istoriaistoriis saxelmZRvanelo meaTeklaselTaTvis

10moswavlis wigni

10istorianino kiRuraZe, giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani, giorgi oTxmezuri, lali fircxalava

3

sarCevi

1. 6 2. 11 3. 18 4. 22 5. 28 6. 31 7. 36 8. 39 9. 4510. 5011. 5412. 6113. 6514. 7215. 7816. 8217. 8518. 89

istoriis sagani. profesia – istorikosi istoriis qronologia. kalendariwelTaRricxvis sistemebi istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan. periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistemamsoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofa. periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema marqsistuli periodizacia. periodizacia civilizaciebis mixedviT saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciawyaroTmcodneobaarqeologia eTnologiaistoriuli geografia da istoriuli kartografiapaleografianumizmatika da bonistikaheraldikagenealogiasfragistikaveqsilologiaistoria da informatika

istoriis mecniereba

I

33

39

41

65

95

19. 9220. 9521. 9922. 10223. 10524. 109

istoriuli Sinaarsis uZvelesi teqstebiZvelberZnuli istoriografia. herodote. TukidideZvelberZnuli istoriografia. qsenofonti. polibiosi. straboniromauli istoriografia. iulius keisari. titus liviusi. kornelius tacitusiromauli istoriografia. plutarqe da svetoniusi – biografiuli Txzulebani. amiane marcelinebizantiuri istoriografia. evsebi, gelasi da prokofi kesarielebi. agaTia sqolastikosi

istoriis mecnierebis istoria

II

14

74

83

86

4

135

144

154

172

25. 11326. 11627. 12228. 12729. 13230. 13531.

13932. 14333. 15034. 15835. 16236. 16637. 17238. 17739. 18140. 18841. 19242. 19543. 19944. 20445.

208

bizantiuri istoriografia.konstantine porfirogeneti da ana komnene – gvirgvi­nosani istorikosebi. miqael panaretosifeodaluri xanis somxuri istoriografia qarTuli istoriografia. `qarTlis cxovreba~ `axali qarTlis cxovreba~gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTuli istorio­grafia (XVII­XVIII). farsadan gorgijaniZegviani Suasaukuneebis qarTuli istorio­grafia (XVII­XVIII). vaxuSti bagrationigviani Suasaukuneebis qarTuli istorio­grafia (XVII­XVIII). sexnia CxeiZe. papuna orbeliani. oman xerxeuliZeXIX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiaXX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiasaqarTvelos istoriis kvleva XX saukuneSiSua saukuneebis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. grigol tureliSua saukuneebis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. beda pativdebuli. ainhardiSua saukuneebis muslimuri istoriuli mwerlobapirveli humanisti istorikosebi. franCesko petrarka. lorenco valapolitikuri istoria. nikolo makiaveli. franCesko gviCardinirenesansuli istoriuli azris ganviTareba evropaSi. Jan bodeni. frensis bekonimogzaurTa Canawerebi. qarTvel mogzaurTa Canawerebi Sua saukuneebis mogzaurTa Canawerebi.plano karpini, marko polo, ibn batutaaxali drois evropeli mogzaurebi.kasteli. Sardeni. giuldenStendtiXVIII saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. jambatista vikoXVIII saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. frangi ganmanaTleblebi. volteri. monteskie

118

150

168

188

204

5

46. 21347. 21648. 22149.

22550. 229

XVIII saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. `Sotlandiuri ganmanaTlebloba.~ devid iumiXIX saukunis evropuli istoriuli mwerloba. germaneli istorikosebi – ranke. momzeni. droizeniXIX saukunis pozitivisti istorikosebi. ipolit teniistoriis mecniereba XX saukuneSi.pozitivizmis kritika. robin jorj kolingvudi. benedeto kroCeanalebis skola

51. 23252. 23553. 23954. 24455. 24756. 25057. 25358. 25559. 25860. 26261. 26462. 26763. 26964. 27265. 275

pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi. wyaroebis kritikawyaroebis interpretaciamuSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)muSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)muSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)muSaoba sxvadasxva tipis wyaroebze (praqtikuli samuSao)zepiri istoria – meTodika da wyaro(praqtikuli samuSao)kvlevis dagegmva, warmarTva da misi etapebibiblioTekebsa da arqivebSi muSaobawignze muSaobaistoriuli masala internetSirogor iwereba istoriuli naSrominaSromis ena da formacitireba. bibliografiasqolio

rogor vswavlobT da gadmovcemT istorias

III

213

219

229

237

242

251

259

265

274

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Iistoriis sagani. profesia - istorikosi1.

`ra saWiroa istoria?~ – hkiTxa erTxel Svilma XX saukunis cnobil frang istorikoss mark bloks. pasuxis ZiebaSi mamam mTeli wigni dawera, romelmac mas sayovelTao aRiareba moutana.

mark blokma istoria ganmarta, rogorc `mecniereba adamianebis Sesaxeb droSi~, xolo istorikosi zRaprul kaciWamias Seadara, romelic yovelTvis iqaa, sadac `adamianis suni scems~.

XX saukunis kidev erTma, aranakleb cnobilma istorikosma da istoriis fi­losofosma, ingliselma robin jorj kolingvudma ki ase ganavrco mark blokis ganmarteba: `istoria, anu adamianis qmedebani warsulSi, esaa mxolod gonier

istoriis mecniereba

wya­ro 1

`Cven araerTxel gviTqvams, rom eris pirqve damxo-

ba, gaTaxsireba, gawyaleba iqidam daiwyeba, roca

igi Tavis istorias iviwyebs, roca mas xsovna ekar-

geba Tavis warsulisa, Tavisis yofilis cxovre-

bisa...

bevrs ers qveyanazed sulac ara hqonia warsuli, su-

lac ara hqonia istoria, ese igi imisTana cnobieri

cxovreba, romelic gamosaxavs xolme suliers da

xorciels vinaobas erTianis krebulisas, mis mizi-

dulobas, mis azrs da sagans arsebobisas, mis wmi-

daTa-wmidas, da romelica mkis Tavis droebisaT-

vis da amasTanave sTess mermisisaTvis... ulmobeli

kanoni istoriisa amisTana xalxs ver daindobs

exlandels droSi, da sxva ufro Zlieris istoriis

mqone eri daeZgereba Tu ara, Tanac gaitans da Seiwiravs xolme amisTana xalxsa.

Tu eseTi ara, bevri meti aRar aris igi eri, romelsac istoria hqonia da igi isto-

ria dauviwynia; aRarc amisTana ersa aqvs mkvidrad mokidebuli fexi arsebobisTvis

saWidaod... fex-qveSidam gamoclili aqvs is magari miwa, igi tani Tavis vinaobisa,

romelsac istoria SeaduRebs xolme mama-papaTa naRvaw-namoqmedarisgan saSviliS-

vilod fexmosakideblad da mosamagreblad...

romelia simagre Cvenis cxovrebisa da romeli sifuye da sisuste, amas xsnis da gvi-

Targmnis xolme marto istoria...

igia mTxrobeli misi Tu – rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad SesaZloa viyvneT kvlava-

dac~.

ilia

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moqmed pirTa mier Cadenili saqmeebi, go­nebiT nakarnaxevi miznebis misaRwevad.~ amrigad, istoriis Seswavlis sagani Se­mdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: `is­toria swavlobs adamianebis gaazrebul qmedebebs warsulSi~, anu mecniereba is­toria Seiswavlis kacobriobis warsuls. amis dazusteba aucilebelia imitom, rom warsuli da Sesabamisad, ganviTarebis is­toria aqvT, magaliTad, cxovelebsac da dedamiwasac. magram `zoologiur perio­debsa~ Tu `geologiur xanebs~ sul sxva mecnierebebi ikvleven, iseve, rogorc `gonieri adamianis~ gamoCenamde, warsuli araa istoriis mecnierebis sagani. swored amitom, am xanas `preistoriuls~, anu wina­reistoriuls uwodeben, xolo magaliTad, dmanisSi aRmoCenili `zezvasa da mzias~ adamianebs ki ara – hominidebs.

dReisaTvis istoriis kvleva warsulis kvlevasTanaa gaigivebuli. magram yo­velTvis ase rodi iyo. istoriam warsuli kvlevis mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi istoriuli azrisa da mwerlobis ganvi­TarebasTan erTad SeiZina. Tavdapirve­lad, TviT berZnul sityvas – `istoria~ sul sxva mniSvneloba hqonda. Cvenamde moRweuli teqstebis mixedviT Tu vimsje­lebT, jer Cndeba ara sityva `istoria~, aramed sityva `istor~ – `istorikosi~. `istorad~ ama Tu im cnobebis Semgrove­beli, Semswavleli, Semfasebeli da mTxro­beli iwodeboda. magaliTad, homerosTan `istori~ momrigebeli mosamarTlea, anu adamiani, vinc usmens mowmeebs, afasebs mtkicebulebebs, gansjis da askvnis sad aris WeSmariteba da sad – sicrue. pla­tonTan ki `istori~ – `gaTviTcnobiere­buls~, `mcodnes~ niSnavs. amasTanave, `is­toridan~ warmomdgari sityva `istoria~ `Semecnebisa~ da `kvlevis~ mniSvnelobas iZens. swored ase esmis sityva `istoria~ `istoriis mamad~ wodebul herodotesac. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavad herodote sakuTar nawarmoebs `muzebs~ uwodebda.

wya­ro 2

`yoveli eri Tavisi istoriiT

suldgmulobs. igia saganZe,

saca eri poulobs... Tvis zne-

obiTs da gonebiTs aRmate-

bulebas, Tvis vinaobas, Tvis

Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT arc

erToba enisa, arc erToba sarw-

munoebisa da gvartomobisa,

ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme

adamians erTmaneTTan, rogorc

erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis

Rvawlis damdebi, erTs isto-

riul uRelSi bmuli, erTad

mebrZoli, erTsa da imave Wirsa

da lxinSi gamotarebuli –

erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT

Zlieria. Tund droTa brunvas

eri gaeyos, daerRvios, – ma-

gram mainc rRveulTa Soris

idumali SemsWvaleba, idumali

mimzidveloba imodenad sufevs,

rom sayofia xolme erTi rame

SemTxveva, raTa ifeTqos, iWe-

qos daZinebulma istoriam da

erTsulovnebam, erTgulobam

Tavisi Zlieri frTa gaSalos.

am dReSi varT dRes Cvena da os-

maleTis saqarTvelo~.

ilia

wya­ro 3

`ilia WavWavaZis Rrma rwmeniT,

yovelma kulturulma erma Ta-

visi warsuli kargad da sruli

SegnebiT unda icodes. qarTve-

lebsac, Tu warmatebuli arse-

boba surdaT, es debuleba unda

kargad hqonodaT Segnebuli~.

iv. javaxiSvili

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am gadmocemis safuZvelze, Zv.w. III saukuneSi aleqsandrielma `gamomcemlebma~ herodotes naSromi cxra Tavad dahyves, TiToeuls TiTo muzis saxeli miaweres da mas `istoriaTa cxra wigni~ uwodes. magram berZnul­romaul kulturaSi `istoria~ sulac ar niSnavda maincadamainc warsulis Seswavlas. magaliTad, Tukidide, upirveles yovlisa, mis Tanamedrove movlenebs aRwerda. zustad aseve polibiosic TiTqmis mTlianad mis cxovrebis manZilze momxdar movlene­bs gadmocemda. antikuri istoriuli mwerlobis mkvlevrebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom polibiosis `pragmatuli~ istoria mis kvlevis meTods ki ara, `Taname­drove istorias~ aRniSnavs, anu istorias, romelic mogviTxrobs Tanamedrove ambebs da ara gardasul dReTa Sesaxeb.

antikur avtorTa Soris, istoriis sagnis mimarT maTi damokidebulebis mxriv, erTaderT gamonaklisad SeiZleba ciceroni (Zv.w. 106­43) miviCnioT misi erTi SeniSvnis gamo, rom `istoria exeba saqmeebs, romlebic scildeba Cven dros~. magram igive ciceroni, Tavis erT­erT `dialogSi~ ganmartavs, rom kargia, Tu istoriis Txrobas daiwyeb Soreul warsulSi momxdari movlenebiT, radgan isini isea aRwerili, rom verc ki waikiTxav. magram mainc umjobesia gad­mosce Tanamedrove movlenebi, romlis Tanamonawilec Tavad xar.

istoriis, rogorc Tanamedrove movlenebis Txrobis gageba, Sua saukunee­bSic SenarCunda. Sua saukuneebis evropul qronikebSi ZiriTadad avtoris Tanamedrove movlenebia aRwerili. qronikebis weris kanoni moiTxovda qro­nistisgan Txrobis miyvanas `mwerlis dromde~. rogorc XII saukunis erT­erTi evropeli avtori aRniSnavda, `saeklesio mwerlebi~ (oroziusi, beda pativ­debuli da bevri sxva) eswrafodnen `gadaecaT momavali TaobebisTvis maTi Tanamedroveebis saqmeni~.

evropul istoriul mwerlobaSi istoria warsulis kvlevas pirvelad da calsaxad, XV­XVI saukuneebSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi daukavSirda. frangma mec­nierma Jan bodenma mkafiod ganmarta istoria, `rogorc disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis adamianebis saqmianobas, naTlad aRwerils moTxrobebSi gardasul dReTa Sesaxeb~.

wya­ro 4

erT-erTi telearxis

istoriuli gadacemis tixari

wya­ro 5

`is to ri is kvle vis mi za ni igi vea

rac [sxva mec ni e re be bis]: ga a um jo-

be sos ada mi a nis mi er ga re mos ga ge ba

da mis ces mas ga re mos aT vi se bis sa-

Su a le ba. is to ri ko sis ro lia, ga-

mo i ye nos war su lis ga ge ba mo ma val-

ze kon tro lis mo sa po veb lad~.

e.h. ka ri (1892-1982), in gli se li is to ri ko si da sa er Ta So ri so

ur Ti er To baT mcod ne

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XVII­XVIII saukuneebis evropaSi istoria mxolod warsulis Semswavleli mecniere­bidan isev erTgvar `sazogadoebaTmcon­deobamde~ farTovdeba. istorikosebs SeeZloT ekvliaT rogorc warsuli, ise maTi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.

XIX saukunis evropaSi iwyeba istoriis profesionalizacia, anu iqmneba istoriis kvlevis mecnieruli meTodi da iwyeba misi meSveobiT istoriis mecnierulad kvleva. amas garda, istoria damoukidebel akade­miur dargad yalibdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom evropis skolebsa da universitetebSi iwyeba istoriis, rogorc damoukidebeli sagnis swavleba da am saqmes sagangebod SerCeuli, istoriis dargSi daxelovne­buli maswavlebeli uZRveba. saSualo sko­lebis (liceumebis) saswavlo programaSi sagani `istoria~ pirvelad napoleon bona­partis dros Seitanes. amrigad, istoriis kvleva da istoriis swavleba profesiad XIX saukuneSi iqca.

droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala arAAa mxolod istoriis raobis gageba, aramed istoriis kvlevis daniSnulebis xedvac. pasuxebi SekiTxvaze, Tu ratom vswavlo­bT istorias, metad mravalferovania da iSleba ciceronis cnobili gamonaTqvami­dan – `istoria cxovrebis maswavlebelia~, r.j. kolingvudis ganmartebamde, rom `is­toriis codna aucilebelia TviTSemecne­

wya­ro 6

`is to ria iwe re ba ara sme nis

sa a meb lad, ara med si mar Tlis

saT qme lad... da sa sar geb loa

maT Tvis, vi sac surs, naT lad

Se ic nos mom xda ri da amiT mo ma-

va lic, ro me lic ada mi a nis bu-

ne bi dan ga mom di na re, ise Ti ve an

msgav si iq ne ba.~

Tu ki di de

(QZv.w. 460-400),

is to ri is erT-erTi didi

ber Ze ni ma ma

wya­ro 8

`ma Sin, ro ca bev ri ada mi a ni, gan sa kuT re biT po li ti ko se bi, cdi lo ben mi i Ron gak ve-

Ti li is to ri i sa gan, Ta vad is to ria, ... aC ve nebs, rom mis gak ve Til Ta gan mxo lod Za-

li an co ta Tu iyo swo ri. drom da Tvi Ton is to ri am da am tki ca, rom is mo mav lis me-

tad cu di wi nas war met yve lia. es imi tom, rom is to ria aras dros me or de ba. ada mi an Ta

sa zo ga do e ba Si, is to ri is mTa var sak vlev sfe ro Si, ara fe ri xde ba or jer zus tad

ima ve pi ro beb Si an zus tad ima ve gziT... mo mav lis wi nas war met yve le bis mcde lo ba

yo vel Tvis di di Sec do maa is to ri ko sis mxri dan. cxov re ba... ub ra lod me tad ga dat-

vir Tu lia si ur pri ze biT.~

Ta na med ro ve in gli se li is to ri ko si evan si

wya­ro 7

`mar Ta li is to ri is Ses wav li-

dan mo po ve bu li cod na sa u ke-

Te so ga naT le baa praq ti ku li

cxov re bi saT vis.~

ber Ze ni is to ri ko si po li bio si

(Zv.w. 200-118)

1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT gaeciT pasuxi SekiTxvas: ratom vswavlobT istorias?

saSinao­davaleba

wya­ro 8

`ic xov reb [fran gi ka ci] er Ti wlis man Zil ze lon don Si da co ta ra mes Tu is wav li

in gli sis Se sa xeb. sa ma gi e rod bevrs ga i geb saf ran geT ze da es imi tom, rom Sen dis-

tan ci re bu li xar [saf ran ge Ti sa gan]. war su li da aw myo er Tma neTs Suqs hfens. ase

rom, is to ria im de nad ve exe ba aw myos, ram de na dac war suls.~

fran gi is to ri ko si bro de li (1902-85),

`ana le bis sko lis~ er T-er Ti fu Zem de be li

bisTvis~. istoriis Seswavlis am ukanasknel mizanze dRes aravin davobs, maT Soris arc Cven, qarTvelebi, vinc ar viviwyebT ilias sityvebs: `istoria... igia mTxrobeli misi, Tu rani viyaviT, rani varT da rad SesaZloa viyvneT kvlava­dac~.

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1. daakvirdiT wyaro 4­s. Tqveni azriT, ratom Siqmna erT­erTi telearxis is­toriuli gadacemis Tvis aseTi tixari. paragrafSi mocemuli wyaroebidan, romels moiSveli eb diT Tqveni pasuxis dasasabuTeblad.

2. daiyaviT sam jgufad. paragrafSi mocemul wyaroebze da istoriasTan `Sexvedris~ pirad gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT:

• erT jgufSi imsjeleT sakiTxze: `istoriis codna aucilebelia awmyos gasagebad~;

• meoreSi: `warsulis codna aucilebelia sakuTari Tavis ukeT Sesacnobad~;

• mesame jgufSi gaerTiandiT pirveli ori jgufis `oponentebi~.

3. jgufSi erToblivad mofiqrebuli da Sejerebuli argumentebis daxmare­biT SeecadeT, uaryoT ori danarCeni jgufis mtkicebebi.

4. yoveli jgufidan airCieT erTi wevri – momxsenebeli, vinc gaacnobs danar­Cen jgufebsa da maswavlebels jgufuri ganxilvis Sedegebs.

klasSi samuSao

11

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istoriis qronologia. kalendari2.

drois gazomvis aucilebloba kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze gaCnda. pirvelyofili adamianebi bunebis sxvadasxva movlenis mowmeni iyvnen: dRisa da Ramis, weliwadis droTa monacvleobis, mTvaris formis cvlilebis da sxv. TandaTanobiT adamianebma am cvlilebebSi garkveuli kanonzomierebebi aR­moaCines da daiwyes drois sxvadasxva monakveTis gazomva.

istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva xalxma araerTi kalendari Seqmna, rac war­moadgenda drois xangrZlivi monakveTebis daTvlis sistemas.

damwerlobis Seqmnamde adamianebi dReebs iTvlidnen joxebze pirobiTi niS­nebis amotvirfiT an specialur tyavze naskvebis gakeTebiT. amgvarad, adamia­nebma daingariSes, Tu ramdeni `naskvis~ Semdeg dgeboda, magaliTad, zafxuli. amgvar `naskvebis~ kalendrebs dRemde xmaroben zogierT afrikul tomSi.

wlis dasawyiss sxvadasxvagvarad sazRvravdnen. es yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iyo ama Tu im xalxis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan momentTan da metad TvalsaCino bunebriv movlenasTan. ZiriTadad es emTxveoda weliwadis romelime drois dasawyiss.

mTvaris kalendari

Zveli drois adamianebma TandaTanobiT yuradReba miaqcies im movlenas, rom mTvare periodulad icvlida formas (savse mTvare, naxevarmTvare da a.S.). mTva­ris formis am cvlilebebs ewodeba mTvaris fazebi. or erTnair fazas Soris dro Tavdapirvelad ganisazRvreboda 30 dRiT (sinamdvileSi, es dro daaxl. 29,5 dRes moicavs). amgvarad Seiqmna dRe­Rameze ufro didi drois monakveTi – mTvaris Tve. mTvaris weliwadi Cveulebriv 354 dRisgan Sedgeba.

mTvaris fazebi

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mTvaris kalendari gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel CineTSi, indoeTSi, babilonSi. mTvaris kalendari dResac moqmedebs aRmosavleTis zogierT qveyanaSi.

mTvaris moZraobasTan dakavSirebulia drois gazomvis sxva erTeulic – SviddRiani kvira. amgvar kviras ukve iyenebdnen Zveli Cinelebi, babilonelebi da sxvebi.

mzis kalendari

rodesac adamianebi binadar cxovrebaze gadavidnen, gaCnda Tesvisa da mo­savlis aRebis drois gansazRvris aucilebloba. es vadebi dakavSirebuli iyo wlis droebis cvlilebasTan da mzis moZraobasTan. wlis droebis dadgomis gansazRvris aucileblobam gamoiwvia mzis pirveli kalendrebis Seqmna. dro ukve ganisazRvra Tveze ufro xangrZlivi monakveTiT – weliwadiT.

daaxloebiT 7 aTasi wlis win egviptelebma SeamCnies, rom yovelwliurad daaxloebiT axali wlis dawyebis win, romelic nilosis adidebiT iwyeboda, mzis amosvlas win uswrebda cis yvelaze kaSkaSa varvskvlavis – siriusis (eg­vipturad soTisis) gamoCena. nilosis adidebas egviptelTaTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan masze iyo damokidebuli mosavali.

siriusze dakvirvebis meSveobiT, egviptelebma sakmaod zustad gansazRvres wlis xangrZlivoba – 365 dRe da 6 saaTi. wlis am xangrZlivobaze gaTvlili kalendriT nilosis yovelwliuri adideba yovelTvis erT dros – Cveneburad 19 ivliss iwyeboda.

mzis ciklebis mixedviT dadgenili maTi kalendaruli weli ki 365 dRes Sead­genda (30x12+5, Tormeti 30­dRiani Tve da xuTi damatebiTi dRe). 6 saaTiani gansxvaveba iwvevda oTx weliwadSi erTdRian cdomilebas, 120 weliwadSi – erTTvians, xolo 1460 weliwadSi – erTwlians.

qurumebi sagangebod iniSnavdnen da didi zeimiT aRniSnavdnen im movlenas, rodesac axali weli (mzis kalendris pirveli dRe) nilosis yovelwliuri wyaldidobis dawyebas (Cveneburad19 ivliss) emTxveoda da am dRis dilas so­Tisi da mze erTad gamoCndebodnen caze, rac 1460 weliwadSi erTxel xdeboda. periodis sigrZis gamo es dakvirvebebi Zalze mniSvnelovania Zveli TariRebis Tanamedrove, „absolutur“ sistemaze gadmosayvanad.

romauli kalendari

romulusis, romis legendaruli damaarseblis (Zv.w. VIII s.) dros romaelebi iyenebdnen kalendars, romliTac weliwadi 10 Tved iyofoda. Tavdapirvelad, Tveebs saxelebi ar hqonda da rigiTi nomrebiT aRiniSneboda. romulusis dros ki SemoiRes Tveebis saxelwodebebi. magaliTad, weliwadis pirvel Tves ewoda martiusi – omis RmerTis, marsis sapativcemulod; meore Tves daerqva aprili­si. es saxeli momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan aperire, rac niSnavs `gaxsnas~ – swored am TveSi ixsneboda xeebze kvirtebi. mesame Tve mieZRvna qalRmerT maias, RmerT merkuris dedas, xolo meoTxe – iunonas, RmerT iupiteris meuRles. amgvarad Seiqmna martis, aprilis, maisisa da ivnisis saxelebi.

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Zv.w. VII s­Si, romis meore legendaruli mefis numa pompiliusis dros gatar­da kalendris reforma da mas ori Tve daemata: ianvari – orsaxovani RmerTis ianusis sapativcemulod (misi erTi saxe win imzireboda, xolo meore – ukan; amdenad, is momavalsac Wvretda da warsulsac). meore Tvis, Tebervlis saxeli warmodgeboda laTinuri sityvidan februarius, rac niSnavs `ganwmendas~ da dakavSirebuli iyo am TveSi ganwmendis ritualis CatarebasTan.

romauli kalendari 355 dRisagan Sedgeboda. aTdRiani cdomilebis aRmo­safxvrelad 2 weliwadSi erTxel umatebdnen damatebiT Tves. Tumca es Tvec xan 22 dRiT, xan 23 dRiT ganisazRvreboda. am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, romauli kalendari mainc arazusti iyo. damatebiTi Tvis xangrZlivobis gansazRvris ufleba mxolod qurumebs hqondaT, romlebic xSirad TavianTi interesebis Sesabamisad iyenebdnen am uflebas.

iulius keisris kalendari

romauli kalendris uzustobani sul ufro did sirTuleebs qmnida da mowesrigebas saWiroebda. Zv.w. 46 wels iulius keisris mier ganxorcielda ka­lendris reforma. misi davalebiT, astronomma sozigene aleqsandrielma axali kalendari Seqmna Zvelegviptur kalendarze dayrdnobiT. man gamoiTvala, rom weliwadi Sedgeboda 365 dRisa da 6 saaTisagan. weliwadi 12 Tviani darCa da ganisazRvra 365 dRiT, oTx weliwadSi erTxel weliwads erTi dRe emateboda. amgvarad Seiqmna iuliusis kalendari.

weliwadis pirvel Tved miiCnies ianvari, radgan wina saukunenaxevris man­Zilze romaeli konsulebi swored pirvel ianvars ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas.

kalendris reformisaTvis madlierebis niSnad da samxedro damsaxurebebis gamo, romis senatma, mxedarTmTavar markus antoniusis winadadebiT, mexuTe Tves uwoda ivlisi (warmodgeba iuliusidan).

325 wels nikeas saeklesio krebaze iuliusis kalendari `samaradJamod~ miiRes, da gazafxulis buniobis (dRisa da RAamis xangrZlivobis damTxveva)TariRad 21 marti aRiares – es aucilebeli iyo qristianuli aRdgomis dRe­saswaulis drois gansazRvrisaTvis (gazafxulis buniobis Semdeg pirveli axalmTvareobis momdevno kvira dRe).

iuliusis kalendari sakmaod martivi da zusti iyo, magram mainc hqonda erTi mniSvnelovani nakli. is zust, e.w. tropikul wels (dedamiwis mzis garSe­mo mimoqcevis periodi) 11 wuTiTa da 14 wamiT aRemateboda. amgvarad, 128 wlis manZilze cdomileba erT dRes aRwevda. adamianebma TandaTanobiT SeamCnies, rom gazafxulis bunioba 21 martidan ukan iwevda – modioda 20, 19 da a.S. martze.

grigorianuli kalendari

XVI saukuneSi am cdomilebam ukve aTi dRe Seadgina. mis gamosasworeblad romis papma grigol XIII­m specialuri komisia Seqmna, romelmac moiwona eqimisa da astronomis aloizius lilios proeqti. amgvarad, papis brZanebiT, 1582 wlis 4 oqtombris Semdeg ara 5, aramed 15 oqtomberi dadga. ganisazRvra aseve, rom momavalSi cdomilebis Tavidan asacileblad yovel oTx weliwadSi Tebervals

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unda damateboda erTi dRe (es weliwadi nakian wlad iwodeba).

am axal, gacilebiT ufro zust ka­lendars papis saxelis mixedviT, grigo­rianuli kalendari ewoda. grigorianuli kalendari dRes TiTqmis yvelgan miRebu­lia, Tumca misi damkvidrebis procesi sakmaod rTuli gamodga da saukuneebi dasWirda. magaliTad, protestantebisaT­vis miuRebeli iyo nebismieri gadawyveti­leba, romelic romis paps ukavSirdeboda. inglisSi grigorianuli kalendari 1751 wels miiRes oficialurad. saqarTvelo­Si ki grigorianuli kalendari 1918 wels SemoiRes. zogierTi eklesia, maT Soris qarTuli marTlmadidebluri, DdResac sargeb lobs iuliusis kalendriT (e.w. `Zveli stiliT~).

hijris kalendari. omar xaiamis

kalendari

axlo aRmosavleTis islamur qveyneb­Si gavrcelebulia e.w. hijris kalendari, romelic mTvaris kalendars warmoadgens. kalendarma saxelwodeba miiRo islamis

wya­ro 1

nawyveti daniel defos roma-

nidan `robinzon kruzo~:

`Cemi gamoTvlebiT, am kunZul-

ze 1659 wlis 30 seqtembers

aRmovCndi. mxolod 14 dRis Se-

mdeg momivida TavSi azri, rom

kalendari unda Semeqmna, raTa

ar amreoda dReebisa da Tvee-

bis Tanmimdevroba da gamerCia

kviradRe samuSao dReebisagan.

ramdenadac arc qaRaldi, arc

melani da arc kalami ar mqonda,

movifiqre im saxiT Semedgina

kalendari, rogoriTac manamde

arasodes gamoyenebula. miwaSi

Cavfali boZi da mis zeda bo-

los, jvriseburad mivaWede

mog rZo oTxkuTxa dafa, romel-

zec didi asoebiT amovtvirfe:

aq napirze gadmovida

robinzon kruzo

1659 wlis 30 seqtemberi.

dafaze yoveldRiurad daniT

vkawravdi xazs. meSvide xazi

danarCenebze orjer ufro gr-

Zeli iyo da kviradRes aRniS-

navda. amgvaradve yoveli Tvis

pirveli dRe kidev ufro didi

xaziT aRiniSneboda.~

romis papi grigol XIII

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mociqul muhamadis qalaq meqadan medinaSi gadasaxlebidan anu `hijradan~.hijra ganxorcielda ax.w. 622 wels da swored es weli miiCneva muslimuri ka­lendris pirvel wlad. hijris kalendari 360 dRisagan Sedgeba da didwilad religiur xasiaTs atarebs. dREes axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi hijris kalenda­ri gamoiyeneba religiuri dResaswaulebis, saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebisa Tu oficialuri dokumentebis dasaTariReblad.

arsebobs specialuri formulebi hijris kalendaruli wlis grigorianul kalendarze gadasayvanad. amasTan erTad, axlo aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili iyo mzis kalendrebic. magaliTad iranSi, arabTa dapyrobebamde da islamis gavrcele­bamde sargeblobdnen sakmaod zusti mzis kalendriT. mTvaris kalendari, mzis kalendrisagan gansxvavebiT, sasoflo­sameurneo samuSaoebisaTvis gamousade­gari iyo. am mizeziT, imave iranSi, Turq­selCukTa batonobis xanaSi, XI saukunis miwuruls Seiqmna sakmaod zusti, rTul gamoTvlebze damyarebuli mzis kalen­dari. gadmocemiT, sultanma jalal ad­din maliq­Sahma specialuri komisia Seqmna mzis zusti kalendris Sesaqmnelad. am komisias ki saTaveSi gamoCenili poeti da astronomi omar xaiami edga. aqedan gamomdinare, am dros iranSi Se­qmnil mzis kalendars omar xaimis kalendars, aseve `jalalis~ an `maleqis~ ka­lendars uwodeben. mzis kalendari mogvianebiT Seiqmna osmaleTis imperiaSiac.

mTvare-mzis kalendari. maias kalendari.

safrangeTis revoluciis kalendari.

mTvarisa da mzis kalendris garda, arsebobs e.w. mTvare­mzis kalendaric, romelic gamoiyeneba iudevlur religiaSi da misi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa re­ligiuri dResaswaulebis TariRebis zusti gamoTvla. es kalendari sakmaod rTulia, Sedgeba `mTvaris~ 12 Tvisagan (29­30 DdRiani), magram mzis moZraobis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis periodulad CarTulia `nakiani wlebi~ (384­386 dRe). amgvari rTuli gaTvlebiT, yoveli Tvis pirveli dRe TiTqmis zustad emTxveva axalmTvareobas.

amerikis kontinentze evropelebis gamoCenamde maias tomi da aseve sxva xalxebic sargeblobdnen sakmaod rTuli da evropulebisagan gansxvavebuli kalendrebiT.

arsebobda revoluciuri kalendrebic. magaliTad, safrangeTis didi revo­luciis dros (1789­1799), uaryves revolucionerTa TvalsazrisiT `qristiani samRvdeloebis crurwmenebze damyarebuli dromoWmuli kalendari~ da daamk­vidres revoluciuri, axali kalendari, romelic 12 Tvisgan Sedgeboda, magram kvireebis nacvlad, SemoRebuli iyo dekadebi (aTdRiani kvira). am kalendarma 13 weli (1792­1805) iarseba.

wya­ro 2

`romaeli mxedarTmTavrebi yovelTvis imarjvebdnen, magram arasodes icodnen, Tu

romel dRes moxda es~.

frangi ganmanaTlebeli volteri

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maias tomis kalendari

imperator avgustusis reforma.

iuliusis sakalendro reformis gatarebis Semdeg, qurumTa umaRlesi kolegiis we-

vrebs — pontifikebs daevalaT drois aTvlis sisworis uzrunvelyofa. Tumca, maT ver

gaiges sozigenes reformis arsi da damatebiTi dReebis Casma daiwyes ara yovel meoTxe

weliwads, aramed yovel mesame wels. am Secdomis Sedegad, kalendari isev airia.

Secdoma aRmoaCines mxolod ax.w. 8 wels, imperator avgustusis dros, romelmac axa-

li reforma Caatara da Seecada gamoesworebina mdgomareoba. misi brZanebiT, Zv.w. 8

wlidan ax.w. 8 wlamde gamotoves yvela damatebuli dRe nakian wlebSi.

im xanebSive senatma miiRo gadawyvetileba meeqvse TvisaTvis ewodebina agvisto, im-

perator avgustusis sapativcemulod da am TveSi mis mier mopovebuli samxedro ga-

marjvebebis ukvdavsayofad.

damatebiTi­cnoba

hijris kalendris sirTuleebi

mTvaris Tve 29,5 dRisgan Sedgeba, magram saqme is aris, rom es cifri miaxloebiTia.

jer kidev IX-X saukuneebSi arabma astronomebma daadgines, rom mTvaris kalendari

saSualod utoldeba 29,53059 DdRes. amis gamo mTvaris kalendris 12 TveSi ara 354

dRe, aramed 29,53059 x 12 = 354,3671 dRea. swored es wiladi (0,3671) warmoadgens

uzustobebis mTavar mizezs kalendarul gaTvlebSi.

islamis Semqnelma muhamadma daakanona muslimuri hijris kalendari, romlis mixed-

viTac yoveli Tve aucileblad unda daiwyos axalmTvareobiT.

magram rogor unda Sesruldes es moTxovna? mTvaris fazebi xom yovelwliurad

0,3671 dRiT inacvlebs. 10 weliwadSi ki ukve 3,6 dRe grovdeba da axalmTvareoba

ukve aRar daemTxveva Tvis pirvel dRes. am winaaRmdegobis gadasalaxavad muslimma

astronomebs periodulad mzis kalendris nakiani weliwadis msgavsi cvlilebebi

SehqondaT mTvaris kalendarSi. magram am gasworebebis miuxedavad, hijris kalen-

dris konkretuli TariRis grigorianul kalendarze gadatana specialuri formu-

lebiT mainc mxolod daaxloebiTaa SesaZlebeli da sizustis dacvisaTvis arsebobs

specialuri cxrilebi.

1. gaecaniT wyaro 1-s. SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos robinzon kruzos `ka len-dari~`aRmoCenad~?

2. teqstisa da Sesabamisi damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT imsjeleT mTvaris ka-lendris naklova nebebze.

3. imsjeleT Tveebis saxelebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. romeli Tveebis saxe-lebi ukavSirdeba realurad arsebul istoriul pirebs?

4. teqstis, wyaro 2-isa da Sesabamisi damatebiTi cnobis mixedviT imsjeleT romauli kalendris naklovanebebze. ra safuZveli hqonda volters romae-li mxedarTmTavrebis damcinavad moxseniebi saTvis.

5. ra mniSvneloba hqonda qristianebisTvis gazafxulis buniobis zusti drois dadgenas?

6. romel kalendrebs SeiZleba vuwodoT religiuri da antireligiuri? isau-breT am kalendrebis Sesaxeb.

klasSi samuSao

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damatebiTi­cnoba

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welTaRricxvis sistemebi3.

drois calkeul monakveTebad dayofasa da kalendris SeqmnasTan erTad dadga sakiTxi, Tu saidan unda dawyebuli drois aTvla, ras unda dafuZneboda welTaRricxvis sistema.

era

Zvel romSi SEeiqmna welTaRricxvis aTvlis saxelwodeba – era (aera – niSnavs sawyis cifrs, aTvlis wertils. Tumca arsebobs am terminis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxva mosazrebac – is warmoadgens abreviaturas winadadebisa ab exordio regni Augusti, anu `dasabamidan avgustusis gamefebisa~ (Zv.w. 30 wlis 29 agvisto).

Zveli istoriis manZilze, welTaRricxvis dasawyebad sxvadasxva mniSvnelo­vani TariRi aiReboda. aseTi iyo magaliTad, babilonuri era, romelic iwyebo­da mefe nabonasaris mefobiT (Zv.w. 747 weli). Zveli berZnebi welTaRricxvas iwyebdnen pirveli olimpiadis Catarebis wlidan (Zv.w. 776). welTaRricxvis es wesi SemoiRes Zv.w. daaxl. 264 wels da gamoiyeneboda ax.w. 394 wlamde. romaelebi ki aTvlis wertilad miiCnevdnen qalaqis daarsebis TariRs – 753 wels. sxva­dasxva dinastia welTaRricxvas iwyebda Tavisi gamefebis drodan (magaliTad, selevkianebi – Zv.w. 312 wlidan, arSakianebi – Zv.w. 248 wlidan – arSakianTa era). ax. w. 284 wlidan iwyeboda romaeli imperatoris diokletianes era (es misi ga­mefebis weli iyo). diokletianes, era, qristianebisaTvis `mowameTa xana~ gaxda, vinaidan es romaeli immperatori daundoblad devnida qristianebs.

samyaros Seqmna. miniatura XIII

saukunis xelnaweridandionise mcire

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Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi qristianebisaTvis mTeli sicxadiT warmodga welTaRricxvis zusti aTvlis mniSvneloba, vinaidan sxvadasxva aTvlis wer­tili did sirTuleebs qmnida da cdomilebas iwvevda. saWiro iyo iseTi aTvlis wertilis gamoZebna, romelic qristianuli samyarosaTvis misaRebi gaxdeboda.

525 wels, anu diokletianes eris 241 wels, romaeli mRvdelmsaxuri dionise mcire (470­544) Seudga `aRdgomebis~ specialuri cxrilebis Sedgenas, raTa gansazRvruli yofiliyo aRdgomebis TariRebi momavalSic. mas aTvla unda daewyo 248 wlidan.

ramdenadac imperatori diokletiane qristianTa dauZinebeli mteri iyo, dionise mcirem uari Tqva aTvlis wertilad misi imperatoris taxtze asvlis weli aeRo. saxarebis monacemebiTa da astronomiuli dakvirvebebis safuZve­lze, dionise mcirem gamoiTvala ieso qristes dabadebis TariRi – 525 weli mis mier cxrilis Sedgenidan, 284 weli diokletianes gamefebidan da 753 weli romis daarsebidan. amgvarad safuZveli Caeyara qristianul welTaRricxvas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos – gviandeli gaTvlebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom qriste axali welTaRricxvis dawyebamde ramdenime wliT adre unda dabadebuliyo). amgvarad damkvidra qristes DESobamde da qristes Sobis Semdeg periodebis dayofa.

qristes Sobamde periodis aRsaniSnavad qarTulad ixmareba, rogorc `qris­tes Sobamde (qr.S.­mde), Cven welTaRricxvamde (Cv.w.­mde) an Zveli welTaRri­cxviT (Zv.w.). qristes Sobis Semdeg – Sesabamisad qristes Sobidan (qr.S.­dan), Cveni welTaRricxviT (Cv.w.) da axali welTaRricxviT (ax.w.) (saxelmZRvaneloSi Cven vamjobineT am ukanasknelis gamoyeneba). inglisurad qristes Sobamde periodis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba abreviatura B.C. (Before Christ – qristem­de), qristeSobis Semdeg ki A.D. (Anno domini – uflis weli (laT.)), aseve dRes sul ufro xSirad ixmareba C.E. (Common Era – saerTo era). es ukanaskneli im mizeziT damkvidra, rom qristianuli welTaRricxva gamoiyeneba ara mxolod qristiani xalxebis, aramed praqtikulad mTeli msoflios mier.

wya­ro 1

ramdenadac Zvel saberZneTSi ar arsebobda welTaRricxvis erTiani sistema, isto-

rikosisaTvis, rodesac mas uxdeboda ama Tu im mniSvnelovani movlenis gaSuqeba,

sasurveli iyo is daeTariRebina ramdenime sistemiT: sparseTis mefis, sparteli

eforebis (mefis TanammarTvelebis), aTenis arqontis (mmarTvelis) da a.S mmarTve-

lobis wliT. amis magaliTia nawyveti Tukidides (Zv.w. V s.) Txzulebidan, sadac mo-

tanilia misi `istoriis~ sakvanZo momentis, peloponesis omis dasawyisis (Zv.w. 431

w.) rogorc miaxloebiTi, ise zusti daTariReba:

`14 wlis manZilze grZeldeboda 30 wliani zavi, romelic daido evbeas dapyrobis

Semdeg. meTxuTmete wels ki, rac iyo argosSi qrisidas qurumobis ormocdamerve weli,

maSin roca enesiosi efori iyo spartaSi, piTodorioss ki arqontobis oTxi Tve rCe-

boda aTenSi, potideas brZolidan meTeqvsmete Tves, gazafxulis dasawyisSi TebelTa

SeiaraRebuli razmi, Ramis Zilis dasawyisSi, SeiWra beotiis qalaq plateaSi...~

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qoronikoni

dionise mcirem Tavisi aTvlebis safuZvlad aiRo 532 wliani cikli (`moqce­va~), romelsac ewoda qoronikoni anu didi indiqtioni.

532 wliani cikli did rols asrulebda qristianobis istoriaSi. is gamodis ricxvebis 19­isa da 28­is gamravlebiT (19x28=532). ricxvi 19 cnobilia `mTvaris wris~ saxelwodebiT – saqme is aris, rom yovel 19 weliwadSi erTxel mTvaris erTi da igive faza konkretuli Tvis konkretul dReze modis. magaliTad, savsemTvareoba iyo 1981 wlis 15 agvistos da is ganmeorda zustad 19 wlis Sem­deg – 2000 wlis 15 agvistos. cifri 28 ki ukve `mzis wred~ iwodeba. am SemTxvevaSi yovel 28 weliwadSi erTxel konkretuli Tvis dReebi emTxveva Sesabamisi kviris dReebs. mag., 1962 wlis 9 noemberic da 2000 wlis 8 noemberic paraskevi iyo.

amgvarad, yovel 532 weliwadSi Tveebis erTi da imave ricxvebis Sesabamisia kviraTa dReebi da aseve mTvaris fazebi. qronikonis sistemis mizani ki warmod­ga aRdgomisa da sxva `moZravi~ religiuri dResaswaulebis winaswari gaTvlis aucileblobidan. magaliTad, Tu 2004 wels aRdgoma 29 marts iyo (Zveli sti­liT), imave 29 marts unda yofiliyo aRdgoma 532 wliT adre, 1472 wels da a.S.

pirvelad termini `qristes Sobidan~ saeklesio dokumentebSi moxseniebulia 742 wels. XV saukunidan ki papis yvela dokumenti swored `qristes Sobidan~ TariRdeboda.

saqarTveloSi qoronikoni vrceldeba VIII saukunidan. erad, kacobriobis is­toriis dasawyisad miCneuli iyo 5604 weli, romelic emyareboda zemoT naxseneb 532 ciklad (`moqcevad~) dayofas. mag., XIII `moqcevis~ TariRi gaxda 781 weli.

hijra

welTaRricxvis gansxvavebuli sistema Seiqmna axlo aRmosavleTSi islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg. welTaRricxvis sawyis wertilad miCneul iqna mociqul muhamadis gadasvla qalaq meqidan qalaq medinaSi, anu hijra. es gadasvla mox­da 622 wels. hijris welTaRricxva oficialurad damkvidrda xalifa omaris dros, 638 wels. hijris welTaRricxva kargad iyo cnobili da gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi. qarTveli mefeebis monetebze (mag., Tamarisa da laSa­giorgis) qoronikonis mixedviT TariRTan erTad, datanilia hijris welTaRricxvis welic.

wya­ro 2

konstantinopolis patriarqis (fotius I didi, IX s.) cnoba olimpiadebis qro-

nologiis Sesaxeb:

`traqtati iwyeba pirveli olimpiadidan. radganac, rogorc amas yvela avtori

aRiarebs, ar arsebobs sruli da zusti mowmobebi manamdeli periodebis Sesaxeb, mag-

ram sxvadasxva avtori gansxvavebul cnobebs iZlevian, isinic ki, vinc ndobas iwvevs,

sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba~.

1. SeadareT erTmaneTs Zveli welTaricxvebis aTvlis wertilebi. isaubreT TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb.

2. teqstis da wyaroebis (1,2) mixedviT imsjeleT drois ZvelberZnul aTvlis sistemebze. ra sirTuleebi arsebobda am mxriv? ratom ar iyenebs Tukidide olimpiadebze dafuZnebul welTaRricxvis sistemas.

3. ra mizans isaxavda dionise mcire?

4. ras warmoadgens 532 wliani `moqceva~?

5. SeecadeT axsnaT, Tu ratom damkvidrda ukanasknel xanebSi inglisuri gamo-Tqma Common Era (saerTo era)?

6. Tqveni azriT, ratom gaCnda qarTul monetebze TariRebi hijris welTa-Rricxvis mixedviT?

klasSi samuSao

Tamaris moneta

wya­ro 3

VIII s-Si pirvelma ingliselma istorikosma beda pativdebulma iulius keisris

britaneTSi SeWras daaTariRa 60 wliT qriste Sobamde da 693 wliT romis daarse-

bidan. amiT man SesabamisobaSi miiyvana qristianuli da romauli welTaRricxvebi.

j. barou. `istoriebis istoria~

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sxvadasxva tipis sistematizacia yo­veldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawi­lia. igi aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania sa­mecniero saqmianobaSic. istorikosisaT­vis sistematizaciis erT­erTi yvelaze axlobeli formaa periodizacia – drois iseTi monakveTebis gamoyofa, romelTac esa Tu is niSan­Tviseba gansazRvravs da, xSirad, saxelsac aZlevs. aseTi dayofa pi­robiTia da mniSvnelovanwilad mkvlevris survilze da naSromis mizandasaxuleba­zea damokidebuli. magram xSirad perio­dizaciis principebs TviT masalis Tavi­seburebebi gvkarnaxobs. ase magaliTad, romis istoria ZiriTadad saxelmwifos istoriaa, saberZneTis – misi kulturi­sa, xolo israelis – saerTo religiuri mrwamsiT gaerTianebuli xalxisa. Sesaba­misad, romauli istoriis periodizacia saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebs emya­reba, berZnuli – kulturul movlenebs, xolo ebrauli – eris Tavgadasavlis ca­lkeul peripetiebs. ukanaskneli sauku­neebis manZilze Camoyalibda msoflio istoriis sam (an oTx) ZiriTad periodad dayofis tradicia. es periodebia:

Zveli, Sua, axali da uaxlesi. `Zveli istoria~ moicavs ramdenime aTaswleuls Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis miwuruls egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi civilizaciis gaCenidan romis dacemamde, `Sua~ anu `Sua saukunee­bis istoria~ – aTaswlovan periods romis

r dilmuni – bibliuri samoT­xis Sesabamisi adgili Sume­ru li miTologiis Tanaxmad. SesaZloa, kunZuli, sadac adamiani uzrunvelad cxov­robda. aq iyo Sumeruli war­Rvnis gmiris, uTnafiSTimis sacxovrisi, romelic ukvda­vebis maZiebelma gilgameSma moinaxula.

r elisiumi – elisiumis veli, berZnul miTologiaSi Sume­ruli dilmunisa da bibliu­ri samoTxis Sesatyvisi. zogi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Tavisi siqveliT gamorCeuli ada­mianebis sulebi swored aq xvdebodnen hadesis (jojoxe­Tis) nacvlad.

r qronosi – berZnul miTolo­giaSi: titani, uranosisa (ci sa) da geas (dedamiwis) Svi li, zevsis mama (romaul mi To logiaSi mas Seesabameba saturni).

r hadesi – berZnul miToli­giaSi miwisqveSa samefos mbrZa nebeli, sadac garda­cvlilTa sulebicxovroben.

leqsikoni

dacemidan konstantinopolis dacemamde da amerikis aRmoCename, `axali isto­ria~ evropis ekonomikur da politikur aRmasvlasa da msoflioSi evropelTa hegemonobas ukavSirdeba. `uaxlesi istoria~ Taviseburi periodia – drois monakveTi ukanaskneli umniSvnelovanesi movlenidan dRemde. dasavlur isto­riul mwerlobaSi `uaxlesi istoria~ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, magram ZiriTadad XX saukunesa da Tanamedrove movlenebTan mimarTebaSi. sul cota xnis win ki gGaCnda axali termini – `dRevandelobis istoria~. sabWoTa kavSirSi

istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan.

periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistema 4.

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uaxlesi istoria `oqtombris socialisturi revoluciiT~ (1917 w.) iwyeboda, CvenTvis ki, SesaZlebelia, uaxlesi istoriis 1991 wliT dawyeba – maSin daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri da saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova.

es periodizacia evropelis TvaliT danaxul msoflio istorias Seesabame­ba, rac arcaa gasakviri. dRevandeli mecnierebebi xom ZiriTadad axali drois evropaSi Camoyalibda. qarTvelisTvisac amgvari periodizacia savsebiT misa­Rebia, radgan saqarTvelo mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dasavlur samyarosTan: geografiuli siaxlove, saerTo rwmena – qristianoba da zogierTi saerTo ambavi istoriuli Tavgadasavlisa.

istoriis periodizaciis saTaveebTan

Zvel samyaroSi kacobriobis istoria da misi periodizacia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobis miTebTan.

Sumeruli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, adamiani Tavdapirvelad udardelad da bednierad cxovrobda dilmunSi, sadac uzenaesi RmerTi enlili mefobda.

Semdeg iwyeba `mefoba~, anu `istoriuli~ xana, romelsac warRvna orad hyofs.bevr sxva religiaSic kacobriobisaTvis misi arsebobis pirveli periodi

iyo yvelaze tkbili. bibliis Tanaxmad, adami da eva Tavdapirvelad samoTxe­Si cxovrobdnen, vedur anu Zveli hindus (indoeTis) kulturaSi istoriuli ciklebi iwyeboda `oqros xaniT~, romlis aRweriloba Sumerul dilmunsa da miwier samoTxes hgavs. mas mosdevda vercxlis, spilenZisa DAda rkinis xanaAA, Se­mdeg ki axali cikli iwyeboda. aRmosavleTidan unda moxvedriliyo msgavsi warmodgena berZnul tradiciaSi.

berZeni poeti hesiode (Zv.w. VIII­VII ss.) Tavis poemaSi `samuSaoni da dReni~ amgvar periodizacias gvTavazobs:

oqros xana – qronosis batonobis xanaa, rodesac adamianebi RmerTebTan erTac cxovrobdnen, maT Soris ki mSvidoba da harmonia sufevda. adamianebi dRegrZelni da janmrTelni iyvnen, xangrZlivi cxovrebis manZilze inarCu­nebdnen axalgazrdul SemarTebasa da xaliss, sikvdilis Semdeg ki maTi sule­bi `damcvelebad~, `mfarvelebad~ iqceodnen.

vercxlis xana – es da Semdgomi epoqebi zevsis batonobisa da adamianis Tan­daTanobiTi degradaciis xanaa. adamiani asi weli dedis mfarvelobisa da ba­tonobis qveS izrdeboda, Semdeg ki xanmokle damoukidebel sicocxles sxveb­Tan ancobasa da CxubSi atarebda. is aRar eTayvaneboda RmerTebs, ris gamoc zevsma adamianTa es Taoba mospo. maTi sulebi miwisqveSeTis `dalocvil su­lebad~ iqcnen.

brinjaos xana – am dros brinjaos iaraRi batonobs da adamianis ZiriTadi saqme omia. adamiani sakuTari bneli saqmeebis msxverpli gaxda – zevsma es Tao­ba e.w. devkalionis warRvniT mospo. maTi sulebi usaxelod gadaeSvnen hadesis ukunSi.

gmirTa xana – es erTaderTi periodia, romelsac ar Seesabameba liToni da romelic ar aris winamorbedze uaresi. am dros adamianebs Soris naxevradRmer­Tebi da gmirebi cxovroben. am gmirebma dalaSqres Tebe, kolxeTi, troa, maTi sulebi ki elisiumSi wavidnen.

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periodizaciis ptolemaiosis sistema

ukve Sumerul `mefeTa siaSi~ vxvdebiT istoriis dayofas im mefeTa jgu­fis mixedviT, romlebic erTmaneTis miyolebiT marTavdnen ama Tu im qalaqs. msgavsi principi gamoiyeneboda egvipteSic. e.w. turinis papirusSi faraonebi garkveuli niSniT arian dajgufebulni. egvipturi tradiciis gamgrZelebeli iyo elinisturi egviptis samefo karze moRvawe qurumi maneToni (Zv.w. III s.), romelmac berZnulad dawera egviptis istoria da faraonTa am jgufebs di­nastiebi uwoda.

wya­ro 1

Sumeruli `mefeTa siidan~:

`mefoba cidan rom Camovida, eriduSi iyo mefoba. eriduSi alulimi iyo mefe, 28800

wels mefobda, alalgari 36 000 wels mefobda. 2 mefe 64800 wels mefobda. eridus

vtovebT. mefoba bad-TibiraSi gadavida. bad-TibiraSi enmenluana 43 200 wels me-

fobda, enmengalana 28 800 wels mefobda. sami mefe 108 100 wels mefobda. bad-Tibi-

ras vtovebT. misi mefoba laraqSi gadavida. laraqSi ensifaziana iyo, 28 800 wels

mefobda. 1 mefe Tavis 28 800 wels mefobda. laraqs vtovebT. misi mefoba sifarSi

gadavida. sifarSi enmendurana iyo mefed, 21 000 wels mefobda. sifars vtoveb. misi

mefoba SurufaqSi gadavida. SurufaqSi ubarTuTu iyo mefed, 18 600 wels mefobda. 1

mefe Tavis 18 600 wels mefobda. 8 mefe 241 200 wels mefobda. warRvnam waleka. warR-

vnis Semdeg mefoba cidan Camovida da qiSSi iyo mefoba...~.

rkinis xana – es hesiodesa da Cveni Tanamedrove xanaa. qveyana savsea codvi­Ta da ubedurebiT, Zala simarTles Cagravs, Svili mSobels aRar scems pativs, Zma Zmas ebrZvis, maspinZels stumari aRar axarebs, yvela tyuis da daikarga sircxvili, RmerTebma sabolood daswyevles adamiani.

romaeli poetis, ovidiusis `metamorfozebSi~ (I s.) igive gadmocemaa asaxuli, oRond gamotovebulia `gmirTa xana~, rac Txrobas ufro logikursa da uimedos xdis – praqtikuli warmatebebi da codna sul ufro aSorebs adamians bedniere­basa da sikeTes.

oqros xanaSi samarTali da mSvidoba sufevs. adamianisaTvis ucxoa xelovne­ba da naosnoba. vercxlis xanaSi iupiteri awesebs weliwadis droebs, adamia­ni swavlobs xelovnebas, miwismoqmedebasa da arqiteqturas. brinjaos xanaSi adamiani omobda, magram ar iyo umowyalo. da bolos, rkinis xanaSi, adamianma gaavlo sazRvrebi xalxebs Soris, daxvewa vaWrobis, naosnobis, xelosnobis, omis xelovneba, samagierod sabolood dakarga samarTali da sikeTe.

am gadmocemebidan iRebs saTaves gamoTqma `oqros xana~, romelic dRes ama Tu im qveynis politikuri Tu kulturuli istoriis yvelaze warmatebul pe­riods aRniSnavs.

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egviptis elinisturi dinastiis STamomavali iyo antikurobis erTerTi yvelaze saxelovani mecnieri, astronomi da geografi klavdius ptolemaiosi (daaxl. 90­160).

mis saxels miewereba e.w. `ptolemaiosis kanoni~, mefeTa nusxa, sadac mefeTa mmarTvelobis wlebia aRniSnuli. dokumentis Sedgenis mizani astronomiul dakvirvebaTa daTariRebis gaadvileba iyo, Zvelad xom ar arsebobda dRevan­delis msgavsi universaluri welTaRricxvis sistema.

istorikosisaTvis es nusxa Zalze sainteresoa imitom, rom mis safuZvelze SeiZleba dazustdes Zv.w. I aTaswleulis wamyvan saxelmwifoTa mmarTvelebis zeobis wlebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT ConCxi im drois msoflio istoriis qronologiisaTvis.

sainteresoa agreTve is faqti, rom klavdios ptolemaiosi faqtobrivad gvTavazobs misTvis cnobili istoriis periodizacias im saxelmwifoebis di­nastiaTa mixedviT, romlebsac met­naklebi pretenzia SeiZleba hqonodaT msoflio batonobaze da Sesabamisad, `msoflio imperiis~ titulze. amdenad, mis periodizacias SeiZleba vuwodoT `periodizacia msoflio imperiebis mixedviT~.

es nusxa warmoSobiT babilonuria. Zv.w. VIII­VII saukuneebSi SuamdinareTis ori Zlieri saxelmwifo, babiloni da asureTi, erTmaneTs ecileboda pirvelo­bas. siaSi babilonis mefeebad moixseniebian rogorc babilonis, aseve asureTis mefeebi, romlebic axerxebdnen babilonze kontrolis mopovebas. ignorire­bulia mxolod erTi asureli mmarTvelis, sinaqeribis saxeli, vinc babilons sagangebod umtro da Zv.w. 689 wels daangria kidec qalaqi.

Zv.w. 539 wels sparseTis mefe kirosma babiloni aiRo. am momentidan msoflio pirveloba sparselebis xelSi gadavida.

sparselebi aleqsandre makedonelma daamarcxa da msoflios batoni gaxda, Tumca misi imperia male daiSala.

aleqsandres sardlebi da memkvidreebi didxans ibrZodnen pirvelobisaT­vis. klavdios ptolemaiosi aq subieqturia da upiratesobas Tavis winaprebs, egviptel ptolemaiosebs aniWebs. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom amaSi aris garkveuli logika: erTi mxriv, ptolemaiosebi ar Camouvardebodnen aleqsandres sxva memk­vidreebs, meore mxriv ki, misi winaprebis mefobis wlebiT daTariRebuli egvip­turi astronomiuli dakvirvebebi yvelaze kargad iyo cnobili avtorisaTvis.

ptolemaosebs sruliad samarTlianad romis imperatorebi mosdeven. maT nusxas aklia mxolod is mmarTvelebi, vinc erT welze nakleb xans flobda xelisuflebas.

maneTonisa da klavdius ptolemaosis gavleniT ama Tu im qveynis istoriis periodizacia dinastiebis mixedviT sakmaod popularuli iyo momdevno xanis istorikosebs Soris da dResac xSirad gamoiyeneba.

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ptolemaiosis mefeTa nusxa

babilonis mefeebi – Zv.w. 747-539

nabonasari – 747-734

nabu-nadin-zeri (nadinosi) – 733-732

nabu-muqin-zeri (xinzeri) da fulu (porosi) – 731-727

ululasi – 726-722

marduq-afla-idina II (mardokempadosi) – 721-710

sargon II (arkeanosi) – 709-705

umefoba – 704-703

bel-ibni (bilibosi) – 702-700

aSur-nadin-Sumi (afaranadiosi) – 699-694

nergal-uSezibi (regebelosi) – 693

muSezib-marduqi (mesesimordakosi) – 692-689

umefoba – 688-681

asarqadoni (asaradinosi) – 680-668

SamaS-Sum-uqini (saosdouxinosi) – 667-648

qandalanu (kineladanosi) – 647-626

nabofalasari – 625-605

nabuqodonosori II – 604-562

amel-marduqi (iloarudamosi) – 561-560

neriglisari – 559-556

nabonidi – 555-539

sparseTis mefeebi – Zv.w. 538-332

kirosi – 538-530

kambisesi – 529-522

darios I – 521-486

qserqse – 485-465

artaqserqse I – 464-424

darios II – 423-405

artaqserqse II – 404-359

artaqserqse III – 358-338

arsesi (arogusi) – 337-336

darios III – 335-332

makedoniis mefeebi – Zv.w. 331-305

aleqsandre didi – 331-324

filipe III – 323-317

aleqsandre IV – 316-305

egviptis mefeebi – Zv.w. 304-30

ptolemaios I soteri (lagosis Ze) – 304-285

ptolemaios II filadelfosi – 284-247

ptolemaios III evergetesi – 246-222

ptolemaios IV filopatori – 221-205

ptolemaios V epifanesi – 204-181

ptolemaios VI filometori – 180-146

ptolemaios VIII evergetesi – 145-117

ptolemaios IX soteri – 116-81

ptolemaios XII neos dionisosi – 80-52

kleopatra – 51-30

27

1. CamowereT `msoflio imperiebi~. miuwereT batonobis TariRebi. ptole­

maiosis mefeTa nusxidan (wy. 2) samefoTa romeli ori jgufis gaerTianebaa

SesaZlebeli da ra saerTo saxeli SeiZleba ewodos am `msoflio imperias~. es

ukanaskneli SesaZlebloba gaiTvaliswineT `msoflio imperiebis~ Tqveneuli

nusxis Sedgenisas. paragrafis teqstSi moZebneT informacia, romelic da­

gexmarebaT davalebis SesrulebaSi.

saSinao­davaleba

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romis imperatorebi – Zv.w. 29 – ax.w. 160

avgustusi – Zv.w. 29 – ax.w. 14

tiberiusi – 15-36

gaius (kaligula) – 37-40

klavdiusi – 41-54

neroni – 55-68

vespasiane – 69-78

titusi – 79-81

domiciane – 82-96

nerva – 97

traiane – 98-116

Aadriane – 117-137

elius antoninusi – 138-160

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msoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofa.

periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema

5.

msoflio istoriis `oTxs samefod~ dayofa

Sua saukuneebis qristianul istoriul mwerlobaSi sayovelTaod miRebu­li iyo msoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofa. periodizaciis es sistema aigo ptolemaiosis `msoflio imperiebad~ dayofis principze da amave dros mas biblia daedo safuZvlad, kerZod ki `Tixisfexa kerpis~ suraTi daniel wi­naswarmetyvelis wignidan. `danielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi~ vkiTxulobT, rom danieli erTaderTi aRmoCnda babilonis mefe nabuqodonosoris karze uricxv mogvTa, SemlocvelTa da jadoqarTa Soris, vinc SeZlo Zlevamosili xelmwifis sizmris axsna. nabuqodonosors uzarmazari, saSineli kerpi esizmra. mas Tavi oqrosi hqonda, mkerdi da xelebi – vercxlisa, muceli da barZayebi – spilen­Zisa, wvivebi – rkinisa, terfebi ki nawilobriv rkinis da nawilobriv Tixisa. danielma nabuqodonosoris sizmari ase axsna: kerpis oqros Tavi nabuqodono­soris samefo iyo, romlis Semdegac aranakleb Zlevamosili ori samefo (ver­cxlisa da spilenZis) ibatonebda erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT. bolos dadgeboda ukanaskneli, meoTxe `rkinis samefos~ xana, romelic nawilobriv rkinasaTviT mtkice da nawilobriv TixasaviT myife iqneboda. nabuqodonosoris sizmarSi kerpi `xelisukvrelad mowyvetilma~ lodma daamsxvria. danielis winaswarme­tyvelebis Tanaxmad, aseve daimsxvreoda `rkinis samefo~, Semdeg ki `zeciuri RmerTis samefos~ xana dadgeboda da `ukunisamde idgeboda~.

wya­ro 1

rogor momzadda istoriis periodizaciis `samwevrovani sistemis~ safuZveli.

nawyveti XX s.-is qarTveli istorikosis g. kiRuraZis wignidan `axali istoria~

(t. 1, 1970).

`istoriis samwevrovani sqemis safuZvlebi momzadda aRorZinebis epoqaSi. es sqema

Tavdapirvelad sazogadoebrivi istoriisTvis ar iyo gamiznuli. igi Seqmnes fi-

lologma humanistebma laTinuri enis Seswavlis procesSi... maT laTinuris ganvi-

Tarebis sami etapi daadgines: pirveli iyo klasikuri laTinuris, Zveli anu `oqros

laTinuris~ epoqa; meore - `waryvnili~, barbarosuli (Sua saukuneebis) enis epoqa;

mesame – aRorZinebuli klasikuri, `oqros laTinuris~ epoqa. laTinuri enis ganvi-

Tarebis am sqemas garkveuli qronologiuri CarCoc Seusabames. `oqros laTinuris~

epoqa daemTxva romis imperiis epoqas da mis dacemasTan erTad (V saukune) damTa-

vrda. amis Semdeg iwyeba enis ganviTarebis meore – degradaciis periodi, romelic

aRorZinebamde grZeldeba (XV-XVI ss.). amieridan laTinuri ena Tavisi ganviTare-

bis mesame fazaSi Sedis, kvlav iwmindeba da ubrundeba klasikur formebs, anu Tavisi

arsebobis `oqros xanas~.”

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ukanaskneli, meoTxe samefo, qristianul is­toriografiul tradiciaSi romis imperiasTan iyo gaigivebuli. rac Seexeba `Tixisfexa kerpis~ suraTs, is, mkvlevarTa mtkicebiT, udavod he­siodes gavleniTaa daxatuli.

msoflio istoriis `oTx samefod~ dayofis sqemas qristianuli istoriuli mwerlobis ni­muSebSi ax.w. III saukunidan moyolebuli vxvde­biT. pirvelad is Cndeba bizantieli istoriko­sis evsebi kesarielis (267­330) nawarmoebebSi. evsebi msoflio istorias yofda asiriul­babi­lonur, midiur­sparsul, berZnul­makedonur da romaul samefoebad. evsebi kesarielis naS­romebis laTinuri Targmanis wyalobiT, isto­riuli periodizaciis es sqema evropaSic gavr­celda. Sua saukuneebis qristianul istoriul mwerlobaSi damkvidrda agreTve ptolemaiosis mefeTa nusxis, e.w. `mefeTa kanonis~ gagrZele­bis wesi. istorikosebi am nusxas Tanmimdevru­lad amatebdnen romaeli bizantieli impera­torebis saxelebsa da zeobis wlebs. am wess misdevdnen konstantinopolis dacemamde (1453).

periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema

`oTxi samefos~ mixedviT istoriis periodi­zacia SenarCunda aRorZinebis xanamde – manam, vidre humanisturma istoriulma mwerlobam eWvi ar Seitana mis marTebulobaSi. XVI saukune­Si `oTxi samefos~ mixedviT msoflio istoriis periodizacia sabolood uaryo frangma mec­

wya­ro 2

XX saukunis cnobili frangi istorikosi, `analebis skolis~ fuZemdebeli lu-

sien fevri q. keleris periodizaciis sistemis Sesaxeb.

`briyvma, ubadrukma, umecarma magistrma kelerma, misi Tanamedroveebis mier ukve

gamokveTil `Zvel~ da `Tanamedrove xanebs~ Soris aRmoaCina faqtebisa da saqmeebis

ukidegano, usaxelo sivrce. man es sivrce `Sualedur~, an kidev `Sua saukuneebad~

monaTla. es saxelwodeba dRemdea SemorCenili. ase `Seqmnil~ Sua saukuneebs xorci

Seesxa da sicocxle mieniWa. Sua saukuneebi TandaTanobiT realobad iqca... arsebad,

romelic ibadeba, izrdeba, yvavis, gadagvardeba da kvdeba; pirovnebad, romlis

fsiqologiasac seriozulad swavloben, TiTqos is sinamdvileSi arsebuliyo.~

`Tixisfexa kerpi~. `oTxi

samefos~ mixedviT periodizaciis

grafikuli gamosaxuleba lorenc

faustis wignidan `daniel

winaswarmetyvelis kerpis

anatomia~ (1585).

celariusi

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XX s-is cnobili frangi anTropologi levi-strosi TariReEbis Sesaxeb istoriaSi:

`ar arsebobs istoria TariRebis gareSe. marTalia TariRebi es mTeli istoria araa

da arc yvelaze saintereso ramaa istoriaSi, magram swored TariRebia is, ris gare-

Sec istoria gaqreboda... istoria waiSleboda, SeuZlebeli rom yofiliyo misi zus-

ti Tu ara, savaraudo TariRebis dadgena mainc.~

1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT werilobiT CamoayalibeT ra daniSnuleba aqvs istoriis periodizacias da ratomaa is yovelTvis pirobiTi.

saSinao­davaleba

1. ganixileT periodizacis samwevrovani sistemis naklovanebebi da Rirsebebi.

klasSi samuSao

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nierma Jan bodenma (1530­1596). XVII saukuneSi ki hales (germania) universitetis profesorma qristefore kelerma (celariusma (1638­1707), laTinizebuli saxe­lebis darqmeva damaxasiaTebeli iyo humanistebisaTvis) SeimuSava istoriuli periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema. kelerma msoflio istoria sam periodad dayo: Zvel, Sua da axal istoriad. kacobriobis istoriis dayofis am princips eyrdnoba istoriuli periodizaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove sistemac. keleris Zveli (antikuri) istoria moicavda kacobriobis istorias dasabamidan imperator konstantine didis mier qristianuli religiis legali­zaciamde (313), Sua saukuneebi – konstantine didis xanidan konstantinopolis dacemamde, Sesabamisad, axali istoria 1453 wlidan iwyeboda.

mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi orma saxelovanma istorikosma, Sveicarielma iakob burkhardtma da frangma Jiul miSlem gamoyves kidev erTi epoqa – aRor­Zinebis xana, rogorc gardamavali periodi Sua saukuneebsa da axal dros Soris. Tanamedrove istoriul mecnierebaSi am periods (XIV s. II nax­ XVI s.) `adreul axal drosac~ uwodeben.

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marqsistuli periodizacia. periodizacia

civilizaciebis mixedviT

6.

XVIII saukunis evropaSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi pirvelad Cndeba perio­dizaciis sistemebi, romlebic ama Tu im sazogadoebis sameurneo cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis mixedviTaa agebuli. ase magaliTad, ekonomikur prin­cips efuZneba Sotlandieli politekonomistis adam smitis (1723­1790) perio­dizaciis sqema. adam smiti, iseve rogorc zogadad ganmanaTlebelebi, sau­brobs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis `stadiebze~ da maT Sesabamis sazogadoebriv progresze dabali – `velurobis~ safexuridan, umaRles – `civilizaciis~ safexuramde. adam smiti gamoyofs oTx ekonomikur stadias: monadireoba­Semgroveblobas, mesaqonleobas, miwaTmoqmedebasa da komercias (vaWrobas) da yovel maTgans Sesabamis `sazogadoebriv stadias~ usadagebs. monadireoba­Semgroveblobis xana – velurobis, mesaqonleoba­momTabareobisa da miwaT­

r marqsizmi – politikuri Teoria, romelic SeimuSaves germanelma mecnie­rebma da revolucionerebma karl marqsma (1818­1883) da fridrix engelsma (1820­1895). marqsistuli Teoria efuZneba istoriis materialistur gagebas (e.w. istoriuli materializmi), romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebis cxovre­bis formas – sazogadoebriv formacias, ekonomika gansazRvravs. es Teoria agebulia mTavar debulebaze klasobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb da gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi formaciebis ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi, revoluciuri gziT cvlilebas. amasTanave klasobriv brZolas marqsizmSi kanonis Zala eniWeba. ma­galiTad, `klasobrivi brZolis kanoniT~ winaswar gansazRvrulia, rom kapita­lizmis pirobebSi Cagruli klasi – proletariati, aRsdgeba mCagvreli, `eqs­ploatatori~ klasis – burJuaziis winaaRmdeg, mova xelisuflebis saTaveSi da daamyarebs `proletariatis diqtaturas~. es iqneba pirveli nabiji saboloo miznis – uklaso, komunisturi wyobilebis damyarebis miRwevis gzaze.

marqsizmi safuZvlad daedo or principulad gansxvavebul ideologias, po­litikur mimdinareobasa da saxelmwifoebriv wyobas. erTis mxriv, marqsizms efuZneba Tanamedrove dasavluri social­demokratia, romelic uaryofs mar­qsizmis revoluciur, Zaladobriv debulebebs, magram amave dros, saxelmZRva­nelo debulebad irCevs magaliTad `socialuri samarTlianobis~ marqsistul princips. dRes evropis wamyvan qveynebSi social­demokratiuli partiebi saxelisuflebo partiebia (socialistebi safrangeTSi, social­demokratebi germaniaSi. leiboristebi did britaneTSi da sxv.), maTi politikuri mizani ki `sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ Camoyalibebaa. amitom magaliTad, germanul saxelmwifos `socialur saxelmwifos~, SvedeTis sazogadoebriv­po­litikur sistemas ki `Svedur socializms~ uwodeben. meores mxriv ki, leninisa da stalinis `moZRvrebebiT~ transformirebul marqsizms efuZneboda sabWo­Ta reJimi da misi ideologia, anu e.w. `realurad arsebuli socializmi~.

leqsikoni

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moqmedebis – barbarosobisa da feodalizmis, komerciisa ki civilizaciis stadiebia.

adam smitis ganmartebiT, monadireoba­Semgroveblobis stadiaze jer ar arsebobs `mTavroba~ da `mmarTveloba demokratiulia~ (igulisxmeba Temis mmarTveloba); mesaqonleoba­momTabareobis stadiaze Cndeba sakuTrebisa da Sesabamisad, mmarTvelobis Canasaxovani formebi; miwaTmoqmedebis stadiaze (magaliTad, barbarosul evropaSi feodis institutis Camoyalibebidan moyo­lebuli) sakuTreba da Zalaufleba mcire jgufis xelSi gadadis, xelisufleba `beladobidan~ `monarqiamde~ viTardeba; dabolos, `komerciiis stadiaze~ xe­losnobisa da manufaqturuli warmoebis upiratesi ganviTarebis pirobebSi, `samiwaTmoqmedo stadiisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli (feodaluri) patron­ymuri damokidebuleba icvleba axali `sawarmoo urTierTobebiT~ (adamiani damo­kidebuli xdeba sawarmoo procesze da mewarmeze), Sesabamisad, dgeba `axali dro~, sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba aRwevs `civilizaciis~ safexurs.

marqsistuli periodizacia

XIX saukuneSi igive ekonomikuri principi safuZvlad daedo marqsistul periodizaciasac. am periodizaciis mixedviT, sazogadoebis progresuli gan­viTarebis stadiebi sawarmoo urTierTobebisa da sakuTrebis formebis cvli­lebidan gamomdinare da mis Sesabamisad cvlis erTmaneTs. msoflio istoriis marqsistuli periodizaciis sqema moicavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Semdeg stadiebs: pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebas, monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas, feodalizms, kapitalizms, socializmsa da uklaso komunistur sazogadoebas. amasTanave, marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, am stadiebis monacvleoba kanon­zomieri da gardauvalia.

periodizaciis es sqemac progresis rwmenas efuZneba, anu sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba aRmavalia primitiuli safexuridan umaRles komunistur stadia­mde. marqsistul TeoriaSi komunizmi amqveyniuri samoTxismagvari sayovelTao Tanasworobisa da sayovelTao keTildReobis sazogadoebaa. marqsistuli periodizaciis pirvel safexurs Seesabameba kacobriobis istoria pirveli civilizaciebis gaCenamde, meores – Zveli aRmosavluri da antikuri civi­lizaciebi, mesames – Sua saukuneebi, meoTxes – axali istoria. mexuTesa da meeqvses, marTalia TviTon marqsi ar moswrebia, magram samagierod sabWoTa istoriografiam leninze dayrdnobiT, 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucia ru­seTSi socializmis stadiis sawyis TariRad gamoacxada, revoluciis Semdgom istorias ki sagangebo periodi – `uaxlesi istoria~ miusadaga. rac Seexeba komunistur stadias, aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi `komunizmSi Sesvlis~ sxvadasxva vada saxeldeboda.

Tanamedrove istoriul mecnierebaSi `uaxlesi istoriis~ sxvadasxva gageba arsebobs. zogjer es termini uaxlesi warsulis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, zogjer ki is XX saukunis istorias aRniSnavs. vxvdebiT agreTve, XX saukunis istoriis periodizaciis gamorCeul, originalur versiebsac. magaliTad, cnobil bri­tanel istorikoss, erik hobsbaums Tanamedrove samecniero sivrceSi Semoaqvs `mokle XX saukunis~ cneba, romelic moicavs istoriul periods I msoflio omi­

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dan (1914) sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde (1991) da mas `ukiduresobebis xanas~ uwodebs (igulisxmeba ori msoflio omi, mZlavri socialuri revoluciebi, totalitarizmi – sabWoTa da faSisturi reJime­bi). `mokle XX saukune~ Tavis mxriv, dayofilia sam qveperiodad. niSandoblivia, rom erT­erT maTgans `oqros xana~ hqvia (1947­1973). es mowmobs imas, rom hesiodedan momdinare istoriuli pe­riodizaciis tradicia dResac vlindeba ama Tu im formiT.

istoriis periodizacia civilizaciebis

mixedviT

arsebobs istoriuli periodizaciis kidev erTi saxeoba, romelsac sxvebisagan gansxvavebu­li principi udevs safuZvlad. esaa periodizacia civilizaciebis mixedviT, romlis SemuSavebac, upirveles yovlisa, germaneli filosofosis da istorikosis osvald Spenglerisa (1880­1936) da ingliseli istorikosis arnold jozef toinbis (1889­1975) saxelebs ukavSirdeba.

Spenglerma da toinbim daiwunes periodizaciis samwevrovani sistema, imis safuZvelze, rom is mxolod da mxolod evropuli civilizaciis gan­viTarebas asaxavda da ar gamodgeboda sxva civi­lizaciebisa da msoflio istoriis sayovelTao (universaluri) periodizaciisaTvis. Spengle­risTvis, iseve rogorc toinbisTvis, miuRebeli iyo agreTve, samwevrovani sistemis periodebis xazovani, aRmavali (progresuli) monacvleoba.

periodizaciis am gavrcelebuli sistemis sa­nacvlod, Spenglerisa da toinbis mier SemuSave­buli sistemebi arsebiTad erTmaneTis msgavsia: orive warmoadgens periodizacias `civilizacie­bis mixedviT~ da orive cikluria, anu gulisxmobs civilizaciebis wriul da ara xazovan ganviTare­bas.

o. Spenglerma sqemas `Zveli msoflio – Sua saukuneebi – axali dro~ uwoda `uaRresad mwiri da azrsmoklebuli~. misi azriT, kacobriobis istoria mravali TviTmyofadi kulturis istoriaa da yoveli maTgani gardauvlad ciklurad viTardeba. Spengleri civilizaciur cikls cocxali organizmis ganviTarebis analogiiT gansazRvravs: magaliTad, rogorc mcenare aRmocendeba, izrdeba da kvdeba, aseve civilizaciac gadis dabadebis, zrdis, siberisa da kvdomis stadiebs. Spengleri civilizaciur cikls weliwadis droebis monacvleoba­

osvald Spengleri

arnold toinbi

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wya­ro 1

arnold toinbi civilizaciaTa cikluri ganviTarebis kanonebis Sesaxeb:

`kanonebs, romlebsac emorCilebian burbonebi da stiuartebi safrangeTsa da in-

glisSi, ara aqvT Zala romanovebisTvis ruseTSi... an osmalebisTvis TurqeTSi, an

manjurebisTvis CineTSi...~

sac adarebs da ganmartavs, rom yovel kulturas udgeba gazafxuli, zafxuli, Semodgoma da zamTari (am TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia Spengleris mTavari naSromis saxelwodebac – `dasavleTis daisi~).

amave azrs gamoTqvams arnold toinbic, oRond civilizaciis ciklis stadie­bs sxva saxelebs arqmevs. toinbi gamoyofs civilizaciuri ciklis oTx fazas: zrdis xanas, `gansacdelis Jams~, `universalur saxelmwifosa~ da `mmarTvelo­baTSoris an daSlis~ fazebs. toinbi Tavis fazebs romis istoriis magaliTze ase ganmartavs: zrdis xana – esaa romis ganviTareba `dasabamidan qalaqisa~; `gansacdelis Jami~ – hanibalisgan momdinare safrTxe da masTan brZolis pe­riodi; `universalur saxelmwifos~ faza moicavs romis msoflio imperiad Camoyalibebis periods, anu esaa romis imperiis xana; `mmarTvelobaTSoris an daSlis~ fazaSi igulisxmeba periodi, roca romauli kultura TandaTanobiT qreba da aRmocendeba dasavluri sazogadoeba. es faza `mmarTvelobaTSorisia~ imdenad, ramdenadac am periodSi qristianuli eklesia mkvidrdeba jer kidev cocxal romis imperiaSi, xolo daSla­danawevrebis fazaa imdenad, ramdenadac xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis Sedegad, romis imperiis yofil teritoriaze Tan­daTanobiT wamoiqmneba misi memkvidre barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi. amasTanave, arnold toinbi civilizaciuri ciklis mamoZravebel Zalas `gamowvevisa da pasuxis~ urTierTqmedebaSi xedavs. anu, misi azriT, civilizaciebi viTardebian maT winaSe aRmocenebuli siZneleebis daZlevis swori gzebis ZiebaSi.

saerTo jamSi, Spengleri rva (babilonuri, egvipturi, induri, Cinuri, kla­sikuri berZnul­romauli, maia­actekebis (meqsikuri) kulturebi; `misnuri~, romelSic gaerTianebulia arabuli, siriuli, ebrauli, bizantiuri da isla­muri kulturebi, dabolos dasavleTevropuli kultura). toinbi ki ociode ciklurad ganviTarebad civilizacias (maTgan xuTi `cocxali~ civilizaciaa, kerZod: dasavluri, marTlmadideblur­qristianuli, islamuri, induisturi da Soreuli aRmosavleTisa; `mkvdari~ civilizaciebia; berZnuli, siriuli, in­duri, minosuri, egvipturi; dabolos, ori SemorCenili, magram `gardasaxuli~ kultura – iudeuri da budisturi) gamoyofs.

1. paragrafis teqstsa da wyaro 1-ze dayrdnobiT ganmartEeT, rogor esmiT Spenglersa da toinbis civilizaciaTa cikluri ganviTareba.

2. imsjeleT marqsistuli periodizaciisa da civilizaciebis mixedviT periodizaciis naklovanebebze.

3. imsjeleT, ra uSlis xels msoflio istoriis universaluri (sayovelTao) periodizaciis SemuSavebas. ganmarteT, ras niSnavs `evropacentruli~ periodizaciis sistema.

klasSi samuSao

1. SeadgineT periodizaciis sistemebis nusxa. yovel maTgans gaswvriv miuwereT, Tu ra princips efuZneba is.

saSinao­davaleba

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saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia7.

saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva qveynis periodizaciasTan, msoflio istoriaSi cnobil mniSvnelovan movleneb­Tan da istoriul pirebTan. saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis pirveli sqema `qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ mocemuli. leonti mroveli saqarTvelos istorias or periodad hyofs: mefobis wina da mefobis xanad. `mefeTa cxovrebis~ avtoris Tvalsazrisi emyareba qristianuli mwerlobis tradiciul, bibliidan momdi­nare Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac yvela xalxis warmomavloba ukavSirdeba bibliur mamamTavrebs (noes Svilebidan erT­erTs) da qarTvelTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxlebac babilonis godolis ambavTan kavSirSi aqvs ganxiluli. pirveli periodis dasasrulsa da meore periodis dasawyiss leonti mroveli aleqsandre makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobiTa da farnavazis mier erTiani qar­Tuli saxelmwifos CamoyalibebiT mijnavs (Zv. w. IV s­is dasasruli).

leonti mrovelis koncefcia gabatonebuli iyo qarTul istoriografiaSi XIX s­is Sua xanebamde. saqarTvelos istoriis aseTive zogad periodizacias iZleva vaxuSti batoniSvili. leonti mrovelis msgavsad, isic or periodad hyofs saqarTvelos istorias: 1) `Zveli istoria~ – farnavazidan moyolebuli vidre 1469 w­mde (vaxuStis mixedviT, am wels gardaicvala erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bolo mefe giorgi VIII) da 2) `axali istoria~, 1469 w­dan, anu saqarTvelos samefo­samTavroebad daSlis Semdgomi periodi.

vaxuStis mier SemoTavazebuli zRvari (1469 w.), marTlac Zalian mniSvnelo­vani etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi da Tanac, faqtiurad emTxveva msoflio istoriis periodizaciaSi miRebul qronologias.

`qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da vaxuStis sqemas iziarebdnen XIX s­is cnobili is­torikosebi Teimuraz bagrationi, mari brose da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom da­saxelebuli istorikosebi saqarTvelos gaqristianebas istoriul mijnad ar miiCnevdnen.

saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxSi axali sityva Tqva sulxan baraTaSvilma (baraTovi) (1821­1866). man pirvelma evropul tradiciaze dayrdno­biT saqarTvelos istoria dayo sam nawilad: Zveli, Sua da axali. Sua saukuneebis dasawyisad s. baraTaSvilma, savsebiT marTebulad, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba miiCnia da ara romis imperiis dacema, rogorc es miRebuli iyo evropul mecnierebaSi. cxadia, qristianobis gavrceleba sa­qarTvelosTvis bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, vidre romis imperiis dacema. Sua saukuneebis dasasrulad s. baraTaSvils (iseve, rogorc vaxuStis) miaCnda erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daSlis xana (XV s­is II nax.).

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg TandaTanobiT saval­debulo gaxda periodizaciis formaciuli sistemis aRiareba (pirvelyofili Te­muri wyobileba – monaTmflobeloba – feodalizmi – kapitalizmi – socializmi). sabWouri sistemis pirobebSi marqsistuli periodizaciis kritika dauSvebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa ideologiur CarCoebSi moqceulma qarTvelma istorikose­bma garkveulwilad mainc moaxerxes saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis realu­

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ri periodebis dafiqsireba. maT naSromeb­Si qristianobis miReba da feodalizaciis procesi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan: Sua saukuneebis istoria iwyeba feodalizmis CasaxviT IV s­Si, feodalizaciis proce­sis daCqareba ki qristianobis gabatone­bis logikuri Sedegia. msoflio istoriis periodizaciis mixedviT Sua saukuneebis dasasruli da axali istoriis dasawyisi dakavSirebulia konstantinopolis dace­masa (1453 w.) da did geografiul aRmoCene­bTan (1490­iani ww.). TiTqmis igive periods moicavs saqarTvelos `axali istoriis~ da­sawyisi vaxuSti bagrationisa da sulxan baraTaSvilis mixedviT – 1460­iani – 1490 ww. (saqarTvelos daSla samefo­samTavroebad da am daSlis iuridiuli gaformeba).

XX s­is qarTveli istorikosebis mixed­viT saqarTvelos istoriaSi `axali isto­ria~ XV s­is II nax­Si ver daiwyo. Cveni qvey­nis Znelbedobam (mahmadianur garemocvaSi moqcevam da evropuli civilizaciisagan izolaciam) evropisagan gansxvavebuli gziT waiyvana saqarTvelos ganviTareba. feodalizmi da Sesabamisad `Sua saukunee­bi~ gaxangrZlivda (sxvaTa Soris evropul istoriografiaSi arsebobs `xangrZlivi Sua saukuneebis~ cneba). feodaluri for­maciis dasasrulad da kapitalisturis dasawyisad XX s­is qarTul istoriogra­fiaSi miCneulia XIX s­is 60­iani wlebi (ba­tonymobis gauqmeba da burJuaziuli re­formebi ruseTis imperiaSi). civilizebul samyaroSi aRiarebuli msoflio istoriis periodizaciis mixedviT es aris axali is­toriis dasasruli da uaxlesi istoriis dasawyisi. feodaluri formaciis am xan­grZliv periodSi (IV s­is dasawyisi – XIX s­is 60­iani ww.). qarTvelma istorikoseb­ma gamoyves qveperiodebi, saqarTvelos istoriis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani texilebiT gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan: 1) adrefeodaluri xana anu adreuli Sua saukuneebi – IV s­is dasawyisidan X s­is da­sasrulamde (erTiani qarTuli feodalu­

wya­ro 1

fragmenti vaxuSti bagratio-

nis Txzulebidan `aRwera same-

fosa saqarTvelosa~:

`mefe giorgi iyo friad mwuxa-

re ganxeTqilebisaTvis same-

fosa eseviTariTa. aramed kua-

ladca mcdelobda SeerTebasa

da egreTve gebasa giorgiisasa;

garna verRara Ronis-mZiebeli

da mpoebeli gardaicvala wel-

sa Cu¡T (1469 w.) mefe giorgi.

dafles mcxeTas~.

wya­ro 2

istorikosi giorgi nadiraZe

(`narkvevebi XIX s-is qarTuli

istoriografiidan~, 2000 w.)

sulxan baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb:

`Tu istoriis kvlevis sagani

axlis moZieba da gansxvave-

bulis danaxvaa, maSin misi

naazrevi namdvilad warmoad-

gens XIX s-is qarTuli isto-

riografiis mniSvnelovan mov-

lenas. aseTma Tvalsazrisma

ganapiroba Segveswavla s. bara-

TaSvilis naSromebi, Segvefase-

bina mniSvneloba, gveCvenebina,

ramdenad originaluri, sain-

tereso da misaRebia warmodge-

nili versiebi, mignebebi, hipo-

Tezebi. gagvevlo paralelebi

massa da mis winadrondel, Ta-

namedrove da Semdegdroindel

istorikosTa naazrevs Soris;

dagvemtkicebina, rom s. bara-

TaSvili iyo saqarTvelos is-

toriis mTeli rigi sakiTxebis

pirveli mkvlevari~.

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ri monarqiis Camoyalibeba bagrat III­iT saTaveSi); 2) ganviTarebuli feodaliz­mi anu ganviTrebuli Sua saukuneebi, XI­XV ss. (erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis periodi); 3) gvianfeodaluri xana anu gviani Suasaukuneebi, XV s­is II nax. – XIX s­is 60­iani ww.) feodalizmis xanas miyveba kapitalisturi (1921 w. saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde) da socialisturi (1921­1990 ww.) formaciebi. ra Tqma unda, marTebuli iqneboda, Cveni qveynis istoriidan gamomdinare, gviani Sua saukuneebi XIX s­is damdegiT (ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiiTY da qar­Tuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebiT) dasrulebuliyo (albaT, amitomac amTavrebs iv. javaxiSvili `qarTveli eris istorias~ swored ruseTis mier qarTl­kaxeTis samefos aneqsiiT). magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, marqsistul for­maciaTa sistemaze damyarebuli sabWouri ideologia amis uflebas ar iZleoda.

dReisaTvis sakamaToa Tu sad unda gaimijnos saqarTvelos axali da uaxlesi istoria. albaT marTebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom 50­100 wlis winandeli istoria ar SeiZleba qveynis uaxles periodad iqnes miCneuli. amdenad, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria SeiZleba daviwyoT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxa­debiT (1991 w.) da misi wina periodiT, xolo `axali istoriiT~ ki ganisazRvros XIX­XX ss. (1801/1814­1890 ww.). axal istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sami periodi:: 1) 1801­1917 ww. saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi; 2) 1918­1921 ww. saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublika, 3) 1921­1990 ww. saqarTvelo sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos istoriis periodizacia ase Sei­Zleba Camoyalibdes:

1) Zveli istoria – uZvelesi droidan IV s­is dasawyisamde2) Sua saukuneebi (IV­XVIIIss.):

a) adreuli Sua saukuneebi, IV­X ss.b) ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebi, XI­XV ss.g) gviani Sua saukuneebi, XV s­is II nax. – XVIII ss.

3) axali istoria (1801­1990 ww.)a) 1801­1917 ww.b) 1918­1921 ww.g) 1921­1990 ww.

4) uaxlesi istoria – 1991 wlidan dRemde

1. wyaro 1­is da paragrafis teqstis mixedviT daadgineT romel mefeze da ra istoriul movlenazea saubari. gansazRvreT agreTve saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis romel etaps ukavSirebdnen am movlenas qarTveli istorikosebi.

2. wyaro 2­is da paragrafis teqstis mixedviT warmoaCineT s. baraTaSvilis damsaxureba saqarTvelos istoriis periodizaciis sakiTxis SeswavlaSi.

klasSi samuSao

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wyaroTmcodneoba8.

warsuli Cvenamde aRwevs sxvadasxva formis fragmentebis, gadmonaSTebis saxiT. es SeiZleba iyos arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli nivTebi, Zveli xelnaweri teqstebi Tu sabuTebi, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis nangrevebi da sxv. istoriuli codna warsulSi adamianis cxovrebis am nakvalevis Seswavlis Sedegad moipoveba. amdenad, warsulis Cvenamde moRweuli nebismieri mowmoba, istoriuli codnis wyaros, anu istoriul wyaros warmoadgens.

istoriuli wyaroebis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX saukuneSi, istoriis kvlevisa da swavlebis profesiul saqmianobad CamoyalibebasTan, ­ istoriis profesio­nalizaciasTan erTad iwyeba. maSinve Seiqmna Sesabamisi istoriuli dargi – wya­roTmcodneoba da ganisazRvra istoriis damxmare dargebis funqciebi. vinaidan sxvadasxva tipis istoriuli wyaroebis Seswavla mkvlevrisgan damatebiT spe­cialur codnasac moiTxovda, wyaroebis kvleva sxvadasxva damxmare dargebs Soris gadanawilda. ase Seiqmna genealogia, heraldika, sfragistika da sxv., rogorc istoriis damxmare disciplinebi.

wya­ro 1

`xelmwifes survili rom hqondes, iseTi coli,

rogoric aleqsandra fiodorovnaa, mxolod im-

peratoris meuRlis Sesaferisi movaleobis Ses-

rulebiT dakmayofildeboda. is imperatoris

meuRlea da sxva araferi. magram ubedureba is aris,

rom xelmwife unebisyofoa.

vis SeuZlia iqonios masze mudmivi da Zlieri ze-

gavlena? ra Tqma unda, mxolod meuRles. miT ume-

tes, rom is lamazia, Zlieri, ojaxis araCveule-

brivi dedaa. SesaZlebelia, is arasasurveli

yofiliyo Zlieri mefisaTvis, magram ara ise-

TisaTvis, rogoric Cvenia. bolos da bolos, mas

xelSi hyavs xelmwife. eWvgareSea, mas uyvars igi

(xelmwife), misTvis sikeTe unda _ misi (xelmwi-

fis) bedniereba xom misi (dedoflis) bedniereba-

caa. SesaZlebelia, is yofiliyo kargi mrCeveli

sxva meuRlisTvis _ vinme germaneli mTavrisTvis,

magram ukiduresad damRupveli mrCevelia ruse-

Tis imperatorisaTvis. bolos da bolos, mas ubedureba moaqvs TavisTvis, xelmwi-

fisTvis da mTeli ruseTisaTvis ... warmogidgeniaT, razea damokidebuli imperia

da aTeulobiT Tu ara, aseul milionobiT arsebis sicocxle, romelsac adamiani

hqvia?! imis dasadastureblad, Tu ra Zlier zegavlenas axdens dedofali

nikoloz II

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wya­ro 1

xelmwifeze, moviyvan Semdeg faqts, romelic

ramdenjerme ganmeorda. roca xelmwife Re-

bulobda iseT gadawyvetilebas, romlis wi-

naaRmdegic me viyavi, ramdenjerme SevekiTxe

mis udidebulesobas, visi rCeviT moqmedebda.

xelmwife mpasuxobda: `adamianis, romelsac me

yvelaferSi udavod vendobi~.

da roca me erTxel Tavs ufleba miveci mekiTxa,

vin aris is adamiani, maSin misma aRmatebulebam

mipasuxa: `Cemi meuRle~.

ra Tqma unda, aleqsandra fiodorovna, sacodavi

xelmwife, Cven yvelani, romlebic samaris kara-

mde misi erTgulni unda viyoT, da rac mTavaria

ruseTi, bevrad ufro bednieri viqnebodiT,

princesa aliqsi Tavis droze vinme germanel

mTavars an grafs rom gahyoloda ...~

s.vite, `mogonebebi~ t. 3

aleqsandra fiodorovna

pirveli wyaro exeba ruseTis ukanasknel imperators nikoloz II-sa (1894-1917 ww.) da mis meuRles aleqsandra fiodorovnas. memuarebis avtoria sergei vite (1849-1915 ww.), romelic aqtiurad monawileobda ruseTis mTavrobis saqmianobaSi da did gavlenas axdenda qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikaze. is iyo jer gzaTa, Semdeg ki finansTa ministri, saTaveSi edga ministrTa sabWos. dedoflis arakeTilganwyobis gamo vite iZulebuli gaxda, emigraciaSi wasuliyo.

wyaroze muSaobisTvis saWiro damatebiTi informacia

XIX saukuneSive istorikosebi Seudgnen agreTve istoriul wyaroebis kla­sifikacias. gansakuTrebiT gulmodgined amas germaneli istorikosebi, e.w. `istorizmis~ skolis warmomadgenlebi akeTebdnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom iseve, rogorc periodizaciis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri klasifikacia pirobiTi da TviTneburia da amdenad, arsebobs wyaroebis klasifikaciis gansxvavebuli sistemebi. magaliTad, XIX saukunis cnobili germaneli istorikosi droizeni, romelic istoriis mecnierebad Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan idga, ganasxvavebda `gadmonaSTebsa~ da `samaxsovrod gankuTvnil~ wyaroebs. droizeni ganmarta­vda, rom wyaro SeiZleba iyos orgvari, rogorc warsulis uneblie mowme, ise garkveuli ganzraxviT Seqmnili mtkicebuleba. pirvels man warsulis `gadmo­naSTebi~ uwoda, meores ki `samaxsovrod gankuTvnili~ wyaroebi.

dReisaTvis ZiriTadad gamoyofen wyaroebis or kategorias: naratiulsa da nivTiers. zogjer ki amateben mesames, e.w. `abstraqtul~ wyaroebs. naratiulia is wyaroebi, romlebic Txrobas Seicavs (laT. narrare – sityvierad gadmocema). aseTi SeiZleba iyos, rogorc zepiri gadmocema, ise werilobiTi Zegli.

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wya­ro 2

`imis gamo, rom Cven ebraelebi varT, mama 1933 wels

germaniidan holandiaSi gadavida, sadac moewyo

holandiuri firmis `daC opekta kompanis~ mmarTve-

lad, romelic awarmoebda sursaTis naxevarfa-

brikatebs~.

5 agvisto, 1942 weli

`Cven erTi wuTiTac ar gvtovebda SiSi imis gamo,

rom Cvens naTesavebs devnidnen germaniaSi antie-

brauli kanonebis Sesabamisad. 1938 wlis darbeve-

bis Semdeg ori biZa (dedis Zmebi) germaniidan Crdilo amerikaSi gaiqcnen. bebiaCemi

CvenTan gadmovida, maSin is 73 wlis iyo~.

11 noemberi, 1942 weli

`1940 wlis maisidan lamazi dReebi warsuls Cabarda: Tavdapirvelad gamoacxades

omi, Semdeg kapitulacia, da bolos movidnen germanelebi da ebraelebisTvis mZime

dro dadga~.

10 seqtemberi, 1942 weli

`antiebrauli kanonebis SemoReba yovelnairad zRudavda Cvens Tavisuflebas.

ebraelebs aiZulebdnen, etarebinaT yviTeli varskvlavi, CaebarebinaT TavianTi

velosipedebi; ebraelebs ekrZalebodaT evloT tramvaiTi da manqaniT, is maTi saku-

Taric rom yofiliyo; ebraelebs ufleba hqondaT gasuliyvnen maRaziebSi sayidle-

bze mxolod 3-dan 5 saaTamde; ebraelebs unda esargeblaT mxolod ebrauli sapa-

rikmaxeroTi; ebraelebs ekrZalebodaT quCaSi gamosvla saRamos 8 saaTidan dilis 6

saaTamde ...~

6 dekemberi, 1942 weli

ana franki skolaSi, 1941 w.

ana franki iyo ebraeli gogona, romelic

nacisturi germaniis mier okupirebul

holandiaSi cxovrobda. ana da misi axloblebi

or welze meti xnis gan mavlobaSi emalebodnen

germanel nacistebs saidumlo sa ma lav Si. ger-

ma nelebma maT mainc miagnes da gogona dedasTan

da dasTan erTad sa koncentracio banakSi

daiRupa tifiT.

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wya­ro 2

`is, rom Cven ar SegviZlia quCaSi gasvla, me ufro metad

mTrgunavs, vidre amis gamoxatva SemiZlia, da me saSinlad

meSinia, rom SeiZleba Cven gvipovon da dagvxvriton. es, ra

Tqma unda arasasiamovno perspeqtivaa ...~

14 marti, 1943 weli

`Tu aseTi cudi mdgomareobaa holandiaSi, maSin ra

saSineleba unda iyos Soreul da velur adgilebSi, sadac germanelebs mihyavT

xalxi. Cven vvaraudobT, rom tyveebis umravlesobas xocaven. Tu davujerebT

inglisur radios, maT gaziT xocaven. ras izam, ase sikvdili ufro swrafia. me

saocrad cud gunebaze davdeqi~.

26 maisi, 1943 weli

`Cven mouTmenlad veliT SabaTs, imitom, rom CvenTvis SabaTi _ wignebia. am dRes

Cven vgavarT bavSvebis jgros, romelsac saCuqrebi moutanes. normaluri cxovrebiT

mcxovreb adamianebs ar esmiT ra mniSvneloba aqvs wignebs imaTTvis, vinc Caketilia.

kiTxva, swavla da radios mosmena _ es Cveni garTobis erTaderTi saSualebaa~.

19 Tebervali, 1944 weli

`dadgeba dRe, rodesac es saSineli omi bolos da bolos damTavrdeba. dadgeba dro,

roca Cven kvlav viqnebiT adamianebi da ara ubralod ebraelebi!~

11 aprili, 1944 weli

nivTieri wyaroebis jgufSi Sedis: arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, saxviTi xelovne­bis nawarmoebebi, sayofacxovrebo nivTebi (Sromisa Tu brZolis iaraRebi, tani­samosi, aveji da sxv.), gerbebi, monetebi, adamianis ConCxis nawilebi da bevri sxva.

abstraqturi wyaroebis kategoriaSi aerTianeben sxvadasxva saxis sazoga­doebriv institutebs, dauwerel kanonebs, adaT­wesebs, topografiul saxe­lebsa da a.S.

naratiuli da dokumenturi wyaroebi

werilobiTi wyaroebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa naratiul da dokumentur wya­roebad. naratiuli an literaturuli, rogorc maT sxvagvarad uwodeben, wyaroebis kategorias ganekuTvneba qronikebi, maT Soris rogorc samecniero, ise literaturuli xasiaTis nawarmoebebi, publicisturi narkvevebi, sagazeTo statiebi, aseve e.w. `ego­dokumentebi~ (`me~­dokumentebi) – piradi werilebi, dRiurebi, avtobiografiebi, memuarebi. amdenad, literaturuli, igive nara­tiuli wyaroebi, mravlismomcveli kategoriaa da ar gulisxmobs mxolod da xolod mxatvrul literaturul nawarmoebebs. naratiul wyaroebs aqvT erTi mniSvnelovani saerTo niSan­Tviseba: maT hyavT avtori, romelsac yovelTvis aqvs raRac saTqmeli maTTvis, visTvisac wers. anu, isini dawerilia garkveuli winaswari ganzraxviT, avtoris konkretuli Canafiqris, gzavnilis gadacemis mizniT. am umniSvnelovanesi garemoebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia naratiul wyaroebze muSaobisas.

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dokumenturi wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc oficialuri, ise kerZo xasia­Tisa. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba: kanonebi, diplomatiuri Tu savaWro xelSekru­lebebi, mmarTvelTa brZanebebi, gankargulebebi Tu sigelebi, yidva­gayidvis aqtebi, sasamarTlo dadgenilebebi, politikuri korespondencia, protokole­bi, sabuRaltro wignebi, kerZo pirebis anderZebi da uamravi sxva saxis sabuTi.

istorikosi warsulis rekonstruqcias istoriuli wyaroebis meSveobiT ax­dens. rac ufro met gansxvavebul wyaros gamoiyenebs da daamuSavebs igi, miT ufro myari safuZveli eqneba sakvlevi miznis warmatebiT gadaWrisTvis. magram wyaroebis moZieba da maTi simravle jer kidev ar niSnavs istoriuli kvlevis sworad warmarTvas. swori daskvnebis gamosatanad jer aucileblia wyaroebis kritikulad ganxilva, rogorc maTi `namdvilobis~ dasadgenad, ise maTSi isto­riuli `simarTlis~ amosakiTxad. istorikosisaTvis istoriuli wyaro is sark­melia, saidanac warsuli Cans. magram, amave dros, istorikosebma ician, rom am sarkmlis minebi ZiriTadad dabindulia. zogjer ki wyaro yru kedelia, romelic warsulis dasanaxad unda daingres kritikis meSveobiT. es pirvel rigSi exeba e.w. `ego­dokumentebs~ da sxva werilobiT naratiul wyaroebs. magaliTad, memuarul literaturaSi umravles SemTYxvevaSi vxvdebiT avtoris Sexedulebebs, mosazre­bebsa da pirad damokidebulebas ama Tu im pirovnebisa Tu movlenis mimarT. po­litikuri moRvaweebi, rogorc wesi, mogonebebs weren farTo sazogadoebisTvis da sakuTar moqmedebaTa gamarTlebasa da istoriis samsjavros winaSe erTgvar `dacvis mowmobis~ wardgenas isaxaven miznad. Tumca, memuarebi zogjer isto­riuli suraTis warmosadgenad aucilebel iseT saxasiaTo detalebs Seicavs, romlebsac bunebrivia, verasdros amovikiTxavT dokumentur wyaroebSi. `ego­dokumentebis~ kidev erTi kategoria – dRiuri istorikosebisgan met ndobas imsaxurebs, vidre memuarebi. am ndobas ganapirobebs is, rom dRiuri Cveulebriv ar iwereba ucxo TvalisTvis da amdenad, avtori ufro gulaxdilia, Tumca, ar gamoricxavs ucxo piris mier Canaweris wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas.

wya­ro 3

fran gu li ga ze Te bi na po le o nis Se sa xeb

fran gu li ga ze Te bi 1815 wels, na po le o nis kun Zul el ba dan gaq ce vis mo men ti dan, mis

xe li suf le ba Si dab ru ne bam de, ori kvi ris gan mav lo ba Si aq vey neb dnen sta ti ebs Sem-

de gi sa Ta u re biT:

`9 mar ti. dra ko ni Ta vi si bu na gi dan ga moZ vra. 10 mar ti. kor si ke li ka ci Wa mia gad mo-

vi da Ju a nis yu re Si. 11 mar ti. vef xvi kan Si Ca vi da. 2 mar ti. ur Cxul ma gre nob lSi ga a-

Tia Ra me. 13 mar ti. ti ran ma li o ni ga i a ra. 14 mar ti. uzur pa to ri di Jo ni sa ken mi e mar-

Te ba. 18 mar ti. bo na par ti de da qa la qi dan eq vsi li es da So re biT im yo fe ba. man SeZ lo

das xlto mo da mdev rebs. 19 mar ti. bo na par ti swra fi na bi je biT uax lov de ba, mag ram

ve ra so des ver Se mo aR wevs pa riz Si. 20 mar ti. xval na po le o ni Cvens qa laq Si iq ne ba.

21 mar ti. im pe ra to ri fon te nb lo Si ga Cer da. 22 mar ti. mi si sa im pe ra to ro da sa me fo

udi de bu le so ba wu xe l ti ul ri Si mi vi da, sa dac mi si er Tgu li qve Sev rdo me bi si xa-

ru lis Se Za xi le bi Ta da aR ta ce biT Sex vdnen~.

i.v. grigorieva, perioduli presa

1. kritikulad ganixileT wyaro 1 Semdegi SekiTxvebisa da davalebebis dax-marebiT:• ra mizniT aris Seqmnili wyaro?• raze metyvelebs detali s.vites biografiidan? (ix. pirveli wyaros gan-

marteba);• am detalis gaTvaliswinebiT ramdenad sandoa aleqsandra fiodorovnas

viteseuli Sefaseba?• raze miuTiTebs wyaroSi arsebuli is masala, romelic asaxavs avto-

risaTvis arasasurveli pirovnebis ara mxolod uaryofiT, aramed dade-biT mxareebsac.

• gamoyaviT avtoris subieqturi mosazrebebi.• damatebiT ra aris saWiro Semdegi azris dasadastureblad: `nikoloz II,

aleqsandra fiodorovnas gavlenis qveS myofi susti mmarTveli~.

2. gaecaniT nawyvetebs ana frankis dRiuridan. CaatareT Temis dasawerad saWiro mosamzadebeli gamokvleva, raSic dagexmarebaT Semdegi SekiTxvebi da davalebebi:• wyaro 1 pirveladia Tu meoradi?• ra mizniT daiwera ana frankis dRiuri?• amowereT winadadebebi, sadac: a) saubaria faqtebze da b) gadmocemulia

subieqturi mosazreba.• amowereT winadadebebi, sadac asaxulia, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi ayenebda

ebraelebs antiebrauli kanonebi.• amowereT winadadebebi, romlebic aRwers anas yoveldRiur cxovrebas.• amowereT winadadebebi, romlebic gadmoscems anas sxvadasxva ganwyobas.

3. ganixileT wyaro 3. Tqve ni az riT, am kon kre tul Sem Txve va Si ga ze Ti ax-den da gav le nas sa zo ga do eb ri vi az ris Ca mo ya li be ba ze Tu sa zo ga do e bis gan wyo bam ga na pi ro ba az rTa ase Ti swra fi cva le ba do ba? imsjeleT, ra zRudavs gazeTis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros faseulobas.

klasSi samuSao

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arqeologia9.

r termin `arqeologiis~ istoria – pirvelad termini `arqeologia~ gamoiyena Zvelma berZenma filosofosma platonma (Zv.w. 428­348) `dialogebSi~. platon­Tan `arqeologia~ farTo mniSvnelobiT ixmareba – saerTod Zveli ambebis gad­mosacemad. SemdgomSi es termini mravalma avtorma gamoiyena, romlebic berZ­nulad werdnen: dionise halikarnaselma (Zv.w. I s.), ioseb flaviusma (37­100), isini arqeologiaSi gulisxmobdnen mecnierebas uZveles warsulze, codnis am sferos amocanebisa da meTodebis yovelgvari detalizaciis gareSe. Zvel rom­Si, Sua saukuneebsa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi termini `arqeologia~ miiviwyes, mis nacvlad gavrcelda termini `siZveleni~ (antiquitates) da mogvianebiT misi Targ­mani Tanamedrove dasavleTevropul enebze. xelaxla termini `arqeologia~ mxolod 1767 wels gamoCnda, mas Semdeg, rac germaniaSi giotingenis universi­tetSi profesorma qristian gotlib hainem waikiTxa leqciaTa kursi – `Zveli samyaros xelovnebis arqeologia, upiratesad berZenTa da romaelTa~. TviT qristian haines `arqeologia~ esmoda, rogorc antikuri Zeglebis aRwera da klasifikacia. XIX s­is dasawyisidan termini `arqeologia~ mtkiced mkvidrdeba mTels evropaSi, magram Tavdapirvelad igi mxolod saistorio mecnierebis im dargs gulisxmobda, romelic klasikuri, e.i. berZnul­romauli, kultu­ris Zeglebs ikvlevda. oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg ruseTSi termini `arqeologia~iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. samyaros `kardinaluri ganaxlebis~ pe­riodSi termini `arqeologia~ Zalian Zveleburad eCvenebodaT da raime arqau­liT daintereseba ucnaurad miiCneoda. gaismoda mowodebebi – `gavanadguroT arqeologia ise, rom misgan qva qvaze aRar davtovoTo~.

r arqeologiuri gaTxrebis istoria arqeologia gaTxrebis gareSe warmoud­genelia, gaTxrebs ki sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvT. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi mowmoben, jer kidev Zv.w. VI s­Si babilonis mefe nabonidis (nabunaidi, Zv.w. 555­539 ww.) brZanebiT Txridnen Zvel sasaxleTa da taZarTa nangrevebs da aRricxavdnen yovelgvar monapovars. varaudoben, rom gaTxrebis gziT naboni­di Zveli samSeneblo xelovnebis Seswavlasa da tradiciebis aRorZinebas la­mobda.

leqsikoni

arqeologia mecnierebis is dargia, romelic kacobriobis istoriul war­suls nivTieri kulturis Zeglebis mixedviT swavlobs. arqeologiuri Zegle­bi erTaderTi wyaroa winareistoriuli xanis Sesaswavlad, momdevno perio­disaTvis ki arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi avsebs da azustebs werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs. arqeologTa mier aRmoCenilia TviT damwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglebic. arqeologias xatovnad `niCbiT SeiaraRebul istoriasac~ uwodeben, radgan nivTieri Zeglebis mosapoveblad tardeba arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, romlebsac Cveulebriv win uZRvis arqeologiuri dazverva. gana­Txari masalis Seswavlisas arqeologia eyrdnoba nivTieri Zeglebis asakis

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gansazRvrisa da klasifikaciis sakuTar meTodebs. amgvari Seswavlis Semdeg arqeologiuri Zeglebi istoriul wyarod iqceva. arqeologia nivTieri Ze­glebis monacemTa safuZvelze axdens Zvel sazogadoebaTa kulturul da socialur­ekonomikuri mdgomareobis rekonstruqcias.

arqeologias, rogorc mecnierebas, aqvs Tavisi kvlevis sagani da Tavisi gansakuTrebuli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli wyaroebis dagrovebis da Seswavlis meTodi. am mimarTebiT arqeologia warmoadgens damoukidebel istoriul mecnierebas. amasTanave istoria da arqeologia ganuyofelia, maT ganasxvavebT mxolod wyaroebi da kvlevis meTodi, kvlevis mizani ki erTi da igive aqvT – adamianTa sazogadoebis istoriis Seswavla mTlianobaSi.

arqeologia, rogorc mecniereba XVIII s­is bolosa da XIX s­is dasawyisSi Camoyalibda, Tumca siZveleebisadmi interess uZvelesi droidanve iCendnen.

XVIII s­is dasawyisamde grZeldeboda mecnieri Tu moxalise arqeologebis saqmianoba, romelic upiratesad Zvirfas nivTTa koleqciebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad. erT­erTi pirveli, vinc warsulis nivTieri Zeglebis, rogorc isto­riuli wyaros mecnieruli mniSvneloba gaigo, frangi mecnieri klod peireski (1580­1637) iyo. man miuTiTa nivTieri Zeglebis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis, arqite­qturuli Zeglebis zusti azomvisa da skulpturuli nakeTobebis TabaSiris aslebis damzadebis did mniSvnelobaze. klod peireski ubralod moyvaruli arqeologi ki ara, mecnierebis gamoCenili moRvawe iyo.

1711 wels samxreT italiaSi aRmoCnda ax.w. 79 wels vezuvis amofrqvevis Sedegad Camarxuli Zveli qalaqi herkulanumi, 1748 wels daiwyo pompeis ga­Txrebi, romelmac farTo masStabi miiRo XIX s­Si. Zeglebma uamravi moyvaruli miizida da daiwyo gaTxrebi xelovnebis Zvirfasi nimuSebis moZiebis mizniT, saqme iqamde mivida, rom mTavrobam akrZala gaTxrebi kerZo pirTaTvis. rac Seexeba swavlulebs, am droisaTvis isini mividnen im daskvnamde, rom aucile­belia SemuSavdes gaTxrebis garkveuli wesiTa da gegmiT warmoeba.

arqeologiuri kvleva­Ziebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT nayofieri aRmoCnda XIX saukune, romelsac `didi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis~ epoqas uwodeben, vinaidan gaTxrebis dros ipoves antikuri da ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciebis naSTebi saberZneTsa da italiaSi, egviptesa da mesopota­miaSi. arqeologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, srulyofisaTvis gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda kacobriobis ganviTarebis adrindeli safexurebis, kerZod ki qvis xanis Zeglebis aRmoCenas, ramac realobad aqcia jer kidev Zv.w. I s­Si romaeli mwerlisa da filosofosis titus karus lukreciusis (99­55) mier Tavis filosofiur poemaSi – `saganTa bunebisaTvis~ – gamoTqmuli azri, rom kacobrioba viTardeboda TandaTanobiT, ganviTarebis sami stadiis – qvis, brinjaosa da rkinis xanis gavliT. arqeologebi sxvadasxva xalxis kul­turaTa urTierTSedarebiT mividnen daskvnamde, rom mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTareba erTiania. XIX s­is Sua wlebSi arqelogia sabolood Camoyalibda istoriul mecnierebad.

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hainrix Slimani _ kaci, romelmac homerosis miTebi istoriad aqcia

mTeli msoflio gaaoca uZvelesi civilizaciis Zeglebis aRmoCenam xmelTaSua zRvis

auzSi germaneli TviTnaswavli arqeologis hainrix Slimanis (1822-1890) mier, rac

Tavisebur biZgad iqca msoflio arqeologiis ganviTarebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom

Svidi wlis hainrixma saCuqrad miiRo homerosis poema `iliada~, sadac dasuraTebu-

li iyo troas omis movlenebi. man swored maSin daisaxa miznad troas aRmoCena, ris

gamoc megobrebi dascinodnen da meocnebed miaCndaT. Tumca Slimanma aisrula bavS-

vobis ocneba da daamtkica, rom homerosis poemebs realuri safuZveli hqonda. ar-

qeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad 1873 wlis 14 ivniss aRmoaCina legendaruli qalaqi

troa. Slimanma miakvlia troas mefis, priamosis ganZs. am udidesi aRmoCenis Semdeg

1876 wels Slimanma kidev erTi didi aRmoCena gaakeTa. man saberZneTSi mikenuri kul-

turis nangrevebi da maTi mefis, agamemnonis samarxi aRmoaCina. Tumca mogvianebiT

dadasturda, rom samarxi agamemnonis epoqaze gviandeli iyo. Slimans, romelmac sa-

berZneTis istorias aTasi weli Semata, misi drois profesionali arqeologebis ume-

tesoba ar aRiarebda. Slimanis umTavresi damsaxureba kacobriobis winaSe homerosis

miTebis istoriad qcevaa.

robert koldevei _ babilonis aRmomCeni

mecxramete saukunis miwuruls cnobilma germanelma arqeologma robert koldeveim

(1855-1925), Tanamedrove baRdadis maxloblad, evfratis napirebze, daiwyo arqeo-

logiuri gaTxrebi, romelsac Tvrameti weli moandoma da naxevari milioni oqros

marka daujda. es iyo albaT pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva, roca arqeologiuri

samuSaoebisaTvis specialurad rkinigza gaiyvanes. miuxedavad jojoxeTuri samuSao

pirobebisa, koldeveis Sromismoyvareobam Sedegi gamoiRo da damsaxurebuli saxeli

da dideba moutana. is istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc babilonis aRmomCeneli. mecnierebi

sakmaod didxans Tvlidnen, rom gadmocema babilonis godolisa da semiramidas daki-

duli baRebis Sesaxeb mxolod legenda iyo. koldevei 1898-99 wlebidan 1917 wlamde

xelmZRvanelobda gaTxrebs Zveli babilonis nangrevebze, sadac aRmoaCina nabuqodo-

nosoris droindeli sabrZolo iaraRi, 90 metriani godolis saZirkveli, dakiduli

baRebi da iStaris karibWe mopirkeTebuli filebiT. manamde is monawileobas iRebda

troas gaTxrebSi. germanelma arqeologma or legendas mouZebna arqeologiuri axs-

na _ babilonis godols da semiramidas dakidul baRebs. semiramidas giganturi mra-

valterasiani baRebi, herodotem msoflio saocrebebs miakuTvna, godolis Sesaxeb ki

is aRniSnavda: `godoli camde aziduli da ramdenime giganturi terasisagan Sedgebo-

da. Svidi koSki erTmaneTze iyo dadgmuli. fundamenti 90 metri siganis iyo (swored

is gaTxara koldeveim) da godolic mTlianad imave simaRlis iyo. pirveli sarTuli

33 metrs aRwevda, meore 18 metrs da danarCeni ki oTxi ki 6-6 metrs. sul bolo sar-

Tuli 15 metris simaRlis iyo da warmoadgenda marduqis saxelze agebul taZars. igi

dafaruli iyo oqroTi da mopirkeTebuli cisfrad moWiquli aguriT. es taZari mzeze

cisfer-oqrosfrad livlivebda da ramdenime kilometric manZilidan Canda~.

damatebiTi­cnoba

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arqeologia saqarTveloSi XIX s­Si Caisaxa. 1871 wlidan iwyeba sistematuri arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, kerZod Zveli dedaqalaqis, mcxeTis midamoebSi, samTav­ros velze. am dros kavkasiaSi moRvaweob­da avstrieli mecnieri, naturalisti da arqeologi fridrix baierni (1817­86), ro­melmac safuZveli Cauyara saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis warmoebas da muSaobis Sedegebis gamoqveynebas. fri­drix baiernis gaTxrebiT msoflio mec­niereba pirvelad gaecno saqarTvelos arqeologiur siZveleebs. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSia gamovlenili mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romelTa aRmoCenasa da Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto saqarTve­los, aramed wina aziis arqeologiisaT­vis.

arqeologia mWidrodaa dakavSirebu­li sxva humanitarul da sabunebismetyve­lo mecnierebebTan: anTropologiasTan, eTnografiasTan, paleontologiasTan (Seiswavlis gadaSenebul cxovelTa Zvlebs), geologiasTan, fizikasTan, qi­miasTan, botanikasTan, zoologiasTan da sxva mecnierebebTan. aseTi kavSiri xels uwyobs mis swraf ganviTarebas, SesaZle­blobas aZlevs, gamoiyenos sxva mecnie­rebaTa axali miRwevebi konkretuli ar­qeologiuri amocanebis gadasaWrelad, ZiriTadad Zeglebis warmoSobisa da da­TariRebisaTvis.

wya­ro 1

`arqeologiam gadatrialeba

moaxdina istoriul mecnie-

rebaSi. man istoriis sivrco-

brivi horizonti gaafarTova

imdenadve, rogorc teleskopma

gazarda astronomiis xedviTi

are. man asiaTasjer gazarda

istoriis perspeqtiva, zustad

iseve, rogorc mikroskopma,

aRmoaCina is, rom didi orga-

nizmebis iqiT imaleba umciresi

ujredebi~.

ingliseli arqeologi

gordon Caildi

wya­ro 2

`zedmetad mimaCnia imis

ganmar teba, rom srulebiTac

ar vfiq rob aq davayeno saki-

Txi _ aqtualuria Tu ara dRes

arqeologia? ... ara mxolod

adamianis warmoSoba da ganvi-

Tareba, aramed sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis adreuli etapis

istoriis Seswavla mTlianad

arqeologiur monacemebzea

dam yarebuli~.

oTar lorTqifaniZe,

arqeologia da Tanamdroveoba

1. dawereT Tema arqeologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisTvis.

saSinao­davaleba

1. gaecaniT wyaroebsa da damatebiT cnobebs. imsjeleT, ramdenad cvlis ar-qeologiuri aRmoCenebi istorias?

2. kacobriobis istoriis romeli periodis kvlevisas exmareba arqeologiuri monacemebi istorikoss?

klasSi samuSao

arqeologebi

gaTxrebze

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eTnologia10.

r `eTnografia~ – termini `eTnografia~ pirvelad 1607 wels ixmares, Tumca am mecnieruli disciplinis aRsaniSnavad igi sabolood dRemde ar damkvidrebula. 1839 wels parizSi Camoyalibebul axal sazogadoebas eTnologiuri ewoda, rac aseve ZvelberZnuli sityvisagan momdinareobs da niSnavs moZRvrebas xalxTa Sesaxeb. oqtombris gadatrialebamde ruseTSi mecnierebis es dargi xalxTmco­dneobad iwodeboda, xolo inglisurenovan qveynebSi fexi moikida terminebma – `kulturuli da socialuri anTropologia~, gansxvavebiT `fizikuri anTro­pologiisagan~, romelic calkeul xalxTa fizikur Taviseburebebs Seiswavlis. eTnografia dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, Sedis adamianis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa erTian sistemaSi – anTropologiaSi, romelic Sedgeba winaistoriis (pirvelyo­fili arqeologia), fizikuri anTropologiis, socialuri anTropologiis, eT­nologiis, folkloris, lingvistikisa da arqeologiisagan. sabWour mecniere­baSi aRiarebuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, eTnosi, xalxi socialuri dajgufebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelic aRmocendeba adamianTa neba­survilisgan da­moukideblad bunebriv­istoriuli procesis Sedegad. eTnosis, xalxis aRiareba eTnografiis Seswavlis ZiriTad obieqtad damkvidrebuli iyo jer kidev XX s­is dasawyisSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT, romlis mixedviTac mecnierebis am dargis sakvlev sferoSi eTnosebis materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis Taviseburebani SehqondaT. Tumca es TavisTavad ar gamoricxavda azrTa sxvadasxvaobas misi sag­nis gansazRvrisas.

r eTnogenezi (berZn. ethnos – xalxi da genesis – warmoSoba) xalxis, tomis war­moSoba.

r pirvelyofili arqeologia – bevr qveyanaSi miekuTvneba ara istoriul, ara­med biologiur an sxva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas.

leqsikoni

xalxis eTnikur saxes masSi damkvidrebuli zne­Cveulebebi da tradiciul­yofiTi kulturis niSnebi qmnis. sxvadasxva epoqisa da erovnebis adamianTa adaT­wesebi da zne­Cveulebebi eTnologiur wyaroebs warmoadgenen, romle­bsac ikvlevs, msoflio xalxTa – eTnosTa Semswavleli istoriuli disci­plina – eTnografia, igive eTnologia (berZn. ethnos – xalxi da grapho – vwer, sityvasityviT – xalxis aRwera).

adamianebs ZvelTaganve ainteresebdaT maxlobeli Tu Soreuli xalxebis yofis Taviseburebani, maTi zne­Cveulebebi da rwmena­warmodgenebi, rac imTa­viTve savaWro­ekonomikur, samxedro­politikur Tu kulturul urTier­TobaTa interesebs iTvaliswinebda. jer kidev Zvel egvipteSi arsebobda eT­nografiuli Canawerebi, sadac aRwerili iyo mezobeli xalxebi, mogvianebiT Cndeba Canawerebi mesopotamiasa da adrebibliur teqstebSi. magram pirvel mkvlevrad, romelmac gamoiyena uSualo dakvirvebis meTodi da mis safuZvelze aRwera sxvadasxva xalxebi, Zveli berZeni istorikosi, `istoriis mama~ hero­

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wya­ro 1

herodote adaT-wesebis Se-

saxeb

`vinmem rom SesTavazos romel-

sac gnebavT xalxs, gamoarCie

yvela arsebul adaT-wess Soris

saukeTesoo, is rom gadaxedavs,

ra Tqma unda, gamoarCevs Ta-

vis sakuTars. TiToeul xalxs

miaCnia, rom misi adaT-wesebi

bevrad ukeTesia sxvisaze. ami-

tomac giJis garda, Cveulebriv,

aravin dascinis aseT rameebs ...

wmindad miaCnia xalxs Tavisi

wes-Cveulebebi da me vfiqrob,

swored ambobs pindare (Zv.w.

522/518-448/438, erT-erTi yve-

laze mniSvnelovani ZvelberZe-

ni liriuli poeti) Tavis poe-

mebSi: `adaT-wesebi yvelafris

mefeao~.

dote halikarnaseli (daaxl. Zv.w. 484­425) miiCneva. igi dainteresebuli iyo xalxTa warmoSobis sakiTxebiT, maT Soris kolxe­bis eTnogeneziT. misi azriT, Savgvremani da xuWuWTmiani kolxebi warmoSobiT eg­viptelebi iyvnen.

mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli dak­virvebebia Zveli qveynebis xalxebze, maT Soris qarTvel­kavkasielebze `medicinis mamis~ hipokrates, qsenofontis, strabo­nis, tacitusis da sxvaTa SromebSi.

Sua saukuneebSi xalxTa didma gada­saxlebebma da axali qveynebis gacnobam, manamde ucnobi xalxebis yofa­cxovreba­ze dakvirvebam gamoiwvia eTnografiuli codnisa da Tvalsawieris gafarToeba. XV­XVI saukuneebSi didma geografiulma aRmoCenebma sruliad axali masala SesZina eTnografias. eTnografiis, rogorc mec­nierebis, Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovanwi­lad xdeboda xalxTa cxovrebis uSualod SeswavliT, anu rogorc eTnografebi am­boben, savele dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT. am dakvirvebebis srulyofaze aranaklebi gavlena moaxdina im faqtma, rom XIX s­is dasawyisSi, Soreuli egzotikuri qvey­nebis xalxTa SeswavlasTan erTad, mecnierebma sul ufro meti yuradReba dauTmes sakuTari xalxis kvlevas. XIX s­is Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda ZiriTadad eTnografiis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis, Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi da ganisazRvra misi wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza.

saqarTveloSi eTnografias xangrZlivi tradicia aqvs. qarTveli tomebis zne­Cveulebebisa da yofa­cxovrebis amsaxveli eTnografiuli monacmebi gvx­vdeba jer kidev asuruli, xeTuri, urartuli da sxva, lursmuli da xatovani damwerlobis ZeglebSi. qarTveli xalxis eTnogenezisa da eTnokulturis problemebi, kolxeTisa da iberiis istoriasa da kulturasTan dakavSirebiT, asaxulia berZnul, romaul da bizantiur saistorio mwerlobaSi. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli cnobebia Semonaxuli somxur, arabul, sparsul, Turqul, rusul da sxva wyaroebSi, agreTve dasavleTevropul mog­zaurTa da swavlulTa SromebSi. qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis, sameurneo yofis, sazogadoebrivi wyobis, nivTieri da sulieri kulturis sakiTxebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi dacul eTno­grafiul monacemebs. eTnografiuli masala qarTvel da sxva kavkasiel xalxTa Sesaxeb mocemulia rogorc hagiografiul (V s­dan), ise saistorio, filoso­fiur da mxatvrul qarTul literaturaSi [Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosi (XII s.), JamTaaRmwereli (XIV s.), vaxuSti (XVIII s.) das xv.]. marTalia, Zvel qarTul

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saistorio mwerlobaSi kulturul­yofiTi movlenebis ganzogadebis araerTi saintereso cdaa, magram pirvel mecnier­mkvlevrad, romelmac qarTvelTa `zne­Cveulebani~ istoriul wyarod gamoiyena, vaxuSti batoniSvilia (1696­1757 ww.) miCneuli. mis SromaSi – `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (1745 w.) – eTno­grafia istoriis organul nawiladaa warmodgenili. programa, romlis mixed­viTac vaxuSti batoniSvils aRwerili aqvs qarTveli da kavkasieli xalxebis eTnografiuli sinamdvile, metad farToa da aramc Tu CamorCeba, aramed win uswrebs imdroindel da momdevno drois eTnografiul programebs.

eTnografiuli kvlevis sazRvrebi, rogorc CvenSi, ise sazRvargareT, araer­Txel Secvlila, eTnografia ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze kompleqsuri mec­nierebaa, romelic ikvlevs eTnikur erTobaTa, rogorc adamianTa koleqtiuri cxovrebis erT­erTi yvelaze mdgradi da mniSvnelovani formiT aRmocenebisa da arsebobis yvela aspeqts. xalxebis, eTnosebis Seswavlisadmi aseTi midgo­ma moiTxovs maTi eTnikuri specifikis Semcveli yvela komponentis sagange­bo analizs, rac sakvlevi sagnisadmi kompleqsuri midgomisa da Sesabamisad sxva momijnave humanitaruli da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis monacemebis farTod gamoyenebis safuZvelze miiRweva. humanitaruli mecnierebebidan aseTi Sexebis wertilebi eTnografias aqvs istoriasTan, arqeologiasTan, xelovnebaTmcodneobasTan, folkloristikasTan, lingvistikasTan da sxva disciplinebTan, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTagan ki geografiasTan, an­TropologiasTan, ekonomikasTan, botanikasTan da sxva dargebTan, romlebic scildebian calkeuli problemebis kvlevis farglebs da momijnave samecniero disciplinebis saxiT yalibdebian.

wya­ro 2

wya­ro 3

ilia WavWavaZe xalxis CveulebaTa Sesaxeb

`...sadac Segnebuli aqvT, Tu ra saunjea darCenili sx-

vadasxva CveulebaSi, iq xalxis yovelgvar Cveulebas,

cxovrebis yovelgvar sagans jerovans yuradRebas aq-

ceven da gamoukvlevelad arafersa stoveben. swored

amgvar Seswavlas da gamokvlevas moaqvs sasargeblo

da keTili nayofi, mxolod amnairis SeswavliT da

gamokvleviT SeiZleba yovelmxriv SevignoT xalxis

warsuli da awmyo, imisi avi da kargi...~

nikoloz xizaniSvili (1851-1906), istorikosi

da eTnografi, xalxis CveulebaTa Sesaxeb

`...Cveuleba aZlevs xalxs gansakuTrebiTs fers, pi-

rovnul xasiaTs. rogorc yvela calke pirisaTvis

saWiroa misi pirovnuli Tavisebureba, ise xalxi-

saTvis saWiroa gonivruli xalxosnuri Cveuleba,

sadac ase ar aris, iq arc progresia SesaZlo...~

qarTvelebi _ xevsuri qali.

mxatvari maqs tilke, 1910 w.

wya­ro 4

nikoloz xizaniSvili xevsuri qalis mandilze

`qals mfarveloba ar aklia da misi mfarvelia mTeli Temi ... Tu Temi qalis mfarve-

lia, qalis mandilic Temsa mfarvelobs. mandils aq didi Zala aqvs. roca raime mi-

zezisa gamo ors Tems SuRli autydeba da `daSnebs~ (iaraRia) iSiSvleben, Tu ar man-

dili, meSuRleni erTi-erTmaneTs gaswyvetdnen, _ qalebi Caerevian xolme SuRlSi

da mandilebiT aSveleben moCxubrebs. mandilis moxda qalisagan da SuRlis mospoba

erTi da igivea, _ aseTi didi Zala aqvs xevsurul mandilsa...~

wya­ro 5

ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940), istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe, gamziTvebis

Sesaxeb

`ra dros dawesda saqarTveloSi `ziTevi~ an rodis SemoiRes uZravi sakuTrebis

ziTevad gataneba (qalisTvis), gansazRvra zedmiwevniT jer ar SeiZleba, magram

uZravad ukve VIII-IX s. arsebobda da mas am dros `deduli~ rqmevia, e.i. imgvarive

saxeli, romliTac mamis sagvareulo uZrav qonebas aRniSnavdnen (`mamuli~), amitom

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom ukve VIII-IX s-iTgan moyolebuli ziTevad uZravi qonebac

unda eZliaT~.

1. gaecaniT wyaroebs (4, 5). imsjeleT ra SeiZleba SesZinos eTnografiulma cnobebma sazogadoebis istoriis kvlevas.

2. daasaxeleT da aRwereT Tqveni kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofiTi tradiciebi; romeli migaCniaT misaRebad da romeli ara.

klasSi samuSao

1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT: ra mniSvneloba aqvs xalxis zne-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis Seswavlas warsulis rekonstruqciisa da aw-myos SecnobisaTvis.

saSinao­davaleba

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istoriuli geografia da istoriuli

kartografia11.

r istoriuli geografiis calke disciplinad Camoyalibeba – istoriuli geo­grafiis calke disciplinad Camoyalibeba XV­XVI saukuneebSi daiwyo – aRor­Zinebisa da didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqaSi. klasikuri siZvelisadmi interesma gamoiwvia antikuri samyaros geografiis Seswavlis survili. isto­riul geografiaSi pirveli fuZemdebluri naSromi flamandeli kartografis abraham orteliusis (1527­1598) mier Sedgenili Zveli msoflios atlasi iyo (1579 w.). orteliusis rukebs Tan axlda teqsti, romelSic rukaze gamosaxu­li Zveli msoflios qveynebis mokle aRwera iyo. swored orteliusma uwoda geografias `istoriis Tvalebi~. magram orteliusi kritikulad ar udgeboda antikur avtorTa cnobebs, romlis safuZvelzec Seadgina Tavisi atlasi. es nakli daZleul iqna XVII s­Si holandieli profesoris f.kliuveris mier, ro­melmac dawera ori naSromi istoriul geografiaSi – `Zveli italiis istoriu­li geografia~ da `Zveli germaniis istoriuli geografia~. istoriuli geogra­fiis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis XVII­XVIII saukuneebSi safrangeTis eruditTa istoriul skolas da frangi geografisa da kartografis Jan batist d’anvilis Sromebs. isini antikuri periodis geografiasTan erTad Sua sauku­neebis geografiasac Seiswavlidnen. Jan batist burginion d’anvilis (1697­1782), pirveli seriozuli ruka (Zveli saberZneTis) gamoqveynda, roca avtori TxuTmeti wlis iyo, xolo ocdaori wlis asakSi mas safrangeTis samefo karis geografis wodeba mianiWes. d’anvilma 211 ruka Seadgina. misi rukebis Seufase­beli koleqcia, romelic 10500 nomrisagan Sedgeboda, safrangeTis mTavrobam missave sicocxleSi 1779 wels samefo biblioTekisaTvis SeiZina. XIX s­is meore naxevridan istoriuli geografiis Sinaarsi warsulis socialur­ekonomikuri problematikiT gamdidrda. qarTuli istoriuli geografiis fuZemdebelia vaxuSti batoniSvili (1696­1757), romelmac Tavis kapitalur naSromSi `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ (1745) saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis pirveli safuZvliani da detaluri geografiuli aRweriloba da misi geografiuli at­lasebi mogvca.

r toponimika [berZn. topos adgili da onyma saxeli] – romelime adgilis geo­grafiul saxelTa (dasaxlebuli punqtebis, mdinareebis, mTebis da misTanebis saxelTa) erToblioba.

leqsikoni

istoriuli geografia

istoriuli geografia istoriuli codnis is dargia, romlis Seswavlis sfero kacobriobis istoriuli warsulis geografiaa. igi moicavs fizikur geogra­fias, mosaxleobis istoriul geografias, meurneobis istoriul geografias da politikur geografias. misi saSualebiT dgindeba ama Tu im qveynis Zveli sazRvrebi, Zveli qalaqebisa da soflebis mdebareoba, samxedro laSqrobaTa

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istoriuli kartografia

istoriuli kartografia (berZn. chartes – saweri furceli an papirusis gragnili, grapho – vwer) mecnieruli disciplinaa, romelic adgens istoriul rukebsa da atlasebs da amuSavebs maTi Seqmnis meTodikas. rukebi unikaluri istoriuli wyaroa, romlebic gansakuTrebuli grafikuli formiT Seicaven geografiul da istoriul faqtebs, cnobebs mecnieruli codnis, msoflmxed­velobis, epoqis esTetikuri warmodgenebis Sesaxeb. rukebi mniSvnelovania bunebrivi garemos Secvlis procesebis, ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri istoriis kvlevisas, bunebismetyvelebis istoriis, mecnierebis, teqnikis, xe­lovnebis Seswavlisas. rukebma ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza ganvlos sqematuri naxatebidan namdvil mecnierul naSromebamde. rukis mniSvnelovani elemen­tia misi Sinaarsi anu kartografiuli gamosaxuleba. kartografiuli masala rukaze gadaaqvT pirobiTi niSnebis saSualebiT, romlebic rukasTan erTad viTardeboda. rukis SeswavlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs damxmare elemen­tebs: legendebs (pirobiT aRniSvnebs), rukis saxelwodebas, masze aRniSnul teqstebs, cnobebs Semsruleblis, gamocemis adgilis da drois Sesaxeb. rukis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa misi generalizacia, e.i. rukaze ZiriTadis SerCeva da misi ganzogadeba masStabis, daniSnulebisa da rukis Tematikis Se­sabamisad. rukis Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs masze datanili toponimebi, romlebic rukaze asaxul dros Seesabamebian, Zvirfas wyaros warmoadgenen eTnikuri istoriisaTvis xalxTa gansaxlebis arealis da maTi mi­

gzebi, brZolebis ruka­sqemebi, saxalxo moZraobaTa geografia, savaWro da kulturuli kavSirebi mezobel qveynebTan, xalxTa migracia da a.S. marTalia, fizikuri geografia ukanaskneli aTaswleulebis manZilze SedarebiT naklebad Seicvala, magram, landSaftis saerTo daxasiaTebis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdi­nare, is mcire cvlilebebic mniSvnelovania kacobriobis ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen adamianis yofaze. maT miekuTvneba mdinareTa di­nebis Secvla, oazisTa gaqroba, irigaciuli sistemebis Seqmna, tyeebis gakafva da a.S. istoriuli geografia, geografiis is dargia, romelic geografiuli codnis saSualebiT xsnis istoriul procesebs, misi ZiriTadi formula geo­grafiul codnaze damyarebuli istoriuli daskvnebia. istoriuli geografia eyrdnoba kartografiul, werilobiTsa da arqeologiur wyaroebs, toponimikas da safuZvels umzadebs istoriuli rukebis Sedgenas.

istoriul­geografiuli gamokvlevebi Cveulebriv unda warmoebdes arqeo­logebTan, ekonomistebTan, iuristebTan, eTnografebTan, enaTmecnierebTan, xelovnebaTmcodneebTan SemoqmedebiT kavSirSi. eseTi kompleqsuri midgoma farTo SesaZleblobebs xsnis istoriuli geografiis sferoSi mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis. istoriul mecnierebaSi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli analitikuri, SedarebiT­istoriuli, retrospeqtuli, statistikuri da kartografiuli samecniero meTodebis gamoyenebis garda istoriul­geografiuli kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva istoriuli faqtebis, movlenebisa da pro­cesebis lokalizebas sivrcesa da droSi, rac xorcieldeba rogorc Sesabamisi aRwerisa da ganzogadebis, ise gansazRvruli rukebis, sqemebis da a.S. Sedgenis meSveobiT.

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XVI s-is dasawyisis veneciuri ruka

graciis gamokvlevisas, maTi dasaxlebis simWidrovis SeswavlisaTvis, mocemul regionSi erTi xalxis mier meoriT Secvlis, dasaxlebul punqtTa warmoSobis istoriis kvlevisas. Tumca isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rukaze ara marto realurad arsebuli, aramed gamogonili an mcdarad miTiTebuli obieqtebic gadahqondaT. Secdomis mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo sxvadasxva geografiuli hipoTezebi da miTebi, rac gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia Sua saukuneebis rukebisaTvis. kartografiis istoriis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX s­Si daiwyo. mis saTaveebTan idga frangi inJiner­geografi barbie bokaJi (1760­1825), romelmac erT­erTma pirvelma mimoixila kartografiis istoria. kartografiis istoria moicavs rukebis istorias da maTi Seqmnis meTodebs, kartografiuli ideebis istorias im samyaros materialur da sulier pirobebTan mWidro kavSirSi, romlebSic isini iqmnebodnen.

geografiuli informaciis ukmarisobis kompensirebas kartografebi rukaTa mdidruli gaformebis, minawerebis, naxatebis, ornamentebis xarjze cdilobd­nen. rukaze minawerebi sakmaod vrceli iyo da rukis saxelwodebis garda is Seicavda informacias misi avtorisa da gravioris Sesaxeb, gadmocemis adgil­sa da wels, miZRvnas vinmesadmi da a.S. rukis irgvliv xatavdnen xmeleTisa da zRvis fantastikur cxovelebs, gamosaxavdnen antikur RmerTebs, xSiri iyo amuris gamosaxulebebi; heraldikur emblemebs, gerbebs; istoriul pirTa an im pirTa portretebs, visac rukas uZRvnidnen. yovelive es rukas xelo­

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vnebis nawarmoebad aqcevda, romlis SeqmnaSi im drois gamoCenili mxatvrebi monawileobdnen; ris gamoc rukebi sasaxleebis morTulobis elementad iqca. geografiuli rukebi Tavisi gansazRvruli socialuri moTxovnilebebiTa da materialur­teqnikuri SesaZleblobebiT konkretuli istoriuli epoqisa da kulturis produqts warmoadgenen. ra Tqma unda, Tanamedrove geografiuli mecnierebisa da kartografiis kriteriumebiT Zvel rukebs didi mniSvneloba aRara aqvT, magram, rogorc istoriuli wyaro, isini Zalzed faseulia, radgan SesaZleblobas iZleva, SeviswavloT ara mxolod misi Semdgenlis, aramed mTeli Tanadrouli epoqis msoflmxedveloba da mentaliteti, kultura, ganaTleba.

saqarTveloSi pirveli Cvenamde moRweuli kartografiuli nawarmoebebi XVIII saukunes ekuTvnis, es aris vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier Sedgenili ori qarTuli atlasi saqarTvelos da misi momijnave qveynebisa (1735 da 1745 ww.) da imave saukunis 40­50­ian wlebSi qarTulsa da rusul enebze Sesrulebuli rva ruka, batoniSvilma uzarmazari kartografiuli samuSao Caatara. evropeli kartografebi kavkasiis regionis aRsawerad XVIII s­is II naxevridan XIX s­is Sua xanebamde mxolod vaxuStis rukebs eyrdnobodnen. qarTuli skolebisaTvis vaxuStim rusulidan Targmna `mokle politikuri geografia~ msoflio at­lasTan erTad.

rukebi efeqturi saSualebaa TvalsaCino informaciisa da codnis gavrce­lebisaTvis. adamianis mier movlenis mxedvelobiTi aRqma mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs misi msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi, xels uwyobs nanaxis ama Tu im emociebis da Sefasebis gamomuSavebas. rukaze Segrovili, sistematizirebu­li da ganzogadebuli masala ubralo ilustracia ki araa, aramed problemuri kvlevis Sedegia. movlenaTa kartografiul asaxvas mniSvnelovani adgili uWi­ravs istoriul kvlevaSi.

germanul qalaq miunsteris Sua saukuneebis ruka

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i budizmisa da induizmis

gavrceleba 500 wlisaTvis

budizmis warmoSobis

adgili

budizmis gavrceleba

induizmis gavrcelebis aråaliavRaneTi

azia

korea

CineTi

samxreT-aRmosavleTi

azia

iaponia

indoeTi

nepali

tibeti

Sri-lanka

sumatraindoeTis

okeane

wynari okeane

birma

1. daasaxeleT qveyana, sadac warmoiSva budizmi;2. romel qveynebSi gavrcelda budizmi?3. gansazRvreT induizmis gavrcelebis areali;4. ra gziT gavrcelda budizmi iaponiaSi?

bizantiis imperiis sazRvari 565 wlisaTvis.

muslimTa miwebi muhamadis gardacvalebis wlisaTvis (632 w.)

muslimTa teritoriebi 632-661 wlebSi

muslimTa teritoriebi 661- 750 wlebSi

safrangeTi

espaneTi

maroko

CrdiloeTi afrika egvipte

nubia

sparseTis yure

arabeTis zRva

xmelTaSua zRva

atlantis okeane Savi zRva

kaspiis zR

va

wiT

eli z

Rva

saharas udabno

islamis gavrceleba.

1. rodis moeqca espaneTi muslimTa batonobis qveS?2. ra teritoriebs moicavda islami muhamïdis gardacvalebis (632 w.) droisaTvis?3. ra teritoriebs flobdnen muslimebi 632-661 wlebSi?4. ra teritoriebs flobdnen muslimebi 661-750 wlebSi?

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ZiriTadad qristianebi 476 ù.

ZiriTadad qristianebi1050 ù.

muslimebi 1050 ù.

monastrebi

norvegia

Sotlandia

irlandia

inglisi

germania

ruseTi

safrangeTi

espaneTi

italia

bizantiis imperia

xmelTaSua zRva

atlantis okeane

Savi zRva

balt

iis zRva

qristianobis gavrceleba evropaSi. misionerebi xels uwyobdnen

qristianobis gavrcelebas Sua saukuneebis evropaSi.

1. daasaxeleT evropis sami saxelmwifo, romlebic gaqristianda 486-1050 wlebSi;

2. evropis romeli qveynebi iyo muslimTa gavlenis qveS?

1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: ruka, rogorc istoriuli wyaro.

saSinao­davaleba

1. daiyaviT sam jgufad, TiToeulma airCieT mocemuli rukebidan erT-erTi: 1. budizmisa da induizmis gavrceleba 500 wlisaTvis; 2. qristianobis gavrceleba evropaSi; 3. islamis gavrceleba. upasuxeT Sesabamis SekiTxvebs.

2. TiToeulma jgufma klasis winaSe warmoadgineT rukis, rogorc istoriuli wyaros, meSveobiT miRebuli informacia.

klasSi samuSao

ptolemaiosis ruka (aRdgenili XV saukuneSi)

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paleografia12.

armazis bilingva

paleografiis Seswavlis sagani, pirvel rigSi, dokumentis, naweris garegnuli, formaluri mxarea, magram igi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mis SinaarsTan. srulfaso­vani paleografiuli analizis gareSe Ti­Tqmis SeuZlebelia Zveli werilobiTi wya­roebis Seswavla da maT SinaarsSi garkveva.

Zveli xelnawerisa Tu warweris wakiTx­va mraval sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli. arsebobda damwerlobis araerTi siste­ma, TiToeuli maTgani viTardeboda da icvleboda droTa ganmavlobaSi, Cndeboda maTi lokaluri nairsaxeobebi, TiToeul mweralsa Tu gadamwers hqonda sakuTari xelwera. mwerlebi xSirad iyenebdnen Se­moklebebs, qaragmebs, specifiur formu­lebs, romelTa codnisa Tu amocnobis ga­reSe teqstis gageba SeuZlebelia. amitom nacnob enaze da nacnobi damwerlobiT Ses­rulebuli teqstic ki zogjer gaSifvras moiTxovs. paleografma unda icodes ena, romelzec teqstia Sesrulebuli, misi ganviTarebis etapebi, aseve weris wesebi

r paleografia aris ori berZnuli sityvisgan `palaios~ – `Zveli~ da `grafein~ – `wera~ Sedgenili termini, romelic Zveli naweris Semswavlel mecnierebas aRniSnavs. mas safuZveli Cauyara Jan mabionma 1681 wels gamocemuli naSromiT, xolo Tavad termini pirvelad bernar de monfokonma gamoiyena 1708 wels gamo­cemul `berZnul paleografiaSi~. Tavdapirvelad dargi moicavda yvela saxis nawers da maTTan dakavSirebul problematikas. TandaTanobiT mis farglebSi gamoiyo mravali mecniereba (istoris e.w. `damxmare~ mecnierebebi) – diploma­tika (mecniereba sabuTebis, dokumentebis Sesaxeb), epigrafika (warweraTmcod­neoba), kodikologia (xelnawerTmcodneoba), numizmatika (mecniereba liTonis fulis, monetebis Sesaxeb), papirologia (papirusTmcodneoba). dResac `paleo­grafia~ farTo gagebiT aerTianebs maT, magram terminis viwro mniSvneloba identuria kodikologiisa. igi Seiswavlis Zveli xelnawerebis damwerlobas – asoTa moxazulobas, sawer masalas, sawer iaraRebs, daTariRebas da sxv.

leqsikoni

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da Taviseburebebi. asoTa moxazuloba, punqtuacia, Semoklebebi da sxva forma­luri niSnebi Zalze mniSvnelovania teqstis dasaTariReblad, masSi gviandeli CanarTebis gamosavlenad, teqstis originalobisa Tu nayalbevobis gasarCevad.

ukanasknel xanebSi paleografis samuSao arsenali mdidrdeba sxva, maT Soris zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebiT. sul ufro meti para­metriT SeiZleba saweri masalis Seswavla. Tixis analizma SesaZlebeli gaxada firfitis Seqmnis adgilis dadgena. Tixa arc Zviri masala iyo da arc misi Sor manZilze waReba iyo mosaxerxebeli. amdenad, Tixa sadauricaa, teqstic iq unda iyos dawerili. amgvarma analizma SesaZlebeli gaxada sami aTasi wlis winande­li siyalbis aRmoCena. Cvenamde moRweulia teqsti, romlis Tanaxmadac egvipte­li moxele aRuwers faraons mis mogzaurobas kviprosze da damatebiT saxsrebs sTxovs misiis warmatebiT dasagvirgvineblad, xolo mefisa warmomadgenelisa da sakuTari msaxuris Sexvedris adgilad Razas sTavazobs. Tixis analizma aCvena, rom firfita RazaSia Seqmnili. Sesabamisad, moxelec iq imyofeba, mas Semoexarja Tanxa da unda faraons damatebiT dastyuos oqro.

Zvel teqstebTan muSaobis yvelaze cnobili magaliTebi ucnobi enebis gaSif­vrasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

lursmuli damwerlobis amokiTxvis cda giotingenis (Ggermania) gimnaziis maswavlebeli georg fridrih grotefendis saxels ukavSirdeba. 1802 wels man moaxerxa behistunis kldis sparsuli warweris ramdenime sityvisa da niSnis amocnoba. gviandeli sparsuli teqstebis gaTvaliswinebiT man dauSva, rom teqstis dasawyisSi unda yofiliyo mefis titulatura, romelSic yvelaze xSi­

behistunis klde

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rad sityva `mefe~ unda meordebodes. man daadgina es sityva, aseve niSanTa is jgufi, romelic mefis sakuTar saxels gadmosce­mda. teqstSi aRmoCnda ori mefis saxeli. erTi meoris mama Canda, xolo misi mama ar iyo mefe. sparseTis uZveles mmarTvel­Ta, aqemenianTa Soris grotefends ori aseTi wyvili eguleboda, erTi – kirosi da kambisesi, meore – dariosi da qserqse. iqidan gamomdinare, rom mefeTa saxele­bi sxvadasxva asoTi iwyeboda, mkvlevarma arCevani meore wyvilze SeaCera. amgvarad, man waikiTxa saxelebi `dariosi~, `qserq­se~ da sityva `mefe~, rac gaxda amosavali lursmuli damwerlobisa da am damwerlo­bis momxmarebeli mravali enis Seswavli­saTvis.

lursmuli sabolood gaSifrulad CaiTvala 1857 wels, rodesac oTxma mec­nierma (e. hinksi, i. operti, v. talboti, h. raulinsoni) praqtikulad erTnairad

rozetis qva

waikiTxa axladaRmoCenili grZeli asuruli teqsti – mefe tiglaTfalasar I­is analebi.

egvipturi damwerlobis gaSifvra Jan­fransua Sampolionis saxels ukav­Sirdeba. napoleonis egvipteSi laSqrobis dros q. aleqsandriasTan, rozetis maxloblad aRmoCnda samenovani warwera, romelic `rozetis qvis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es aris ptolemaios V­is (Zv.w. 204­181) pativsacemad Sedgenili teqsti, Sesrulebuli egvipturi ieroglifebiT, egvipturi nusxuriT da berZnulad. berZnuli versiidan Sampolionma daadgina teqstis Sinaarsi da mefis saxeli, romelic kartuSSi (ovalur CarCoSi) iyo Casmuli. man dauSva, rom egviptel­TaTvis ucxo saxeli – ptolemaiosi aucileblad fonetikurad iqneboda Caweri­li da aqedan daadgina calkeuli niSnebis wakiTxva. sxva teqstSi ptolemaiosis garda, aRmoCnda kleopatras saxeli. 1822 wels parizSi Sampolionma akademias warudgina misi kvlevis Sedegebi, rac egvipturis gaSifvrisa da egviptologiis dabadebis dRed iTvleba.

deSifrirebis istoriebSi yvelaze met yuradRebas is genialuri mixvedra ipyrobs, rac damwerlobis amokiTxvis gasaRebs gvTavazobs. magram es `genia­luri mixvedra~ emyareba udides codnas (magaliTad, Sampolionma axalgazr­dobaSive icoda 20 cocxali da mkvdari ena), Sromas, niWsa da agreTve iRbals, ris gareSec aseve ar arsebobs didi warmateba.

1. imsjeleT, Tu ra aris paleografiis Seswavlis upirvelesi sagani da ratom. Tqvni azriT, ratom gamocalkevda paleografiidan sxvadasxva `mecniere-ba~?

2. isaubreT im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, rac Tan axlavs Zveli teqstebis wakiTx-vas.

3. yuradRebiT gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. CamoTvaleT iberiis samefoSi arsebuli saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi. wyaros mixedviT, ra movaloeba ekis-reboda ezosmoZRvars. ra gansxvavebebia warweris berZnul da arameul va-riantebs Soris?

klasSi samuSao

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1940 wels, mcxeTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros ipoves didi qva, romelzec or ena-

ze iyo Sesrulebuli warwera. am qvas armazis bilingva ewoda (bilingva niSnavs oreno-

vans). warwerebi, romlebic 1941 wels gaSifra giorgi wereTelma, berZnul da arameul

enebzea. es warwera metad saintereso cnobebs iZleva ax.w. II saukunis iberiis samefos

mmarTvelobis sistemaze.

warweris berZnul variantSi vkiTxulobT: „serafiti, asuli pitiaxS javax mcirisa,

meuRle publikios agripa pitiaxSis Zis iodmanganisa – qarTvelTa mefis didi qsefar-

nugis mraval gamarjvebaTa mompovebeli ezosmoZRvrisa, gardaicvala jer kidev axal-

gazrda, ocdaerTi wlisa, mqonebeli Seudarebeli silamazisa.“

arameuli varianti ki aseTi saxisaa: „me var serafiti, asuli zevaxisa, mcirisa pitiax-

Sisa farsman mefisa, meuRle iodmanganisa – Zlevamosilisa da mravali gamarjvebis

mompovebeli ezosmoZRvrisa qsefarnug mefisa, Zisa agripa ezosmoZRvrisa farsman

mefisa. vaeba vaebisa. is vinc iyo axalgazrda da imdenad keTili da mSvenieri iyo, rom

aravin iyo misi msgavsi silamaziT da gardaicvala 21 wlisa.“

damatebiTi­cnoba

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numizmatika da bonistika13.

numizmatika

numizmatika (Zvel berZnulad `nomisma~, laTinurad `numisma~ monetas hqvia) monetebs Seiswavlis da istoriis damxmare disciplinaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. numizmatika istorikosis damxmare iaraRia warsulis kvlevis saqmeSi.

Tavdapirvelad numizmatika (istoriis damxmare, magram, amave dros, savsebiT damoukidebel samecniero dargad Camoyalibebamde), monetebis SegrovebiT, koleqciebis SeqmniT Semoifargleboda. monetebiT gataceba aRorZinebis xanis italiaSi daiwyo. erT­erTi pirveli numizmati­koleqcioneri iyo cnobili humanisti poeti petrarka ( 1304­1374 ww.). italieli koleqcionerebis mibaZviT, monetebis Segroveba daiwyes evropis Zlevamosilma mmarTvelebmac. iqmneboda monetebis specialuri sacavebi (kabi netebi). swored amgvar sacavebSi eyreboda safuZveli monetebis mecnierul Seswavlas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom evropaSi samecniero numizmatikis mamamTavrad aRiarebulia venis saimperatoro samo­neto kabinetis mcveli ioseb ilari ekeli (1737­1798 ww.).

saqarTveloSi numizmatikuri mecnierebis Casaxva­ganviTarebas ki ruseTSi mcxovrebi Tavadis, mixeil baraTaSvilis (1784­1856 ww.) saxels ukavSireben. 1844 wels peterburgSi rusul da frangul enebze gamocemulma misma naSromma `saqarTvelos samefos numizmatikuri faqtebi~ safuZveli Cauyara qarTul mecnierul numizmatikas.

eleqtrumis monetebi efesos artemides

taZris ganZidan. napovnia britaneTis

muzeumis mier ganxorcielebuli

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros XX s-is

dasawyisSi.

lidiuri oqros stateri.

Zv.w. VI s-is Sua xanebi.

Zveli berZnebi mas `krezis

staters~ uwodebdnen.

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bonistika

boni (frang. bon, laT.-Bonus – kargi, moxerxe­buli) saxelmwifo xazinis, dawesebulebebis, sawarmoebis mier gamoSvebuli moklevadiani savalo valdebulebaa, romelsac iyeneben ro­gorc mimoqcevisa da gadaxdis saSualebas. bo­nebs uSveben saxelmwifo organizaciebi fulis gaufasurebisa da fulis niSnebis wvrili ku­piuris naklebobisas. amasTanave, boni xmarebi­dan gamosul qaRaldis fulsac aRniSnavs.

rogorc erTi, ise meore saxiT bonebi Tavi­seburi istoriuli wyaroa, romelsac damxmare istoriuli disciplina bonistika Seiswavlis. qaRaldis fulis niSnebi, iseve rogorc monete­bi, saxelmwifo dokumentebia. brunvaSi gamoS­vebisas emitenti maTSi nawilobriv Tavis ideo­logiasac gamoxatavs emblemebis, devizebis, teqstebis, beWdebis, naxatebis, ornamentebis da a.S. saSualebiT. maTi ZiriTadi elementebiT bonistebi gansazRvraven gamoSvebis adgilsa da dros, brunvis teritorias, gamomSvebs. qaRal­dis fuli pirvelad CineTSi gaCnda. mas iyenebd­nen monRolebic. qaRaldis fuli evropaSi pir­velad gaCnda 1662 wels SvedeTSi. am pirvelma

r emisia – gamoSveba

r emitenti – gamomSvebi – dawesebuleba an piro­vneba

leqsikoni

kupiurebma Seuwyves xeli mimoqcevaSi qaRaldis fulis warmatebas.qaRaldis fulis SerCevis meTodika, klasifikaciis principi, terminolo­

gia da sxva sakiTxebi dRemde Riad rCeba bonistikaSi. yoveli emisia asaxavs Tanadroul ekonomikur da politikur movlenebs: omebs, partiaTa brZolas, xelisufalTa ideologias da sxv. mocemuli emisiis politikuri xasiaTisa da ekonomikuri daniSnulebis amoxsna, SesaZleblobas iZleva, dadgindes misi warmoSobis miznebi da mizezebi. amasTanave, ikvleven bonis e.w. ZiriTad niSnebs: emblematikas (emblemebs, gerbebs da simbolur niSnebs); paleografias (teqs­tebs, werilobiT niSnebs, orTografias); sfragistikas (beWdebs, perforacias, kongrevebs, Stampebs); qronologias (TariRebs); metrologias (Sefardebas msxvil kupiurebsa da mis ganayofebs Soris); ornamentalistikas (grafikul da ferwerul morTvas); ikonografias (portretul gamosaxulebas); Wvir­niSnebs da masalas razec fuladi niSania damzadebuli, e.i. mis safuZvels; filatelistikas (markebs fulad niSnebze); epigrafikas (gviandeli warmo­Sobis danabeWdebs). qaRaldis fuladi niSnis buneba imiT gamoixateba, rom igi ganuwyvetliv dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos funqcionirebasTan. amitom ZiriTadi niSnis nebismieri cvlileba socialur­ekonomikuri da politikuri xasiaTis cvlilebebze metyvelebs. swored am kuTxiT emsaxureba bonistika istoriul mecnierebas, adgens istoriuli procesis iseT detalebs, romlebic sxva wyaroebSi ar iZebneba.

1160 w. CineTSi gamoSvebuli

qaRaldis fuli

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wya­ro 1

ra SegviZlia `amovikiTxoT~ kolxur TeTrze

uZvelesi qarTuli monetis – `kolxuri TeTris~ – zogierTi saxeoba Zv.w.

VI saukuniT TariRdeba. amrigad, kolxeTi samoneto civilizaciis erT-erTi

adreuli keraa. unda gvaxsovdes, rom `TeTri~ mecnierebis mier SemoRebuli ter-

minia. `kolxuri TeTris~ damaxasiaTebeli niSani is aris, rom is TiTqmis ar ga-

dioda kolxeTis sazRvrebs gareT da masze aRbeWdili zogierTi gamosaxuleba

mWidro kavSirSia qarTveluri samyaros religiur warmodgenebTan.

a

aristoteles `politiebis~ XVIII fragmentia `faziselTa politia~, e.i. fazi-

selTa saxelmwifo wyobileba. aq aRniSnulia, rom adre fazisSi henioxebi cxo-

vrobdnen, axla ki (Zv.w. IV saukuneSi) – miletelebi. amrigad, unda vivaraudoT,

rom fazisi garkveuli politikuri erTeulia, aqvs Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi

wyobileba da iq miletelebic cxovroben.

lomi miletis saxelmwifoebrivi emblemaa da gamosaxulia mis monetebze. lomis

motivi Zalian xSiria berZnul numizmatikaSi da mas sxvadasxva geografiul pun-

qtSi gansxvavebuli funqciebi akisria. magram miletis numizmatikaSi, rogorc

amas specialistebi erTxmad aRiareben, is yovelgvari eWvis gareSe dakavSirebu-

lia apolonis kultTan. miletis mTavari RvTaeba iyo apoloni.

1899 wels md. yubanis napiras xutor zubovkaSi aRmoCnda vercxlis Tasi warwe-

riT: `apolon winamZRolisa var, romelic fazisSi aris~. warwera TariRdeba Zv.w.

V saukunis dasasruliT, an IV saukunis dasawyisiT. amis safuZvelze yvela mkvle-

vari erTxmad aRiarebs, rom fazisSi arsebobda apolonis taZari an samlocvelo

da es nivTi misTvis iyo Sewiruli. amri gad, fazisSi, iseve rogorc yvela Tavis

koloniaSi miletelebs gadmoutaniaT da daunergavT apolonis kulti.

1990 wels vanis raionis sofel sulorSi aRmoCnda kolxuri naxevar draq mebis

ganZi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi eria vercxlis sami ucxouri moneta. maTgan ori

lidiuri, romlebic SeiZleba Zv.w. VI saukunis pirveli naxevriT davaTariRoT,

da erTi – aqemeniduri.

g. dundua, T. dundua `qarTuli numizmatika~

b

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d

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wya­ro 1

kolxuri TeTris tipebi

kolxuri didraqmis zurgze

amokveTil xarisTaviani

adamianis gamosaxulebas

msoflio numizmatikaSi

analogi ar eZebneba.

amdenad, savaraudod, es

adgilobrivi RvTaebis

gamosaxulebaa. kolxuri

TeTris zogierTi tipis

monetaze amotvifruli

lomis gamosaxuleba yvela

detalSi imeorebs miletur

monetaze gamosaxul loms.

Zveli berZnuli monetebis nimuSebi. Zv.w. V-VI ss.

TiToeulze qalaqis an saxelmwifos simboloa amotvifruli.

wya­ro 2

rodis gardaicvala Tamar mefe: 1213, 1207 Tu 1210 wels?

qarTvelma mkvlevarma jumber odiSelma, upirveles yovlisa, laSa giorgis-

droindeli mematianes cnobaze dayrdnobiT, 1207 weli miiCnia Tamaris gar-

dacvalebis wlad: `dResac, rodesac safuZveli aRar arsebobs miviCnioT, rom

Tamari 1213 wels gardaicvala, m. broses, T. Jordanias, al. xaxanaSvilisa da

gansakuTrebiT iv. javaxiSvilis didi mecnieruli avtoritetis gamo zogierTi

istorikosi 1213 wels – am TariRs, romelic arc erT istoriul wyaroSi aras-

dros dadasturebuli ar yofila, mainc sandod miiCnevs~.

j. odiSeli `qarTuli istoriuli qronologiis erTi sakixi~

e

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wya­ro 2

qarTveli mkvlevrebi goCa jafariZe da Tamaz natroSvili ori monetis monaceme-

bis Sedarebis Sedegad mividnen daskvnamde, rom Tamari 1210 wels gardaicvala.

1210 wliT daTariRebuli,

Tamaris saxeliT moWrili moneta.

monetis Sublze moTavsebuli Tamaris

xelrTvis garSemo aris zedwerili

qarTuli asomTavruliT (daqaragmebu-

lad): `saxeliTa RvTisaTa iqna Wedai

vercxlisi amis qoronikonsa ul~ (qo-

ronikoni ul anu 430 udris 1210 wels).

(nu gagikvirdebaT, rom spilenZis mone-

ta monaTlulia `vercxlad~. es sityva

im xanebSi aRniSnavda fulsac).

1210 wliT daTariRebuli laSa-

giorgis saxeliT moWrili moneta.

monetis Sublze vkiTxulobT; `giorgi,

Ze Tamarisi~, garSemo ki weria: `saxe-

liTa RvTisaTa iqna Wedai vercxlisi

amis qoronikonsa ul~

(e.i. 1210 wels); monetis zurgze ara-

buli zedwerilia: `mefeTa mefe, dide-

ba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa, giorgi

Tamaris Ze, mesiis maxvili~.

Tamaz natroSvili `maSriyiT maRribamde~

Tamarisa da giorgi IV laSas

Tanamosaydreobisdroindeli

spilenZis moneta (1207-1210ww.)

Tamaris moneta (1184-1186 ww.)

Tamarisa da daviTis moneta (1200 w.)

b

5 lariani kupiura

ivane javaxiSvilis

gamosaxulebiT

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1. monetas ori mxare aqvs: Subli (aversi) da zurgi (reversi). maT gansxvavebuli funqciebi gaaCnia. monetis Sublze Tavsdeba iseTi gamosaxuleba, romel­sac sakanonmdeblo funqcia aqvs. masze gamosaxuli RvTaeba, Semdeg monarqi, imperatori, respublikisa an qalaqis simbolo ama Tu im monetas brunvaSi akanonebs da iZleva misi srulfasovnebis garantias. zurgis gamosaxulebas gamosacnobi funqcia akisria. misi daxmarebiT Cven vgebulobT monetis moWris adgils (saxelmwifo, qalaqi). sawarmos, sadac monetebi iWreboda, zarafxana ewodeboda. monetaze moTavsebul warwerebs legenda an zedwerili hqvia.

2. moneta politikuri informaciis pirvelxarisxovani wyaroa. xSir SemTxvevaSi masze moTavsebuli warwerebi iseT cnobebs Seicavs, rac matianeebSi daculi ar aris, xolo zogierT SemTxvevaSi is saTanadod azustebs da avsebs kidec werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebs. am mxriv numizmatikuri masala did daxma­rebas uwevs istoriul mecnierebas.

3. unda gvaxsovdes, rom monetas, rogorc istoriul wyaros, garkveuli Tavise­bureba axasiaTebs: monetis TviT aRmoCenis adgilia saintereso. es saSualebas mogvcems davadginoT ucxouri monetebis Semosvlis gzebi, gamovyoT `numiz­matikuri provinciebi~, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, epoqebis mixedviT davad­ginoT ama Tu im kuTxeSi romeli monetebi iyo mimoqcevaSi da sxva mravali mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.

g. dundua, T. dundua `qarTuli numizmatika~

risi codnaa aucilebeli monetebze muSaobis dawyebamde.

ras gvirCeven numizmatebi.

mikroneziis erT-erTi kunZulis mcxovreblebi XIX saukuneSi fulis erTeulad kirqvis

uzarmazar lodebs iyenebdnen, romlebsac 650 kilometriT daSorebul kunZulze kveTdnen.

zogierTi lodis diametri 4 metrs aRwevda.

200 evro

(qaRaldis fulze gamosaxuli xidi evropis

erTianobis simboloa)

erTi dolari jorj vaSingtonis

gamosaxulebiT

1. wyaro 1-ze muSaobis dawyebamde guldasmiT gaecaniT `numizmatis rCevebs~. yuradRebiT waikiTxeT wyaro 1. wyaros monacemebi SeajereT monetis Sub-lisa da zurgis gamosaxulebebTan.

• ra SegiZliaT TqvaT kolxeTis saxelmwifoze wyaroze dayrdnobiT?

• wyaros monacemebi gvaZlevs Tu ara safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom kolxu-ri TeTris emisias (monetis moWras) fazisis zarafxana awarmoebda? Tu gvaZlevs, daasaxeleT romeli da ganmarteT ratom.

2. gaecaniT wyaro 2-s. SeadareT erTmaneTs ori monetis monacemebi. imsje-leT da daadgineT, rogor mividnen qarTveli mkvlevrebi am daskvnamde. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi saxeliT monetis moWris faqti qarTul numizmatikaSi ar dadasturebula, amdenad laSa-giorgis sakuTari saxeliT monetis moWra SeeZlo saxelmwifo gadatria-lebis an dedis sikvdilis Semdeg.

klasSi samuSao

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heraldika specialuri istoriuli disciplinaa, romlis ZiriTadi amoca­naa gerbebis Seswavla. gerbi calkeul pirTa, sagvareuloTa, dawesebulebaTa, saxelmwifoTa da a.S. simboluri ganmasx­vavebeli niSania. gerbis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba, riTac igi gamoirCeva sxva simboluri niSnebisagan, misi memkvidre­obiTobaa. gerbebi SeiZleba iyos materia­luri kulturis sruliad gansxvavebul sagnebze: monetebze, beWdebze, iaraRze, avejze, WurWelze, tansacmelze, arqite­qturis Zeglebze da a.S. istorikoss he­raldika fasdaudebel daxmarebas uwevs masalis qronologiis, regionis, zogjer ki pirovnebis dadgenasa da gansazRvraSi.

heraldika aucilebelia ara mxolod rogorc damxmare disciplina diplomati­kis, sfragistikis, numizmatikis da sxva­Ta kvlevisas, aramed gerbebi TavisTavad warmoadgenen wyaros istoriuli codnis bevr sferoSi. heraldika mdidar masalas iZleva politikuri istoriisaTvis, afiq­sirebs dinastiur kavSirebs, teritoriul pretenziebs, aseve demografiul proce­sebs aristokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiani faris, ro­gorc identifikaciis saSualebis gamoye­nebas, Tavisi tradicia hqonda jer kidev antikur epoqaSi. gerbebze aisaxa feoda­lizmamdeli simbolikisa da sagvareulo emblemebis mniSvnelovani nawili. Tumca araviTari kavSiri, garegnuli msgavsebis garda, am movlenebs Soris ar iZebneba. naxatiani faris gamosaxuleba jer kidev ar niSnavs gerbs. is gerbad iqceva mxolod mas Semdeg, rac TanamedroveTa SegnebaSi gerbis miRma warmoCindeba gansazRvruli socialuri da samarTlebrivi urTierTo­bis sistema. aseTi datvirTvis gareSe ger­bi ubralo emblemad rCeba.

heraldika14.

r identifikacia (laT. iden-tifico – vaigiveb) – gaigiveba, gaTanabreba.

r emblema – raime ideis an cnebis pirobiTi an simbo­luri gamosaxuleba. emble­ma qronologiuradac da teritoriuladac sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlenaa. mas Seiswavlis specialuri dis­ciplina emblematika, rome­lic istoriis, xelovnebaT­mcodneobis da fsiqologiis Sesayarzea aRmocenebuli.

r blazonireba – heraldi­kis franguli saxelwodeba `blason~ warmoiSva germanu­li `blazen~­dan, rac bukis kvras niSnavs. heraldikasTan am terminis gaigiveba imiT aixsneba, rom roca raindi uaxlovdeboda turnirisaT­vis gansazRvruli terito­riis SemoRobil bariers, igi buks ukravda, raTa euwyebina Tavisi mosvlis Sesaxeb. ris Semdegac heroldi turniris msajTa moTxovniT xmamaR­la aRwerda raindis gerbs, rogorc turnirSi monawi­leobis uflebis mowmobas. amrigad `blazen~­idan war­modgeba termini blazonire­ba, rac heraldikaSi gerbis aRweras niSnavs.

leqsikoni

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heraldikuri tradiciebis Casaxva Sua saukuneebSi, pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdeg daiwyo. maSin warmoiqmna mniSvnelovani problema saraindo aRWurvilobis srulyofasTan dakavSirebiT. raindis amocnoba saxeze afare­buli liTonis CafxutSi SeuZlebeli iyo. laSqrobis monawileni ver cnobdnen erTmaneTs. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, didebulebma SemoiRes farebisa da javSnis sxvadasxva simboloebiT moxatva, romlebic SemdgomSi gerbebad gadaiqca. TandaTan simboloebma gerbze Tavisi heraldikuri ena Camoayaliba, sadac yvela simbolos Tavisi gansazRvruli mniSvneloba hqonda. gerbis mTava­ri funqcia iyo ganesazRvraT, sad iyvnen Tavisianebi da sad mowinaaRmdegeebi, miTumetes, rom evropelma didebulebma sakmaod swarafad SeiTvises heral­dikuri ena da martivad cnobdnen rainds Tavisi sagvareulo gerbiT.

`oqros sawmisis~ rainduli

ordenis gerbi

heroldebi

gerbebis gamoyenebis simravlem

gamoiwvia moTxovnileba piro-

vnebebze, romlebic specialu-

rad heraldikiT iqnebodnen

dakavebulebi. aseTebad iqcnen

heroldebi. isini ganagebdnen

turnirebis ceremonialebs,

diplomatiur molaparakebebs

da gamodiodnen seniorTa war-

momadgenlebad. heroldis pro-

fesiis arseboba mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli gerbis gansazR-

vris, Sedgenis da aseve ganmar-

tebis praqtikul moTxovnile-

basTan. heroldebis warmoSoba

XII s-s ukavSirdeba. gansaku-

TrebiT cnobilia maTi moR-

vaweoba raindTa turnirebis

CatarebaSi. gerbis eqspertizis

garda, herolds evaleboda

gerbis blazonireba _ gerbis

aRwera. herolds moeTxovebo-

da, rom garkveuli yofiliyo

heraldikaSi, genealogiaSi da

gvarovnuli urTierTobebis

cvlilebebSi. heraldikis ro-

lis SesustebasTan erTad mniS-

vnelobas kargavs heroldis

profesiac.

damatebiTi­cnoba

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heraldikis, rogorc sistemis Camoya­libebas XII s­s miakuTvneben. am droidanaa TvalsaCino gerbebis memkvidreobiToba, amas adasturebs sfragistikuli masalac da gerbebis gamosaxulebebi samarxTa qve­bze. XIII s­is dasawyisidan mniSvnelovnad izrdeba gerbebis raodenoba. gansakuTre­biT gaZlierda es procesi XIII­XIV sauku­neebSi, swored am periodSi SeimCneva ger­bebis siWarbe, rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sasuliero da sxva sferoSi. raindebi am droisaTvis heraldikur niSnebs ata­rebdnen ara marto muzaradze da farze, maT aTavsebdnen iaraRze da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis sxva sagnebzec. gerbis da­niSnuleba iyo, mkveTrad ganesazRvra mf­lobelis adgili sazogadoebriv fenaSi, wodebaSi. gerbis SesaZleblobebma – Tavis TavSi gaeerTianebina da ganesaxierebina Suasaukuneobrivi sinamdvilis sruliad gansxvavebuli mxareebi, aqcia igi socia­luri identifikaciis gansakuTrebulad ubralo da gamosayeneblad mosaxerxebel saSualebad. is Sinaarsi, romelsac ata­rebda feodaluri senioris gerbi, imde­nad prestiJuli aRmoCnda socialurad,

heraldiebi – XIV s-Si da-

savleT evropis mraval qve-

yanaSi Cndeba specialuri

dawesebulebebi, romlebic

amuSavebdnen Teoriuli da pra-

qtikuli heraldikis sakiTxebs:

heraldiebSi SeimuSaves mkacri

wesebis mTeli sistema, romlis

mixedviTac dgeboda gerbi. he-

raldiebis saqmianobis Sedegad

mTels evropaSi Seiqmna mra-

valricxovani cnobarebi _

sagerboebi, romlebic dResac

did daxmarebas uwevs mkvlevars

gerbis gansazRvrisa da misi

mflobelis dadgenisaTvis. mo-

gvianebiT gerbTSemoqmedebisa

da gerbis mflobelis ufleba-

Ta sakiTxebi saxelmwifo orga-

noebis xelSi gadavida.

saqarTvelos gerbibulgareTis gerbi

rom yvelasaTvis, vinc ki feodalur sazogadoebaSi Tavisi mdgomareobiT pre­tenzias acxadebda raime suverenitetze, cdilobda gerbis mflobeli gamxda­riyo.

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gerbebis gavrcelebaze udidesi gavlena iqonia saraindo turnirebis mow­yobam, romelic heraldikis funqcionirebis safuZveli iyo aristokratebs Soris XVI s­mde. turnirs win uZRoda gerbebisa da sagerbo atributikis xangr­Zlivi demonstracia. turnirze monawile raindebs warmoadgendnen herolde­bi, romelTa saxelidan gamomdinare warmoiSva XIX s­Si gerbebis Semswavleli mecnierebis saxelwodeba. turnirze gamomsvleli raindis gerbis aRweram gamoiwvia specialuri heraldikuri enis Camoyalibeba. gerbebi dasavleT evro­pis sxvadasxva regionSi TiTqmis erTdroulad warmoiSva. XVIII s­dan emblema­tikis evropuli tradicia gavrcelebas iwyebs evropis sazRvrebs gareT. XVIII s­is Sua xanebidan interesi gerbebisadmi ecema, gansakuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi. safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros 1790 wels revoluciurma mTavrobam akrZala gerbebi, rogorc `feodalizmis niSani~. 1808 wels napoleon I­is dros safrangeTSi gerbebis tarebis tradicia aRdga da SemoRebuli iqna axali heraldikuri sistema, romelic burbonTa dinastiis restavraciisTanave gauqmda.

heraldikis kanonebi

heraldikis kanonebis Tanaxmad, gerbebSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli ferTa SezRu-

duli raodenoba, esenia: Savi, TeTri, alisferi, mewamuli, lurji, mwvane da yvi-

Teli. heraldikaSi gamoiyeneba mxolod ori liToni: oqro da vercxli, romelmac

Caanacvla yviTeli da TeTri feri; fonis Sesavsebad aseve mxolod ori, ciyvisa da

yaryumis bewvi. gerbis mniSvnelovani elementia muzaradi, magram igi upiratesad

raindTa pirad heraldikaSi gamoiyeneboda. heraldikis aRmavlobis periodSi ger-

bebSi Cndeba mravalnairi gvirgvinebi, rac titulovan didgvarovanTa kuTvnilebis

maniSnebeli iyo. gerbebs SeiZleba hqonoda farisdamWerTa erTi an ori figura,

isini gamoisaxeboda adamianebad, cxovelebad an miTur arsebebad, urCxulebad. zo-

gjer erT gerbze farisdamWerTa gansxvavebuli cxovelebi iyo, mag. inglisis samefo

gerbSi, Sotlandiis SeerTebis Semdeg, britanul loms sagerbo faris meore mxares

Sotlandiuri martorqa Seemata. farisdamWerTa gamosaxulebebi gerbebSi yvelaze

advilad Sesacvleli elementia, ris gamoc gerbis erTi mflobelis sicocxleSic ki

SeiZleboda farisdamWerebi ramdenjerme Secvliliyo. gerbis mniSvnelovani deta-

lia devizi, romelic Tavsdeboda sagerbo faris qvemoT lentze an firfitaze, zo-

gjer devizi fars zemoT an faris irgvliv Semovlebul lentze iyo moTavsebuli.

adreuli devizebi ZiriTadad laTinur an frangul enaze sruldeboda, mogvianebiT

ki erovnul enebze Cndeba. devizad sayovelTaod cnobil gamonaTqvamebs iRebdnen

an, piriqiT, mxolod gerbis mflobelisaTvis gasagebs, romelsac daSifruli mniS-

vneloba hqonda da sagvareulo cxovrebis raime epizods mianiSnebda, zogjer igi

asaxavda sagvareulos warmomadgenelTa saxasiaTo an sulac gerbis uSualo mflobe-

lis pirad Tvisebebs.

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heraldikis Seswavlis safuZvels warmoadgens heraldikis ganviTarebis istoriis, Teoriuli heraldikis, gacnoba. Teoriuli heraldikis Seswavlis sagani gerbis Sedgenis meTodebisa da wesebis erTobliobaa, romlis codnis gareSe SeuZlebelia maTi gansazRvra. gerbis ZiriTadi elementi aris fari da masze arsebuli gamosaxuleba. gerbi piradi xasiaTis, maqsimaluri informaciis matarebelia, maSin roca sxva aqsesuarebi _ gvirgvini, muzaradi, kverTxi da a.S. mxolod socialuri identifikaciis xasiaTisaa.

gerbebis Seswavla XVII s­Si iwyeba. erT­erTi pirveli am gzaze franguli gerbTmcodneoba dadga da SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom XVII s­is frang iezuit bers klod­fransua menestries (1631­1705), mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtors heral­dikaSi, `heraldikis mama uwodes~. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, XVII s­is Semdeg warmoqmnili an aRdgenili gerbebi Sua saukuneebis heraldikis farglebs scil­deba, xolo im disciplinas, romelic Seiswavlis XVII s­is Semdgomdroindel gerbebs, SeiZleba termini `gerbTmcodneoba~ miesadagos.

qarTuli gerbebi

saqarTveloSi gerbebi mxolod XVIII s-idan gavrcelda. XVIII s-is bolosa da XIX

s-is dasawyisSi qarTuli gerbebi dasavleTSi dakanonebul formas miuaxlovda.

magram, miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi sagvareulo gerbebi praqtikaSi naklebad

iyo danergili. amas adasturebs ioane batoniSvilis (1768-1830) enciklopediuri

xasiaTis Txzuleba `kalmasobac~. TxzulebaSi heraldikis sakiTxebze saubrisas

ganmartebulia gerbi, mocemulia misi funqcia, CamoTvlilia gerbis mTavari ele-

mentebi, aqve gamoTqmulia avtoris mosazreba saqarTveloSi sagvareulo gerbebis

farTod danergvis saWiroebaze. `kalmasobaSi~ avtori exeba gerbebis damzadebis

teqnikasac. mravlismetyvelia `kalmasobaSi~ dialogi ioane bersa da sabeWdavebis

momWrel ostats Soris. ostati ekiTxeba, `rai sargebel anu rai saWiro ars Cuen

qarTvelTaTvis qoneba Rerbisa, vinaidan beWeds vxmarobT sruliad azielni~ ...

ioane pasuxobs: `didad da mravlisadmi ars saWiro da sargeblovanic, miT rameTu

keTilSobili ukve kaci Tanamdeb ars codnisa misa, amad romel igi aZlevs mowmobasa

aznaurobasa Tvisisa, igi ganasxvavebs yovelsa mdgomareobasa missa da igi aCvenebs

STamomavlobasa gvarebTasa~. amomwuravi ganmartebis miuxedavad, imdenad ucxoa

gerbi Cveni yofisaTvis, rom ostati ver grZnobs gerbis damkvidrebis aucileblo-

bas da aziaSi TiTqmis aravis aqvs Rerbio, _ jiutad dasZens igi. ruseTis mier sa-

qarTvelos mierTebis Semdgom qarTvel didebulebs gerbebs umtkicebdnen ruseTSi,

rac ruseTis TavadaznaurobasTan qarTvelTa uflebriv gaTanabrebaze miuTiTebda,

Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX s-Si gerbebs ukve mxolod dekoratiuli daniS-

nuleba hqonda.

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gerbebi Sua saukuneebis evropaSi

Tavdapirvelad gerbebs mxolod didi seniorebi iyenebdnen, 1180 wlisaTvis mas di-

debuli qalbatonebic atareben. qalebi qorwinebamde, rogorc wesi, sargeblobdnen

mamiseuli gerbis gamosaxulebiT. burgundiaSi qalebi gaTxovebamde valdebulni

iyvnen, gamoeyenebinaT SuaSi gayofili sagerbo fari, romlis marcxena mxares sagva-

reulo gerbs aTavsebdnen, marjvena mxare ki carieli iyo, raTa gaTxovebis Semdeg iq

meuRlis gerbi moeTavsebinaT. orjer gaTxovil qals ufleba hqonda mamiseuli gerbi

ori meuRlis gerbs Soris moeTavsebina, da saerTod, am mxriv qali ar iyo SezRuduli,

mas SeeZlo imdeni gerbi hqonoda, ramden meuRlesac gamoicvlida. XII s-is dasasruli-

saTvis gaCnda pirveli gerbebi qalaqebisTvis, 1200 w-Tvis Cndeba sasuliero pirTa

gerbebi, 1220 w-Tvis _ patriciebisa da burJuaziis, 1230 w-Tvis xelosanTa, 1240 w. _

amqrebis da XIII s-is dasasrulisaTvis _ moqalaqeTa da samonastro.

1. teqstze da wyaroebze dayrdnobiT dawereT Tema: `heraldikis, rogorc erT­erTi istoriuli disciplinis Camoyalibeba da mniSvneloba~.

saSinao­davaleba

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, ram gamoiwvia moTxov­

nileba heroldebis warmoSobaze da rasTan iyo mWidrod dakavSirebuli

heroldis profesiis arseboba?

2. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, rodis Cndeba

heraldiebi, ra saqmianoba mimdinareobda am dawesebulelebSi da ra iyo am

saqmianobis Sedegi?

3. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, ras iTvaliswinebda

heraldikis kanonebi?

4. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobebs da imsjeleT, rodis Camoyalibda

qarTuli gerbebi, ramdenad iyo sagvareulo gerbebi saqarTveloSi

danergili da raze mianiSnebs ioane batoniSvilis Txzuleba `kalmasoba~?

5. ganixileT saqarTvelos da bulgareTis gerbebi. gamoyaviT detalebi da

axseniT maTi mniSvneloba. ipoveT am or gerbSi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli

niSnebi.

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genealogia (berZn. genealogia – sagva­reulo nusxa) erT­erTi uZvelesi isto­riuli disciplinaa, romelic Seiswavlis pirovnebaTa warmoSobas, calkeul sagva­reuloTa istorias da maT rols epoqis socialur­ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, avlens naTesaur kavSirebs, adgens sagvareulo nusxebs.

XVIII s­mde genealogia codnis praqtiku­li dargi iyo da misi funqcia mxolod sa­gvareulo nusxis SedgeniT amoiwureboda. adamians odiTganve ainteresebda sakuTa­ri warmomavloba. jer kidev gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi, damwerlobis gaCenamde, zepirsityvierad gadaecemoda Taobebs winaparTa gmiruli saqmeebi. warmodge­nebi sisxliT naTesaobis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze epoqis sazogadoebrivi Segnebisa da kulturis umniSvnelovanes elements Seadgenda.

erT­erTi uZvelesi genealogiuri cxrili bibliaSia dafiqsirebuli. an­tikur epoqaSi warmoSoba gansazRvravda adamianis socialur statuss. sakuTari fesvebis codna da winaparTa saqmeebiT siamaye ara marto prestiJis safuZveli iyo, mas socialuri datvirTvac hqonda. romaelebi tradiciulad winaparTa por­tretebis, skulpturuli gamosaxulebe­

genealogia15.

r heroldi – Sua saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi: macne, mauwyebeli; gamrige raindTa turnirebze

r oto forst de batalia (1889-1965) – genealogiis, rogorc istoriuli disci­plinis, saboloo Camoyali­beba dakavSirebulia venis universitetis profesoris oto forst de bataglias saxelTan, romelic dRemde rCeba udides avtoritetad Tanamedrove genealogiaSi. misi pirveli wigni genea­logiis TeoriaSi 1913 wels gamoica, 40­ian wlebSi man Camoayaliba genealogiis wya­roebis kritikis principebi, maTTan muSaobis meTodebi, genealogiis, rogorc damxma­re istoriuli disciplinis amocanebi. misi gamokvlevebi genealogiaSi safuZvlad dae­do yvela Semdegdroindel naSroms.

leqsikoni

bisa da sagvareulo nusxaTa gragnilebis demonstrirebas axdendnen, rac maTi siamayis safuZvels warmoadgenda.

amrigad, mefeebis, mmarTvelebis, miTiuri gmirebis sagvareulo nusxebi uZvelesi droidan arsebobda, magram gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba genealogiam SeiZina Sua saukuneebSi, wodebaTa privilegiebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad. feo­dalizmze gadasvlisa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi winaparTa xsovnis tradicia xalxis koleqtiur mexsierebaSi ar Sewyvetila. prozauli an poetu­ri genealogiis Sedgena zepiri saxalxo Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebul Janrs warmoadgenda ­ adamiani mniSvnelovani iyo imdenad, ramdenadac mis miRma idga misi sagvareulo, mis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas ki ganapirobebda ama Tu im sagvareulodan warmomavloba. `gmirs~ yovelTvis hyavda saxelovani winaprebi

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da man `yvelaferi icoda~ maT Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti winapris dasaxeleba SeeZlo, miT meti `sagmiro~ saqmeebis CamoTvlas SesZlebda maT Sesaxeb, da Tavadac metad `saxelovani~ gaxdeboda.

bunebrivia am dros did mniSvnelobas iZens genealogia – swavleba warmomavlo­baze. dasavleT evropis qveynebis umra­vlesobaSi Tavadaznauroba XII­XIII sauku­neebisaTvis gadaiqca wodebad, romelic gaurboda `arakeTilSobil~ wodebasTan Serevas.

XVI­XVIII saukuneebi dasavleT evropaSi eyreba safuZveli samecniero genealo­gias. didi raodenobiT iqmneba cnobare­bi samefo da aristokratiuli gvarebis genealogiaSi. samecniero genealogia ganviTarebas mniSvnelovanwilad isto­rikos­eruditTa Sromas unda umadlodes,

heroldebi _ genealogiis pirveli profesionali mcodneebi

heroldebi mogzaurobdnen kardakar, agrovebdnen TavadaznaurTa sxvadasxva warmo-

madgenlis warmoSobis da gvartomobis aRwerilobis Sesaxeb informacias, radgan maTi

movaleoba iyo raindTa turnirebSi monawileTa saxelis warmoCena, maTze cnobebis

miwodeba. heroldebma Seadgines dasavleT evropaSi uZvelesi wignebi, romlebic Sei-

cavdnen genealogias, rogorc saraindo gerbebis danarTs.

Tavdapirvelad Tavadaznauruli warmoSobis dasamtkiceblad da turnirebSi mo-

nawileobis misaRebad aucilebeli iyo mocemuli piris oTxi winapris didgvaro-

vnebis dasabuTeba. droTa ganmavlobaSi gavrcelda sistema, romlis mixedviTac

Teqvsmeti winapari, rogorc mamis, aseve dedis xaziT, TavadaznaurTa wridan unda

yofiliyo. praqtikaSi, ra Tqma unda, es pirobebi yovelTvis, TviTon safrangeTSic

ki, saidanac es Cveuleba wamovida, ver sruldeboda, amitom xdeboda sabuTebis ga-

yalbeba. sagvareulo nusxis Sedgenis individualuri moTxovnileba ganuxrelad

izrdeboda da nusxaTa raodenobac sul ufro matulobda. heroldebis mier Sedge-

nilma da dafiqsirebelma gvartomobis aRwerilobam TandaTan SeiZina iuridiuli

Zalis mqone sabuTis xasiaTi. Tumca, am periodSi genealogia jer kidev Sors iyo

mecnierebisagan da atarebda wminda gamoyenebiT xasiaTs. sagvareulo nusxebi dgebo-

da yovelgvari mecnieruli kritikis gareSe naklebsaimedo, zogjer ki Segnebulad

falsificirebuli saojaxo gadmocemebis safuZvelze.

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romlebmac TavianTi sicocxle ucnobi dokumentebis Segrovebas da kritikul gamocemas Sealies. gaZlierda samecniero interesi Teoriuli genealogii­sadmi: amuSavebdnen sagvareulo tabulebis da nusxebis Sedgenis meTodebs, naTesauri numeraciis sistemas. safrangeTis didi revoluciis Semdgom genea­logiisadmi, romelic tradiciulad aristokratiuli ojaxebis SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli, Sesustda yuradReba.

pirveli qarTuli originaluri Txzuleba, sadac sagvareulo nusxaa moce­muli aris sumbat daviTis Zis `cxovreba da uwyeba bagrationTa~, romelic XI saukunes ganekuTvneba. XV­XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTvelos calkeul aristokra­tiul saxlebSi Cveulebad hqondaT sakuTari sagvareulo matianeebis – qro­nikebis Sedgena. garkveuli kvleva­Zieba feodaluri saqarTvelos zogierTi Tavadaznauruli sagvareulos genealogiis Sesaswavlad Caatara vaxuSti ba­toniSvilma. XVIII s­is damlevsa da XIX s­is dasawyisSi vrceli genealogiuri naSromi qarTl­kaxeTis samefos 62 saTavado da 200­ze meti saaznauro saxlis Sesaxeb Seadgina ioane batoniSvilma. XIX s­is dasawyisSi, roca ruseTis im­periulma xelisuflebam saqarTvelos aristokratiul sagvareuloTaTvis saTavadaznauro xarisxebis damtkiceba SemoiRo, calkeulma sagvareuloebma genealogiuri nusxebi Seadgines mTavrobis organoebSi warsadgenad. yovelive amis Sedegad didZali genealogiuri masala dagrovda qarTul genealogiaSi.

karolingTa dinastiis `sagvareulo xe~

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, ra mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrules heroldebma genealogiis ganviTarebaSi da daasabuTeT ratom

miiCneva, rom im dros genealogia jer kidev Sors iyo mecnierebisagan?

2. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba hqonda

genealogiuri cnobarebis Sedgenas?

genealogiuri cnobarebi

XV s-dan gaCnda sagangebo genealogiuri cnobarebi, romlebSic Setanilni iyvnen

gvaris yvela ZiriTadi da gverdiTi Stos warmomadgenlebi, aRniSnuli iyo maTi

saqorwino kavSirebi. genealogiuri monacemebis grafikuli gamosaxuleba SeiZleba

sruliad gansxvavebuli yofiliyo. zogjer adamianis saxiT gamosaxavdnen, zogjer

genealogiuri xis saxiT, XV s-is bolos da XVI s-Si yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli

forma tabulebi gaxda. genealogiuri tabula SeiZleba yofiliyo vertikaluri,

horizontaluri da wriuli. sagvareulo nusxebi da tabulebi aRmavali xazis iyo _

romelime pirisagan misi winaprebisaken, an daRmavali xazis _ winapridan STamomav-

lobisaken. genealogiuri tabulebi SeiZleba SeedginaT mamrobiTi an mdedrobiTi

xaziT. Cveulebriv ufro gavrcelebuli iyo mamrobiTi xaziT, romelic Seicavda

orive sqesis memkvidreebs, magram qalebis memkvidreoba aRar grZeldeboda. miuTi-

Tebdnen mxolod mis meuRles, mamakacebisas ki yvela memkvidres aRniSnavdnen. es

imiT aixsneboda, rom miwis sakuTrebac, socialuri statusic, titulebic Sua sauku-

neebSi mamakacis xaziT gadaecemoda. zogjer, magaliTad, inglisSi, memkvidreoba

qalis xaziT fiqsirdeboda specialur wignebSi danarTis saxiT.

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sfragistika16.

sfragistika (berZn. sphragis – beWedi) anu, rogorc mas kidev uwodeben, sigilografia (laT. sigilum – beWedi) damxmare istoriuli disciplinaa, romlis Seswavlis obieqts beWdebi da sabeWdavebi warmoadgenen. sa­beWdavi ewodeba sxvadasxva masalisagan (qva, liToni, Zvali da sxva) gakeTebul Stamps, yalibs, xolo beWedi mis anabeWds, miRebuls dawneviT plastikur masalaze (Tixa, cvili, luqi, tyvia, vercxli, oqro da sxv.), an saRebavis saSualebiT qaRaldze, etratze da sxv. sfragistikis warmoSoba dakavSirebuli iyo istoriuli dokumen­tebis namdvilobis dadgenasa da daTari­RebasTan. garda amisa, kerZo pirTa da gaer­Tianebebis saxelebis dadgenasTan, radgan mefeebs, saero da sasuliero feodalebs, qalaqebs, korporaciebs, saamqroebs, yve­las sakuTari beWedi hqonda.

XIX s­is dasasrulidan sfragistikis ganviTarebaSi axali etapi iwyeba, max­lobel aRmosavleTSi masobrivi arqeolo­giuri kvlevebis dawyebiT da mniSvnelo­vani raodenobis arqeologiuri masalis – rogorc Tavad sabeWdavebis (mesopotamiis civilizaciis da egviptis cilindruli beWdebi, antikuri beWdebi, bizantiis li­Tonis kiduli beWdebi da evropuli Sua saukuneebis beWdebi) aseve keramikul

r sfragistika – istoriuli dargi. pirveli specialuri naSromebi sfragistikaSi XVIII s­Si gaCnda. mecnierebas beWdebis Sesaxeb, safuZveli Cauyara (1709 w.) germanel­ma iuristma iohan gotlib heinekcem (1681­1741), ro­melic dainteresebuli iyo istoriuli siZveleebis SeswavliT. misma mimde­varma iohan heimanem misca am mecnierebas berZnuli saxelwodeba `sfragistika~. sfragistika uSualod daka­vSirebulia heraldikasa da numizmatikasTan. mravali gamosaxuleba, romelic mxolod sabeWdavebSi gamoi­yeneboda, Semdgom gerbebze gadavida. monetebze xSirad gamosaxavdnen mTavrebis beW­debs, Tu monetaze warwera ar iyo SemorCenili, beWdis emblemis mixedviT SesaZle­beli iyo monetis warmoSobis gansazRvra.

leqsikoni

nawarmze beWdebis aRmoCeniT (lursmul warwerebian Tixis firfitebze, Tixis WurWelze da sxv.). am droidan moyolebuli sfragistika, rogorc damouki­debeli istoriuli disciplina, Seiswavlis Zveli saxelmwifo institutebis ganviTarebis istorias, saxelmwifo aparatis cvlilebebs sabeWdavebis qro­nologiuri klasifikaciis safuZvelze. beWedi, rogorc sabuTis utyuarobis niSani, pirvelad gaCnda Zv.w. IV aTaswleulSi Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi – SumerebTan, egvipteSi da sxva saxelmwifoebSi, sadac isini mzaddeboda myari feradi qvebisagan cilindruli, xoWos formis da a.S.

farTod gamoiyeneboda beWdebi mogvianebiT antikur saberZneTSi, romsa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi daiwyes TiTze wamoc­

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muli sabeWdavi beWdebis gamoyeneba. romis imperiidan beWdebis gamoyeneba gavrcelda dasavleT evropaSi. saukuneebis manZilze icvleboda beWdebis forma, te­qsti, aqtebTan misi gamoyenebis xerxebi (kiduli tyviis – bulebi, kiduli oqros da vercxlis, aqtebze dasmuli cvilis beWdebi da a.S.). es cvlilebebi dadgenilia sfragistikiT da SesaZleblobas iZleva, ganisazRvros aqtis namdviloba, xolo aucilebel SemTxvevaSi aqtis Sedgenis droc. romis imperiaSi da Semdgom Sua sauku­neebis dasavleT evropaSi micvalebulisTvis samarxSi misi sabeWdavis Cayolebis wes­Cveuleba arsebobda, rac pirovnebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

wya­ro 1

biblia beWdebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb:

wigni mesame mefeTa, T.21, [8] dawera werilebi aqabis saxelze, misi

beWdiT dabeWda da daugzavna werilebi uxucesebs...

wigni daniel winaswarmetyvelis, T.14 [11] mefeo . . . Caraze kari da

Seni beWdiT dabeWde; . . . [14] . . . gareT gamosulebma Carazes kari, mefis beWdiT dabeW-

des da wavidnen.

wigni dabadeba T. 38 [18] . . . ra mogce windad? . . . eg beWedi, eg Tasma da argani, . . .

[25]. . . icani, visia es beWedi, Tasmebi da argani.

adreuli qristianuli

beWedi

ras gansazRvravs cvilis feri

beWdis cvilis feri gansxvavebuli iyo mflobelis Rirsebisa da saqmianobis mixed-

viT. wiTeli cviliT dabeWdvis ufleba mxolod xelmwifes da im pirs hqonda,

romelsac am privilegias mefe mianiWebda. konstantinopolis patriarqi Tavis

sigelebs Cveulebriv Savi cviliT beWdavda. XVI – XVII saukuneebSi privilegiad

miiCneoda cisferi da laJvardisferi cvilis gamoyeneba.

gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo beWdebi

yovel saxelmwifoSi iyo gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo beWdebi, romlebic ZiriTa-

dad sam saxeobad iyofoda: didi, saSualo da patara. didi beWedi gankuTvnili iyo

mniSvnelovani dokumentebisaTvis, upiratesad sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da saer-

TaSoriso traqtatebisTvis, saSualo da patara beWdebi naklebad mniSvnelovani

dokumentebisa da mefeTa piradi werilebisTvis.

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beWedi sabuTis simtkicis simbolo iyo. beWedma Tavisi funqcia SeinarCuna maSinac, roca XVI s­is AdasawyisSi dokumentis damowmebis erT­erT formad xelis mowera gamoCnda. ramdenadac beWedi pirvel rigSi Zalauflebis atri­butia, misi erT­erTi ZiriTadi praqtikuli funqcia – sabuTis damowmeba­dadastureba, maTTvis iuridiuli Zalis micemaa. garda amisa, msgavsi niSnebi farTod gamoiyeneboda vaWrobaSi, xelosnobasa da warmoebis sxva sferoebSi. beWedi­Stampi, romelsac svamdnen xelosnuri warmoebis saqonelze, asru­lebda Tavisebur safirmo niSnis rols, romelic gamoarCevda erTi xelosnis nakeTobas meorisgan. damRa vaWarTa saqonelze mowmobda ama Tu im piris kerZo sakuTrebas.

1. gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, ra daxmarebas gauwevs msgavsi masalis codna mkvlevars?

2. yuradRebiT gaecaniT wyaro 1-s da imsjeleT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs masSi mo-cemul informacias?

3. yuradRebiT gaecaniT Sesabamis damatebiT cnobas da imsjeleT, risi maCve-nebelia XVIII s-Si beWdebis simravle saqarTveloSi?

klasSi samuSao

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qarTuli sabeWdavebi

saqarTveloSi sabeWdavebi gaCnda qristes Sobamde XIV s-Si da, rogorc Cans, far-

Tod gamoiyeneboda adre antikuri periodidan Zv.w. VI-IV ss. am xanidan mokidebuli,

gvxvdeba warweriani (berZnuli) sabeWdavebi. elinisturi xanidan ukve aris sabeWda-

vebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis nivTieri sabuTebi: GTixis bula romauli sabeWdavis

anabeWdiT, Tixis bulebi sasanuri sabeWdavebis anabeWdebiT, liTonis Sekiduli

beWdebi berZnuli warwerebiT. Cvenamde moRweul sabuTebze qarTulwarweriani

beWdebis uZvelesi nimuSebi XV s-is 70-iani wlebidan gvxvdeba. am droidan moyole-

buli, qarTuli beWdebis xmareba sabuTebSi sistematur xasiaTs iRebs. aRsaniSnavia,

rom Cvenamde ZiriTadad beWdebis anabeWdebma moaRwia, TviT beWdebis udidesi nawi-

li ki dakargulia. qarTuli beWdebis raodenoba saukuneebis mixedviT sxvadasxvaa.

XV-XVI saukuneebSi maTi ricxvi metad mcirea da maTi legendebi mokle. es legen-

debi umTavresad gadmoscemen beWdis mflobelis saxels yovelgvari titulis ga-

reSe. XVII saukunis meore naxevridan SemorCenili beWdebis ricxvi izrdeba. XVIII

saukuneSi maTi simravle erT-erTi maCvenebelia did Zvrebisa ekonomikis dargSi. am

periodSi gansakuTrebiT mravlad iCens Tavs moqalaqeTa sabeWdavebi, rac qalaqTa

rolis zrdis utyuari maCvenebelia.

damatebiTi­cnoba

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veqsilologia17.

droSebisa da maTi warmoSobis Semswav leli mecnieruli disciplinis aRs­aniSnavad termini `veqsilologia~ (laT. `vexillum~ – romael legionerTa dro­Sa) – doqtorma uitni smitma (aSS) SemoiRo (1958 w.), da igi droSis samecniero analizis yvela aspeqts moicavs. farTo interesi veqsilologiisadmi amerikasa da evropaSi XX s­is 60­ian wlebSi gaCnda. veqsilologiis farTo polulariza­ciac uitni smitis gamokvlevebs ukavSirdeba.

mecnierTa varaudiT, pirveli droSebi jer kidev qristes Sobamde III­II aTaswleulebSi unda Seqmniliyo. yoveli droSa xalxis bedis anareklia, utyvi da amavdroulad mWevrmetyveli mematiane. droSebi erTianobis da Zalau­flebis niSania. yovel maTgans Tavisi, xSirad sakmaod rTuli biografia aqvs. droSebi informaciis dagrovebis, Senaxvis da gadacemis erT­erT simbolur sistemas warmoadgens. emblemebi da warwerebi droSebze Tavisi epoqis ZiriTad ideebs gamoxatavs da gansakuTrebuli dinamikurobiT gamoirCevian. droSebze arsebuli simboloebi da devizebi qveynis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobis mixedviT swrafad icvleba. droSebze emblemebisa da devizebis `bunebrivi SerCeva~ xdeba, mas TandaTan scildeba yovelive meorexarisxovani da rCeba is, rac arsebiTia. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba mwvave politikuri brZo­lebis dros. amdenad, droSebi warmoadgens iseT wyaros, romelic xels uwyobs mkvlevars ama Tu im saxelmwifo wyobis an politikur partiaTa ideologiuri mimarTulebis dadgenaSi. maT SeuZlia socialur­politikuri procesebis gansazRvruli periodizaciis mocema.

droSa Tavisi SinaarsiT aris saxelmwifo, samxedro­sazRvao, sasignalo, savaWro da sxv. saxelmwifo droSa saxelmwifos oficialuri ganmasxvavebeli niSania da igi misi suverenitetis simbolod miiCneva.

samxedro droSa samxedro nawilis simboloa. igi rogorc mebrZolTa Se­krebisa da gaerTianebis niSani, gaCnda Zveli aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebSi – indoeTSi, CineTsa da sxv.

samxedro­sazRvao droSa gansazRvravs, Tu romeli saxelmwifos SeiaraRe­bul Zalebs ganekuTvneba samxedro xomaldi. igi Zvel romSi gaCnda da sabo­lood XVI­XVIII saukuneebSi damkvidrda.

droSaTa umravlesobas uSualo kavSiri aqvs samxedro istoriasTan, pirvel rigSi rogorc movlenaTa monawiles, da Semdeg rogorc samxedro didebis ma­tianes, ramdenadac axali nimuSis droSebzec ki SemorCenilia warsuli didebis niSnebi.

dekoratiuli gaformeba, Zvirfasi naqargebi, aplikaciebi, mxatvruli ga­mosaxulebebi droSebs warmoaCenen rogorc gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis Zeglebs. droSebi mniSvnelovani wyaroa gerbebis istoriisaTvis, radgan maTze xSirad didi raodenobiTaa asaxuli ara mxolod piradi da saxelmwifo, aramed saad­gilmamulo gerbebic. kacobriobis istoriaSi droSis saxeobaTa didi mraval­

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ferovneba arsebobda. rogorc wesi, es iyo sxvadasxvanairi niSani – simboluri, religiuri, politikuri da sxv. sayovelTaodaa cnobili `mxiaruli rojeri~ – mekobreTa Savi droSa Tavis qaliTa da gadajvaredinebuli ZvlebiT, romlis danaxvazec saukuneebis manZilze mezRvaurebs sisxli eyinebodaT. Zveli aR­mosavleTis qveynebSi xis tarze amagrebdnen RmerTebis, yvelaze metad mzis RvTaebis, gamosaxulebebsa da emblemebs. droSaTa analogiuri tipi SemorCa antikur saxelmwifoebsac, qristes Sobamde II­I saukuneebis mijnaze romis samxedro da politikurma moRvawem gaius mariusma (daaxl. Zv.w. 157­86 ww.) jarSi SemoiRo maudis droSebi. gamoCenili romaeli istorikosis titus liviusis (Zv.w. 59 – ax.w. 17 ww.) aRweriT es droSebi oTxkuTxa formis iyo da magrdeboda horizontalur wanwalaze, droSaTa swored am saxeobas ewoda `vexillum~­i. dro­SaTa istoria sakmaod sainteresoa da amis naTelsayofad Tundac safrangeTis, inglisis da aSS­is droSebis magaliTic kmara.

wya­ro 1

saqarTvelos droSis

istoria

qar Tu li dro Se bi saT vis

tra di ci u li iyo wmin da gi-

or gis ga mo sa xu le ba. wmin da

gi or gi me o mar RvTa e ba Ta Se-

sat yvi si iyo da mi si ga mo sa-

xu le bis dro Seb ze mo Tav se ba

brZo la Si mi si mfar ve lo bis

mo po ve bas niS nav da. ro gorc

va ra u do ben, Se saZ le be lia,

TeTr dro Sa ze jvris ga mo sax va da viT IV aR ma Se neb lis (1089-1125 ww.) dros Se mo-

e RoT, ma Sin, ro ca sa qar Tve lom, jva ro san Ta msgav sad, wmin da gi or gis mfar ve lo ba

mi i Ro, rac sim bo lu rad TeTr fon ze wi Te li swo ri jvriT ga mo i xa ta. 1375 wels

bar se lo na Si, ano nim ka ta lo ni el bers ga mo uq vey ne bia (dRes mi si ori gi na li mad ri-

dis bib li o Te ka Si ina xe ba) msof lios qvey ne bis uZ ve le si at la si. at las Si im dro is

ev ro pis, azi i sa da Crdi lo eT af ri kis qvey ne bis dro Seb Tan er Tad oT xi qar Tu li

dro Sa caa aR we ri li. dro Se bi er Tma ne Tis iden tu ria, gan sxva ve baa mxo lod oT xkuT-

xed Si Ca xa tul jvreb sa da dis ko ebs So ri s.

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wya­ro 2

britaneTis droSis istoria

me sa me jva ros nu li laS qro bis (1189-1192 ww.) erT-er Tma wi nam ZRol ma _ in-

gli sis me fe ri Card I lom gul ma (1157-1199 ww.) wmin da gi or gi Ta vis mfar ve lad

air Cia, xo lo mi si fa ris fer Ta Se xa me ba, TeT ri fa ri wi Te li jv riT, ga da i ta na

in gli sis dro Seb ze. ase gaC nda bri ta ne Tis dro Sis sa fuZ ve li _ TeT ri ti lo

swo ri wi Te li jv riT.

erT sib rtye ze mo a Tav ses in gli su-

ri dro Sa da Sot lan di u ri lur ji

dro Sa, iri bi TeT ri e.w. wmin da an-

drias jv riT (qris ti a nu li gadmo-

cemiT wmin da an dria, ro me lic Sot-

lan di is mfar ve lad mi iC ne va, jvar-

cmu li iyo irib jvar ze).

1603 wels eli za beT I-is (1533-1603 ww.)

gar dac va le biT das rul da ti u dor Ta

di nas ti is ze o ba da in gli sis tax ti, mi-

si an der Zis Ta nax mad, ka no ni e rad er go

ma ri sti u ar tis vaJs, Sot lan di is me fe

je imss (1566-1625 ww.).

in gli si da Sot lan dia ga er Ti an da sa-

er To gvir gvi nis qveS, mag ram arc in gli-

se leb sa da arc Sot lan di e lebs ar sur-

daT uc xo dro Sis qveS yof na. 1605 wels

me fe iZu le bu li gax da, ga mo e ca sa gan ge-

bo brZa ne ba, ro mel Sic, naT qva mi iyo:

ga er Ti a ne bul dro Sas Se mok le biT _

`ga er Ti a ne bu li je ki~ (Uni on Jack) uwo-

des.

dRe van de li sa xe bri ta ne Tis dro Sam

1801 wels mi i Ro, ro ca `iu ni on jeks~

ki dev er Ti jva ri da e ma ta _ es iyo

wmin da pat ri kis iri bi wi Te li jva ri

TeTr fon ze, rac ofi ci a lu rad ir lan-

di el Ta ka To li kur siw min ded iyo miC-

ne u li. wmin da pat ri ki iyo mi si o ne ri,

ro mel mac V sa u ku ne Si ir lan di is kun-

Zul ze Se i ta na qris ti a no ba.

`Cvens say va rel Crdi lo e Tis

(Sot lan di is) da sam xre Tis (in-

gli si) qve Sev rdo mebs So ris

di di mRel va re be bis Sem deg sa si-

ke Tod mi viC ni eT am ori dro Sis

ga er Ti a ne ba~.

wya­ro 3

aSS-is droSis istoria

1775 wels kon ti nen tur ma kon gres ma da am tki ca am bo xe buli sam xed ro-saz Rvao

gemebis ofi ci a lu ri em ble ma, ro mel zec er Tma neTs enac vle bo da ca me ti (ko lo nia-

Sta te bis ra o de no bis mi xed viT) _ 7 wi Te li da 6 TeT ri _ zo li, mis ze da kuT xe Si

ga mo sa xu li iyo bri ta ne Tis `iu ni on je ki~. bri ta ne Tis `iu ni on je kis~ ga mo sa xu le ba

amo i Res mas Sem deg, rac 1776 wlis 4 iv liss kon ti nen tur ma kon gres ma da mo u ki deb-

lo bis dek la ra cia ga mo ac xa da. 1777 wli dan zo li an dro Sa ze bri ta nu li em ble ma

Sec va la var skvla ve bi an ma lur jma oT xkuT xed ma, ro mel Sic yo ve li var skvla vi axa-

li kav Si ris Ti To e u li na wi lis aR mniS vne li iyo. sa xel mwi fo iz rde bo da, Se sa ba-

mi sad iz rde bo da var skvlav Ta da zo le bis ra o de no ba dro Sa ze. ro de sac zo le bis

ra o de no bam ocs mi aR wia, kon gres ma da ad gi na: gaz rdi li yo mxo lod var skvlav Ta

ra o de no ba, xo lo zo le bis ra o de no ba dab ru ne bo da Tav da pir vel ricxvs _ ca mets.

ga daw yda, rom igi mud mi vad Se uc vle li yo fi li yo. dRe i saT vis or moc da a Ti var-

skvla vi Ta da ca me ti TeTr-wi Te li zo li Taa war mod ge ni li ame ri kis Se er Te bu li

Sta te bis er Ti a ni dro Sa.

1. moiZieT romelime saxelmwifo droSis istoriasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe

saSinao­davaleba

klasSi samuSao

1. gaecaniT wyaroebs da imsjeleT, SeuZliaT Tu ara droSas mogviTxros im saxelmwifos istoria, romelsac is warmoadgens? daasabuTeT.

2. romel droSasTan aqvs saerTo saqarTvelos droSas? daasabuTeT.

3. bri ta ne Tis is to ri is ra mov le ne bis `amo kiT xva~ Se iZ le ba bri ta ne Tis dro-Sa ze?

4. aSS-is is to ri is ra mov le ne bis `amo kiT xva~ Se iZ le ba ame ri kis droSaze?

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istoria da informatika18.

axali teqnologiebi, erTis mxriv, istorikoss saSualebas aZlevs gacilebiT ufro swrafad moipovos misTvis sasurveli informacia, wyaroebi, magram kidev ufro mniSvnelovania am axali teqnologiebis sul ufro mzardi pirdapiri zegavlena istorikosis muSaobaze, zogadad istoriuli kvlevis organizebaze.

am axal teqnologiebs Soris, bunebrivia, upirvelesi mniSvneloba aqvs per­sonalur kompiuters da internet­kavSirs, romliTac istorikosi Sedis mso­flio saZiebo sistemaSi da misTvis sasurvel informacias moipovebs. interne­tiTa Tu eleqtronuli saxiT ukve vrceli da sul ufro mzardi literaturaa xelmisawvdomi. dRes naTlad Cans, rom istorikoss kompiuteruli teqnolo­giebi sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs uqmnis, uadvilebs Sromas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes kompiuteruli mecniereba iseTive damxmare dis­ciplinaa istoriisaTvis, rogorc magaliTad, paleografia an diplomatika da is sulac ar cvlis (piriqiT, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT zrdis kidec), adamianis Semoqmedebisa da istorikosis gansjis mniSvnelobas. kompiuteruli kvlevis Sedegebi arasodes iqneba ukeTesi, vidre sakuTriv istorikosis mier Seqmnili SemuSavebuli monacemebi. magaliTad, Tu statistikuri monacemebi araswora­daa Sedgenili, kompiuteri am Secdomebs gaimeorebs (gaaRrmavebs kidec).

kompiuteri upirvelesad gamoiyeneba raodenobrivi, statistikuri masalis damuSavebisas. kompiuteri gamosadegia im problemebis analizisas, romlebic moicavs sxvadasxva faqts kompiuterisaTvis aRqmad kategoriebSi. Tuki infor­

pirveli kompiuterebi

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Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnika

macia orazrovani da bundovania, an araa sakmarisi raodenobrivi monacemebi, maSin es ar eqvemdebareba kompiuterul analizs. yvela kompiuteruli ope­raciis arsebiTi winapirobaa misTvis aRqmadi sqemis arseboba. amdenad, mxolod mkvlevris mier procesebis winaswari xarisxobrivi analizis Semdeg SeiZleba raodenobrivi analizis miznebis dasaxva kompiuterisaTvis.

kompiuteris SesaZleblobebis am SezRudulobis miuxedavad, kompiuters aqvs metad mniSvnelovani da Seucvleli funqciebic mkvlevrisTvis. pirvel rigSi, es aris, monacemTa `bazis~, `bankis~ Seqmna. ra Tqma unda, amas istoriko­sebi yovelTvis TviTon akeTebdnen – agrovebdnen wyaroebsa Tu masalebs, axa­risxebdnen maT da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iyenebdnen. magram amgvari `xeliT~ Sesrulebuli samuSao (romelic xorcieldeboda kalmiTa da qaRaldiT isto­rikosisaTvis SezRudul droSi), verafriT Seedreba kompiuteris analizisa da monacemTa bazis swrafad Seqmnis unars. orma amerikelma istorikosma gaanali­za masaCusetsis eseqsis sagrafos uZravi qoneba 1640­dan 1682 wlamde. amisaTvis maT mouwiaT 26 aTasi baraTis xeliT Sedgena. am Sromis Sedegad Seiqmna sagra­foSi arsebuli qonebis sruli suraTi. gamoiTvales, rom am Sromas dasWirda 500 saaTi da 125 aTasi ariTmetikuli operaciis ganxorcieleba. yovelive es ki sistematizebuli formiT kompiuters SeuZlia 10 wuTSi gaakeTos! magram esec ar aris kompiuteris mTavari Rirseba. kompiuteruli analizi gacilebiT ufro maRal donezea gasuli da mis WeSmarit faseulobas warmoadgens is, rom SeiZleba faqtebis ori `bankis~ urTierTSejereba da winaswar micemuli pro­gramis mixedviT sruliad axali tipis Sedegebis miReba. monacemTa banki Sei­Zleba gamoyenebul iqnes sruliad sxvadasxva programisaTvis da erTmaneTTan daakavSiros sxvadasxva samecniero disciplina.

kompiuteris metad mkafio upirates­obaa, rom is istorikoss aTavisuflebs zedmeti Sromisagan. Cveulebriv, e.w. mosamzadebel samuSaoebs (masalebis Segroveba, daxarisxeba da a.S.) isto­rikosis drois sami meoTxedi miaqvs. amdenad, kompiuteri uzarmazar dros uzogavs istorikoss imisaTvis, rom man mTeli Tavisi energia moaxmaros or mTavar funqcias: istoriuli movlenis axleburad gaazrebasa da axsnas.

klasSi samuSao

1. ra aris kompiuteruli `banki~?

2. isaubreT istoriul kvlevaSi kompiuteris gamoyenebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze.

3. rogor aisaxeba istorikosi Secdoma `monacemTa bazaze~?

4. yuradRebiT gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. imsjeleT komiuteruli gamoTvlebis mniSvnelobaze istoriis raodenobrivi kvlevebisas.

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raodenobrivi istoria

raodenobrivi istoria istoriuli kvlevis erT-erTi midgomaa. is gamoiyenebs rao-

denobriv, statistikur monacemebs da iTvleba socialuri istoriis nawilad.

arsebobs ekonomikuri, demografiuli da a.S monacemTa uzamazari bazebi, romlebic

istorikosebs saSualebas aZlevs gamoikvlion maTTvis saintereso sakiTxebi. maga-

liTad monobis Semswavleli istorikosebi iyeneben aRwerebis, gayidvebis Cekebis

da fasebis siebs monobis socialuri istoriis aRsadgenad. politikis sferoSi

Seiswavlian arCevnebSi sxvadasxva jgufis mier ama Tu im kandidatisTvis upirate-

sobis miniWebis, sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvis da a.S. monacemebs. `axali socialuri

istorikosebis~ (es saxeli maT XX s-is 60-ian wlebSi ewodaT) kvlevis sagania mo-

saxleobis aRweris, Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis, epidemiebis, ganaTlebis, migracie-

bis da a.S Seswavla.

damatebiTi­cnoba