Mediu Carbuni Petrol

8/10/2019 Mediu Carbuni Petrol

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Relatia energie-mediu


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PRO ES

ENERGIE

MATERIE

PRIMA

DESEURI

LICHIDE

DESEURI

SOLIDE

PRODUSE

SECUNDARE

PRODUSE

PRINCIPALE

EMISII

ATMOSFERICE


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EXTRACTIE CONVERSIEUTILZARE

FINALA

TRANSPORT

STOCARE

DISTRIBUTIE

CONVERSIE

UTILIZATOR

neregenerabile

regenerabile

rafinarii

centralestocare petrol

transport gaze

retele electrice

turbine eoliene

carbune

petrol

vant

soare

apa

boiler

acumulatorincalzire

iluminare

industrii

Cerinta de energie

A

Furnizarea de energie

Emisii de gaze

Deseuri solideContaminare ape

Degradare ecosisteme

Poluare aer

Emisii GHG, acidifianti

Poluanti aer (PM, metalegrele, etc)

Deseuri solide

Zgomot


Poluanti aerAccidente (deversari)

Utilizarea solului


Poluanti aer (metale

grele, PM)


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CARBUNELEextractie

impact asupra mediului

- Rezerve/resurse

- Utilizarea terenului- Emisii atmosferice

- Deversari lichide

- Deseuri solide


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EXTRACTIA

CARBUNELUI

poluare ape

emisii gaze

rezerve

locatie

estimari cantitative

metanMediu: GHG

social

economic

mediuteren

mediurezerve

Oxizi:

CO; CO2; SO2;Mediu/ social:Sanatate umana

Hidrogen sulfurat

H2S

infiltrare

Mediu: apa subterana

Mediu: apa potabila

scurgeri/

compusi ai

sulfului

Mediu: apa de

suprafataacidifierea


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EXTRACTIA

CARBUNELUI

Mine abandonate

Accidente

Deseuri solide mediuteren

Mediu/ social:

Sanatate umana

Posibila reutilizare

Mediu/ social:Sanatate umana

Economie


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Extractia purtatorului de energie

Probleme de mediu:

Diminuarea de rezerve/resurse

Emisii atmosferice

Deseuri solide

Degradare teren


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Distributia rezervelor de carbuni

http://www.saturnminerals.com


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Distributia rezervelor de carbuni

http://www.postcarbon.org/article/406162-the-end-of-cheap-coal


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Productia mondiala de carbuni [Mt]

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1990 2010 2011

4677

72017678

Produc

tiamondiala

[milioane

tone]

www.worldcoal.org


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Top 10 producatori de carbuni (2011)

0

500

1000

15002000

2500

3000

3500

Productiadecarbuni[

milioanetone]

www.worldcoal.org


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Situatia in Romania (2007)

Huila Rezerve:755 milioane tone

Productie anuala: 3 milioane tone

Lignit

Rezerve: 1490

milioane tone Productie anuala: 32 milioane tone

http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_energetic_n_Romnia

E i ii d t CH4 i t t ti i d


20/99

Emisii de metan CH4 asociate extractiei de

carbune Format in mod natural datorita degradarilor

biochimice ale materiei organice Lume(USEPA, 1990):

Total4.740 Mt carbune

Emisii de CH4: 24,439,6 Tg

USEPA, 1997:

18,8 MMTCE3,3Tg

~ 10% din emisiile antropogene de CH4

MMTCE= milion metric tonnes (1Tg) carbonequivalent (a12/44 a parte din CO2)

MMTCE= (Tg gaz) * (GWP) * (12/44)

Pentru CH4: GWP = 72 (pentru 20 ani); 25 (100 ani)


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emisii de CH4: Ferme de animale 32%

Petrol si gaze naturale 16%

Deseuri solide 13% Cultivarea orezului 11%

Procesele de tratare a apelor reziduale 10%

carbune 8%


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Emisii (Gg CH4) =

factor de emisie

34

tone de carbune produs

factor de conversie (Gg/106m3)

Sursa: IPCC, CH4 emissions: coal and mining

Factorii de emisie

- Tipul exploatarii

- Regiunea in care este exploatarea (bazinul)

Factroul de conversie: 0,67 Gg/106m3

Emisii totale == emisii din exploatarile subterane

+ emisii din exploatarile de suprafata

+ emisii din post-exploatare

- emisii prevenite


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Apele de mina (acid mine drainage, AMD)

Yellow boy: Fe(OH)3

Oxidarea piritei:

2FeS2(s) + 7O2(g) + 2H2O(l) =

2Fe2+(aq) + 4SO42-(aq) + 4H+(aq)

Oxidarea ionilor ferosi:

4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) = 4Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Reactii catalizate de microorganisme

FeS2(s) + 14Fe3+(aq) + 8H2O(l) =

15Fe2+(aq) + 2SO42-(aq) + 16H+(aq)

Carbunele schimbarea climatica si


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Carbunele, schimbarea climatica si

tehnologiile de sechestrare a

carbonului Emisii de GHG (CO2; CH4)

Sechestrarea si capturarea carbonului (CCS)

CCS technology is the only currently available

technology that allows very deep cuts to be

made - at the scale neededin atmospheric

emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels.


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IEA: Technology Roadmap for CCS,

Estimation: the world has a maximum theoretical

CO2 storage capacity of around 16 800 gigatonnesannual global anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 2008

28 gigatonnes

Under the IEAs projections, the coal power sector

has the greatest potential for CCS mitigation,

contributing almost 40% of the total abatement

provided by the application of CCS technologies.


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Principiul CCS


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Exploatarea carbunilor pentru

producerea de energie

asigura 41% din energia electricagenerata la nivel mondialwww.worldcoal.org


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Dependenta de carbuni in producerea

de energie

StatUtilizarea carbunilor in generarea de

energie [%]

Africa de Sud 93

Polonia 87

China 79

Australia 78Kazahstan 75

India 68

www.worldcoal.org


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Generarea energiei electrice prin

arderea carbunilor

www.worldcoal.org


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Emisii atmosferice:

Dioxid de carbon (CO2)cantitate medie emisa in SUA:1020kg/MWh

centrala 500 MW:3700000t/anaccentuare efect de sera

acidifiere oceane si mari

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and you/affect/coal.html

Impactul asupra mediului


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Oxizi de azot (NOx)

cantitate medie emisa in SUA:3kg/MWhcentrala 500 MW:10200t/an

smog fotochimic

ploi acide



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Dioxid de sulf (SO2)

cantitate medie emisa in SUA:6kg/MWhcentrala 500 MW:10000t/an

smog industrial

ploi acide



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Particule materiale (PM10,PM2,5)

emisii directe: cenusa, funingine

din reactii implicand SO2, NOx

Centrala 500 MW: 500t/an

Monoxid de carbon (CO)- 720t/an

Compusi organici volatili (COV)- 220t/anhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html;

http://www.catf.us/diesel/dieselhealth/faq.php?site=0http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/9553_coal-plants-health-impacts.pdf


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Mercur

emis in atmosfera

apa sol

depuneredepunere

pesti

transformar

emicroorganism

e

metilmercur acumulare BIOACUMULAR

http://www.epa.gov/hg/about.htm

www.nescaum.org; http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.html

Centrala 500 MW:

77kg/an


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Deseuri solide

cenusa

zgura

namol de la instalatii de desulfurare si de

epurare a apei

! Continut de metale grele: As, Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn etc.

Depozitarea lor contaminare ape subterane

alterare ecosisteme

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html


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Utilizare cantitati mari de apaproducerea aburului

in sistemul de racireafectarea ecosistemelor acvatice

Deversarea apei de racirecontinut de clor, biocide, inhibitori de

coroziune

temperatura mai ridicata decat cea a apei in

care se deverseazapoluare termica

Centrala 500 MW:

8,3mil. m3/an

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/coalvswind/c02c.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html


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Reducerea impactului asupra mediului

Poluant Tehnologii de control al poluarii

NOxSistem de reducere catalitica selectiva (SCR): NH3/uree+ catalizator

Sistem de reducere selectiva noncatalitica (SNCR): NH3/uree

SO2

Scrubere

Desulfurare umeda: CaCO3Desulfurare uscata: CaO

Desulfurare cu apa de mare

PM Filtre sac, precipitatoare electrostatice, cicloane, scrubere umede

CO2 (nu e poluant) Capturarea carbonului si depozitarea in formatiuni geologice (CCS)

Deseuri

solide

Utilizare cenusii in producerea materialelor de constructii

Depozitare in conditii optime

Ape uzate

Recircularea apei de racire

Siteme de racire cu aer

Instalatii de epurare a apelor inainte de deversare in emisar

International Finance Corporation. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines. THERMAL POWER

PLANTS, 2008

http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=coal_environment


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Instalatie de desulfurare a gazelor

www.worldcoal.org


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Reducerea NOx (SCR)

http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/cctdp/project_briefs/scr/selcatreddemo.html


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http://www.epa.gov/apti/bces/module6/matter/control/control.htm

Precipitator

electrostatic

Filtru sac


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Scrubere

http://www.epa.gov/apti/bces/module6/matter/control/control.htm


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Cea mai mare termocentrala din lume

(5780 MW)

Taichung,

Taiwan


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Cea mai mare termocentrala din

Romania (2310 MW)

Concluzii


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http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files/Cradle_to_Grave.pdf

Concluzii


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PETROL


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Definitii

Petrol brut / titei (crude oil) = amestec de hidrocarburi solideigazoase dizolvate ntr-un amestec de hidrocarburi lichide.

Petrolul de istse compune din hidrocarburi blocate n poriirocii mam. Se prezint sub o form intermediar, denumitkerogen. Pentru a transforma kerogenul n petrol, el trebuienclzitla 450C.


47/99

Formarea si compozitia petrolului

Formare: depunerea plantelor microscopice (plancton) pe fundul

marilor

Compozitie:

Titeiul nerafinat conine peste 17000 de substane organice

complexe - materia prim pentru industria chimica siproducerea carburanilor

Hidrocarburi:

- HC aciclice (50%), HC ciclice (40%) si HC

aromatice (10%)


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Compusi cu oxigen

- acizi grasi , acizi naftenici si fenoli

caracter acid

Compusi cu sulf

- H2S , mercaptanimiros neplacut, proprietati corozive

Compusi cu azotcaracter bazic

Diferite substante minerale


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Proprietatile petrolului brut

Mai usor decat apa

Biodegradabil

Putin volatil

Vascozitate si absorbtie variabila

Nemiscibil cu apa

E t ti t li i


50/99

Extractia se poate realiza prin:

cariere de suprafa

sonde de petrol (foraje de adncime) zcmintele submarine- insulesauplatforme de foraj

Turn de sond de petrol cu rezervoare

pentru lichidul de sond

Extracia petrolului cu o

pomp de adncime mare

Platform de extragereapetrolului (Insul de foraj)

pe mare

Oil Wh t l ft?


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In anul 1980, la nivel mondial, rezervele certe de aur negru

atingeau 645.000 mld. barili, iar in anul 2007- 1.316.662 mld.barili

[Energy Information Administration, World Proven Crude Oil Reserves, 14 January 2008]

Oil: Whats left?

[ Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council, 2010]


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Producia totalde petrol de pe piaamondial a crescutconstant de la circa 64 mil. barili/zi n 1980 - 84,6 mil.

barili/zi n anul 2007. [ Survey of Energy Resources World Energy Council, 2010]

Consumul de petrol cumulat la nivel internaionalse cifrala peste 63 mil. barili/zi n 1980, pentru ca n anul 2007 s

atingcirca 85 mil. barili/zi. [Energy Information Administration, World ProvenCrude Oil Reserves, 14 January 2008]

Productia de petrol 2008


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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

ArabiaSaudita

Rusia SUA Iran China Mexic Canada EmirateleArabeUnite

Venezuela Norvegia

Petrol[m

il.barili/zi]

Productia de petrol, 2008

8.33

4.253.85 3.7

1 3.29 2.952.8 2.79


10,67-8.53

9.68-6.87


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0

5

10

15

20

25

Petrol[mil.barili/zi]

Consumul de petrol, 2008

2.81 2.67 2.57 2.26

2.22 2.17


20.69-12.36

7.20-3.36 5.16

2.14


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Rezerve de petrol la nivel global, 2010

TEMA


56/99

Romnia dispune de circa 600 mil. barili de petrol

n anul 2006, producia petrolier atingea 0,114 mil.barili/zi la un consum de 0,230 mil. barili/zi, dependent nproporie de 50%de importuri.

Productia de petrol in

Romania

Impactul asupra mediului (EXTRACTIE)


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Sol

- reziduUri- scurgeri de produse petroliere

Apa

- reziduUri petroliere: compusi fenolici si aromatici, H2S,acizi naftenici

Aer

- GES ( CH4, HC: C2C7, CO)- H2S

- SO2

- PM

- O3(NOx, COV)

Zgomotul


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Transportul produselorpetroliere


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Principalele mijloace de transport

Conductele terestre i submarineCile de transport maritime i/sau fluviale Tancurile petroliere maritime 5000-500.000 tdw

Tancurile petroliere fluviale 800-2.000 tdw lepurile-tancuri petroliere Tdw- capacitatea total de ncrcare a unei nave, este diferena

dintre tonajul acestea i greutatea proprie

Cile ferate Vagoane cisternoselele Autocisterna i autotrenul cistern

C il il d l li


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Costurile transporturilor produselor petroliere

Nr.

Crt.

Mijloc de transport utilizat Cost 10-3[$/t*km]

1 Nave petroliere mai mari de 200 tdw 0,036 ... 0,216

2 Conducte de diametre mari 0,54 ... 0,90

3 Convoaie mpinse de lepuri-tancuri petroliere 2,7 ... 3,64 Garnituri de vagoane cistern (navete) 5,4

5 Vagoane cistern izolate 10,8

6 Autocisterne 27...36

Principalele rute de transport al petrolului la


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Principalele rute de transport al petrolului lanivel mondial

http://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.php(6.11.2012)

Avantaje i dezavantaje
http://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.phphttp://www.black-tides.com/uk/oil/transport-oil/main-oil-transport-routes.php


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Avantaje i dezavantaje Transportul prin conducte

Continuitate i flexibilitate Fiabilitate n exploatare

Posibilitate de automatizare

Investiie iniial mare Cost redus

Transport pe ap

Cost sczut Transportul este sezonial pe fluvii

T l l f


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Transportul pe calea ferat Impune existena unor dotri specifice Asigur expedierea oricrei cantiti de iei sau produse

petroliere pe orice distan Se poate executa transportul pe timp de iarn Vagoanele trebuie s se ntoarc goale de la beneficiari la

rampele de ncrcare

Transportul rutier Capacitate cea mai redus, dar costul cel mai mare Accesibilitate total Permite reducerea capacitii de depozitare a

consumatorilor ncrcare/descrcare rapid Permite transportul simultan (cisterne compartimentate)


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http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.html(2.11.2012)
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.htmlhttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/energymode.html


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Hidrosfer:

Descrcarea accidental a vaselor marineAnual 400.000 tone1970-2011 5,7 milioane de tone de petrol a fost devesat n

mri i oceane

Alte emisii/deversri Scurgeri: Descrcarea vaselor la destinaie

Ape reziduale: Splarea tancurilor petroliereLa un milion de tone de petrol transportat o ton ajunge in

apele de splare

Numrul scurgerilor mari (peste 700 tone)


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g (p )

http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html(2.11.2012)

Cantiti de petrol deversate accidental n ape
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html


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Cantiti de petrol deversateaccidental n apeAni Cantitate (tone)

1970-1979 3.166.000

1980-1989 1.177.000

1990-1999 1.137.000

2000-2009 211.000

2010-2011 13.000

TOTAL 5.704.000

http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html(2.11.2012

SCURGERI DE PETROL


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http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html (2.11.2012)

SCURGERI DE PETROL

Position Shipname Year Location

Spill Size

(tonnes)
http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.htmlhttp://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/case-histories/alist.html


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p ( )

1 ATLANTIC EMPRESS 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287,000

2 ABT SUMMER 1991 700 nautical miles off Angola 260,000

3 CASTILLO DE BELLVER 1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000

4 AMOCO CADIZ 1978 Off Brittany, France 223,0005 Haven 1991 Genoa, Italy 144,000

6 ODYSSEY 1988 700 nautical miles off Nova Scotia, Canada 132,000

7 TORREY CANYON 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119,000

8 SEA STAR 1972 Gulf of Oman 115,000

9 IRENES SERENADE 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100,000

10 URQUIOLA 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100,000

11 HAWAIIAN PATRIOT 1977 300 nautical miles off Honolulu 95,000

12 Independenta 1979 Bosphorus, Turkey 95,000

13 JAKOB MAERSK 1975 Oporto, Portugal 88,000

14 BRAER 1993 Shetland Islands, UK 85,000

15 Khark 5 1989 120 nautical miles off Atlantic coast of Morocco 80,000

16 AEGEAN SEA 1992 La Coruna, Spain 74,000

17 SEA EMPRESS 1996 Milford Haven, UK 72,000

18 Nova 1985 Off Kharg Island, Gulf of Iran 70,000

19 Katina P 1992 Off Maputo, Mozambique 66,700

20 PRESTIGE 2002 Off Galicia, Spain 63,000

35 EXXON VALDEZ 1989 Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA 37,000

Cauzele scurgerilor, accidentelor
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C g ,1970-2011, tancuri >700 t

http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/index.html (2.11.2012)

Comportamentul petrolului n ap


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p p p Difuzie (spreading)

Procesul cel mai important Din cauza forelor hidrostatice i a suprafeelor strat cu grosime de 0,03mm

Evaporare Un proces major la degradarea petrolului scurs n ap Factori care influeneaz evaporarea: compoziia, prop. fizice i suprafaa

specific, viteza vntului, temp. apei i a aerului, turbulena i intensitatea radiaieisolare

50% din hidrocarburi se evapor crete densitatea i vscozitatea stratul depetrol se nparte n pete mai mici

Foto-oxidare compui carboxilici (aldehide i cetone) acizi carboxilici (substane

hidrofile) crte solubilitatea petrolului

Dispersare Emulsia petrolului n ap, ncorporarea globulele mici de petrol n ap Incepe imediat dup contactul cu apa i cel mai semnificativ dup 10 ore

Degradare Proces biodegradativ (degradare microbian, ingestia de ctre zooplancton,

preluarea de ctre nevertebrate i vertebrate acvatice


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Efectele asupra bio-sistemului marin

Daune fizice, impact direct asupra fauneislbatice i a habitatului ei Acoperirea mamiferelor i psrilor cu petrol Contaminarea habitatului cu petrol

Toxicitatea Provoac leucemie la om Letal pentru peti (conc. 4000 ppm)

Reduce nr. celulelor albe (leucocite) cretesusceptibilitatea la boli infecioase

Tehnici i echipamente pentru ndeprtarea petrolului


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Metode naturale: Evaporare, oxidare, biodegradare

Metode mecanice: Izolare i recuperare mecanic

Bariere, separatoare (skimmers), materiale absorbante naturale si sintetice

http:/

/acta.f

ih.u

pt.r

o/pdf/archive/AC

TA-2010-3.p

df

Metode chimice
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Metode chimice Dispersani

Substane chimice cu surfactani- ndeprtarea petrolului de

pe suprafaa apei, prevenirea contaminri armurilor cu petrol Gelificare

Substane chimice gelificatoare- ndeprtarea petroluluigelificat cu plase, echipamente de aspiraie i cu separatoare

Metode biologice Fertilizareadugare de nutrieni cu fosfor i azotpentru stimularea creteriI microorganismelor capabiles degradeze petrolul

Plantareadugarea microorganismelor (naturalinexistente) pe lng populaia existent Hidrocarburi CO2


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Accidente celebre

ATLANTIC EMPRESS (Indiile de vest, 19 iulie 1979) Tankurile petroliere ATLANTIC EMPRESS i AEGEAN

CAPTAIN s-au ciocnit lao distan de 10 miile de Tobago Dup ciocnire din cele dou a nceput s curgpetrolul i

au luat foc

La Aegean Captain,pe 20 iulie, focul a fost oprit i a fosttractat la Curacao, unde a fost descrcat

La Atlantic Empress nu s-a putut opri focul i a fost tractatla o distana de 300 de mile pe mare, unde au avut loc douexplozii i a scufundat

287.000 tone de petrol (2.023.080 de barili) au ars i s-auscurs n mare

Pentru ndeprarea petrolului de pe suprafaa apei s-aufolosit dispersani

PRESTIGE (Spania 13 noiembrie 2002)


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PRESTIGE (Spania, 13 noiembrie 2002) A suferit dune mari ntr-o furtun A fost tractat n Oceanul Atlantic

La 19 noiembrie sa rupt n dou i a scufundat 63.000 tone (461,790 de barili) de petrol a scurs n ap A contaminat coastele nordice ale Spaniei, coastele

atlantice ale Franei i coastele Angliei

1.900 km de coast afectat 50.000 de tone de amestec ap-petrol au fost

ndeprtate 20 km de bariere utilizate

Au lucrat 5000 militari la curirea coastelor Spaniei 141.000 de tone de deeuri uleioase colectate n Spaniai 18.300 de tone n Frana

P l P l l i


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Prelucrarea Petrolului

Impactul asupra mediului

Prelucrare Petrolului


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Prelucrare Petrolului

1. Prelucrarea primara: Dezbenzinarea gazelor de sonda-indepartarea gazelor de sonda

Distilarea fractionala a petrolului:

Fractionarea petrolului Fractionarea pacurii

Rafinarea produselor petroliere:

Rafinarea prin extractie

Rafinarea chimica



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2. Prelucrarea secundara

Cracarea termica

In faza lichida

In faza de vapori

Cracarea catalitica


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Rafinaria


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Rafinaria

Titei

Gaze naturale

carburani

combustibili de ardere

materii prime pentru industriapetrochimic i chimic

lubrifiani, parafine, bitum

Energie termica (abur)i energie electrica

ntr-o rafinrie, o parte din produsele rezultate dintr-un proces suntreintroduse n acelai proces, introduse n alte procese, reintroduse ntr-unproces anterior sau amestecate cu produsele rezultate din alte procese pentrua forma produse finite.

Principalele produse obinute n principalele procese din rafinrii.


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Impactul asupra mediului a unei rafinarii


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Impactul asupra mediului a unei rafinarii

Emisii in atmosfera


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Dioxidul de carbon


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CO2= gaz cu efect de sera incalzire globala schimbari climatice

Oxizii de azot


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Efecte NOx:

+ apa atmosferica => ploi acide + COV + h => O3 troposferic

dauneaz organismului uman

au o aciune nociv i asupra plantelor

contribuie la distrugerea materialelor de construciedin grupa carbonailor

Particule materiale si metale grele


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g

Efectele PM:

Afecteaza sanatatea.

Impiedica patrunderea radiatiei solare

Impiedica fotosinteza

103000 tone PM/Mt petrol prelucrat

Oxizii de sulf


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Efectele SOx:

Determina ploile acide

Influenteaza sanatatea oamenilor, animalelor si a plantelor

Emisii de compui organici volatili


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Efectele COV:

Ajuta la formarea ozonului troposferic

50 i 6000 tone COV la un milion de tone de iei prelucrat

COV f t t t


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COV care afecteaza sanatatea

Metanul CH4

Formaldehida CH2O

Acetaldehida C2H4O

Benzen C6H6

Toluen C7H8

Xilen C8H10 Izopren C5H8

Emisii in apa


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Emisii in apa

Efecte negative


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Petrolul Efect toxic asupra organismelor acvatice

Impiedica patrunderea razelor solare in apa

Impiedica reactiile fotochimice

H2S Afecteaza respiratia pestilor

NH3 Impiedica oxigenarea creirului

Fenoli Consuma oxigenul dizolvat

Imprima un miros si un gust caracteristic

Alunga si ucide fauna acvatica

Efecte negative


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Substantele organice Consuma oxigenul din apa

Cianurile tulburri respiratorii,

asfixiere,

tulburri nervoase

g

Generarea deseurilor


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Generarea deseurilor


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Rafinarii importante


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De altfel, prima rafinrie de petrol din lume a fost

construit n Romnia, n 1856 la periferia oraului

Ploieti, n drum spre localitatea Rfov, de ctre fraii

Mehedineanu. Instalaiile rafinriei erau destul de

primitive, toate utilajele fiind formate din vase

cilindrice din fier sau font, nclzite direct cu foc de

lemne. Aceste utilaje au fost comandate n Germaniafirmei Moltrecht ce construia cazane pentru

fabricarea uleiurilor din isturi bituminoase.

en.wikipedia.org

Jamnagar RefineryParaguana Refinery

p

Prima rafinarie de petrol din lumea fost construita in 1856 in

Romania

Bibliografie


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Bibliografie

http://www.anpm.ro: Documentul de referin privind cele mai bune tehnici

disponibile n domeniul rafinriilor de petrol i gaze http://www.unibuc.ro

http://ro.wikipedia.org

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.voc.ro

MULTUMESC!

L i N hi
http://www.anpm.ro/http://www.unibuc.ro/http://ro.wikipedia.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://www.voc.ro/http://www.voc.ro/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://ro.wikipedia.org/http://www.unibuc.ro/http://www.anpm.ro/


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Lucian NoaghiErwin Loczei

Andreea IorgaAlina Dirjan

Date post:	02-Jun-2018
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