LIDIA VIANU Tabele de Gramatica English With a Key, English With a Choice

8/4/2019 LIDIA VIANU Tabele de Gramatica English With a Key, English With a Choice

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LIDIA VIANUDirector CTITC

(Centrul pentru Traducerea i Intrepretarea Textului Contemporan)Catedra de EnglezFacultatea de Limbi i Literaturi StrineUniversitatea din Bucureti

Tabele de gramatic folosite n:

English with a Key, 1

English with a Key, 2

English with a Choice(toate la Editura Teora: 252-1431, 0724-821.361)

PROF. DR. LIDIA VIANU

Director CTITC(Centrul pentru Traducerea i Interpretarea Textului Contemporan)Director MTTLC (Masetratul pentru Traducerea Textului Literar Contemporan)

Profesor de Literatur Contemporan BritanicUniversitatea Bucureti, Facultatea de Limbi i Literaturi Straine, Catedra de Englez

Email:[email protected] site:http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com http://www.lidiavianu.go.ro
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com/http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com/http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com/http://www.lidiavianu.go.ro/http://www.lidiavianu.go.ro/http://lidiavianu.scriptmania.com/mailto:[email protected]


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SPELLING (The Verb)

INFINITIVE -ING -ED -S

to dine(e final cade)[excepie: to dye (avopsi)

dining

dyeing

dineddyed

dinesdyes]

to die dying died dies

to stay(ydup vocal nu seschimb)

staying stayed stays

to cry(ydup consoan devinei, pentrued, -s)

crying cried cries

to stop(consoan precedat devocal scurt iaccentuat)[excepie: to develop[to kidnap

stopping

developingkidnapping

stopped

developedkidnapped

stops

develops]kidnaps]

to travelto focus

travel(l)ingfocus(s)ing

travel(l)edfocus(s)ed

travelsfocus(s)es

to refer(r final se dubleaz)

referring referred refers

to panic panicking panicked panics


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PLURAL OF NOUNS

SINGULAR PLURAL

car carsclass classesway wayssky skiespotato potatoes

Exceptions: cantos, dynamos, concertos, curios, embryos, halos, magnetos,

scenarios, studios, solos, photos, pianos, archipelagos, radioswife, thief wives, thievesExceptions: roofs, gulfs, chiefs, griefs, muffs, proofs, cliffs, safes, handkerchiefDouble: scarfs, scarves; wharfs, wharves; calfs, calves; hoofs, hooves

FOREIGN PLURALS

thesiscrisisbasisanalysis

thesescrisesbasesanalyses

datumaddendummediumerratumcandelabrum

dataaddendamediaerratacandelabra

phenomenoncriterion

phenomenacriteria

alga algaedogma dogmataopus opera

IRREGULAR PLURALS

man menwoman womenchild childrenox oxenbrother brethren (frai de credin)goose geesetooth teeth

foot feetmouse micelouse (pduche) licedie (zar) dice


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AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARY Form of the verb to beconjugated

Tense/Mood formed

1. to do, did short Infinitive PresentPast Tense(interrogative, negative)

2. shall, will short Infinitive FutureFuture Perfect

3. should, would short Infinitive Future-in-the-PastConditional PresentConditional Past

4. to have Past Participle Present PerfectPast PerfectPerfect InfinitivePerfect -ing

5. to be 1.ing2. Past Participle

1. Continuous Aspect2. Passive Voice

TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE MOOD

PRESENT PERFECT

aciune nceput n trecut i continuat sau cu consecinen prezent

PAST PERFECT

aciune trecut, naintea unui alt moment trecut

PRESENT

aciune prezent (general sau n desfurare)

PAST TENSE

aciune nceput i terminat n trecutFUTURE PERFECT

aciune viitoare, naintea unui alt moment viitorFUTURE

aciune viitoare

FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

aciune viitoare fa de un moment trecut(numai n subordonate cu timp trecut nprincipal)


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FORMATION OF TENSES/MOODS/VOICES

TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE(To Be + PastParticiple)

VOICE

Common Continuous(To Be+ -ing)

Common Continuous

1. Present Infinitive+ s (3rd person inthe singular)do/does; do not+ Infinitive

to Be (Present) +-ing

to Be (Present) +Past Participle

to Be (Presentcontinuous) + PastParticiple

2. Past Tense Infinitive + -ed; second form(irregular verbs)did/did not +Infinitive

to Be (PastTense) + -ing

to Be (Past Tense) +Past Participle

to Be (Past Tensecontinuous) + PastParticiple

3. PresentPerfect

to Have(Present) + PastParticiple

to Be (PresentPerfect) + -ing

to Be (PresentPerfect) + PastParticiple

4. Past Perfect to Have (PastTense) + Past

Participle

to Be (PastPerfect) + -ing

to Be (Past Perfect)+ Past Participle

5. Future shall/will +Infinitive

to Be (Future) +-ing

to Be (Future) +Past Participle

6. Future Perfect shall/will +PerfectInfinitive

to Be (FuturePerfect) + -ing

to Be (FuturePerfect) + PastParticiple

7. ConditionalPresent (Future-in-the-Past)

should/would +Infinitive

to Be(ConditionalPresent) + -ing

to Be (ConditionalPresent) + PastParticiple

8. Conditional

Past

should/would +

PerfectInfinitive

to Be

(ConditionalPast) + -ing

to Be (Conditional

Past) + PastParticiple9. Infinitive to ask to Be (Infinitive)

+ -ingto Be (Infinitive) +Past Participle

10. PerfectInfinitive

to Have(Infinitive) +Past Participle

to Be (PerfectInfinitive) + -ing

to Be (PerfectInfinitive) + PastParticiple

11.ing Infinitive + -ing to Be (-ing) + PastParticiple

12. Perfect -ing to Have (-ing) +Past Participle

to Be (Perfect ing) + PastParticiple

13. PastParticiple

Infinitive + -ed


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PRESENTPRESENT PERFECTPAST TENSEPAST PERFECT(common, continuous)

I read every dayCitesc zilnic.

I am reading at this momentCitesc acum.

I have been reading for an hourCitesc de o or .

I have been reading since you came Citesc de cnd ai venit.

He neversang when he lived in ParisNu cnta cnd locuia laParis.

When you came he was singingCnta cnd ai venit.

He had been singing for two hours when you cameCnta de dou ore cnd aivenit.


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TENSES

TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

(To Be + PastParticiple)

Common Continuous(To Be+ -ing)

Common Continuous

1. Present I ask, do I askhe asks, does heask

I am asking I am asked I am being asked

2. Past Tense I askeddid I ask

I was asking I was asked I was beingasked

3. Present

Perfect

I have asked I have been

asking

I have been

asked4. Past Perfect I had asked I had beenasking

I had been asked

5. Future I shall/will ask I shall be asking I shall be asked

6. FuturePerfect

I shall/will haveasked

I shall have beenasking

I shall havebeen asked

7. ConditionalPresent(Future-in-the-Past)

I should/wouldask

I should beasking

I should beasked

8. ConditionalPast

I should/wouldhave asked

I should havebeen asking

I should havebeen asked

9. Infinitive to ask to be asking to be asked


to have asked to have beenasking

to have beenasked

11.ing asking being asked

12. Perfect -ing having asked having beenasked

13. PastParticiple

asked


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CONTINUOUS ASPECT NOT USED

VERBS EXCEPTIONS (change of meaning)

1. to be temporary stateHe is being noisy (he is usually quiet).

2. feelings, attitudes (to love, like, hate) only colloquialI am loving it.

3. perception (to see, hear, feel) voluntary action

The manager is seeing him now.colloquialI cant believe what I am hearing.

4. wish (to desire, want)

5. mental activities (to understand, know,believe, thinka crede...)

voluntary actionI am thinking of him.

6. auxiliarieslink verbs (verbe copulative)

modal verbs7. repeated actions to show irritation

He is always buying sweets (and I hate it).


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PRONOUNS

PERSONAL POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVENominative Dative,

AccusativeAdjective Pronoun

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

thou (tu; vechi) thee thy thine thyself


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IMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVE NEGATIVE EMPHATIClet me go let me not go

do not let me godo let me see you home(please)

go do not godont yu worry (accentuat)

do go

let him/her/it golet us gogolet them go

ORDER OF WORDS

subject n propoziii afirmative, de obicei pe primulloc

predicatedirect object de obicei nu se separ de verbindirect objectmannerplacetime 1. definite:

sfritul propoziiei (dup verb) sau nceputulei (accentuat).[He came yesterday.]

2. indefinite (i alte adverbe) [ever, never,always, often, usually; only, first, last,already, just]:

ntresubiect i predicatsau ntre auxiliar i verbul de conjugat (dupprimul auxiliar).[He never laughs.

He has already forgotten.I should never have guessed what it was.]


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ARTICLE

COMPULSORY DEFINITE ARTICLE

1. rivers the Thames2. mountains the Alps3. oceans, seas the Pacific, the Mediterranean4. islands in the plural the Hebrides5. channels, canals the Channel (Canalul Mnecii)6. parks the Zoo

7. shops the bakers8. institutions the British Museum9. hotels the Ritz10. ships the Hope11. newspapers the Times12. family names in the plural the Eliots13. nouns with attributes the England he knows

NO (ZERO) ARTICLE USED

1. proper names Jack2. countries, continents, towns England, Europe, London

[Exceptions: the Congo, the Hague]3. languages English4. nouns of material water

5. abstractions friendship6. individual nouns in the plural (generic) merchants


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WHO: Cases

NOMINATIVE GENITIVE DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE

who whose whom


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mi se... (reflexiv impersonal, n romn) Passive

mi se spunemi se dmi se aratmi se ofermi se predmi se promitemi se ordonni se recomdadmi se decerneaz

I am toldI am givenI am shownI am offeredI am taughtI am promisedI am orderedI am recommendedI am awarded


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INVERSION

Inversion(when the sentence begins with a negativeor restrictive adverb)

I have never done this before.

I realized only later that he had been fishing.

I had hardly opened my eyes when I saw ahare.

They had no sooner set out than the car brokedown.

Never have I done this before.

Only later did I realize that he had beenfishing.

Hardly had I opened my eyes when I saw ahare.

No sooner had they set out than the carbroke down.

HARDLY (Past Perfect)

Hardly had he bought the gunHe had hardly found the coin

WHEN (Past Tense)

when the rabbit attacked him.when the beggar stole it from him.

NO SOONER (Past Perfect)

No sooner had the film startedThe baby had no sooner fallen asleep

THAN (Past Tense)

when the dwarf walked out.than the dog began barking.


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SEQUENCE OF TENSES

I. PAST TENSE in themain clause(or any other past tenses)

Changes from direct toindirect speech:

1. PRESENT ----------------->

2. PRESENT PERFECT,PAST TENSE ---------------->

3. FUTURE ------------------->

in the subordinate

1. PAST TENSE2. PAST PERFECT3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1. PAST TENSE

2. PAST PERFECT

3. FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

II. Temporal Clause

replace Future by 1. PRESENT2. PRESENT PERFECT(dup ce...)

III. Conditional Clause

replace Future by

replace Conditional Presentby

replace Conditional Past by

(Subjunctive)PRESENT

(Subjunctive)PAST TENSE

(Subjunctive)PAST PERFECT


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ExamplesI.Past Tense in the mainclause

He said he knew, he was readinghe had finished, he had beenreading for hourshe would come back soonII. Temporal Clauses

I shall come 1. when I am free.2. after I have finished.

He said he would come when he was free.

after he had finished.

He asksHe asked

Direct object clausewhen you will come.when you would come.

When will you come?(adverb)Do not come till I ask you. (pnnu te

rog)III.Conditional Clauses

I shall come if I buy the house.He said he would come if he had time.He would come if he knew.He would have come if he had known.I should be reading now if you had brought me the

book yesterday.He would not have run away if you did not always beat

himUse only past tenses(see the Subjunctive)

He would understand if you told him what you wanted. (ce vrei)

what you had done. (ce aifcut)what you would do. (ce veiface)

He would have come if he had known. what you wanted.where you had been.who would help him.

He asks/askedDirect object clauseif/whether you would havecome.

I should have come(Veneam if I had known.dac tiam.)


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Traducerea frazelor cu SEQUENCE OF TENSES n romnete

Principal cu Past

Tense/Past Perfect

Completiv direct Temporal Traducere (n

romn nu existSequence of Tenses)

He said/had said he would do it. c o va facehe had understood. c a neleshe had been walkingfor an hour.

c se plimb deo or

he would come back. c va revenihe would buy thebook

when he found it . c va cumpra carteacnd o va gsi

he would write thenovel after he hadpublished his poems. c va scrie romanuldup ce-i va publicapoemele.

Principal Condiional cuPast Tense/PastPerfect(Subjunctive)

Orice subordonat

He would stay withyou

if you told him a witch wasfollowing you.

dac i-ai spune c teurmrete ovrjitoare

you had lost your keyand could not go in.

dac i-ai spune c i-ai pierdut cheia i nu

poi intrayou would telleveryone the truth.

dac i-ai spune c veispune tuturoradevrul

if he had been told who you were. dac i s-ar fi spuscine eti

what you haddecided.

dac i s-ar fi spus ceai hotrt

when you would go

to the Congo.

dac i s-ar fi spus

cnd o s te duci nCongo

Cteva fraze complexe:

1. If you told him when you came back from Venice that you did not want him to phone you,he would stop calling you up every five minutes. [Dac i-ai spune cnd te ntorci de laVeneia c nu mai vrei s te sune, nu te-ar mai chema la telefon din cinci n cinci minute.]2. He stated he would come back home when I had finished painting it and if I told himwhom I had been working with and when I would do it again, if this ever happened. [Adeclarat c se va ntoarce acas dup ce voi termina s-o zugrvesc i dac-i voi spune cu cineam lucrat i cnd o s-o fac din nou, dac aceasta se va ntmpla vreodat.]


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Forms of THE SUBJUNCTIVE

I. Synthetical

Present (=Infinitive)(old English, exclamatory)

Past (=Past Tense)simultaneity

Past Perfect (=Past Perfect)anteriority

I suggest that he go now.Suffice it to say that he waswrong.Long live England!

He is speaking as if he didnot know the truth.He was looking at me as if Ihad all the answers.

He is speaking as if he hadnot been told anything.He was looking at me as if Ihad stolen his golden watch.

II. Analytical

MODAL VERB simultaneityIndefinite Infinitive

anteriorityPerfect Infinitive

may, mightcan, couldshouldwill, would

come todaybe reading now

have come yesterdayhave been reading at 7

EXAMPLES

It is strange that he should arrive tonight have arrived last night

It is natural that he should be asking this question have been dancing atseven

I suggest that you should forget about the party.

I shall give

him the book

so that he may read

it tonight.

I came lastnight

so that the witchmight

give me the broom.

He did not askanything

lest you should shout at him.


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SITUATIONS in which the Subjunctive is used

Main clause Conjunction Subjunctive form used

1. It is (natural, advisable...) that[subiective introduse cu itimpersonal]

he SHOULD go, be reading, have finished, have beenreading at seven oclock(he go)

2. I suggest, insist, urge,demand, order...[dorina vorbitorului]

that he SHOULD go(he go)

3. (I shall comeI came yesterday...)

so that (final clauses) he may/might see mehe should see mehe can/could see mehe will/would see me

lest(ca s nu) he SHOULD forget

4. (He is/was walking) as if/as though(ca i cum)

he did not knowhe had already finished

5. (I should tell youI should have told you)

ifunless(dac nu)

I knewI had known

omiterea conjunciei if Poetic; condiionala pe primul loc; inversiune:Should I know, I should tell him.Had I known, I should have told him.

6. I wish (a vrea)I wished (a fi vrut)

you came nowyou had come before

you would come(ce n-a da s vii)7. I would rather/sooner(a prefera)If only (mcar dac)Suppose (dac cumva)It is (high/about) time(e vremea s)

he left nowhe had finished before

[To Beuse werein all personsI/he were here]

8. Exclamatory sentences Long live... (lozinci)Long live the King!May you... (urri)May you live to be a hundred.So be it. (aa s fie)Suffice it to say...(ajunge dac spun c...)

[9. ...ever (whoever,whatever, whenever,wherever)

he may/might do, be doing, have done, have been doingWhatever he may be doing, you must not disturb him.Whoever he may have been, you should have told him thetruth.


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After the SUBJUNCTIVE Past and Past Perfect, in the following situations, use onlypast tenses (Past Tense, Past Perfect, Future-in-the-Past):

Subjunctiveform whichrequires thechange

Subjunctive situation whichrequires the change Tenses changed into Traducere n romn

1.SubjunctivePast2.SubjunctivePast Perfect

PRESENT----> PAST TENSE

PRESENTPERFECT,PAST TENSE

PAST PERFECT

FUTURE------> FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

for clauses in a sentence withconditional clauses whichuse Subjunctive Past or PastPerfectas if/as though

I wish/wishedif onlyI would rathersupposeit is time

Examples

I should tell you if I knew you wanted to go therenow.

c vrei s te duci

you had already foundthe key.

c ai gsit deja cheia

you would not scoldher. c n-o vei certa

I should have listened if hehad explained

what he wanted to do. ce vrea s fac

where he had lost thebook.

unde a pierdut cartea

why he would beleaving so soon.

de ce va pleca att decurnd

I wish he knew where the money was. unde sunt baniiIf only he had told us why he had shouted. de ce a strigatI would rather you told me what would happen. ce se va ntmplaSuppose he never found out why he had been

punished!de ce a fost pedepsit


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Cteva fraze complexe:

1. If I knew you would not tell him what I was telling you, I might explain to you that he wasnot going to pay his debt because he had not yet found a means of making money whilesleeping.[Dac a ti c nu-i vei spune ce-i spun, poate i-a explica cum c n-are de gnd s-i

plteasc datoria fiindc nu a descoperit nc un mijloc de a face bani n vreme ce doarme.]

2. If you had announced him when you would come back and how much you would bewilling to pay for his monkey, he would certainly be waiting for you now.[Dac-l anunai cnd te vei ntoarce i ct vei fi dispus s-i dai pe maimu, acum precis c

te-ar atepta.]

3. I wish he had told us when he wanted to sell the house he had bought in Norway.[A vrea s ne fi spus cnd vrea s vnd casa pe care a cumprat-o n Norvegia.]

4. I would rather he did not tell everyone he met that he had pawned his shirt because Irefused to give him any money and he would hang himself unless I paid all his debts by theend of the week.[A prefera s nu spun tuturor celor cu care se ntlnete c i-a amanetat cmaa fiindcrefuz s-i dau bani i c se va spnzura dac n-am s-i pltesc toate datoriile pn la sfritulsptmnii.]


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COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Comparative(C)

IntensifiedComparative

Traducere Examples

longer/bettermore expensive

much/far +C

mult mai much betterfar shortermuch more expensive

C and Cever + C

din ce n ce mai better and bettermore and more unbelievableever larger

ever more scaredthe C 1, theC 2

cu ct... , cu att The more, the merrier.The more interesting, the better.The sooner he arrives, the less timeyou will have to spend without him.

even + C i mai even farthereven more attractive

C + by far cu mult mai cheaper by far

IRREGULAR COMPARISON

good, well better the bestbad, ill worse the worstmuch, many more the mostlittle (puin) less the leastfar farther

further (suplimentar)the farthestthe furthest

near nearer the nearestthe next(urmtorul)

old olderelder(our/your... elders = ceivrstnici)

the oldestthe eldest (numai atributiv;

pentru frai)

late laterthe latter (al doilea din doi;the formerprimul din doi)

the latest (cel mai recent)the last (ultimul)


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AGREEMENT OF NOUNS (Acordul substantivelor)

PLURAL: THEY ARE

Substantiv Traducere Acord 1, 2, 3... Exemple

THEYARE

pair(s) of

I.clothes hainetrousers pantalon(i) His trousers are dirty and they are on the

bed.shorts ortoveralls salopetglasses/spectacles ochelari I only need a pair of glasses.

Have you seen my glasses?compasses compas

(compassbusol)

scales cntarbinoculars binoclutongs cletepliers cletescissors foarfec I have three pairs of scissors in the house.shears foarfec

marepyjamas pijamapincers/tweezers pensetflannels lenjerie de

flaneltights pantalon

strns

braces breteleannals letopisearchives arhivashes cenu

(ashscrum)

customs vamdregs zaoutskirts periferiewages salariu

savings economiibellows foale


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II. THEYARE

the Police poliia The Police are looking for a thief.the clergy clerulthe rich (articol +adjectiv)

ceibogai The rich have much more than the poor.

III. IT IS;THEYARE

family (membri) How long have your family lived here?Are they at home?

crew echipaj (unitate) How many members does your crewhave? Is it large?team echipIV. (Nouns ofmaterial in theplural)

sorturi de are

butters How many butters have you bought?coalsoils...

SINGULAR: IT IS

Substantiv Traducere Acord 1, 2, 3... Exemple

I. IT IS piece(s) of

news veti No news is good news.information informaii I need two pieces of information.knowledge cunotineluggage bagaje

furniture mobil/mobile

money baniadvice sfaturifruit fructehomework teme


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II. IT IS

politics

mumps oreion Mumps is a dangerous disease.measles pojarrickets rahitismbilliards biliarddraughts joc de damecards joc de criskittles, ninepins popicephysics

SINGULAR = PLURAL

Au aceeaiform pentru singular i plural.Forma de singular are i sens de plural.

Substantiv Traducere AcordIS, ARE

Exemple

series serie, seriispecies specie, speciimeans mijloc, intermediuworks uzin, uzinefish pete, peti How many fish have

you got?deer cprioar, cprioare A deer was running

across the street.carp crap, crapitrout pstrv, pstrvi sheep oaie, oi He had five sheep

when he startedfishing carp and

trout.


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MODAL VERBS

1. SHALL (trebuie) 1. For the second

and third persononly: Modal Futureof promise,command anddetermination (OldEnglish)

He shall come. (Va trebui s vin/ Garantez c

va veni)You shall not go. (i interzic, n-ai voie)

2. For the firstperson,interrogative

Shall I go? (Vrei sm duc? S m duc?)What shall I do? (Ce m fac?)

2. SHOULD (ar

trebui)

1. He asked me what he should do. (ce s fac)

2. You should come today/be reading now. (Artrebui)You should have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia s)

3. I think he should be there. (Presupun)

iritare, surpriz 4. Why should I do it? (De ce tocmai eu?)dac s-ar ntmpla(n condiionale)

5. If I should find him, I should beat him. (Dacs-ar ntmpla s-l gsesc)

omiterea conjuncieiif

6. Should he know, he would come. [poetic](De-ar ti el...)

3. WILL (vrea) 1. First person:Modal Future(nvechit)

I will not forget you. (Promitc nu te voi uita)

2. Will you help me? (Te rog)Help me, will you? (Fii bun i...)Go away, will you! (F bine i pleac de aici!)

3. Let him go if he will go. (dac vrea/ine s seduc)

pentru obiecte:opune rezisten

4. The door will not open. (nu vreas sedeschid)

5. That boy over there will be his son.(o fi, cred c este)

Frequentative

Mood(n general)

6. He will always read when he has breakfast.

(Mereu citete)


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4. WOULD (voia) 1. FrequentativeMood

He will do that. (Mereu face aa) n generalHe would/used to come here of old. (Obinuias vin) n trecut

2. He wouldnt even see us. (Nici n-a vrut)

3. I wouldnt know. (N-am de unde stiu)

4. You wouldnt do that to me! (Nu-mi faci tumie una ca asta!)

5. You could go if you would. (Dac ai vrea,te-ai duce)

6. You would not (do not) want to know. (Nu teintereseaz...)

5. OUGHT TO (artrebui)

1. You ought to come today/be reading now.(Ar trebui)You ought to have finished yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Ar fi trebuit, trebuia)2. I think he ought to be there. (Presupun)

6. MUST (trebuie) 1. You must go now. (Trebuie)

nu se schimb dupPast Tense

He said you must go.

neaprat 2. You must pay me a visit.

precis, trebuie c 3. He must be reading now. (Precis c citete)He must have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Se vede c, trebuie c avenit/citea)

e interzis 4. You must not come in. (Nu ai voie, e

interzis)

nlocuitor modal:TO HAVE TO

You will have to go soon.He said I would have to go to the States.I realized he had had to walk all the way to theSahara.

7. TO HAVE TO(trebuie)

I have (got) to go.Have you got to go?/Do you have to go?I do not have to go yet.


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8. TO BE TO(urmeaz s, e partedintr-un plan

stabilit)

1. He is to come today. (Urmeaz s vin)

2. He was to come today. (Urma s vin azi.)He was to have come yesterday. (Urma s fivenit ieri.)

e interzis 3. You are not to go in there. (E interzis s intri)

de-ar fi s 4. If he were to come, I should tell him. (De-arfi svin)

9. CAN(poate, tie,e n stare s) tii s, poi 1. Can you read? (tii sciteti?)Can you lift a chair? (Poi ridica un scaun?)

n-ai dreptul 2. You cant go in. (N-ai dreptul)

nu e cu putin 3. He cant be your brother. (Nu e cu putin)He cant be reading now. (Nu se poate s, nu ecu putin)He cannot have finished yesterday. (E imposibils fi terminat, nu putea s termine)Can he have been reading at seven? (Nu-mivine s cred c, nu se poate, cum s cred c..?)

familiar, pentruMAY

4. Can I go now? (Am voie?)

nlocuitor modal:TO BE ABLE TO

You will be able to read next year.He had been able to speak Japanese for yearswhen we met.

10. COULD 1. Past Tense

(could)

He said he could read. (poate, tie)

2. ConditionalPresent (could)

You could go if you would. (Ai putea)

3. Conditional Past(could + PerfectInfinitive)

You could have gone if you had been free. (Aifi putut, puteai)

4. It could be true. (S-ar putea, cred eu c...)


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11. MAY (Am voie;POATE, habarn-am)

Am voie 1. May I come in? (Am voie s)

nlocuitor modal:TO BE ALLOWEDTO

He confessed he had never been allowed to eatraspberries.

2. POATE, nu tiu,n-am idee (nu-miexprim nici o

prere)

He may come today, tomorrow.He may be reading now.He may have come yesterday.He may have been reading at seven.He may have finished by then. (Va fi terminat

pn la zece.)

3. He may as well be a thief, for all I know. (Ofi i ho, habar n-am.)

12. MIGHT 1. Past Tense He said I might go. (am voie)He said it might rain. (se poate s, poate o s...)

2. ConditionalPresent (might)

a) It might be true. (S-ar putea, nu tiu)b) You might send me a letter. (Ai putea, isugerez, a vrea s-o faci)

3. Conditional Past(might + PerfectInfintive)

You might have helped him. (Ai fi putut, puteai,de ce nu l-ai ajutat?repro)

13. NEED(E nevoieimpersonal)

[To need (verb regulat)a avea nevoie(personal):He needs a book.Are nevoie de o carte.Will he need this book?Va avea nevoie decarte?He does not need to be warned about this.Nu

are nevoie s fie prevenit.]

1. Need you go? (E nevoie s te duci?)He need not go.I do not think he need come. (de obicei nu areafirmativ, ca verb modal; excepie fac verbelecare vin dup o negaie n propoziia anterioar)

nu se schimb dupun timp trecut

2. He said you need not go.

3. You need not have come so soon. (Nu eranevoie)


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14. DARE(ndrznete)

How dare you steal my apples? (Cumndrzneti s-mi furi merele?)

DEGREES OFPROBABILITY(precis, probabil,posibil, poate, s-arputea)

precis 1. He must be reading.

cred, probabil 2. He should/ought to be reading.

m gndesc c eposibil

3. He could be reading/He will be reading.

poate, nu tiu 4. He may come.

s-ar putea, chiar nutiu

5. He might come.

TREBUIA... (nutrebuia, nu eranevoie, trebuia, ar fifost cazul, trebuie, atrebuit)

1. Nu era nevoie You need not have come.(Nu trebuia s vii, nuera nevoie)

2. Ar fi trebuit/trebuia, era cazul

You should have come. (Trebuia s vii, ar fitrebuit)

3. Repro You might have come. (Trebuia s vii, de ce n-ai venit?)

4. Era mai bine You had better have come. (Trebuia s vii, maibine veneai)

5. Trebuie s He said I must go. (trebuie s)6. A trebuit Did he have to go? (a trebuit)

MAI BINE... 1. HAD BETTER(urmat numai deinfinitiv scurt)

You had better go tomorrow/be reading now.(Mai bine ai pleca)You had better have finished yesterday/havebeen reading at seven. (Mai bine terminai)

2. would rather I would rather you left now. (Mai bine ai pleca,a prefera s pleci)I would rather you had left yesterday. (Mai bine

plecai, mai bine ai fi plecat, a prefera)3. should You should go tomorrow/be reading now. (Mai

bine ai pleca, ar trebui s)You should have come yesterday/have beenreading at seven. (Mai bine citeai, trebuia s)

4. need You need not go. (Mai bine nu pleci, nu enevoie)

You need not have finished/have been reading.(Mai bine nu terminai, nu era nevoie)


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S ?... may 1. May I help you? (mi permiis te ajut? Nuin neaprat.)

can 2. Can I help you? (Cu ce pot s te ajut? Ce potface pentru tine? Vreaus te ajut)

shall 3. Shall I help you? (Vreis/S te ajut?)


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ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

VERB ACCUSATIVE INFINITIVE

I. I. Long Infinitive

1. I want/should like him to go

2. I allow, order, expect you to stay

3. I think, suppose, know,suspect, imagine, believe

her to be intelligent

4. I wait for (verbs withcompulsory prepositions) them to come

II. II. Short Infinitive

1. I see, hear him go in

2. I make, let (help)Causative Have (l pun s):I shall have

her eat the orange

Examples

I know her to be in town.I expect them to be running now.I imagined you to have finished before he arrived.I suppose him to have been reading before the storm began.

THERE IS se transform n THERE TO BE:

I should not like there to be another war.I do not want there to be any argument.I did not expect there to be so many obstacles.


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NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

NOMINATIVE VERB LONG INFINITIVE

I. Passive

He 1. is allowed, ordered to stay

He 2. is known, supposed(se tie c, se presupune c)

to be abroad

He 3. is seen, heard to run down the street

He 4. is made, let to sweep the floor

He 5. is said, reported(se spune c)

to have finished

II. Active

He seems (pare)happens (din ntmplare)appears (se pare c)proves, turns out (sedovedete)is likely (e posibil)is unlikely (e puin probabil)

to be a thiefto be snoringto have stolen the diamondto have been sleeping at 7

Examples

He is made to buy a broom.He is said to be reading.He happens to have left town.He is likely to have been laughing while you sang.


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NUMERALS

1 one 11 eleven2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two3 three 13 thirteen 33 thirty-three4 four 14 fourteen 44 forty-four5 five 15 fifteen 55 fifty-five6 six 16 sixteen 66 sixty-six7 seven 17 seventeen 77 seventy-seven8 eight 18 eighteen 88 eighty-eight9 nine 19 nineteen 99 ninety-nine

10 ten 20 twenty hundred, thousand, million,billionone hundred and one

ROMANIAN ENGLISH ORDINAL NUMERAL

al (numeral) lea the (numeral) th the fifthal cincilea(the first, second, third)

o (numeral) ime a (ordinal numeral) a fiftho cincime

n (numeral) it (numeral) fold fivefoldncincitcte (numeral) by (numeral) s by fivescte cinci(one by one)

de (numeral) ori (numeral) times five timesde cinci ori(once, twice)

VRSTA

He is in his teens (e adolescent)He is in his earlytwenties (are puin peste douzeci de ani)He is in his middletwenties (are n jur de douzeci i cinci de ani, e trecut bine de douzeci)He is in his late twenties (n-a mplinit nc treizeci de ani, mai are puin i face treizeci)He is in his prime (e n floarea vrstei)He is middle-aged (e ntre dou vrste)He turned 27 yesterday (a mplinit)He is under age (nu e major)He came of age last year (a devenit major)

Come back on Monday week. (de luni ntr-o sptmn)

I swim in the pool every two days/ every other day. (din dou n dou zile)I used to read that novel every three years. (din trei n trei ani)


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DE...

Since-for-ago-before

DE Examples, in onesentence

Traducere

SINCE DE la (dinmomentul)

I have been readingsince sevenoclock,

Citesc DE la oraapte,

FOR (timp) DE (durata) for two hours, DE dou ore,

AGO DEmult (n urm/acum cinci ani)

since he came back,long /two hoursago,

DE cnd s-antors el,DEmult/ acumdou ore

BEFORE (fa de un momenttrecut) nainte/DE

and told me he hadarrived a weekbefore.

i mi-a zis c asosit DE osptmn.

DE (fr sens real) (nu se traduce nenglez)

A venit deieri/de asear.He came

yesterday/lastnight.


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MAI

1. longer thanthe most interesting

The street is longer than thehighway.It is the most interesting playI have ever read.

mai lung

cea mai interesant

2. most people, almosteveryone, nearly all of them

Most people sleep at night.Almost everyone had left.

mai toi

3. else Who else is there? Cine mai e?4. another, other I want another book/other

books.mai vreau

5. more I want (some) more milk/twomore loaves of bread. mai vreau

6. still Is he still here? Mai este acolo?7. again Come again. Mai vino.8. longer Stay a little longer. Mai stai.9. before Have you seen her before? Ai mai vzut-o?10. ever/never Have you ever seen her?

I have never been there.Ai mai vzut-o pn acum?N-am mai fost acolo.

11. especially especially now mai ales acum12. other What other novelists do you

know?Ce romancieri mai tii?


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CAUSATIVE HAVE

HAVE Accusative 1. Past Participle

I shall haveI must have

my hair cut pun pe cineva s, daula fcut...She has her dressesmade in Paris.

2. short Infinitive

I had them buy the dwarf i-am pus sHave him translate

the sentence intoEnglish.3.ing

I cannot have him smoking nu permitI shall not have youtalking to yourgrandfather like this.


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EMPHATIC IT

It was the

president

who broke a leg. Preedintele a

fost cel careIt will not be you who will win the

race.Nu tu vei fi celcare va ctiga.

It had been themonk

who had taught himhow to pray.

Clugrul fusesecel care l-anvat s seroage.

It must have beenthe mayor

who built the school. Se vede cprimarul e celcare a construit.

It is today that he wants it. O vrea chiar azi.

It was there that he first saw you. Acolo te-a vzutIt is in July that you must come

back.n iulie trebuies revii.

It was the wind that made him run sofast.

Vntul a fost celcare l-a mpinss fugaa iute.

It is by bus that you must go tothe Hague.

Cu autobuzultrebuie s te ducila Haga.


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-ING

His being rude to youamazedeveryone.

Faptul c a fost nepoliticos cu tinei-a uimit pe toi.

Jacks finding the treasure wassheer luck.

Faptul c Jack a gsit comoara afost doar un noroc.

Your having bought the novelimpressed him.

Faptul c ai cumprat romanul l-aimpresionat.

What do youthink of his

losing his passport? Ce crezi despre faptul c i-apierdutpaaportul?

I dislike his having left without me. Nu-miplace c a plecat fr mine.Have you heardof their

stealing the painting? Ai auzit c a furat tabloul?

On entering the garden Inoticed a lion.

Cnd am intrat n grdin am zritun leu.

While waiting for the plumberI fell asleep.

Pe cnd l ateptam pe instalatoram adormit.

Having alreadyseen the house

he waited forher outside.

Fiindc vzuse deja casa, aateptat-o afar.

He remembered posting the letter. A inut mintec a pus scrisoarea lacutie (n trecut).

[to post the letter.] A inut mintes pun scrisoarea lacutie (n viitor).

You must haveforgotten

posting the letter. Se vede c ai uitat c ai pus dejascrisoarea la cutie.

[to post the letter.] Se vede c ai uitat s pui scrisoareala cutie.

He went on singing the samesong.

A cntat mai departe.

[to dance a newdance he had

learnt.]

A trecut la un dans nou pe care-lnvase.

Try buying the book,if you cannotborrow it.

ncearc s cumperi cartea dacn-o poi lua cu mprumut. (printrealte posibiliti)

[to buy the booknow.]

Cumpr cartea acum.


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ROMANIAN TENSES translated into English

Timp n romn Timp n englez Exemple n romn Traducere n

englez1. PREZENT 1. Present,

commonVine adesea s ne vad. He often comes to see

us.

2. Present,continuous

Acum citete i nupoate veni.

He is reading nowand cannot come.

3. PresentPerfect, common

M cunoti demult? Have you known mefor a long time?

4. PresentPerfect,

continuous

M atepi demult? Have you beenwaiting for me for a

long time?5. Past Perfect,common

A zis c vine dup cetermin.

He said he wouldcome after he hadfinished.

6. Past Perfect,continuous

A zis c citete demult. He said he had beenreading for a longtime.

7. Past Tense,common

A zis c tie. He said he knew.

8. Past Tense,continuous

A zis c citete. He said he wasreading.

9. Future Vine mine. He will cometomorrow.

10. Future-in-the-Past

A zis c vine cndvrea.

He said he wouldcome whenever hewanted to.

11. Imperative Te duci i te culci. Go to bed.

12. Frequentative Aa fac copiii. Children will bechildren.

13. Subjunctive E ciudat c pleci chiar

acum.

It is strange that you

should leave rightnow.

14. Infinitive Se atepta c tii deasta.

He expected you toknow about this.


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2. IMPERFECT

1. Past Tense,

common

Simea c e adevrat. He felt it was true.

2. Past Tense,continuous

Citea. He was reading.

3. Frequentative Venea adesea pe la noi. He would often/oftenused to come to seeus.

4. Future Tu erai tata i eu erammama.

You will be fatherand I will be mother.

5. Near Future Nu tia ce am de gnds fac.

He had no idea what Iwas going to do.

6. Past Perfect,common A zis c merge acolozilnic de un an. He said he had gonethere daily for a year.7. Past Perfect,continuous

Ploua de dou ore. It had been raining fortwo hours.

8. ConditionalPresent

Dac ai fi srac, nuaveai bani.

If you were poor, youwould not have anymoney.

9. ConditionalPast

Dac voiai veneai. If you had wanted to,you would havecome.

10. Subjunctive Mcar dac veneai i tuieri.

If only you had comeyesterday, too.


Mai bine veneai cu noi. You had better havecome with us.

12. Modal verbs Trebuia s vii.

Urma s vin.

You should havecome.He was to come.

13. Present Aveam ceva s te rog. I want to ask you afavour.


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3. PERFECTCOMPUS

1. Past Tense,common

Ai venit ieri? Did you comeyesterday?

2. Past Perfect,common

Zicea c a uitat. He was saying he hadforgotten.

3. PresentPerfect, common

Ai citit ultima luicarte?

Have you read hislatest book?

4. Present,common

Am auzit c tii. I hear you know aboutit.

5. Present,

continuous

Ei gata, am plecat! I am going now.

6. Frequentative Ani de zile nici nu l-abgat n seam.

For years he wouldnot even notice him.

7. Subjunctive E ciudat c a plecatdeja.

It is odd that heshould already haveleft.

4. CONDIIONALPREZENT

1. IndefiniteInfinitive

Cic ar fi ho.

Cic ar citi acum.

He is said to be athief.He is said to bereading now.

2. Past Tense Dac ai vrea ai veni. If you wanted to, youwould come.

3. Present Se pare c ar fi ocupat. It seems he is busy.4. ConditionalPresent

A veni i eu dar nupot.

I should come, too,but I cannot.

5. Future Cic ar pleca mine. They say he will leave

tomorrow.6. Modals N-ar trebui s pleci. You should not go

away.


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5. CONDIIONALTRECUT

1. Past Tense Cic ar fi venit ieri.

Nu c n-ar fi tiut, darn-a vrut.

They say he cameyesterday.He knew all right, buthe would not.

2. Past Perfect Dac ar fi vrut, ar fivenit.

If he had wanted to,he would have come.

3. ConditionalPast

Ar fi venit dac-ispuneai.

He would have comeif you had told him.

4. Subjunctive Mcar dac ai fi venit

ieri.

If only you had come

yesterday.5. Modals Ar fi fost cazul s vii. You should havecome.


Se zice c ar fiterminat.

He is said to havefinished.

6. PERFECTULSIMPLU

1. Past Tense Sosi i se culc. He arrived and wentto bed.

2. Hardly...when Nici nu sosi bine, c iauzi pianul.

Hardly had he arrivedwhen he heard thepiano.


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INTRANSITIVE-TRANSITIVE VERBS

1. to rise, rose, risen (a se ridica) to raise, raised, raised (a ridica ceva)to rouse, roused, roused (a strni)

2. to lie, lay, lain (a zcea) to lay, laid, laid (a culca, a aeza culcat)

3. to sit, sat, sat (a sta jos) to set, set, set ( a pune, a aeza)

4. to fall, fell, fallen ( a cdea) to fell, felled, felled (a abate, a dobor)

5. to hang, hung, hung (a atrna)to hang, hanged, hanged (a spnzura)


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ADJECTIVE-NOUN-VERB

ADJECTIVE NOUN VERBstrong strength strengthen

long length lengthen

high height heighten

wide width widen

broad breadth broaden

deep depth deepen


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DO and MAKE

DO MAKEgoodharmright/wronghomeworkones dutya favoura servicethe roomones hairthe housesumsproblemswondersa jobbusinesshonour/creditdamagerepairs

tea/coffeethe bedthe firea noisefriends/enemiespeace/warlaws/rulesthe distinctionthe differencemoneya livinga fortunefacesa bowa journey/voyage/travela tripa startan attempta blunder

mistakesan excusea choicerooma mess


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VERBS AND ADJECTIVES WITH COMPULSORY PREPOSITIONSused in

English with a Key, 1English with a Key, 2

English with a Choice

VERBSthe land abounds in gamehe abstains from drinkyou must account for your behaviourhe was accused of robberyare you acquainted with T.S. Eliot?add this money to the sumI agree with you on thisI agree to thiswhat are you aiming atwhat does he allude tothe dance alternates with concertswhat does the sum amount todid you apologize to him for breaking the vase?it does not appeal to meapply to your boss for a rise

do you approve of the plan?dont argue with me for the pricewhen did you arrive at the shop?ask him for a loaf of breadwhat does he aspire to?he associates with thievesI can assure you of my good intentionshe must atone for his crimehe will attend to your problemwhom was the play attributed towhom is the dog barking at?what is the book based onhe is basking in the sunhe beckoned to me to go awayI shall begin by saying who I amwhom does it belong to?he was bereft of his moneya large fortune was bestowed on herbeware of dogsdont blame me for not goingdont blame this on me

he kept blinking at me


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he blushed at her wordswhat is he boasting of?what does England border on?

whom did you borrow the book from?what is he brooding on?whom do you care for?he was changed into a dwarfhe was charged with murdershe is chatting with a friendhe cheered me upit coincides with your birthdayhe collaborates with usthe plane collided with another planewhat is he commenting on?I compared him to/with herdo you compete with us?what are you complaining of?I concealed it from herconcentrate on your homeworkhe concluded with a few English wordshe was condemned to ten years of jaildo you confide in her?it is confined to this spaceit has been confiscated from smugglers (contrabanditi)

you must conform to the rulesdont confound him with meconfront me with herI congratulate you on your birthdayI consent to the marriagewhat does the book consist in?how many chapters does it consist of?they conspired against the kinghe is consulted on various mattersit contrasts with the wallshe has converted to Catholicismhow much can you contribute to the sum?he was convicted of murderare you convinced of his guilt?I shall cooperate with you in writing itcan you cope with everything?it culminated in a quarrelhe was cured of measleshe darted/dashed at the doorit dawned on me that I had seen him beforewhat does the book deal with?

have you decided on the punishment?


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whom is it dedicated to?whom did you defend him from?he was deferred to the police

she was delivered from the wizardcan I depend on it?he was deprived of everythinghe is devoted to his friendshe died of/from pneumoniadoes this differ from your result?he was dipped into waterI disagree with youhe disappeared from townI disapprove of your ideacan you dispense with it?it was divided into seven shareshe was divested of all his gloryhe was doomed to prisonhe dotes on his daughterwhat are you dreaming of?he is endowed with a musical earhe enlarged on the subjecthe escaped from goalhe excels in physicsI exchanged the book for a pen

this horse feeds on wheathe fired at the foxhe flung a stone at herit floated on waterwhat are you fussing about?he is gazing at the lakehe glanced at my handshe grieves for his friendhe was grinning at meshe is harping on the same subjecthide it from herhe was hindered from going therewhat did he hint at?let us hope for the besthe hungered for her sightis he implicated in this?this rule was imposed on usthey incited him to actionhe indulged in his workI infer from your words that you dont knowthe air was infested with the smell

dont inflict injuries on your friendsI informed him of what was going on


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he inquired into her affairsI insist on your going homethe book inspired him with faith

they instigated him to actionshe is intended for himare you interested in this?dont interfere in/with what she is doinghave you introduced him to her?I dont want to intrude on youhe was isolated from his fellowswill you join in the talk?he jumped at herhe knocked at the doordont laugh at melean on my armlean against the wallhe left for Irelandthe pipe is linked to the wash basincan you listen to me?he lives on tea and breadshe longs for news from himlook at ithe marvelled at the sightthe bag doesnt match with your dress

dont mistake me for a cowardwhom are you mocking at?multiply 6 by 7dont nag at himcan I negotiate with her?note down the wordwhat do you object to?has it ever occurred to you that I am busy?when will he be operated on?what does it originate in?I parted with/from herthey participated in the showwhat did he pay for?what is he peering at?the raven is perched on a branchdont persevere/persist in your errorI persuaded her of my sincerityexiles pine for homehe pleaded for his friendthe diver plunged into the seadont point to the door

dont point your forefinger at mehe pounced on the gold


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he was praised for his hard workI prefer this book to thatare you prepared for the exam?

he presided over the assemblydont prevent him from goingdont pride yourself on your achievementhe proceeded to townyou will not profit by his advicehe was promoted to a higher rankI protected her from the witchthe stick protrudes from your baghe provided for herhe provided her with fooddont pry into other peoples affairshe was punished for his crimeI tried to reason with himhe recoiled from the touchhas he recovered from his illness?do you refer to him?I refrained from any commenthe reigned over the whole countrythis does not relate to what I was sayingcan I rely on you?your face reminds me of someone

he was remunerated for his workhe repented of/for his deedwhat did you reply to him?he reproached me with extravagance/ for being latehe reproved me for being latewhat do you require of/from us?I have reserved this table for youwhat does it reside in?he resorted to forceshe will not respond to forcehe retired from businesswhat will it result in?he was rewarded for his couragehe rushed at the doorhe searches for truthshe saved him from destructionhe was separated from his friendsthe clerk was sent fordont shoot at birdsshe never shrinks from dutywhom do you side with?

she smiled at those wordsthe dog sniffed at him


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speak to me about itdont spend money on sweetshe spies on you

dont stare at peoplestick to what you are doinghe stumbled on a stonehe substituted his book for anothersubtract 5 pounds from the sumhe succeeded in finishingthey supply us with sugarwe surround him with carewe suspect him of lyinghe suffers from rheumatismshe swore at meI sympathise with youcan you thank him for it?he theorizes on beautywhat are you thinking of?he threatened us with a finethey throw stones at your dogI thrust the stick into the groundtranslate it into EnglishI travel by planedont tread on that plank

he trembles with feardont trespass on his propertyshe triumphed over everyonedont tumble over the chairturn to him and seewait for meI warned her against the dangerwhat do you wish for?dont worry about thathe yelled at meshe yielded to the thief


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ADJECTIVEShe is absent from schoolis it necessary to you?

I am not accustomed to reading aloudhe is active in politicshis means are not adequate to his aimhe is adverse to progressdont be afraid of mehe is ahead of his fellowsare you akin to her?he is alert to changesthis is alien to my way of thinkinghe is aloof from everyonedont be angry with me for doing thatmy book is anterior to hers

my opinions are antithetic to yoursdont be anxious about the resultapart from all this, you are rightit is apparent to all of ushe is apt for sportswhat are you ashamed of?are you aware of what it means?he is away from homehe is bent on spending moneyhe is blind to all her defectsthe ship is bound for India

he is busy with his workis he capable of murder?I am certain of successhe is clever at gamesshe was charmed with himthe house is close to the parkthis feature is common to all of ushe is competent at his jobmy work is complementary to hisis this compatible with your ideas?he is conscious of the implicationsyour lecture was conspicuous for its originality

I am consistent with my decisionyou are contemporary with meone must be content with ones fateit is contrary to my expectationsis it convenient for you to stay?are you conversant with Arabic?he is crazy about musiche is dear to heryou are deficient in mathematicshe is delighted with the ideathe idea is detrimental to our planshe is diffident about strangershis attitude is discrepant with his slogansthis part is distinct from the others


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the village is distant from the seathe prospect is distasteful to methe error is due to hurry

he is eager for new friendsyou are early for teait lies east of Chinais it easy for you?he is entangled in something complicatedhe is engaged in workhe is engaged to herhe is enthusiastic about the ideayou are envious of her luckis it equivalent to the sum?I am even with youhe is exempt from attendance

he is expert in astronomyshe is faithful to youshe is false to her friendsare you familiar with the idea?he is famous for his poetrythe house is far from the bakersit can be fatal to anyoneit is favourable to themhe is fit for nothingshe is fond of cocoait is full of peoplehe is good at drawingI am grateful to you for helping medont be hard on herthe idea is harmful to everyonebe honest about ithe is hostile to usthis is identical with mineI am ignorant of the circumstancesit is imperative for her to gohe was impressed with your knowledgethe path is inaccessible to travellersI am indebted to you

she was indignant at the newshe is inferior to noneyou are inseparable from mehe is intent on his studyare you interested in this?dont get involved in thattake them, irrespective of the priceshe is jealous of yoube kind to ushe is lucky at cards/in lovebe merciful to themhe is native to India

the street is near to the stationit is not necessary to me


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sit next to meis he obedient to the rules?you are oblivious of what is going on

it is obvious to meI am opposed to any changehe sits opposite to mehe is overcome with joybe patient with herit is peculiar to his countryshe is pleased with her dressbe polite to your eldershe is popular with kidsI am positive of successthis is preliminary to the testthe book is previous to the film

you are prejudiced against foreignershe is prone to various moodsis she qualified for the job?he is ready for the testregardless of consequences, you must gothe house is remote from the parkyou are responsible for all the mistakesthe land is rich in gameyou are being rude to mewho is sad about the loss?he is safe from his pursuersthe same as that onehe is sensitive to kind treatmentshe is short of moneythey are sick of sweetsyour boat is similar to minehe is sorry for being latethis is subject to improvementare you sure of that?it is useful to ushe is not used to waitingit is vital to us to goyou are welcome to our town

he is wrong about many things


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IRREGULAR VERBS

arise arose arisen a se ridica

awake awokeawaked

awokenawaked

a se trezi

be was / were been a fi

bear bore borneborn

a purtaa se nate

beat beat beaten a bate

become became become a deveni

begin began begun a ncepe

bend bent bent a se ndoi

bet betbetted

betbetted

a paria

bid bidbade

bidbidden

a licita, a porunci

bind bound bound a lega

bite bit bitten a musca

bleed bled bled a sngera

blow blew blown a sufla, a bate

break broke broken a sparge

breed bred bred a creste, a educa

bring brought brought a aduce

broadcast broadcastbroadcasted

broadcastbroadcasted

a difuza

browbeat browbeat browbeaten

browbeat

a intimida


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build built built a construi

burn burnedburnt burnedburnt a arde

burst burst burst a exploda

buy bought bought a cumpra

cast cast cast a arunca

catch caught caught a prinde

choose chose chosen a alege

cling clung clung a se agta

come came come a veni

cost cost cost a costa

creep crept crept a se tr, a se furisa

cut cut cut a tia

deal dealt dealt a trata, a se ocupa de

dig dug dug a spa

do did done a face

draw drew drawn a trage, a desena

dream dreameddreamt

dreameddreamt

a visa

drink drank drunk a bea

drive drove driven a ofa, a mna

dwell dwelt

dwelled

dwelt

dwelled

a locui


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eat ate eaten a mnca

fall fell fallen a cdea

feed fed fed a hrni

feel felt felt a (se) simi

fight fought fought a (se) lupta

find found found a gsi

fit fittedfit fittedfit a se potrivi

flee fled fled a fugi, a se refugia

fling flung flung a arunca

fly flew flown a zbura

forbid forbade forbidden a interzice

forecast forecastforecasted

forecastforecasted

a prevedea

foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea

foretell foretold foretold a prezice

forget forgot forgotten a uita

forgive forgave forgiven a ierta

forsake forsook forsaken a prsi

freeze froze frozen a nghea

frostbite frostbit frostbitten a degera

get got got a primi, a obine

give gave given a da

go went gone a merge


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grind ground ground a mcina

grow grew grown a crete

hang hung hung a atrna

have had had a avea

hear heard heard a auzi

hew hewed hewnhewed

a despica

hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde

hit hit hit a lovi

hold held held a ine

hurt hurt hurt a lovi, a rni, a durea

interweave interwoveinterweaved

interwoveninterweaved

a (se) ntreese

keep kept kept a ine, a pstra

kneel kneltkneeled

kneltkneeled

a ngenunchia

knit knittedknit

knittedknit

a tricota

know knew known a ti, a cunoate

lay laid laid a pune, a aeza

lead led led a conduce

lean leanedleant

leanedleant

a se apleca, a se sprijini

leap leapedleapt

leapedleapt

a sri


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learn learnedlearnt

learnedlearnt

a nva

leave left left a pleca, a lsa

lend lent lent a da cu mprumut

let let let a lsa, a permite

lie lay lain a zcea, a se afla

light lit

lighted

lit

lighted

a aprinde

lip-read lip-read lip-read a citi pe buze

lose lost lost a pierde

make made made a face

mean meant meant a nsemna

meet met met a (se) ntlni

miscast miscast miscast a distribui ntr-un rol nepotrivit

mislay mislaid mislaid a pierde

mislead misled misled a ndruma greit

misread misread misread a citi greit

misspell misspelledmisspelt

misspelledmisspelt

a ortografia greit

mistake mistook mistaken a confunda

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood a nelege greit

mow mowed mowedmown

a cosi

outbid outbid outbid a licita mai mult ca

outdo outdid outdone a ntrece

outgrow outgrew outgrown a (se) face prea mare

outshine outshoneoutshined

outshoneoutshined

a eclipsa

outspeak outspoke outspoken a vorbi tare


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overcome overcame overcome a covri

overdo overdid overdone a exagera

overdraw overdrew overdrawn a depi

overdrink overdrank overdrunk a bea n exces

overeat overate overeaten a mnca n exces

overfeed overfed overfed a (se) supraalimenta

overhang overhung overhung a atrna peste

overhear overheard overheard a auzi din ntmplare

overlay overlaid overlaid a pune peste

overpay overpaid overpaid a plti prea mult

override overrode overridden a nclca

overrun overran overrun a depi

oversee oversaw overseen a supraveghea

oversell oversold oversold a supraevalua

oversleep overslept overslept a dormi prea mult

overtake overtook overtaken a depi

overthrow overthrew overthrown a rsturnaoverwrite overwrote overwritten a suprascrie

partake partook partaken a mprti

pay paid paid a plti

preset preset preset a preconfigura

proofread proofread proofread a corecta

prove proved proven

proved

a (se) dovedi

put put put a pune

quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozen a nghea rapid

quit quitquitted

quitquitted

a abandona

read read read a citi

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt a reconstrui

recast recast recast a remodela


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remake remade remade a reface

repay repaid repaid a recompensa

reread reread reread a reciti

rerun reran rerun a relua

resell resold resold a revinde

resend resent resent a retrimite

reset reset reset a reaeza

retell retold retold a repovesti

rethink rethought rethought a regndi

rewind rewound rewound a derula napoi

rewrite rewrote rewritten a rescrie

rid rid rid a scpa de, a se descotorosi

ride rode ridden a clri

ring rang rung a suna

rise rose risen a rsri, a se ridica

run ran run a fugi

saw sawed sawnsawed

a tia cu fierstrul

say said said a spune

see saw seen a vedea

seek sought sought a cuta

sell sold sold a vinde

send sent sent a trimite

set set set a pune

sew sewed sewn

sewed

a coase


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shake shook shaken a scutura, a tremura

shave shaved shavedshaven

a (se) rade

shear sheared shearedshorn

a tunde oi

shed shed shed a vrsa (lacrimi, snge)

shine shoneshined

shoneshined

a strluci

shoe shod shod a potcovi

shoot shot shot a mpuca

show showed shown a arta

shrink shrank shrunk a se strnge

shut shut shut a nchide

sing sang sung a cnta

sink sanksunk

sunk a (se) scufunda

sit sat sat a sedea

slay slewslayed

slainslayed

a ucide

sleep slept slept a dormi

slide slid slid a aluneca

sling slung slung a arunca

slink slunk slunk a se furisa

slit slit slit a (se) crpa

smell smelled

smelt

smelled

smelt

a mirosi


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sneak sneakedsnuck

sneakedsnuck

a se furia

sow sowed sownsowed a semna (ceva)

speak spoke spoken a vorbi

speed spedspeeded

spedspeeded

a grbi, a accelera

spell spelledspelt

spelledspelt

a ortografia

spellbind spellbound spellbound a fermeca

spend spent spent a cheltui, a petrece

spill spilledspilt

spilledspilt

a vrsa

spin spun spun a toarce

spit spat

spit

spat

spit

a scuipa

split split split a despica

spoil spoiledspolit

spoiledspoilt

a rsfa

spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed a hrni cu lingurita

spread spread spread a (se) ntinde

spring sprangsprung

sprung a izvor, a sri

stand stood stood a sta (n picioare)

steal stole stolen a fura, a se furia

stick stuck stuck a lipi

sting stung stung a nepa


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stink stunkstank

stunk a mirosi urt

strew strewed strewnstrewed

a presra

stride strode stridden a merge cu pai mari

strike struck struckstricken

a lovi

string strung strung a nira

strive strovestrived

strivenstrived

a nzui

sublet sublet sublet a subnchiria

sunburn sunburnedsunburnt

sunburnedsunburnt

a se arde de soare

swear swore sworn a jura, a njura

sweat sweat

sweated

sweat

sweated

a transpira

sweep swept swept a mtura

swell swelled swollenswelled

a se umfla

swim swam swum a nota

swing swung swung a legna

take took taken a lua

teach taught taught a preda

tear tore torn a rupe

telecast telecast telecast a teledifuza

tell told told a spune, a povesti

test-drive test-drove test-driven a testa o main


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test-fly test-flew test-flown a testa un avion

think thought thought a (se) gndi

thrive throve thriven a prospera

throw threw thrown a arunca

thrust thrust thrust a nfige

tread trod troddentrod

a clca

typecast typecast typecast a distribui ntr-un rol tipic

typeset typeset typeset a culege pentru tipar

typewrite typewrote typewritten a dactilografia

unbend unbent unbent a (se) dezdoi

unbind unbound unbound a dezlega

underbid underbid underbid a oferi un pre prea mic

undercut undercut undercut a submina

underfeed underfed underfed a subalimentaundergo underwent undergone a trece prin

underlie underlay underlain a sta la baza

undersell undersold undersold a vinde mai ieftin

understand understood understood a nelege

undertake undertook undertaken a lua asupra sa

underwrite underwrote underwritten a scrie sub

undo undid undone a anula

unfreeze unfroze unfrozen a dezghea

unwind unwound unwound a desfura

uphold upheld upheld a susine

upset upset upset a tulbura

wake wokewaked

wokenwaked

a se trezi

waylay waylaid waylaid a ntinde o curs


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wear wore worn a purta

weave woveweaved wovenweaved a ese

wed wedwedded

wedwedded

a (se) cununa

weep wept wept a plnge

wet wetwetted

wetwetted

a uda

win won won a ctiga

wind wound wound a rsuci

withdraw withdrew withdrawn a (se) retrage

withhold withheld withheld a reine

withstand withstood withstood a rezista la

wring wrung wrung a stoarce

write wrote written a scrie

Ediie revizuit i adugit

LIDIA VIANU

Martie 2006

Date post:	07-Apr-2018
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LIDIA VIANU Tabele de Gramatica English With a Key, English With a Choice

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