assessment and response guide on injecting drug use (Eds. G.V. Stimson, C. Fitch and T. Rhodes), http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/IDURARguideEnglish.pdf

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)08084-7/fulltext?version=printerFriendly

http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(97)08084-7/fulltext?version=printerFriendly

http://www.ijdp.org/article/S0955-3959(99)00019-5/abstract

http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/IDURARguideEnglish.pdf

http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/IDURARguideEnglish.pdf

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3.2. wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba


2009 wlis 24 ivniss gaeros narkotikebisa da danaSaulis ofisis aRmasrulebelma

direqtorma antonio maria kostam gancxadeba gaakeTa 2009 wlis narkotikebis

Sesaxeb globaluri angariSis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb da ganacxada, rom “adamianebi,

romlebic narkotikebs moixmaren, saWiroeben

samedicino daxmarebas da ara sisxlis samarTlis

sasjelis Sefardebas.”

ukanaskneli Sefasebebis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi

akrZaluli narkotikis 205 milioni

momxmarebelia. arsebobs rigi faqtorebi,

romlebic xels uwyobs wamaldamokidebulebis

Camoyalibebas narkotikebis epizodur

momxmareblebSi. narkotikis momxmarebelTa

mxolod mcire raodenoba – saerTo jamSi 25 milioni – SeiZleba, moxvdes “problemuri”

an “damokidebuli” momxmareblebis ricxvSi,

romlebic saWiroeben mkurnalobas. mocemuli TvalsazrisiT da SezRuduli

resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mkurnalobis programebis farglebSi prioriteti unda

mieniWos damokidebuli momxmareblebis daxmarebas.

“narkotikis momxmarebel adamians sWirdeba samedicino daxmareba da ara sisxlissamarTlebrivi sanqciis Sefardeba.” – antonio kosta, gaeros narkotikebisa da danaSaulis ofisis aRmasrulebeli direqtori


mniSvnelovani?• mkurnalobis efeqturi

sistemis ZiriTadi elementebi;

• wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis meTodebi;

• ekonomikurad efeqturi sistema;

• reintegraciis procesi; • rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

ZiriTadi gzavniliwamaldamokidebuleba unda iTvlebodes ara danaSaulad, aramed janmrTelobis problemad. mkurnaloba wamaldamokidebulebis

problemisa da narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli zianis Semcirebis, maT Soris socialur sakiTxebTan da danaSaulobasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebis gadawyvetis efeqturi gzaa.

70 71

evrokavSiris dokumentebis Tanaxmad,

wamaldamokidebuleba ganisazRvreba, rogorc

“narkotikebis ineqciuri moxmareba an opiatebis, kokainis

da/an metamfetaminebis xangrZlivi/regularuli

moxmareba”. msoflio jandacvis organizaciis mier

SemuSavebuli daavadebebis saerTaSoriso klasifikaciis

farglebSi wamaldamokidebuleba ganimarteba, rogorc “narkotikis moxmarebis

Zlieri survili an iZulebiT gamowveuli aucilebloba, problema narkotikebis

moxmarebis gakontrolebis mimarTulebiT, aRkveTis fiziologiuri mdgomareoba,

tolerantoba, uaris Tqma dasvenebis sxva alternatiul meTodebsa da interesebze,

rac droTa manZilze sul ufro Zlierdeba da aseve, narkotikebis Zveleburi

tempebiT moxmareba imis miuxedavad, rom narkotikis moxmarebis mavneblobis niSnebi

aSkaraa.”

is, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens narkotikis

moxmareba adamianze, damokidebulia

moxmarebuli narkotikis saxeobaze,

mis Tvisebebze, momxmareblis emociur

mdgomareobaze, misi piradi da socialuri

cxovrebis pirobebze. nebismier sazogadoebaSi

narkotikebis problemuri moxmareba

ukavSirdeba marginalizebul jgufebs,

romlebsac awuxebT gansakuTrebiT seriozuli

emociuri, siRaribisa da socialuri gariyvis problemebi. es arc aris gasakviri,

radgan mravali kvlevis analizma cxadyo, rom adamianis dauokebeli ltolva

narkotikisadmi aiZulebs mas, Seeguos cxovrebis yvelaze rTul pirobebsa da

emociur problemebs. wamaldamokidebulebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebis didi

raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, aSkaraa, rom ar arsebobs mkurnalobis erTi romelime

midgoma, romelic aucileblad da yvela momxmareblis SemTxvevaSi dadebiT Sedegs

gamoiRebs. am mimarTebiT qveynis mTavrobam unda SeimuSaos mkurnalobis iseTi

sistema, romelSic gaerTiandeba sxvadasxva modelebi, romlebic urTierTTavsebadia

da avsebs erTmaneTs. sakanonmdeblo da fizikuri garemos zemoqmedebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis efeqturi programebi unda

muSavdebodes ara mxolod narkotikebis moxmarebis mizezebis, aramed im socialuri

da kulturuli garemos gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic imyofeba momxmarebeli.

aseTi programebi, romlebic warmoadgens mkurnalobis efeqtur sistemas, daexmareba

adamianebs, misdion cxovrebis jansaR da socialurad konstruqciul wess.

zogierTi saxelmwifo dadgenil faqtad iRebs, rom narkotikebis problemuri

momxmareblebis mkurnaloba da reabilitacia aris ufro efeqturi strategia

narkotikebTan brZolaSi, vidre mkacri sasjeli. socialur, ekonomikur da

kulturul sferoSi Catarebuli rigi kvlevebis Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs

narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli jandacvisa da socialuri politikis

problemebis (ojaxis rRveva, ekonomikuri umoqmedoba, aiv-infeqcia, quCis wvrilmani

saxelmwifoebi unda cdilobdnen, SeimuSaon mkurnalobis iseTi sistema, romelSic gaerTiandeba sxvadasxva urTierTdamxmare modelebi.

msoflioSi narkotikis 205 milioni momxmareblidan mxolod aTidan erTia wamaldamokidebuli.

70 71

saWiroa mkurnalobis zogierTi meTodis gamoyenebis akrZalva, maT Soris eleqtroSokuri Terapiis, iZulebiTi detoqsikaciisa da mkurnalobis reJimis, romelic iyenebs fizikuri an fsiqologiuri xasiaTis sasjels an Tavisuflebis aRkveTas.

danaSauli da sxv.) gadaWris meTodebi, romlebic

ekonomikurad efeqturia. yvela es meTodi

iTvaliswinebs wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobas.

miuxedavad amisa, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi

wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis sistema an ar

arsebobs, an ar aris sakmarisad ganviTarebuli, an

iyenebs iseT modelebs, romlebic an SeuTavsebelia

adamianis uflebebis dacvis normebTan an ver

akmayofilebs efeqturobis globalur maCveneblebs.

adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis

sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebi, arsebuli

gamocdileba da normativebi cxadyofs, rom

mkurnalobis zogierTi meTodi saerTod unda aikrZalos. aseTi meTodebis ricxvSi

Sedis: eleqtroSokuri Terapia, iZulebiTi detoqsikacia, mkurnalobis reJimi,

romelic iyenebs fizikuri an fsiqologiuri xasiaTis sasjels an Tavisuflebis

aRkveTas. mravali qveynis mTavroba nergavs mkurnalobis iseT sistemas, romelic

iyenebs iZulebiT zomebs mas Semdeg, rac msurvelebi CaerTvebian mkurnalobis

procesSi. programis personali aiZulebs monawileebs, daTanxmdnen Terapiuli kursis

gavlas da miiyvanon igi bolomde. amasTan, iZulebiTi mkurnalobis zogierTi sistemiT

gaTvaliswinebuli Terapiuli kursi mdare xarisxis aris; aseve, aris msurvelTaTvis

daxmarebaze uaris Tqmisa da pacientebis iZulebiTi Sromis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi.

mkurnalobis programa unda efuZnebodes adamianis uflebebis dacvas, mkurnalobaze

msurvelebis mxridan nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobisa Tu uaris Tqmis SesaZleblobis

princips. es principebi ara mxolod Seesabameba adamianis uflebebis dacvis

valdebulebebs, aramed uzrunvelyofs programis efeqturobasac. dRemde

Catarebuli yvela kvleva cxadyofs, rom qcevis mdgradi cvlilebebi miiRweva

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi Tavad wyveten, Secvalon mdgomareoba.

amgvarad, mkurnalobis principebi imgvarad unda iyos organizebuli, rom

stimuls aZlevdes adamianebs, monawileoba miiRon mkurnalobis programaSi da

adgendes monawileobis wesebs, xolo wesebis dacvis SemTxvevaSi – gansazRvravdes

mosalodnel Sedegebs – da rac mTavaria, yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe.

seriozuli eTikuri sakiTxia is, iZulebuli arian narkotikis momxmareblebi

daTanxmdnen sisxlis samarTlis sistemaSi danergil programaSi monawileobas Tu

maT SeuZliaT, isargeblon mkurnalobis sxva meTodebiT? iZulebiTi sqemis momxreebi

miuTiTeben, rom narkotikis momxmareblebis mimarTva mkurnalobaze sisxlis

samarTlis sistemis daxmarebiT, iZulebis wesiT (magaliTad, wamaldamokidebulebis

mkurnalobis, rogorc Tavisuflebis aRkveTis alternatiul saSualebad

SeTavazebis SemTxvevaSi) sakmaod warmatebulia. am midgomis mowinaaRmdegeebi ki

aRniSnaven, rom aucilebelia momxmarebels davutovoT arCevanis saSualeba – mas

unda hqondes mkurnalobis arCevis ufleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi mkurnalobis

sistema ver iqneba efeqturi, Tu ar iqna daculi TviTgamorkvevis principebi da

momxmarebels ar gaaCnia motivacia.

72 73

mkurnalobis efeqturi sistemis ZiriTadi elementebi

umetes qveyanaSi wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba piloturi proeqtiT iwyeba.

droTa manZilze programis moqmedebis areali farTovdeba da mas emateba sxva

modelebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTi RonisZieba (an calkeuli RonisZiebebis seria)

SeiZleba, warmatebuli aRmoCndes, qveynis mTavrobam unda izrunos mkurnalobis

erovnuli, regionaluri da adgilobrivi sistemebis Seqmnaze, romlebic moaxdenen

dadebiT zemoqmedebas da miscems mTavrobas arsebuli resursebis efeqturad

gamoyenebis saSualebas.

mkurnalobis sistemis moqmedeba iqneba SezRuduli, Tu samizne populacias ar

miecema wvdoma SemoTavazebul momsaxureobaze. amitom upirveles problemas

warmoadgens wamaldamokidebuli pirebis identificireba (dadgena) – im pirebis,

romlebsac aqvT narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveul problemebi an romlebic

Tavad warmoadgenen aseTi problemebis wyaros, raTa maT SevTavazoT daxmareba da

mkurnaloba. amisTvis arsebobs ramdenime saSualeba:

• programaSi CarTva sakuTari iniciativiT;

• momxmarebelTa identificireba jandacvisa da socialuri

programebis sistemis dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT. jandacvisa da

socialuri politikis arsebuli programebis gamoyenebiT nawilobriv

SesaZlebelia wamaldamokidebulebis simptomebis gansazRvra da momxmarebelTa

daxmareba, romlebic eZeben maTTvis Sesaferis specialists. magaliTad,

pacientebi xSirad endobian zogadi praqtikis mqone eqimebs, romlebsac

SeuZliaT gadamwyveti roli iTamaSon mkurnalobis saqmeSi;

• identificireba specializebuli narkologiuri konsultaciebis

centrebisa da quCis auTriCis programebis daxmarebiT. es programebi

pacientebs sTavazoben saWmels, droebiT sacxovrebels, zianis Semcirebis

momsaxureobasa da iTvaliswineben wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis

waxalisebasa da mxardaWeras – es is garemoa, romelic xels uwyobs uSualo

wvdomas mkurnalobis ufro struqturul programebze;

• identificireba sisxlis samarTlis sistemis meSveobiT. imis gamo,

rom narkotikebis moxmareba isjeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjeliT, magram

narkotikis yidvas fuli sWirdeba, narkotikis momxmareblebi xSirad

aRmoCndebian xolme gansasjelis skamze da Tumc sakuTari nebis winaaRmdeg,

magram kontaqtSi Sedian sisxlis samarTlis sistemasTan. arsebobs rigi

warmatebuli programebi, romlebic aseTi kontaqtebis daxmarebiT axdenen

narkotikis momxmarebelTa identificirebas da maT motivirebas, raTa gaiaron

mkurnalobis programebi. kerZod, maT ganekuTvneba aSS narkosasamarTloebi,

momxmareblis dakavebis momentSi sisxlis samarTlebrivi sasjelis Secvlis

britanuli sqemebi (ix. nawili 2.2, romelic eZRvneba narkotikebis brunvis

72 73

sferoSi efeqtur samarTaldamcav saqmianobas), aseve socialuri muSaobis “rCevebis”

portugaliuri sistema (ix. nawili 2.1, romelic eZRvneba narkotikebis Sesaxeb

kanonmdeblobis reformas). identifikaciis mocemuli formas xSirad akritikeben im

mosazrebiT, rom igi aiZulebs adamianebs, gaiaron mkurnaloba (ix. zemoT).

sxvadasxva sistema narkotikis momxmarebelTa identificirebis sxvadasxva meTodebs

iyenebs. Tumca, efeqturi sistemis SemTxvevaSi yvela potenciuri wyaros mxridan

operatiulad fasdeba klientebis mdgomareoba, raTa moxdes yoveli maTganis mimarTva

misTvis Sesaferisi mkurnalobis gasavlelad.

garda amisa, mkurnalobis sistemis farglebSi unda arsebobdes meqanizmi, romlis

saSualebiTac moxdeba mkurnalobis procesSi pacientebis progresis dafiqsireba (am

meqanizms xSirad eZaxian “klientebis mxardaWeras”) momavalSi maTi reintegraciis

mizniT sazogadoebaSi.

wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis meTodebi

wamaldamokidebulebis fenomenis sirTule

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ar arsebobs mkurnalobis

iseTi meTodi da sqema, romelic Sesaferisi iqneba

yvela wamaldamokidebulisTvis. rig qveynebSi

kompleqsuri samkurnalo sistemebis SemuSavebas

aTwleulebi dasWirda, zogierTma qveyanam mxolod

mcire xnis win daiwyo garkveuli gamocdilebis

SeZena am strategiul dargSi. miuxedavad amisa, yvela

qveyana saWiroebs garkveuli Zalisxmevis gamoCenas

wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis integrirebuli

programebis dasamuSaveblad, romlebic arsebuli

resursebis efeqturad gamoyenebiT maqsimalurad

keTilismyofel gavlenas moaxdens adamianebis

janmrTelobis mdgomareobasa da maT socialur

keTildReobaze.

mkurnalobis meTodebi. ukanaskneli 60 wlis

manZilze msoflioSi wamaldamokidebulebis

mkurnalobis sxvadasxva sqemebi ganxorcielda, gamoicada da Sefasda. es modelebi

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba mkurnalobis meTodiT, intesniurobiTa da pacientis sawyisi

mdgomareobiT. wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis dargSi arsebuli rekomendaciebi

mocemulia zogierT erovnul da saerTaSoriso gamocemaSi, magram isini ar aris

yovlismomcveli da arc maTi gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli nebismier situaciaSi.

wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis sistemebis damuSavebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iyos saerTaSoriso gamocdileba, meTodebis efeqturobis damadasturebeli mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli faqtebi da yvela qveynis gamocdileba wamaldamokidebulebis

mkurnalobis sferoSi, aseve qveyanaSi arsebuli resursebi da kadrebi.

ar arsebobs mkurnalobis iseTi meTodi da sqema, romelic Sesaferisi iqneba yvela wamaldamokidebulisTvis.

midgomebi SeiZleba, efuZnebodes CanacvlebiT Terapias, detoqsikacias, fsiqo-socialur Terapiasa da aseve, urTierTdaxmarebis jgufebis muSaobas.

74 75

gamocdileba da samecniero monacemebi cxadyofs, rom arasamTavrobo seqtori da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben, uweven ra momsaxureobas

wamaldamokidebul adamianebis maTi mkurnalobis mizniT. qveynis mTavrobebma yvela

SesaZlo daxmareba unda gauwion maT da xeli Seuwyon muSaobaSi.

mkurnalobis meTodebi SeiZleba, efuZnebodes CanacvlebiT Terapias, detoqsikacias,

fsiqo-socialur Terapias da/an urTierTdaxmarebis jgufebs.

• detoqsikacia. msoflio jandacvis organizacia detoqsikaciis Sesaxeb ambobs

Semdegs: “1) es aris fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis zemoqmedebisgan gaTavisuflebis

procesi; 2) rogorc klinikuri procedura, igi unda iyos usafrTxo da

efeqturi da minimumamde unda amcirebdes aRkveTis simptomebis gamovlenis

albaTobas. detoqsikacia SeiZleba Catardes detoqsikaciis centrebSi, detoqs-

centrebSi an gamosafxizlebel centrebSi”. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac detoqsikacia

tardeba medikamentebis gamoyenebiT, gamoiyeneba preparatebi, romelTa moqmedeba

analogiuria an sapirispiroa pacientis mier moxmarebuli narkotikis moqmedebisa.

doza ise gamoiTvleba, rom ar gamoiwvios intoqsikacia an aRkveTis sindromi.

dozebs amcireben TandaTanobiT, narkotikze sabolood uaris Tqmamde. rogorc wesi,

detoqsikaciis mTels process Sesabamisi kompetenciis specialistebi akontroleben.

termini “TviTdetoqsikacia” zogjer aRniSnavs intoqsikaciis an aRkveTis

simptomebis moxsnis Semdgom gamojanmrTelebis periods samedicino Carevis gareSe.

• CanacvlebiTi Terapia. CanacvlebiTi Terapia opiatdamokidebulebis

samkurnalod ukeT aris Seswavlili, vidre wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis

sxva meTodebi. misi dadebiTi zemoqmedeba mecnierulad aris dasabuTebuli.

msoflio jandacvis organizacia CanacvlebiT Terapias Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:

“Camnacvlebeli narkotikis daniSvna, romelTan mimarTebaSic arsebobs jvaredini

damokidebuleba da jvaredini tolerantoba. aRkveTis simptomebis minimumamde

dayvanis an pacientis daxmarebis mizniT, raTa man uari Tqvas moxmarebis garkeul

saxeze, gamoiyeneba naklebad mavne narkotiki. arsebuli samecniero baza iZleva

saSualebas vivaraudoT, rom CanacvlebiTi Terapiis yvelaze warmatebuli

programebi xorcieldeba fsiqosocialur programebTan erTad”.

CanacvlebiTi Terapiis programebis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia

wamaldamokidebulma pirma uari Tqvas qaotur, “quCis” cxovrebaze, maT Soris

narkotikis SesaZenad fulis saSovarze siarulze (rac rogorc wesi, danaSaulebrivi

gziT xdeba), dilerebisgan narkotikebis SeZenaze, intoqsikaciasa da Zveli stiliT

cxovrebaze. samedicino specialistebis meTvalyureobis qveS usafrTxo dozis miReba

saSualebas aZlevs narkotikis momxmarebels, Tavi daaRwios sarisko, asocialur

qcevas da icxovros stabiluri cxovrebiT.

• fsiqosocialuri programebi. fsiqosocialur programebSi Sedis mkurnalobis

medikamentozuri meTodebi (zogjer aseT programas “saubris Terapias” uwodeben),

romelTa amocanac im Sinagan meqanizmebze zemoqmedebis moxdenaa, romlebic

74 75

xels uwyobs narkotikebis moxmarebas. mocemul meTodebSi Sedis xanmokle

programebi, romlebSic monawileobs mxolod eqimi da pacienti (recidivis

prevencia, xanmokle motivaciuri Careva, baraTis Sedgenis meTodebi, romlis

farglebSic Terapevti muSaobs narkotikis momxmarebelTan, raTa daadginos

da win aRudges im situaciebs, romlebic xels uwyobs narkotikis moxmarebas).

garda amisa, arsebobs SedarebiT formaluri meTodebic – magaliTad,

motivaciuri interviuebi da motivaciis sxva meTodebi, qcevis marTva (rodesac

klients sTavazoben garkveul “jildos” sasurveli qcevis SemTxvevaSi), qceviTi

Terapia wyvilebisTvis (pacientebis, romelTac aqvT myari urTierTobebi, an

narkotikis aramomxmarebeli partniorebis, ojaxuri Terapia, urTierTdaxmarebis

(TviTdaxmarebis) jgufebi).

• urTierTdaxmarebis jgufebi. urTierTdaxmarebis jgufebi SeiZleba

warmoadgendes formaluri mkurnalobis an damoukidebeli programis

damatebiT komponents. sxvaTa Soris, aseTi jgufebi wamaldamokidebulebis

mkurnalobis yvelaze gavrcelebul meTods warmoadgens. arsebuli monacemebis

mixedviT, jgufebSi monawileoba da gansakuTrebiT, sxva adamianebis mxridan

mxardaWera Zalzed efeqturia. kvlevebis umravlesoba exeba “12 nabijis

models”, rogoricaa programebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba “anonimuri narkomanebis”

da “anonimuri alkoholikebis” samkurnalod. Tumca, mraval sxva SemTxvevaSi

sxva modelebic rekomendebulia. amocana mdgomareobs urTierTdaxmarebis

struqturis SeqmnaSi, romlis Sedegadac am struqturis momsaxure personalic

da misi recipientebic iReben Terapiul sargebels.

samkurnalo dawesebuleba. mkurnalobis efeqturi programebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli zomebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva situaciebSi –

magaliTad, quCaSi, jgufSi, sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT. isini gansxvavdebdeba

erTmaneTisgan narkotikebis adgilobrivi momxmareblebis moTxovnebis, sazogadoebisa

da iuridiuli sistemis samkurnalo centrebisadmi tolerantobis, saWiro

specialistebisa da finansuri saSualebebis arsebobis mixedviT. rogoric ar unda

iyos dawesebuleba, aucilebelia, Carevis gaTvaliswinebuli zomebi xels uwyobdes

wamaldamokidebuli pirebis wvdomas sxva saxis mkurnalobasa da mxardaWeraze,

romlebic SeiZleba, uSualod ar ukavSirdebodes narkotikis moxmarebas – aseTia

magaliTad, sacxovreblis SovnasTan, ganaTlebis miRebasa da samsaxuris SovnasTan

dakavSirebuli daxmareba.

sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebi yvelaze efeqturia, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia

wamaldamokidebuli pirebis socialuri, ojaxuri da sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera.

Tumca, Tu aseTi mxardaWera mocemul dawesebulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris,

wamaldamokidebuli pirisTvis umjobesia sacxovrebeli misamarTidan moSorebiT

imkurnalos, rac Seamcirebs mis mowyvladobas iseTi faqtorebis mimarT, rogoricaa

dilerebis, narkotikis sxva momxmareblebis mxridan zewola, rac ubiZgebs mas,

daubrundes narkotikis moxmarebas.

76 77

mkurnalobis intensiuroba. wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis intensiuroba

ganisazRvreba drois mocemul periodSi Catarebuli zomebis moculobiT, tipiTa

da xasiaTiT. intensiuroba damokidebulia adamianis Terapiul moTxovnebze.

arsebuli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom rac ufro myari da mZime formebiT aris

warmodgenili wamaldamokidebuleba, miT ufro intensiuri da xanrZlivi

mkurnalobis Catarebaa saWiro. es situacia dilemis winaSe ayenebs qveynis

mTavrobas, radgan SezRuduli resursebi cxadia, badebs survils minimalur

droSi minimaluri danaxarjiT umkurnalon rac SeiZleba, met wamaldamokidebuls,

rac xSirad iwvevs RonisZiebebis araefeqturobas. mravali qveyana SeSfoTebas

gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom mkurnalobis kursis gavlis Semdeg narkotikis

moxmarebis recidivi xSiria, rac upirvelesad gamowveulia mkurnalobis araswori

intensiurobiT an programis arasworad SerCeuli meTodologiiT da ara

pacientebis individualuri TaviseburebebiT.

ekonomikurad efeqturi sistema

miuxedavad imisa, rom wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis programebSi dabandebuli

saxelmwifo investiciebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda (maSin, rodesac mokrZalebuli

investiciis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba, daizogos garkveuli Tanxebi jamrTelobisa

da socialuri keTildReobis sferoSi, maT Soris danaSaulis TvalsazrisiT

mavne Sedegebis Semcirebis gamoc), qveynis mTavrobebis SesaZlebloba aRniSnuli

programebis gansaxorcieleblad mainc SezRudulia. am mimarTebiT aucilebelia

resursebis mimarTva pirvel rigSi im adamianebis dasaxmareblad, romelTa qcevac

yvelaze metad SemaSfoTebelia. aseve aucilebelia am adamianebis mier mkurnalobis

procesebis, Seqmnili viTarebis Sesabamisad sistemis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs Soris

“gadaadgilebisa” da socialuri reintegraciis efeqturad kontroli. amitom

mkurnalobis sistema, romelsac mxars uWeren winamdebare dokumentis avtorebi,

Sedgeba ase vTqvaT, momsaxureobis “meniusgan”, romelSic warmodgenilia sxvadasxva

modelebis, pirobebisa da intensivobis mkurnaloba. “menius” farglebSi xdeba

adamianebis mimarTva momsaxureobis im saxeze, romelic miesadageba maT moTxovnebsa

da cxovrebis pirobebs. msoflios mravali qveyana Tanxebs abandebs klientebis

mxardaWeris specifiur sistemaSi, sadac jandacvis, socialuri sakiTxebisa Tu

sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis specialistebi afaseben, Tu rogoria moTxovna

mkurnalobaze, mxars uWeren narkotikebis momxmareblebs da axdenen maT motivacias,

raTa miiRon gadawyvetileba da Secvalon sakuTari cxovreba da aTavseben maT

Sesabamis samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi. mxardaWeris sistemis kargi organizaciis

SemTxvevaSi efeqturobisa da zemoqmedebis potenciali izrdeba, rac uzrunvelyofs

momxmareblebis mier saWiro momsaxureobis miRebas saWiro dros.

reintegraciis procesi

wamaldamokidebulebis umravlesoba Raribi da socialurad arauzrunvelyofili

fenebis warmomadgenlebi arian. emociuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi is

76 77

ZiriTadi faqtorebia, romlebic moqmedebs wamaldamokidebulebis ganviTarebaze.

amitom mkurnalobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanas, garda fizikuri da emociuri

problemebis gadawyvetisa, warmoadgens sazogadoebaSi pacientis srulfasovani

funqcionirebis miRweva. es Tavis mxriv, saWiroebs ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas,

wvdomas SromiT mowyobaze da iseTi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofaze, romelic

moSorebuli iqneba wamaldamokidebulis Tavdapirvel sacxovreblisgan,

sadac mas yvelaferi cxovrebis Zvel wess axsenebs. integrirebis procesis

ZiriTadi elementia socialuri da sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis damyareba,

romlebic arbilebs narkotikebis moxmarebis problemas da iZleva pozitiuri

alternativebis gamoyenebis saSualebas. ukiduresad mniSvnelovania ojaxisa da

sazogadoebis mxardaWera. mraval qveyanaSi narkotikis yofili momxmareblebis

jgufebi (magaliTad, “anonimuri narkomanebi”) gadamwyvet rols TamaSoben

wamaldamokidebulebis sazogadoebaSi reintegraciis mimarTulebiT, aZleven ra maT

narkotikebis gareSe cxovrebis praqtikul magaliTs.

rekomendaciebi

• wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis sistemis mTavari amocanaa, gaaRviZos

wamaldamokidebul pirebSi pozitiuri da konstruqciuli cxovrebis

survili, imis survili, rom tvirTad aRar daawves sakuTar ojaxs,

sazogadoebasa da qveyanas.

• wamaldamokidebulebis problemis gadasaWrelad, moqalaqeTa

janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad, maTi socialuri keTildReobis

uzrunvelsayofad da am problemebis xarjis Sesamcireblad yvela

qveynis mTavrobam unda gaiTvaliswinos grZelvadiani investiciebis

dabandeba wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis programebSi;

• investicia wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis programebSi mimarTuli

unda iyos sistemuri midgomisa da ara urTierTizolirebuli zomebis

seriis ganxorcielebisken. investicia unda xmardebodes im adamianebis

dadgenas, romlebic yvelaze metad saWiroeben mkurnalobas, am

adamianebisTvis dabalansebuli “menius”, maT Soris mkurnalobis

sxvadasxva modelebis, pirobebisa da intensiurobis SeTavazebas da aseve,

Seqmnili viTarebis Sesabamisad sistemis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs Soris

“gadaadgilebis” SesaZleblobas.

• mkurnalobis meTodebi, romlebic arRvevs adamianis uflebebs, unda

uarvyoT. es midgomebi ara mxolod ewinaaRmdegeba eTikur normebs,

aramed ver uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miznebis miRwevas da arc

ekonomikuradaa efeqturi.

• aucilebelia mkurnalobis erovnuli sistemebis mudmivad Sefaseba maTi

xarisxiani funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, msoflio mecnierebis

miRwevebis Sesabamisad.

78 79

ZiriTadi publikaciebiNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health and US Department of Health and Human Services (2009), Principles of drug addiction treatment, a research-based guide (NIDA, 2nd Edition), http://www.nida.nih.gov/PDF/PODAT/PODAT.pdf

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & World Health Organization (2008), Principles of drug dependence treatment, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/principles_drug_dependence_treatment.pdf

World Health Organization (2001), Management of substance dependence review series – Systematic review of treatment for amphetamine-related disorders (Geneva: WHO), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2001/WHO_MSD_MSB_01.5.pdf.

World Health Organization (2009), Guidelines for the psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of opioid dependence (Geneva: WHO), http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/Opioid_dependence_guidelines.pdf

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & Joint United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS (2004), WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS Position Paper: Substitution maintenance therapy in the management of opioid dependence and HIV/AIDS prevention, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/PositionPaper_English.pdf.

http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/en/PositionPaper_English.pdf



78 79

3.3. zianis Semcireba


zianis Semcirebis amomwuravi gansazRvreba, romelzec winamdebare “miTiTebebis”

yvela TavSia saubari, mocemulia 1-l TavSi, romelic eZRvneba zianis Semcirebas,

rogorc jandacvis sferoSi gasatarebeli zomebis

kompleqss.

wamaldamokidebuleba iwvevs rig seriozul

negatiur Sedegebs, maT Soris sikvdils, romelic

SeiZleba gamoiwvios organizmis intoqsifikaciam

dozis gadaWarebis gamo, arasteriluri saineqcio

mowyobilobebiT erToblivi gamoyenebis Sedegad

sisxliT gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebam abscesebisa

da Wrilobebis daCirqebis gamo (maT Soris B da C hepatitebi, aiv-infeqcia).

msoflioSi narkotikis daaxloebiT 16 milioni momxmarebelia. arsebuli Sefasebis

Tanaxmad, aiv-infeqciis axali SemTxvevaTa 10% narkotikis ineqciuri moxmarebiT

aris gamowveuli. axlo aRmosavleTSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, centralur, samxreT da

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi aiv-infeqciis axali SemTxvevebis

didi wili narkotikebis ineqciuri moxmarebiT aris gamowveuli.

narkotikebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis monitoringis evropuli centris

(EMCDDA) monacemebiT, narkotikebis Warbi doziT miReba evrokavSiris

qveynebSi naadrevi sikvdilis erT-erTi mTavari mizezia. EMCDDA–s mxardaWeriT

Catarebuli saerTaSoriso kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom evropis Svid qalaqSi 15-49


mniSvnelovani?• zianis Semcirebis principebi;• Carevis zomebis farTo

speqtri; • orientacia mowyvlad

jgufebze; • rekomendaciebi; • ZiriTadi publikaciebi.

narkotikebis Warbi doziT miReba evrokavSiris qveynebSi naadrevi sikvdilis erT-erTi mTavari mizezia.

ZiriTadi gzavniliarsebobs zianis Semcirebis zomebis farTo speqtri, romelTa

efeqturobac narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli jandacvisa da socialuri marginalizaciis problemebis gadaWris mimarTulebiT

damtkicebulia.

80 81

wlis asakobriv jgufSi adamianebis sikvdilis yvela SemTxvevis 10-23% opioidebis

moxmarebas ukavSirdeba. narkotikebis moxmareba da sagzao-satransporto

SemTxvevebi axalgazrdebs Soris sikvdilis mTavari mizezia. evraziis qselis

2008 wlis zianis Semcirebis angariSSi gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom 2006-2007 wlebSi narkotikis dozis gadaWarbeba centralur da aRmosavleT evropasa

da centralur aziaSi narkotikebis yvela ineqciuri momxmareblis 15-33%

SemTxvevaSi fiqsirdeboda. damatebiTi kvlevebiT mtkicdeba, rom san-franciskos

macxovrebelTa Soris heroinis ineqciurad momxmareblebis 48%-s cxovrebaSi

narkotikis sasikvdilo dozis miRebis sul mcire erTi SemTxveva mainc hqonia.

sidneisa (avstralia) da londonSi (didi britaneTi) igive maCvenebeli Seadgens

68 da 38%-s.

narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli am da sxva Sedegebis Semcirebis zomebi

cnobilia zianis Semcirebis strategiebisa da programebis saxelwodebiT. samwuxarod,

zianis Semcireba aRiqmeba, rogorc negatiuri, araerTgvarovani koncefcia, radgan igi

eWvqveS ayenebs im midgomebis saimedoobas, romlebic iwvevs narkotikis momxmarebelTa

stigmatizacias, magram aiv-infeqciis efeqturi programebis konteqstSi mecnieruli

monacemebi mxolod da mxolod erTmniSvnelovania. did britaneTSi, avstraliasa

da niderlandebSi, sadac Sua 1980-ian wlebidan xorcieldeba zianis Semcirebis

programebi da aqtiurad xorcieldeba nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebi,

mkveTrad Semcirda aiv-infeqciis gavrceleba. sxva qveynebma, maT Soris espaneTma

da safrangeTma, sadac mocemuli midgomebis danergvis procesi arc Tu swrafad

mimdinareobda, moaxerxes TandaTanobiT SeemcirebinaT narkotikebis ineqciur

momxmareblebs Soris daavadebis maRali maCvenebeli. imavdroulad ruseTis

federaciaSi da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis rig saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic

aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebodnen zianis Semcirebis programebis danergvas, aiv-infeqciis

gavrcelebis maCvenebeli dRemde maRalia.

ukanasknel wlebSi mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda ramdenime narkotikis

erTdroulad moxmarebis praqtika, iseTi nivTierebebis moxmareba, rogoricaa krek-

kokaini da metamfetamini, rac aseve, sarisko qcevas ukavSirdeba, rac niSnavs imas,

rom aucilebelia vaRiaroT, rom zianis Semcirebis principebi da Tavad programebi

gamoyenebul unda iqnas narkotikebis araineqciuri moxmarebis SemTxvevaSic. dRes

arsebobs uamravi faqti, romliTac mtkicdeba, rom aiv-infeqciisa da C hepatitis

gadacema xdeba krekis mosawevi Cibuxis ziarad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. amasTan,

arsebobs zianis Semcirebis specialuri teqnologiebi, romlebic iZleva im riskis

minimumamde Semcirebis saSualebasac, romelic ukavSirdeba metamfetaminis, mosawevi

heroinisa da sxva narkotikebis gamoyenebas. mocemuli zomebi warmoadgens zianis

Semcirebis programebis farTo speqtris mniSvnelovan nawils, romlebic SeiZleba

efeqturad iqnas gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi akrZaluli narkotikebis

momxmareblebis sasargeblod.

zianis Semcireba warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi jandacvis wamyvan midgomas

narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli problemebis gadaWris mimarTulebiT.

80 81

mocemul TavSi Cven vixelmZRvanelebT zianis Semcirebis principebis im

gansazRvrebiT, romelsac iZleva zianis Semcirebis saerTaSoriso asociacia

(IHRA). zianis Semcirebis zogadi koncefcia Cvens mier ganxilulia zemoT, 1-l

TavSi. mocemul TavSi zianis Semcireba ganixileba, rogorc jandacvis midgoma

narkotikebis problemuri moxmarebis Sedegebisa da socialuri marginalizaciis

problemebis gadaWris mimarTulebiT.

IHRA-s ganmartebiT, zianis Semcireba warmoadgens “strategiebs, programebsa da praqtikas, romlebic upirveles yovlisa mimarTulia kanoniT daSvebuli

da akrZaluli fsiqoaqtiuli nivTierebebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli negatiuri

samedicino, socialuri da ekonomikuri Sedegebis aRmofxvrisaken da romlebic ar

moiTxoven wamaldamokidebulis mxridan narkotikis moxmarebis Sewyvetas. zianis

Semcirebas sargebeli moaqvs narkotikis momxmareblebisTvis, misi ojaxis wevrebisa

da sazogadoebisTvis”.

zianis Semcireba efuZneba imis aRiarebas, rom msoflioSi mravali adamiani

agrZelebs akrZaluli nivTierebis moxmarebas miuxedavad gamudmebuli

brZolisa moTxovna-miwodebis Semcirebis mizniT da unda aRiniSnos, rom bevr

wamaldamokidebuls ar SeuZlia an ar surs, Sewyvitos narkotikis moxmareba.

am TvalsazrisiT, aucilebelia maT mieceT saSualeba, minimumamde Seamciron

narkotikebis gamudmebuli moxmarebiT gamowveuli riski, romlis winaSec dganan

Tavad da maTi ojaxis wevrebi.

saxelmwifo politikis mimarTva narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli zianis

Semcirebisken konkretuli socialur-iuridiuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT da

ara narkotikis moxmarebisadmi nulovan tolerantobaze orientacia, warmoadgens

sazogadoebrivi jandacvis pragmatul midgomas. zianis Semcirebis programebi

SeiZleba, ganaxorcielos sxvadasxva organizaciam, maT Soris saxelmwifo jandacvis

dawesebulebebma, sareabilitacio centrebma, adgilobrivma arasamTavrobo

organizaciebma da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebma. samarTaldamcav

organoebsac SeuZliaT, sakuTari wvlili Seitanon am samuSaoSi - narkotikebis

momxmareblebis dadgeniTa da maTi gagzavniT Sesabamis programebSi monawileobis

misaRebad (samarTaldamcavi organoebis zianis Semcirebis programebSi

monawileobis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ix. nawilSi 2.2, romelic eZRvneba

narkotikebis kontrolis sferoSi efeqtur samarTaldamcav zomebs).

zianis Semcireba gulisxmobs politikis kursis Secvlas wamaldamokidebulis

dasjidan momxmareblis, misi ojaxisa da sazogadoebisadmi potenciuri zianis

prevenciis mimarTulebiT. Tavi unda avaridoT ukompromiso debatebs zianis

Semcirebis momxreebsa da im pirebs Soris, romlebic Tvlian, rom problemis

gadaWris erTaderT saSualebas Tavis Sekaveba warmoadgens da nacvlad aseTi

diskusiebisa, mTeli aqcenti gadavitanoT sxvadasxva programebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

integraciis efeqtur zomebze. zianis Semcirebis efeqturi zomebi srulad unda

82 83

iyos integrirebuli wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis erovnul sistemaSi,

radgan isini wamaldamokidebuli pirebis janmrTelobisa da cxovrebis stilis

stabilizaciis mniSvnelovan meqanizms warmoadgens.

zianis Semcirebis principebi

• mecnieruli midgoma da ekonomikuri efeqturoba. zianis Semcireba

efuZneba sarwmuno mecnierul monacemebs. zianis Semcirebis zomebi

ekonomikurad efeqturia, maTi ganxorcieleba martivad xdeba da isini

dadebiTad zemoqmedeben wamaldamokidebuli pirebisa da saerTod, sazogadoebis

janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze.

• miznebis ierarqia. zianis Semcirebis programebi organizebulia

adamianebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mosaxleobis didi nawilis Tundac

mcire miRwevebi xSirad ufro aqtualuria sazogadoebis keTildReobisTvis,

vidre ramdenime rCeuli adamianis gmiruli saqcieli. garda amisa, adamians

ufro eadvileba ramdenime patara nabijis gadadgma, vidre erTi da

ori didi da seriozuli nabijisa. zianis Semcirebis amocanebi garkveul

konteqstSi warmoadgens ierarqiul sistemas, romlis erT mxares Zevs

advilad misaRwevi SesaZleblobebi (maT Soris jandacvis zomebi), xolo

meore mxares – SesaZleblobebi, romelTa miRwevasac marTalia, garkveuli

Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, magram isini ufro sasurvelad iTvleba. am ierarqiis

mixedviT, Tavis Sekaveba iTvleba Znelad misaRwev, magram sasurvel

SesaZleblobad. unda aRiniSnos, rom mraval adamians SeuZlia, faseuli

wvlili Seitanos sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi opioidCanacvlebiTi Terapiis

programebSi monawileobis gziT. zianis Semcirebis upirveles amocanebad

iTvleba wamaldamokidebulis sicocxlis SenarCuneba da aunazRaurebeli

zianis prevencia. cxadia, yvela midgoma nebismier situaciaSi ar gamodgeba.

magaliTad, im qveynebSi, sadac aiv-infeqciis gavrceleba didi ar aris

narkotikis momxmareblebs Soris, ar aris saWiro zianis Semcirebis zomebis

gatareba. amis nacvlad aseTma qveynebma SeiZleba, miiRon zomebi aiv-

infeqciis Sesaxeb informirebulobis amaRlebisa da swavlebis mimarTulebiT,

risi mizanic daavadebis gavrcelebis dabali maCveneblis SenarCuneba da

narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli negatiuri Sedegebis Semcireba iqneba.

qveynis mTavrobam unda izrunos strategiebis adaptirebaze qveyanaSi

Seqmnil pirobebTan.

• adamianis uflebebis universaluri xasiaTi. uflebebi aqvs yvela

adamians. narkotikis momxmareblebs ver wavarTmevT adamianis uflebebs,

romelTa Sorisaa umaRlesi standartebis jandacvis ufleba da aseve,

socialuri momsaxureobis miRebis, SromiTi mowyobis, ganTlebis miRebis,

usafuZvlo dakavebisgan imunitetis ufleba da sxv. zianis Semcireba

ewinaaRmdegeba narkotikis momxmareblebisadmi da im adamianebisadmi zianis

ganzrax miyenebas, romlebic zrdian narkotikuli nivTierebebis Semcvel

mcenareebs TiTqos-da narkotikebis gavrcelebis kontrolisa da prevenciis

82 83

mizniT da igi (zianis Semcireba) xels uwyobs narkotikebis gavrcelebis

winaaRmdeg iseTi zomebis gatarebas, romlebic efuZneba adamianis

fundamenturi uflebebis dacvis princips.

• diskriminaciaze uaris Tqma. mraval qveyanaSi narkotikis moxmareba

dRemde iTvleba “socialur siboroted”. stigma wamaldamokidebulebisa da

gansakuTrebiT, socialurad marginalizebuli adamianebisTvis warmoadgens

mTavar dabrkolebas jandacvisa da zianis Semcirebis momsaxureobis miRebis

gzaze. jandacvis sistemis muSakebs naklebad amoZravebT survili, moemsaxuron

wamaldamokidebulebs, romelTac isini damnaSaveebad miiCneven. Tavis mxriv,

narkotikebis moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli stigma narkotikebis momxmareblebs

Taviseburad aiZulebs, Tavi Seikavon jandacvisa da zianis Semcirebis

sistemisadmi mimarTvisagan: isini SiSoben, rom maT daakavebs policia an zurgs

Seaqceven ojaxis wevrebi, megobrebi da sazogadoeba. akrZaluli narkotikebis

moxmarebiT gamowveuli stigmis Semcireba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs

wamaldamokidebulebTan da aiv-inficirebul adamianebTan urTierTobis

gaumjobesebis saqmeSi da ra Tqma unda, maTdami samedicino personalis

damokidebulebac umjobesdeba. garda amisa, wamaldamokidebulma adamianma

unda icodes, rom monawileoba zianis Semcirebis programaSi ara mxolod

aucilebelia, aramed usafrTxoc aris misTvis.

• monawileoba. zianis Semcirebis erT-erTi mTavari principia narkotikebis

momxmareblebis potencialis gazrda – swored isini warmoadgenen

momsaxureobis obieqtebs, xdeba maTi gamovlena da maTTvis saWiro

mimarTulebis micema. Zalian xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac narkotikis

momxmarebels ricxaven gadawyvetilebebis damuSavebisa da miRebis etapze,

rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs mis cxovrebaze. aucilebelia imis uzrunvelyofa,

rom yofil da amJamindel wamaldamokidebulebs hqondeT xmis ufleba im

programebisa da strategiebis SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis procesSi,

romlebic maTTvisaa organizebuli.

Carevis zomebis farTo speqtri

qvemoT mocemuli sia cxadia, amomwuravi ar aris, magram masSi Sedis narkotikebis

moxmarebiT gamowveuli zianis Semcirebis mxolod mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da

ekonomikurad efeqturi zomebi.

1) nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programis SemuSaveba. es programebi

SeiZleba iTqvas, momsaxureobis yvelaze cnobili saxea, romelsac sTavazoben

narkotikis ineqciur momxmareblebs da romelTa mizania narkotikis

momxmareblebis steriluri saineqcio aRWurvilobiT uzrunvelyofa aiv-

infeqciisa da sxva, sisxliT gadamdebi daavadebebis prevenciis mizniT.

nemsebisa da Spricebis gacvlis programebis amocanaa aseve, kanisa da rbili

84 85

qsovilebis daavadebaTa prevencia (maT Soris, abscesebisa da celulitebis),

romlebic Cveulebriv, saineqcio mowyobilobis ziarad da antihigienur

pirobebSi gamoyenebis Sedegad iCens Tavs. am negatiuri Sedegebis

aRkveTa SesaZlebelia, Tu momxmarebels SevTavazebT sterilur saineqcio

mowyobilobas da mivcemT mas rekomendacias ineqciis swori meTodebis,

higienuri normebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom nemsebisa da

Spricebis gacvlis punqtebi dasawyisSi narkotikis momxmarebels izidavs

swored imis gamo, rom sTavazobs mas axal Sprics naxmaris sanacvlod, am

punqtebSi Semdegi saxis momsaxureobis gawevac SeiZleba:

a) rekomendaciebis gacema usafrTxo ineqciis Sesaxeb;

b) rCevebis micema dozis gadaWarbebis prevenciasTan dakavSirebiT;

c) informaciis gacema saineqcio mowyobilobis usafrTxo utilizaciis

Sesaxeb;

d) xelmisawvdomlobis uzrunvelyofa testirebaze, vaqcinaciaze da

sisxliT gadamdebi daavadebebis mkurnalobaze;

e) narkotikebis moxmarebis SewyvetisaTvis aucilebeli mxardaWeris

gaweva, wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobaze wvdomis CaTvliT

(magaliTad, opioidCanacvlebiT Terapiaze) da aseve, mxardaWeris

gaweva narkotikebis moxmarebis araineqciur meTodebze gadasvlis

procesSi;

f) jandacvisa programebsa da socialur momsaxureobasTan

dakavSirebuli sxva SesaZleblobebis micema wamaldamokidebuli

pirebisTvis (magaliTad, prezervativebis darigeba).

programebis warmateba damokidebulia rig faqtorebze: samizne jgufis

gavrcelebis arealze, fizikur wvdomaze momsaxureobaze, saineqcio

mowyobilobis darigebisas – narkotikebis moxmarebis adgilobrivi

Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebaze (miuxedavad imisa, saqme exeba opiatebs,

amfetaminebs Tu anabolur steroidebs), adgilobriv administraciasTan da sxva,

narCenebis utilizaciaze pasuxismgebel saxelisuflebo organoebTan mWidro

TanamSromlobaze, raTa maT ar Seaferxon programebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

momsaxureobiT kanonieri sargebloba da aseve, sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan

molaparakebebsa da konsultaciebze. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom aiv-infeqciisa

da hepatitebis gavrcelebis zrdas iwvevs krekisa da metamfetaminebis

moxmareba, miuxedavad moxmarebis meTodisa: ineqciis SemTxvevaSi – Cibuxebisa da

sxva mowyobilobebis ziarad gamoyenebiT da aseve, sarisko seqsualuri qceviT,

romelic SeiZleba, provocirebuli iyos stimulantebis moxmarebiT.

2) Senobebi usafrTxo ineqciisTvis. ukanasknel periodSi zogierT

qveyanaSi, rogoricaa avstralia, kanada, germania da Sveicaria, moewyo

narkotikebis saineqcio oTaxebi, risi mizanic narkotikis ineqciuri

momxmareblebisTvis zianis Semcirebis momsaxureobis gaweva da dozis

84 85

gadaWarbebiT gamowveuli sikvdilis SemTxvevebis prevenciaa. narkotikebis

saineqcio oTaxebi funqcionirebs samedicino zedamxedvelobis qveS da

kargad aris aRWurvili narkotikebisa da maT Soris ineqciuri narkotikebis

moxmarebisTvis. momxmarebels aq mosvlisas ar eSinia imis, rom mas

daapatimrebs policia da man icis, rom dozis gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi mas

daxmarebas kvalificiuri med. personalis gauwevs. aseTi dawesebulebebi

sazogadoebaSi mraval kiTxvas badebs, radgan maTi arseboba aris aSkara

demonstrireba tolerantuli damokidebulebisa narkotikebis Senaxvisa

da moxmarebisadmi. aseTi oTaxebi mkacri kontrolisa da zedamxdvelobis

qveS aris da maT saqmianobas mudmivad amowmeben da afaseben Sesabamisi

organoebi. magram dRemde Catarebuli yvela kvleva adasturebs, rom

maT dadebiTi gavlena aqvT dozis gadaWarbebisa da quCis pirobebSi

narkotikebis moxmarebiT samarTaldarRvevebis SemTxvevebis Semcirebaze.

3) dozis gadaWarbebis riskis Semcireba. zianis Semcirebis zomebis SemuSavebisas aucilebelia dozis gadaWarbebis riskis zedmiwevniT Sefaseba.

gamoyenebuli midgomebi unda iTvaliswinebdes adgilobriv da erovnul

doneze Seqmnil mdgomareobas, xolo strategiebiT gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iyos wamaldamokidebulebisa da maTi axloblebisTvis dozis gadaWarbebis

SemTxvevaSi pirveladi daxmarebis aRmoCenis da dozis gadaWarbebis

prevenciis Sesaxeb saswavlo programebisa da sainformacio masalebis

gamoyeneba. es programebi da masalebi SeTanxmebuli unda iyos “saswrafo

daxmarebis” TanamSromlebTan da samarTaldamcav organoebTan. garda amisa,

aucilebelia “keTili samaritelis wesis” swavleba, romelic iTvaliswinebs

im adamianebis dacvas, romlebic modian dozis gadaWarbebis CivilebiT, raTa

moxdes maTi motivireba momavalSic gabedulad da policiis mxridan

dapatimrebis SiSis gareSe mimarTon msgavs samsaxurebs daxmarebisTvis.

4) wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnaloba. opioidCanacvlebiTi Terapia

dRes iTvleba wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis yvelaze gavrcelebul,

mecnierulad dasabuTebul meTodad, romelic gulisxmobs meTadonis an

buprenorfinis micemas pacientisTvis. es is wamlebia, romlebic opiatis

moxmarebels exmareba, minimumamde Seamciros an saerTod aRkveTos akrZaluli

opiatebis moxmareba. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, SveicariaSi quCis heroinis

Semcvlelad msurvelebze ureceptod gaicema diamorfini (“kanonieri

heroini”). es programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli

zianis Semcirebas, amcirebs ra narkotikebis momxmareblebis sarisko qcevis

risks, romelic ukavSirdeba saineqcio mowyobilobis ziarad gamoyenebasa

da quCis narkotikebis moxmarebas. opioidCanacvlebiTma Terapiam daamtkica,

rom igi zrdis antiretrovirusuli mkurnalobis msurvelTa ricxvs,

romelic korelaciur kavSirSia virologiuri prognozis gaumjobesebasTan

im pacientebSi, romlebic gadian antiretrovirusul mkurnalobas da

narkotikebis Warbi doziT moxmarebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis

86 87

SemcirebasTan. samecniero monacemebi cxadyofs wamaldamokidebulebis

mkurnalobis efeqturobas mkurnalobis sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT – kerZod,

meTodebis, romelic efuZneba heroinisa da amfetaminis Camnacvleblebis

receptiT gacemas da aseve, fsiqosocialuri daxmarebis gawevas

(dawvrilebiTi informacia am Temis Sesaxeb ix. nawilSi 3.2, romelic eZRvneba

wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobas).

5) aiv-infeqciisa da sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi sxva daavadebebis

prevencia. narkotikebis problemur momxmareblebs, maT sqesobriv

partniorebsa da mTel sazogadoebas xeli unda miuwvdebodes

prezervativebze da informaciaze seqsualuri janmrTelobisa da Sesabamisi

momsaxureobis Sesaxeb. ineqciuri narkotikebis momxmareblebs unda gaewioT

mxardaWera, raTa isini CaerTon testirebisa da konsultaciis programebSi

aiv-infeqciiT avadobis SemTxvevaSi. am programebis TanamSromlebma

wamaldamokidebul pirebTan erTad unda gansazRvron inficirebis riski,

imsjelon, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu pacienti testis dadebiT pasuxs

miiRebs aiv-infeqciis da gadawyviton Sesabamis samkurnalo programaSi

monawileobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tu ra

grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba SeiZleba am programebma iqonios narkotikebis

momxmarebeli pirebisa da im aramomxmarebeli pirebis janmrTelobaze,

romlebic imyofebian inficirebis riskis qveS sqesobrivi kontaqtebis dros

an sxva gziT.

6) B da C hepatitebis prevencia da mkurnaloba. B hepatitis winaaRmdeg

arsebobs maRalefqturi vaqcina, romelic xelmisawvdomi unda iyos

narkotikis yvela aqtiuri da yofili momxmareblisTvis. jerjerobiT

C hepatitis winaaRmdeg, romelic metad gavrcelebeulia narkotikebis

momxmareblebSi, vaqcina ar arsebobs, magram arsebobs wamlebi, romlebic

xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela momxmareblisTvis.

7) tuberkulozis prevencia da mkurnaloba. narkotikebis problemuri

momxmareblebi tuberkuloziT daavadebis maRali riskis qveS imyofebian,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu isini usaxlkaroebis TavSesafarSi cxovroben,

imyofebian cixeSi, winaswari dakavebis sakanSi da wamaldamokidebulebis

iZulebiTi mkurnalobis centrSi. tuberkulozis winaaRmdeg farTod

gavrcelebuli wamali rifampini urTierTqmedebs meTadonTan da xels

uwyobs meTadonis swraf gamodevnas organizmidan. am mizeziT, pirebi,

romlebic tuberkulozze mkurnaloben, saWiroeben meTadonis gazrdil

dozebs wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobisas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

tuberkulozis mkurnaloba gamoiwvevs aRkveTis sindroms. zianis Semcirebis

strategiis amocanebSi Sedis wamaldamokidebuli pirebis tuberkulozis

prevencia da mkurnaloba.

86 87

orientacia mowyvlad jgufebze

zogierTi socialuri jgufi, maT Soris qalebi, axalgazrdebi da umciresobebi,

gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia narkotikebis moxmarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli

zianisadmi. rogorc mecnieruli monacemebi cxadyofs, zianis Semcirebis programebi,

romlebic am jgufebisken aris mimarTuli, unda iTvaliswinebdes maT specifikasa

da gansakuTrebul saWiroebebs.

axalgazrdoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli riskis

qveS dgas mozardebisa da axalgazrdebis mniSvnelovani nawili – gansakuTrebiT,

aziis, centraluri da aRmosavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi, - zianis

Semcirebis programebis umetesoba gaTvaliswinebulia SedarebiT maRali asakis

kontingentisTvis. narkopolitika unda iTvaliswinebdes specifiur RonisZiebebs

axalgazrdebisTvis, romlebic dafuZnebuli iqneba adamianis uflebebis dacvaze

gaeros bavSvis uflebebis konvenciis Tanaxmad. konvencia iTvaliswinebs Semdegs:

• diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi.

mocemuli debuleba iTvaliswinebs asakobrivi

barierebis gauqmebas, maT Soris iseTi barierebis,

rogoricaa moTxovna mSoblebis Tanxmobaze an

uarze arasrulwlovanTa konfidencialobasTan

dakavSirebiT, asakobrivi SezRudvebis gauqmeba

zianis Semcirebis programebSi monawileobis

misaRebad da axalgazrdebisTvis sqesobrivi da reproduqciuli janmrTelobis

momsaxureobis gaweva;

• bavSvis interesebis dacva. yvelaze mowyvlad jgufebs, romlebic yvelaze

metad saWiroeben mxardaWeras, maT Soris norC wamaldamokidebulebs da quCis

bavSvebs, unda eTmobodes maqsimaluri yuradReba zianis Semcirebis programebis

farglebSi;

• janmrTelobis ufleba. swavleba narkotikebisa da janmrTelobis sferoSi,

megobruli programebi da wvdoma jandacvis samsaxurebze – is mniSvnelovani

komponentebia, romlebic xels uwyobs axalgazrda wamaldamokidebulebis

janmrTelobis umaRlesi standartebis miRwevas. am CamonaTvalSi aseve,

aucilebelia CavrToT wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobis SesaZlebloba,

rogorc dapatimrebisa da iZulebiTi reabilitaciis alternatiuli zoma;

• monawileoba. qveynebi unda cdilobdnen, zemoqmedebis qveS myofi rac

SeiZleba, meti axalgazrda CarTon narkopolitikis strategiebisa da

programebis SemuSavebis procesSi, maT Soris wamaldamokidebulebi da aiv-

inficirebuli pirebi.

zogierTi socialuri jgufi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia narkotikebis moxmarebisa da misiT gamowveuli zianisadmi.

88 89

qalebi. ineqciuri narkotikebis momxmarebeli qalebi gansakuTrebuli

mowyvladobiT gamoirCevian narkotikebis moxmarebis Sedegebisadmi. arsebobs rigi

faqtorebi, romlebic amZimebs qalebis sarisko qcevas. maT Soris aris sasjelis

gamoyenebis strategiebi, diskriminacia policiis mxridan da zianis Semcirebis

programebis SezRudva, aseve ZiriTadad mamakacebze orientirebuli zianis

Semcirebisa da mkurnalobis programebis ganxorcielebis tendencia. am mimarTebiT

ineqciuri narkotikebis gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi momxmareblebi arian orsuli

qalebi. aucilebelia narkotikis momxmarebel qalebs mieceT wvdoma zianis

Semcirebisa da jandacvis momsaxurebis sxva saxeebze.

umciresobebi. narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli socialuri stigma da ziani

gansakuTrebiT moqmedebs zogierTi tipis umciresobaze, kerZod, mkvidr mosaxleobaze,

boSebze, emigrantebze, ltolvilebze, eTnikur da rasobriv jgufebze. zianis

Semcirebis strategiebi da programebi unda SemuSavdes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

umciresobebs mieceT wvdoma am programebze. es programebi da strategiebi unda

SemuSavdes politikosebTan da mocemuli sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebTan

TanamSromlobiT. programebi unda arsebobdes umciresobebis mSobliur enaze. isini

unda iTvaliswinebdes maT kulturul specifikasa da SeZlebisdagvarad, unda

moicavdes tradiciul meTodebs.

88 89

rekomendaciebi

• sisxliT gadamdebi daavadebebis gavrcelebis, dozis SemTxveviTi gadaWarbebisa

da narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli sxva negatiuri Sedegebis problemebis

gadasaWrelad politikosebma uari unda Tqvan iseTi narkopolitikis

gamoyenebaze, romelic miznad isaxavs narkotikebis moTxovna-miwodebis

Semcirebas da ara narkotikebiT gamowveuli zianis Semcirebas.

• zianis Semcireba ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc damoukidebeli programa

– igi unda iyos midgoma, romelic gamoiyeneba yovelTvis, rodesac

narkotikis momxmarebeli iwyebs urTierTobas jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da

sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi organizebul programebTan.

• zianis Semcirebis strategiebi warmoadgens ierarqiuli miznebis

Semadgenel nawils, romelTa mizania wamaldamokidebuli momxmareblebis

potencialis amaRleba, raTa maT ukeT SesZlon sakuTari janmrTelobis

marTva da narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebis

kontroli. zianis Semcirebis programebi unda iyos kompleqsuri da

integrirebuli, raTa uzrunvelyon wamaldamokidebuli momxmareblebis

wvdoma yvela im komponentze, romelic aucilebelia maTi moTxovnebis

dasakmayofileblad.

• narkotikebis dargSi SemuSavebuli programebi adekvaturad unda

pasuxobdes yvelaze maRali riskis jgufis specifiur moTxovnebs da unda

iTvaliswinebdes qveyanaSi Seqmnil socialur, iuridiul da ekonomikur

mdgomareobas. warmatebis misaRwevad aucilebelia TanamSromloba

mTavrobasa da arasamTavrobo seqtors Soris, maT Soris jgufebTan,

romlebic warmoadgenen narkotikebis momxmarebelTa interesebs.

• zianis Semcirebis programebi mimarTuli unda iyos mowyvlad jgufebze,

maT Soris narkotikebis momxmarebel qalebze, axalgazrdebze da

umciresobebze, raTa maT hqondeT wvdoma momsaxureobis im saxeebze,

romlebic morgebulia maT moTxovnebs.

• erovnul da/an adgilobriv strategiebSi zianis Semcirebis gaTvaliswinebisas

mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli mowyvlad jgufebTan ganxorcielebuli

an maTze gaTvlili mimdinare programebis roli da funqciebi - pirdapiri

Tu iribi, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedebs

narkotikis momxmarebelTa jgufebze da aseve, monacemebi, romelTa Segrovebac

aucilebelia im mizniT, rom davarwmunoT adgilobrivi sazogadoeba da

gadawyvetilebis miRebaze pasuxismgebeli pirebi mocemuli midgomebis

aucileblobaSi.

• didi mniSvneloba aqvs zianis Semcirebis programebis ganxorcielebas

Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilebSi (damatebiTi informacia ix. nawilSi 2.4, romelic eZRvneba muSaobis strategiebs cixeebSi).

90

ZiriTadi publikaciebi Aceijas, C., Stimson, G.V., Hickman, M. & Rhodes, T. (2004) ‘Global Overview of Injecting Drug Use and HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users’. AIDS 18(17):2295–2303, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577542

Ball, A., Rana, S. & Dehne, K.L. (1998), ‘HIV Prevention among Injecting Drug Users: Responses in Developing and Transitional Countries’. Public Health Reports 113(1):170–181, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1307739/

International Harm Reduction Association, What is harm reduction? A position statement from the International Harm Reduction Association, http://www.ihra.net/files/2010/08/10/Briefing_What_is_HR_English.pdf

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS website, Minimum requirements for effective HIV prevention programming – Know your epidemic and your current response, http://hivpreventiontoolkit.unaids.org/Knowledge_Epidemic.aspx

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007), Drug Misuse: Psychosocial Interventions, National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 51 (London: British Psychological Society), http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG051NICEguideline2.pdf

Savary, J.F., Hallam, C. & Bewley-Taylor, D. (2009), Beckley Briefing Paper 18 – The Swiss four pillars policy: An Evolution From Local Experimentation to Federal Law (The Beckley Foundation), http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/pdf/BriefingPaper_18.pdf

World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime & Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2009), WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users (Geneva: WHO), http://www.who.int/hiv/idu/TechnicalGuideTargetSettingApril08.pdf

World Health Organization, Department of HIV/AIDS, Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (2003), Rapid assessment and response technical guide TG-RAR, http://www.who.int/docstore/hiv/Core/Index.html

http://www.who.int/docstore/hiv/Core/Index.html

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