I Introducere - Keywords Acest capitol prezinta vocabularul general precum si definitiile indicator-cheie absolute necesari accesului la informatia economica. El constituie o prima initiere si totodata baza pe care se vor acumula cunostintele mai complexe oferite pe parcursul celor doua semestre ale anului I. Keywords - Cuvinte - Cheie Achizite ac quisition, purchase Acord agr eement Actionar sha reholder, stockholder Actiune(bursiera) share, (US)stock A administra(a conduce a gestiona) to manage, (un cont) to handle Administrator(conducator) manager Administratie (conducere) management Afaceri bu siness trade Afacere(contract) deal Agricol agricultural, farm, farming Agricultor far mer Alocatie al lowance, subsidy (cu) amanuntul retail ( a vinde cu amanuntul) to retail, to sell by retail (vanzator) cu amanuntul retailer angajat 1. (statut) employee 2.(calificare)clerk angros wh olesale angrosist wh olesaler antreprenor empl oyer 2.(sens economic general )
Transcript
I Introducere - Keywords
Acest capitol prezinta vocabularul general precum si definitiile indicator-cheie absolute necesari accesului la informatia economica. El constituie o prima initiere si totodata baza pe care se vor acumula cunostintele mai complexe oferite pe parcursul celor doua semestre ale anului I.
Keywords - Cuvinte - Cheie
Achizite acquisition, purchase Acord agreement Actionar shareholder, stockholder Actiune(bursiera) share, (US)stock A administra(a conduce a gestiona) to manage, (un cont) to handleAdministrator(conducator) managerAdministratie (conducere) managementAfaceri business tradeAfacere(contract) dealAgricol agricultural, farm, farmingAgricultor farmerAlocatie allowance, subsidy(cu) amanuntul retail ( a vinde cu amanuntul) to retail, to sell by retail(vanzator) cu amanuntul retailerangajat 1.(statut) employee 2.(calificare)clerkangros wholesaleangrosist wholesalerantreprenor employer 2.(sens economic general ) entrepreneur, (pentru lucrari etc.) contractorarticol article, itemasigurare 1.(activitate) insurance 2. (societate) insurance companyBbalanta balance banca 1.(institutie) bank 2.(activitate) bankingbani money, (metal) silverbani marunti, maruntis small changebeneficiu profitAtentie benefit= 1)avantaj 2) alocare alocatie subventie bloc (commercial) blocbuget budgetbun, bunuri good
Atentie, good nu se foloseste la singular decat in sens macro-economic : un mijloc de productie a capital good. In sensul de marfa ,el nu se foloseste decat la plural (goods) , o marfa a commodityBursa stock-exchange,executive(piata bursiera) Stock-marketC
Capital,capitaluri capital
Cadre, personal de conducere executive
Atentie: cuvantul englez capital folosit cu acest sens nu are pl:
a-si procura fonduri to raise capitalA cadea, a scadea, a se reduce to fall, to drop, to decreaseCadere(scadre) fall, drop, decreaseCerere demand (cerere si oferta law of demand and supplycheltuiala, cheltuieli spending , expense (pozitie bugetara) expenditurecifra figurecifra de afaceri turn overcomerciant shopkeeper, traderclient customer (servicii) clientcomert tradecompetitiv competitivecompetitivitate competitivenessa concedia(a disponibliliza) to lay-off, to dismiss, to make (workers) redundantconcediere(economica) redundancy lay-off, laying-offconcentare concentrationconcurent competitorconcurenta competitionconcurential competitiveConjunctura = atentie in lb engleza nu exista o traducere unica a acestui termen, folositi the economy sau expresii ca (present) economic trends, the (present) economic situation,the (present) state of the economy, the business outlook ,the economic situation.Constructie housing, constructionConstituirea unei intreprinderi business formation(cererea unei intreprinderi)consum consumptiona consuma to consumeconsummator consumercont accountcontabilitate accountingcontabil taxpayercost costcota quotaCreanta debt[det]Atentie: in lb engleza exista un singur cuvant pt creanta (bani care ne sunt datorati) si datorie (bani pe care ii datoram): deptCredit creditCreditor creditorA creste to raise, to rise, to increase, to go upcresterea growth
Atentie : economical inseamna economic in sensul de economicos, prin care se poate economisi sau rentabil.
Economie 1. (stiinta) economics
2. (caracteristici economice ale unei tari sau conjunctura economica) (the) economy ;economia romaneasca: the Romanian economy (nu uitati articolul the!); economiile lumii a treia third-world economieseconomii saving, savingsa economisi to saveeconom (persoana care economiseste) saver, small investorexport exporta exporta to exportexportator exporterexterior foreign, overseas (GB)Fa fabrica, a produce to manufacture, to make, to build fabricant, producator manufacturer, maker, buildera factura to invoice, to bill, to chargefactura invoice, billfaliment bankruptcy, failurefinanciar (adj.) financialfinantare financing, fundinga finanta to finance, to fund
finante financefinantist financierfisc (the) tax authorities; (GB) the Inland Revenue;(US) the Internal Revenue Services (IRS)fiscal tax, fiscalflux flowfond, fonduri 1.m.sg. fund 2.m.pl. funds, capital moneyformare 1.(de personal) training2.(a unei societati etc.) formation, forming, founding, setting up, creationa furniza to supply furnizor suppliera fuziona to mergefuziune mergerGa (se) globaliza to globalize (to go global)globalizare globalizationgreva strikegrevistIimportator importer import importa importa to importa impoza, a impozita to taximpozare, impozitare taxationimpozite tax, taxesindice, indicator index, pl. indexes, indices; indicatorindustrializare industrializationindustrializat industrializedindustrie industryindustrial adj. industrialindustrias industrialist, businessmaninflatie inflationinflationist inflationaryinformatica information technology; computing; computer science; data processinginterior (intern) domestic, homea investi to investinvestitie investmentinvestitor investorÎîmprumut loana împrumuta (a lua cu împrumut) to borrowîncetinire slow-downa înfiinta to set up
întreprindere business, firm, enterprise, concernLliber schimb free-tradelichiditati cash, liquiditieslocuinta housinglucrator worker, (GB) working manMmarasm slump, doldrumsmarfa commodity, product marfuri goods, commodities, productsmasa monetara money supplymaterii prime raw materialsmana de lucru labour force, (US) labor force, workforcemenaj householdmondial world, globalmoneda currencymultinational multinationalmunca worka munci to workmuncitor worker, (GB) working mana muta to relocatemutare relocationNnational national, home, domestica nationaliza to nationalizenationalizare nationalizationa negocia to negotiatenegociere negotiationnegustor merchant, dealernivel levelnivel de trai standard of livingOobligatiune (bursiera) bondoferta supplya oferi, a face o oferta to make an offerPpatron manager, fam. bosspatronat managementpensionare retirementpensionar retiree, (GB) pensionerpiata marketplafon ceilingplata paymenta plati to payplanseu floorplusvaloare increase in value; (capitaluri)
capital gains povara (fiscala) burdena prevedea (a prognoza) to forecastpreviziune (prognoza) forecasta privatiza to privatizeprivatizare privatizationproducator producera produce to produceproductivitate productivityprodus product(agricol)produceprogres progressAtentie:Pentru a traduce un progres(al stiintei etc )folositi advance sau breaktroughprofit profitproportie rateprotectionism protectionismprotectionist protectionist ; adj. protectionist, protectivepublicitate 1. advertising 2.(=anunt) advertisment, ad Rrandament output ;(agricol,financiar)yield ;returnraspundere responsibility;(susceptibil de a antrena urmariri judiciare) liabilityraspunzator 1. adj.responsible;(suscesptibil de a fi urmarit in justitie) liable 2. n.official; person in chargerecesiune recessionrecuperare(revenire, recovery ;(bursa)rallyrestabilire)a relansa to boost,to spur,to stimulate,to revive,to refuelrelansare boosting, revival, stimulation, spurring; (prin investitii de stat), pump-primingrentabil profitablerentabilitate profitabilityresurse resourcesrevendicare claimSsalariat wage-earnersalariu salary (al unui muncitor) wage(s);(al unor cadre etc.)sanatate healthschimburi tradesectorul privat private sectorsectorul public public sectorservicii service(s)serviciu,slujba employment,(o slujba-a job)sindicalist union official,union membersindicat union(GB trde union;US labor union)social socialsocietate 1(inreprindere)company,business firm,US corporation 2society Atentie:in afara sensului general(viata in societate) society desemneaza o asociere in scop nelucrativ
sondaj (opinie) poll,surveystoc(uri) inventory,stoc,storestrain foreigner(n.);foreign(adj,)subventie subsidy;allowancea subventiona to subsidizesuma amount ssomaj unemployment;(US joblessness)somer unemployed personsomerii, populatia the jobless,the unemployedaflata in somajTtarif(taxa,curs) ratetransport transport,(US) transportationtrimestru quarterŢtara countryUutilizator useruzina factory, plantVvaluta currencyvama customsAtentie: nu omiteti s final in cuvintul englezvanzator, vanzatoare salesperson, salesman, saleswoman; sellera vinde to sellvanzare sale
II. Up and down - Crestere si descrestere
1. VOCABULAR
Limba engleza dispune de un numar foarte mare de termini pentru a desemna o crestere sau o scadere ,in functie de gradul de intensitate si de rapiditatea lor.
Iata o lista cu substantivrle si verbele cele mai frecvent folosite,asa cum apar ele intr-un context economic,referitoare la cresterea /scaderea cursului etc.
a) a creste, a se mari
to go upto riseto increaseto move upto inch up a creste putin cate putinto surge a creste dintr-o datato balloon a creste rapidto soar a urca
to skyrocket a creste fulgeratorto peak a atinge nivelul cel mai inalt,nivelul maxima risean increase
b)a scadea,a cobori
to go downto fall a fallto drop a dropto decrease a decreaseto sage a se prabusito slump a cadea brusc,a se prabusi a slump ocriza economica o recesiuneto plunge a plonja,a scadea in mod dramatic si bruscto sink a scadea multto plummet a scadea bruscto collapse a se prabusi a collapseto be on the skids a fi in decline,a fi pe cale de a se scufundaa downturn o cadere,o recesiune
c) a se stabiliza
dupa o scadereto bottom out (indica in acelasi timp faptul ca va incepe cursul sa creasca)dupa o crestereto reach a plateauto level off
d) a se redresa
to recover a recoveryto look upto turn up an upturnto pick upto pick upto improve to rally (mai ales la bursa) a rally
e) a fluctua
to fluctuateto seesawto go into a roller-coaster (a fi ca pe un tobogan cu suisuri si coborari)
f) a face sa urce, a face sa creasca
to raiseto raise a raise (US)to hike (US) a hiketo drive upto step up a accelera ritmulto boost a stimula, a promova a boost
g) a face sa coboare, a face sa scada
to bring downto cut a cutto cut back a cutbackto slash a reduce considerabil a slash
2. PREPOZITII
Atentie la folosirea prepozitiilor:an increase of 5% sau a 5% increasean increase in production sau a production increaseit increased by 5% sau (US) it increased 5%Acest lucru este valabil pentru toate verbele si substantivele care desemneaza cresterea sau scaderea (to go up, rise, drop, fall, decrease etc.)Dar: a shortage of foreign currency.
3. FOLOSIREA VIRGULEI SI A PUNCTULUI
Atentie la folosirea corecta a punctului sau a virgulei:
2,5 la suta = 2.5 (two point five) per cent
o,5 la suta = 0.5 (zero point five) per cent sau .5% (point five)
10000 se scrie in engleza 10,000
5000 lire = £ 5000
2 milioane de dolari = $ 2 million sau $ 2 m.
Atentie si la :
Sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari
Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions of dollars dar
Cinci sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari:
Five hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion dollars.
Hundred, thousand etc. sunt invariabile atunci cand sunt precedate de o cifra.
III. ECONOMICS - Economie
1. DATE GENERALE CU PRIVIRE LA ACTIVITATEA ECONOMICA
Agenti economici economic agentsAgregate economice economic aggregatesAjustat (corectat) in functie de sezon seasonally adjusted Ameliorare (imbunatatire) improvementAnual annual, yearlyAusteritate austerity Autarhie self-sufficiencyBirocratie red tape, bureaucracyBloc comercial trading blocBogatie wealthBrut grossCapitalism capitalismCadere (scadere) fall, drop Ciclu cycleCifra figure, digit, numberCompetitivitate competitivenessConcurent competitorConcurenta competition Conjunctura current situation, current trend, economic outlookCrestere increase, riseCrestere puternica surgeCriza crisis, slump Curba curveDate dataDeclin declineDecolare take offDeflatie deflationDensitatea populatiei population densityDepresiune depressionDereglementare (neinterventie a statului) deregulationDezvoltare developmentEconomia unei tari the economyEconomic (rentabil) economicalEconomic economicsEconomie (stiinta) economicsEconomie libera laisser-faire economy, liberal economy (atentie la cuvantul liberal, care in America de Nord denumeste o orientare politica progresista, de stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.))Economie paralela, subterana underground economyEconomie planificata state controlled, state-run, planned economyEconommist economist Eficienta efficiencyEra post-industriala post-industrial eraEvolutie evolution
Expansiune (avant, dezvoltare) expansion, developmentExpansiune expansionFlexibilitate flexibilityFluctuatie fluctuation, swing Fluxuri economice economic flowsFluxuri migratoare migratory flows Grad, masura scale, tableGrafic graph, chartImpas stalemateImobilism status quoIndependenta (economica) self-sufficiencyIndexare indexingIndice index (pl. indexes, indices)Indicatori economici economic indicatorsIndicatori de tendinta trend indicatorsIndicatori (principali) leading, key indicatorsIndustrializare industrializationInferior lowerInfrastructuri infrastructuresImbatranirea populatiei ageingIncetinire slowdown, slacknessLa scara redusa small-scaleLegea ofertei si a cererii law of supply and demandLiberalism laisser-faire, free market economy, liberalism (atentie la cuvantul liberal, care in America de Nord denumeste o orientare politica progresista, de stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.))Libera concurenta, piata libera free market Liber schimb free tradeLumea a treia Third-WorldLunar monthlyMacroeconomie macroeconomics Mercantilism mercantilism Mediu (adj.) average, median, meanmicroeconomie microeconomicsmigrari ale populatiei population shiftsmiscare de fonduri movement of capitalmiscare de marfuri movement of goodsmutare relocationneoliberalism neo-conservative economic policy neo-liberalismnet netoferta, cerere supply, demandparteneri comerciali trade partnersperspectiva outlook, prospectspe scara larga large-scalepe termen lung long-termpe termen mediu medium-termpe termen scurt short-term
piramida vârstelor age pyramidplafon ceilingplan de relansare recovery plan, incentive planplanificare planningpolitica economica economic policypolitica de preturi pricing policypopulatia activa working populationprag thresholdpragul saraciei poverty linepret pricepreviziuni(prognoze) economic forecasts, surveyeconomiceprocentaj percentageproductivism productivismproiect projectprogres progress, advantageprosperitate, avânt boom, prosperityprotectie sociala social protectionrata fertilitatii fertility raterata mortalitatii death, mortality raterata mortalitatii infantile infant mortality raterata natalitatii birth raterata raterecesiune recessionredresare, recuperare recovery, rebound, rallyreforma reformrelansare(revigorare) revivalrestructurare restructuringretea networkrevolutie industriala industrial revolutionrigoare austeritysaturatie saturation, glutsaracie povertyscadere decreaseschimburi comerciale trade exchangessocietate bogata affluent societysocietate cu doi parteneri two-tier societysocietate de consum consumer societysocietate de servicii service societysperanta de viata life expectancyspirit de initiativa entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurshipstagflatie stagflationstagnare stagnationstatistica statisticsstrategie strategystrategie de reconversie reconversion strategystrategie de redistribuire redeployment strategystrategie de recentrare core strategy
subdezvoltare under developmentsuperior(adj.) uppersupraîncalzire overheatingtaraganare sluggishnesstendinta (ascendenta, upward, downward, trenddescendenta)teoria ofertei supply-side, economicstransa brackettara care creste rapid fast-growing country(cu crestere rapida) tara care se dezvolta rapid fast-developing countrytara industrializata industrialized, developed countrytara în curs de dezvoltare developing countrytarile cele mai sarace less developed countries (LDC)(mai putin dezvoltate)tari recent industrializate newly industrialized countriesurbanizare urbanizationzilnic daily
alocatie allowancecheltuieli expenditures, spendingsconducere(gestiune) managementconsum casnic (al menajelor) household consumptioncontrolul preturilor price controlcosturi salariale labour costscredit creditcrestere a cereri excess demandcrestere a productivitatii productivity gain crestere zero zero growthdisponibilizare dismissal disponibilizare (economica) lay-of, redundanciesdeficit deficiteconomii savingseconomii ale menajelor household savingseconom (persoana care economisteste) saver, investoremisiune monetara money issuingexcedent surplusexport exportflexibilitate elasticity, flexibilityimport importimpozit asupra consumului consumer taximpozit asupra plusvalorii capital gains tax impozit asupra venitulu societatilor corporate income taximpozit direct/indirect direct taxation/ indirect taxation, excise dutiesimpozit funciar land tax impozit (taxa) de succesiune inheritance tax
impozit pe venit (al persoanelor fizice) (individual) income taxindemnizatie allowance, indemnityindicele costului vietii Cost of Living index (C.O.L. index)indicele preturilor (bunurilor de consum) consumer price indexinflatie inflationinflatie cu doua cire double digit inflationinghetarea salariilor wage-freezelipsa, penurie shortagemasa monetara money supplymasa salariala aggregate remuneration, payrollmenaj, gospodarie householdmic investitor small investornivel de trai standard of livingnivelul general al preturilor overall price levelPIB commercial merchant GDPPlusvaloare capital gainPNB pe cap de locuitor GNP per capitaPolitica bugetara budget policyPrestatii sociale social security benefitsProductivitate productivityProdus intern brut (PIB) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Produs national brut (PNB) Gross National Product (GNP)Putere de cumparare purchasing powerRandament return, productivity, yieldRata de crestere growth rateReducerea personalului unei societati downsizingRelaxarea politicii de credite easing of credit restrictions, easy credit policyRentabilitate profitabilityRestrictie de credit credit squeeze, tight credit policyResurse (naturale) (natural) resourcesSalariu mediu median wageSalariu minim minimum wageSpirala inflationista wage and price spiralStoc stockSubproductie underproductionSubventie subsidy, subventionSupraproductie overproductionSurplus surplusTaxe si impozite asupra produselor petroliere (TIPP) domestic oil tax TVA (taxa pe valoare adaugata) Value-Added Tax (VAT)Unitate de productie production unitValoare adaugata added valueValoarea de piata market valueVenit income, revenueVenitul mediu al menajelor household median incomeVenit national national incomeVenit pe cal de locuitor per capita income
3. BUSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT FIRME SI LOCURI DE MUNCA
Agricultor farmerAngajare cu jumatate de norma/ cu norma intreaga part-time/full-time employmentangajare pe viata lifetime employmentangajare temporara temporary, precarious employmentangajat employeeangajator(patron) employerantreprenor, intreprinzator entrepreneuraport social social contributionsaportul social al parto- employer's social contributionsnului(al angajatorului)artisan, mestesugar craftsman, artisanartizanat, activitate craft industry, cottage industrymestesugareascaatelier workshopautoritatile publice the public authoritiesavantaje sociale benefitsbeneficiu(comercial) profitbirou officebogatii the richcadru, cadre (de conducere) executive, managercadru de conducere top executivecadru mediu middle managercadru superior senior executive, senior managercastiguri earningscecurile de afaceri business circles, quarterscifra de afaceri turnoverclasa bogata the well-offclasa conducatoare the ruling classclasa de mijloc the middle classclasa defavorizata the lower classclasa muncitoare the working classclasa superioara the upper classclasa sociala social class, social statuscomerciant shopkeeper, store operator(US), tradesman (GB)companie, firma, societate companycompanie multinationala multinational companyconcern (clasa de comert) concernconducatorul intreprinderii company manager, head, ownerconglomerat conglomeratecooperativa cooperativecorporatism corporatismcrearea(infiintarea) (business) formation, start-up, set-upunei intreprinderideposit warehousefaliment bankruptcyfiliala subsidiary, affiliate
firma firmfunctionar (al statului) state employee, civil servantfuziune merger, amalgamationgreva strikegrevist strikergrila de salarizare wage scalegrup groupholding holding companyinginer engineerintreprindere firm, company (GB), corporation (US)intreprindere de statie state-owner company, public utility companyintreprinderi mici si small and medium sized businessmijlocii(IMM)maistru foreman, supervisormana de lucru workforce, manpowermunca minorilor child labourmunca grea hard labormuncitor workermuncitorii zilieri(sezonieri) day laborersnationalizare nationalizationpartener partnerpatronat management circles, the employerspensionare retirementpensioner retiree, pensionerpescar fishermanprivatizare privatizationprofesie occupation, tradeprofesie (liberala) profession profesii liberale professional peopleprofit profitsalariat wage-earnersalariu wage, salarysaracii the poorsectorul public/ privat public/private sectorsectie (in fabrica) the shop floorsediu head office, registered officeserviciu public civil service, public servicesindicalism trade unionismsindicalist unionist sindicat trade union, labour union (US)societate (comerciala) company, firm, corporation (US)societate mixta joint venturesucursala branchsef, patron, director, boss, owner, manager, employerangajator somaj unemploymentsomer unemployeduzina factory, plant
4. PRODUCTS, MARKETS AND FINANCE PRODUSE, PIEŢE sI FINANŢE
actiune share, stock (US)angrosist wholesaleraparate casnice household appliances, white goodsarticol item, articlebanca bankbunuri goodsbunuri de folosinta durable goods, durablesîndelungatabunuri de marfuri commodity exchange, commodity marketbursa de valori stock exchange, stock marketcapital, capitaluri capitalcasa de economii savings bankclient (servicii) client client customerclient permanent patronclientela clientelecomerciant shopkeeper, tradesman, dealer, merchantcomerciant cu amanuntul retail dealer, retailercomert commerce, tradecomert en detail retail trade(cu amanuntul) comert en gros wholesale tradeconducator, director, managermanager consumator consumercreanta debtcreditor creditorcumparare purchasecumparator purchaser, buyerdatorie debtdebitor debtordevize currencydistribuitor distributordistributie distributiondistributie în masa mass retail, mass distributionexportator exporterfabricant manufacturerfebra cumparaturilor spending spreefinantist financierfiscalitate, sistem fiscal taxation, tax systemimportator importerintermediar middleman, intermediaryinvestitie investmentinvestitor investorîmprumut loanîndatorare debt, indebtness
marfa commoditymarfuri, bunuri goods, merchandise, waresmarfuri de larg consum mass consumption goodsmarfuri de prima necessitate staple goods, staplesmarfuri de uz casnic household goodsmijloace de productie capital goodsobligatiune bond, debentureoportunitate (pe o piata) nichepiata marketpiete financiare financial marketsplasament (investitie investmentmobiliara)politica fiscala fiscal policy, taxation policypolitica vamala tariff policyproducator producer, manufacturerproductia interna domestic output, national production,nationala productie output, productionproductie în vrac in bulk production, outputprodus (industrial) productprodus agricol produceprodus de lux luxury goodsprodus finit finished productprodus semi-finit semi-finished productproduse alimentare produce, foodstuffsproduse lactate dairy produceproduse perisabile perishable goods, perishablesprotectia consumatorilor consumerismrata de schimb exchange raterata dobânzii interest raterenta revenuereprezentant representative, agentservicii servicessubcontractare subcontractingsubcontractor subcontractortaxa vamala customs dutytitlu (de valoare) securitytroc barterunitate de productie production unitvaloare (bursiera) securityvama customsvânzator, -oare, salesman, -woman; selleragent de vânzarevânzare sale
5. MAIN VERBS VERBELE PRINCIPALE
a cadea to drop
a câstiga (bani) to make, to earna cheltui to spenda comercializa to marketa concedia to dismissa conduce to run, to operate, to lead, to managea consuma to consumea creste to increase, to rise, to growa creste (puternic) to surge, to skyrocketa cuceri (o piata) to grab, to seize, to cornera cumpara to buy, to purchasea da faliment to go bankrupta dezvolta to develop, to expanda disponibiliza to lay off, to make redundant(din ratiuni economice)a economisi to save, to sparea exploata (o to operateîntreprindere)a exporta to exporta fabrica to manufacturea face afaceri cu to do business witha face o afacere cu to make a deal witha gestiona (a administra) to manage, to handlea importa to importa investi to investa încheia (un contract, to sign, to close, to clincho afacere)a înfiinta to set upa lansa to launcha se mari to increase, to risea muta to relocatea opri inflatia, somajul to curb, to stern the tide of, to checka patrunde (pe o piata etc.) to penetrate, to break into, to tapa produce to producea realiza un profit to make a profita reduce to reduce, to cut, to lowera reduce (puternic) to slasha reforma to reforma relansa to spur, to boost, to revive, to primea scadea to decrease, to falla scadea, a se prabusi to plummet, to collapse(preturi)a stapâni, a controla to control (costurile, cheltuielile)a subcontracta to subcontract, to contract outa sustine to sustaina trata cu, a se to deal withconfrunta cua vinde to sell
6. A COUNTRY'S NATIONAL ECONOMY ECONOMIA NAŢIONALĂ A UNEI ŢĂRI
a) productia agricola agricultural productionbere beercacao cocoacafea coffeecartof potatoceai teacereale cerealscitrice citrusgrâu wheat (US), corn (GB)oleaginoase oilseedsorez riceporumb maize (GB), corn (US)tutun tobaccovita-de-vie vinezahar sugarb ) zootehnia (cresterea cattle-raising, cattle-breeding, cattleanimalelor) rearing bovine cattleovine the ovine racepasari poultryporcine swine, pigsc ) piscicultura (pescuitul) fishing industry (the)flota comerciala merchant fleetpiscicultura aqua farmingport pescaresc fishing harbord ) industria forestiera forest industry (the)padure, lemn wood
2. INDUSTRIA ENERGETICA POWER INDUSTRY (THE)
carbune (huila, lignit) coal (coal, beown coal)energia nucleara the nuclear energy, nuclear powergaze naturale natural gashidroelectricitate hydroelectricitypetrol oil (US), petroleum (GB)surse de energie alternativa solara, alternative sources of energy (sun, eoliana etc.) wind, etc.)
3.METALURGIA GREA HEAVY METALLURGICAL
INDUSTRY (THE)
(siderurgie, minerale) ( iron and steel industry, ore)
aluminiu aluminum (US), aluminiumbauxita bauxitecobalt cobaltcrom chromiumcupru copperfier ironfosfati phosphatesmangan manganesenichel nickelotel steelplumb leadstaniu tinzinc zinc4. INDUSTRIA MINIERA MINING INDUSTRY (THE)argint silveraur golddiamante diamond5. INDUSTRIA TEXTILA TEXTILE INDUSTRY (THE)bumbac cottonfibre artificiale artificial fibresfibre sintetice synthetic fibresin lineniuta jutelana woolmatase silk
industria aeronautica si aerospace industry (the)spatialaindustria aparatelor de cale rail, railway, railroad industry (the)industria automobilelor car industry (the) industria navala shipbuilding (the)
industria agro-alimentara agro-business (the)industria alimentara food industry (the)industia chimica chemical industry (the)industria de armament arms industry (the)industria de constructii building industry,building trade (the)industria de telecomunicatii telecommunications industry (the)industiile de varf leading industries (the)industria farmaceutica pharmaceutical industry (the)industria grea/usoara heavy/light industry (the)industria informatica computer industry (the)industria petrochimica petrochemical industry (the)industria producatoare clothing industry (the)de confectiiindustria produselor de lux luxury goods industry (the)industria spectacolului show business, entertainment industry (the)industria de inalta tehnologie high tech industry (the)
8.MISCELLANEOUS DIVERSE
audiovizualul audio-visual industry (the)averea imobiliara real estateediturile publishing industry (the)industria producatoare de imbracaminte (productie in serie) ready-to-wear industry (the)locuinte housingmass-media media(the)robotica roboticssectorul asigurarilor insurance industry(the)sectorul bancar banking industry(the)telematica telematics
9. Vocabular suplimentar Additional vocabulary
baraj dambazin fieldcentrala (energetica) power plantcompanie aeriana airline companyextractie de minereuri miningforaj drilling, boringfurnal blast furnacelinie de montaj assembly linemasina-unealta machine toolmina mineotelarie steel millpiese de schimb spare partsrafinarie refineryssantier naval shipyardtransportator, caraus carrier, haulier
zacamint deposit IV. Measuring economic activity : main indexes - Evaluarea activitatii economice: principalii indicatori
Gross National Product (GNP) Produsul national brut (PNB)The total final value of goods and services produced in a national economy over one year.The Growth Rate (rata de crestere) of an economy is the increase in its GNP from one year to another.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) produsul intern brut (PIB)The index measures the value of goods and services produced on the national territory over a year.Balance of trade, trade balance balanta comercialaThe difference over a period of time (generally a year) between the value of a country's imports and exports of merchandise. The balance is said to be favourable (US favorable) when it shows a surplus of exports, in which case it shows a deficit. An unfavourable balance is referred to as a trade gap.Balance of payments balanta de platiA system for the recording of a country's total transactions with the rest of the world during a given period of time (usually a year).Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicele preturilor (bunurilor) de consum.A measure of change in consumers prices, determined by a monthly survey.Also known as Cost-of-Living Index.Household consumption consumul casnic (al menajelor);Industrial consumption indicele productiei industriale;A monthly statistics on the total output of factories and mines.Unemployment figures (US Jobless Rate) numarul soemerilor/rata somajului.The proportion of the labour (US labor) force that is without paid work.Exchange rate rata de schimb.The prices at which a country's currency can be converted into another's.Other indexes and yardsticks alti indicatori si instrumente de masura;Consumer demand nivelul consumului, cererea consumatorilor;Purchasing power puterea de cumparare;Standard of living nivelul de trai;Population growth cresterea demografica;Birth rate rata natalitatii;
Death rate rata mortalitatii;Life expectancy/expectation speranta de viata.
V. SENTENCES
1. The economy's performance in the last few months has not been encouraging.2. Sluggishness has persisted throughout the year, and most estimates have had to be revised downwards.3. The immediate outlook is gloomy.4. There is a widespread concern over a deepening of the business slowdown.5. Business is at a standstill.6. A devaluation would give exporters a competitive edge.7. The aftermath/ outcome of a devaluation is often a rise in the production costs, prices and wages.8. We are headed for a slump.9. The situation is compounded of inflation and social unrest.10. Stagflation is rampant.11. There are disturbing reports of mounting chaos and widespread lay-offs.12. Unemployment has been inching up all year.13. Beleaguered industrialists are casting about for means of coping with the rash of wildcat strikers.14. The rising tide of inflation will have to be stemmed.15. Unions should be discouraged from speeding up the wage-price spiral.16. If consumer demands levels off or falls, employers will eventually have no alternative than to cut their payrolls.17. The government is now contemplating a wage-freeze.18. Additional measures will have to be taken to reduce inflationary/upward pressures on costs and prices.19. According to the forecasts of experts, household consumption should go up in the next quarter.20. Expectations of an early rebound in the economy have been disappointed.21. Many economists feel that artificially stimulated demand is preferable to slack economy.22. There is no alternative but to spur the lagging economy.23. Some amount of pump-priming will be needed if the country is to be set on its feet again.24. The country now seems on its way to recovery.25. A powerful surge of buying has been developing.26. (The) consumers have gone on a spending spree.27. The revival spreads although the country is still plagued by inflation.
28. Despite official optimism, it is still far from sure that the economy is recovering from its mild recession.29. Retail sales are up only 3% over last year - an actual drop in volume after discounting inflation.30. New incentives to spur capital spending are currently under active/serious consideration.31. There is a need to spur/stimulate employment and consumption.32. The question is: how to retain prosperity curbing/checking inflation.33. Seasonally adjusted unemployment figures tend to suggest that business start-ups have not been so/as numerous as expected.34. Businessmen have been loath to use the credit already available.35. With interest rates falling, hot money will flow to other areas/regions.36. Confidence cannot be restored overnight.37. The business slowdown is causing serious concern in government circles.38. The Gross National Product (GNP) has increased (by) 5.25%.39. The Xmas (i.e. Christmas - n.red.) buying spree should not be mistaken for a genuine recovery.40. Production is down 4.5% on last year
