daSnakTa partiis ideebisa da politikuri programis propaganda ara marto leos naSromebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramed misi gavlena sxvadasxva dros, met-naklebi intensivobiT mTel somxur istoriografiasac daetyo. daSnakTa ideebis dominirebas XX s. somxur istoriografiaSi ki mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda gasabWoebuli ruseTis kavkasiuri politikac, romlis strategiuli amocanebi samxreT kavkasiaSi, faqtobrivad, igive rCeboda, rac carizmis dros iyo. Zveli rusuli koloniuri politika amjerad ukve, formalurad mainc, demokratiisa da socializmis samoselSi gamoewyo, ramac meti siverage SesZina mis batonobas kavkasiaSi. misi wyalobiT, gasabWoebis pirvel welsve saqarTvelom Tavisi teritoriis meoTxedze meti dakarga (93 aTasidan 70 aTas kvadratul kilometramde Semcirda), romelic TurqeTze, azerbaijansa da somxeTze gadanawilda. is, rac somxeTis daSnakurma mTavrobam ingliselTa daxmarebiTac ki ver SeZlo, lores neitraluri zona, 1921 w. 7 ivliss stalinma kavbiuros xeliT somxeTs gadasca. kvlavac grZeldeboda da kidevac farTovdeboda demografiuli agresiis politika saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, sadac mTavari rolis Sesruleba isev somex migrantebs ekisrebodaT. bolSevikuri imperiis politikiT waxalisebuli somxeTis mmarTveli wreebi sasazRvro gamijvnis dasrulebis Semdegac ganagrZobdnen usafuZvlo teritoriuli pretenziebis wamoyenebas. Llores yofili neitraluri zonis miRebidan sul ramdenime TveSi maT axla borCalos sakiTxi dasves. proeqtis Cavardnis Semdeg ukve centralur mTavrobas saqarTvelos administraciul dayofaSi TavisTvis sasargeblo cvlilebebis Setana mosTxoves, kerZod, axalqalaqisa da borCalos mazrebis gaerTianeba, raTa momavalSi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sababiT is somxeTisaTvis mieerTebinaT. roca am proeqtzec uari eTqvaT, daSnakTa ideebis mimdevarma politikosebma yarai-Siraqis veils somxebiT dasaxlebis gegma wamoayenes mebambeobis meurneobis mowyobis sababiT, rac, TiTqos, ruseTis safeiqro mrewvelobis interesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. bolos ki somxurma mxarem 1925 w. sruliad Riad da SeuniRbavad pretenzia wamoayena axalqalaqis raionze, moiTxova ra javaxeTisTvis avtonomiis miniWeba da saqarTvelosgan misi gamoyofa1. saqarTvelos miwa-wylis mitacebis somexTa es gauTavebeli cdebi, ra Tqma unda, emyareboda rogorc centraluri mTavrobis Semrigeblur damokidebulebas maTi pretenziebis mimarT, ise samxreT kavkasiaSi somexTaTvis xelovnurad Seqmnil xelsayrel
demografiul situacias. lores e. w. neitraluri zonis somxeTisaTvis uceremoniod gadacemiT, xolo azerbaijanisaTvis zaqaTalis olqis, eldarisa da daviT garejis velisa Tu sxva miwawylis daTmobiT bolSevikurma xelisuflebam dausabuTebeli pretenziebis dakmayofilebis precedenti Seqmna, ramac, bunebrivia, gza gauxsna SemdgomSic msgavs usamarTlo pretenziebs. Amas garda, carizmisa da bolSevikuri ruseTis moxeleTa didi mecadineobiT samxreT kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvris mTel perimetrze, somxuri mosaxleobis siWarbis Seqmnac, somex politikosebsa da saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul somxur mosaxleobas droebiT dakavebuli teritoriebis misakuTrebisa da mosazRvre somxeTTan mierTebis TavSeukavebel survilsac aRuZravda. amgvari ganwyobilebis ganviTarebas isic uwyobda xels, rom qveynis ganapira mxareebSi ucxoeTnikuri kompaqturi dasaxlebebisa da afxazuri da osuri avtonomiebis xelovnurad SeqmniT, centralurma mTavrobam saqarTvelo ucxoeTnikuri masebis alyaSi moaqcia, riTac misi istoriuli sazRvrebi praqtikulad waSala da mis teritoriul sxeulze qirurgiuli eqsperimentebi sajarod nebadarTuli gaxada2. yvelaferi es erTad ki, qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdegobis Zalas, cxadia, mniSvnelovnad asustebda. amitomacaa, rom daSnakTa partiisa da misi momxreebis cdebs saqarTvelos teritoriis xarjze e. w. `didi somxeTis~ Seqmnis idea TandaTan praqtikuli moqmedebis gegmad eqciaT, faqtobrivad, bolo ar uCanda. XX s. 20-ian wlebSi qarTuli teritoriebis misataceblad wamoyenebuli somxuri mxaris argumentebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, radganac maT mier miTiTebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri geografiuli da sxva, Tundac, politikuri faqtorebi, maTive survilis sawinaaRmdegod, qarTuli mxaris sasargeblod metyvelebda da somexTa pretenziebis usafuZvlobas cxadyofda. amitom, xsenebuli politikuri wreebis azriT, amjerad ukve, `didi somxeTis~ ideisaTvis brZolis mTeli simZime, realurad, somxur istoriografias unda etvirTa, romelsac mTeli kavkasiis, kerZod ki, qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis istoria am ideis Sesaferisad unda gaemarTa. aseTi amocanis gadasawyvetad ki, garda m. xorenacidan momdinare mdidari tradiciebisa, mas, rusuli politikis mxardaWeris pirobebSic, sakmao gamocdileba hqonda dagrovili. rusuli koloniuri politikis saameblad XIX saukuneSi dawyebuli Seteva saqarTvelos istoriaze misi mniSvnelobis damcrobisa da gabiabruebis mizniT, XX s. 40-iani wlebidan ukve farTo frontiT, Tanmimdevrul da gegmazomier laSqrobaSi gadaizarda, romelmac saistorio kvlevis, TiTqmis, yvela sfero da dargi moicva. amjerad kvlevis mizani araimdenad saqarTvelos istoriis mniSvnelobis damcroba, ramdenadac daSnakTa mier Sedgenili rukebis (maT Sesaxeb ukve iTqva) mixedviT `didi somxeTis~ Crdilo nawilSi qarTulis nacvlad somxuri civilizaciis nakvalevis dadastureba iyo. aseTi ganwyobileba sruliad Tavisuflad ikiTxeba mTel rig somex mecnierTa im gamokvlevebSi, romlebic exeba somxeTis istoriul geografias, toponomikas, politikur istorias, literaturas, xe- lovnebas da, saerTod, kulturis istorias. saqarTvelos istoriis winaaRmdeg somexTa am axal laSqrobas mZlavri impulsi, tradiciis mixedviT, kvlavac rusuli politikuri da samecniero wreebis warmomadgenelma misca. amjerad Tavi isaxela arqiteqturis mkvlevarma n. tokarskim, romelmac 1946 w. erevanSi somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis institutis grifiT gamosca wigni saTauriT `Zveli somxeTis arqiteqtura~. avtoris TqmiT, misi amocana iyo moeca Zveli somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis zogadi mimoxilva, Tvali gaedevnebina somex xuroTmoZRvarTa SemoqmedebiTi azris ganviTarebisaTvis saukuneTa sigrZeze da gaerkvia rogor xdeboda mravalferovani arqiteqturuli formebis Seqmnis rTul procesSi gamocdilebis urTierTgacvla sazRvargareTis profesiul TanamoZmeebTan3. miuxedavad aseTi xmamaRali gancxadebisa, somexi xalxis mdidarma arqiteqturulma memkvidreobam, avtoris mankieri meTodologiis gamo, rogorc amas savsebiT marTebulad aRniSnavda akad. s. janaSia, Rirseuli asaxva ver pova wignSi4. rac Seexeba n. tokarskis mier TavSive gacxadebul
debulebas SemoqmedebiT procesSi sazRvargareTis profesiul TanamoZmeebTan somex xuroTmoZRvarTa azrisa da gamocdilebis urTierTgacvlis Taobaze, ubralod, deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebs da sinamdvileSi mTeli msjeloba am `gacvlis~ sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli, raTa mkiTxveli ramenairad daarwmunos Znelad dasajerebelSi, rom, TiTqos, yvela ZiriTadi arqiteqturuli forma adgilze, somxeTSi warmoiSva, ris Semdeg is sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda. n. tokarskim Tavis wignSi erTi Tavi mTlianad tao-klarjeTis Zeglebis ganxilvas dauTmo. mezobel qarTul da somxur kulturul samyaroTa Soris SemoqmedebiTi gacvlis faqtebis kvleva, obieqturad, swored am TavSi unda yofiliyo mosalodneli, magram araTu aranairi kulturuli gacvlis xsenebas ar vxvdebiT am ukiduresad tendenciur avtorTan, aramed calmxriv gavlenazec araviTari miniSnebac ki ar SeimCneva. qarTuli arqiteqturisadmi aseTi damokidebulebis mizezi ki isaa, rom s. janaSias zusti gansazRvriT5, n. tokarskis warmosaxviT, mTeli samxreTi saqarTvelo misi mosaxleobiTa da kulturiT ucxoeTnikuri anu somxuri samyaro iyo da amitomac am Zeglebs somxuri arqiteqturis rigSi ganixilavda. mis cdas, tao-klarjeTis Zeglebi mTlianad moewyvita qarTuli arqiteqturisagan da is somxur arqiteqturasTan daekavSirebina, gasagebia, rom ar SeiZleboda warmateba hqonoda. somxuri xuroTmoZRvrebis TiTqmis yvela seriozulma mkvlevarma SeuZleblad cno misi gaziareba6. oficiozTan SeTanxmebuli da mis mierve sanqcionirebuli (amis gareSe ki sabWoTa kavSirSi maSin wigni ar ibeWdeboda), miT umetes, erovnul kulturaTa urTierTobis Temaze Seqmnili naSromis, Tundac TavSekavebuli kritika im dros arc ise advili iyo, radganac is TviT saxelmwifos ideologiuri politikis winaaRmdeg gamosvladac SeiZleboda gagebuliyo. miuxedavad amisa, n. tokarskis `naRvawis~ namdvilad mecnieruli da amasTan gamanadgurebeli kritika mxolod s. janaSiam gabeda. misma didma avtoritetma da gabatonebuli ideologiis dogmebis ostaturad gamoyenebam aiZula xelisufleba dumiliT Sexvedroda istoriuli simarTlis gayalbebis mxilebas, Tumca mis Semdgom gavrceleba-ganviTarebasac zRvari daudo. tokarskis wignis mecnieruli kritika, TavisTavad, did siZneles, miT ufro s. janaSiasTvis arc warmoadgenda, ramdenadac qarTulis garda, berZnul-laTinuri da TviT somxuri wyaroebis cnobebic gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegeboda misi avtoris axirebul tendencias. s. janaSiam Tavis recenziaSi uxvad da efeqturad gamoiyena wyaroTa avTenturi cnobebi da ueWvelobiT cxadyo n. tokarskis araTanamimdevruli da winaaRmdegobebiT savse msjelobis absurduloba. magram gabedulebas saWiroebda ara imdenad istoriuli faqtebis gayalbebis kritika, ramdenadac da upiratesad mankieri tendenciis macocxlebuli fesvebis gaSiSvleba. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom n. tokarskis wignSi gzadagza da gamudmebiT Tavs iCens istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis mecnierebisaTvis uprecedento iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca erTi nacionaluri kulturis ZeglTa didi kompleqsi sxva nacionaluri kul turis Zeglebad saRdeba da erTi qveynis, gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli periodis istoria meore qveynis istoriaze damokidebulad cxaddeba, roca tao-klarjeTis mosaxleoba Tavisi kulturiT somxur-erovnul kulturul samyaroSi gadahyavT da mis paralelurad saerTo qarTuli Segnebis uZvelesi matarebeli svanebi da svaneTi qarTuli erovnul-kulturuli koleqtividan iTiSebian, bunebrivia, rom s. janaSias Sefasebebi Tavis kritikul narkvevSi sul ufro mkacrdeba da bolos, gabedulad amxels n. tokarskis antimecnieruli naSromisa da mTeli am wamowyebis wminda politikur mizandasaxulobas. misi samarTliani daskvniT, `n. tokarskis es gamoxdoma warmoadgens kolonizatorTa da imperialistTa ZvelisZvel hangs axal yaidaze gadaumRereblad~7, riTac Tanadroul sazogadoebas mianiSnebda rusuli politikis ucvlelobaze XIX sdan mokidebuli mis Tanamedroveobamde, romelic aSkarad iyo mimarTuli qarTuli erovnuli Segnebis winaaRmdeg. aseTi gabeduli gamosvla im droisTvis, marTlac rom gmirobis tolfasi iyo.
n. tokarskis es gaxmaurebuli naSromi, romelmac samecniero wreebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba daimsaxura da qarTuli sazogadoebriobis samarTliani aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, ra Tqma unda, emyareboda somxuri istoriografiis im nawilis naRvaws, romelic miznad isaxavda daSnakTa politikuri programis istoriuli sabuTianobiT Semagrebas. maT mier saqarTvelos warsulis tradiciulad somxeTis istoriis nawilad warmodgenas didad uSlida xels XI s. meore naxevris Semdgomi samsaukunenaxevris metad niSandoblivi faqtebi, romelTa mixedviT, kavkasiis istoriis asparezidan gamqrali bagratunTa samefoebis miwebis udidesi nawili qarTuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos farglebSi moeqca. amitomac, XIXIV saukuneebis amierkavkasiis istoriis faqtebisa da movlenebis Sefaseba da wina periodis somxeTis istoriasTan maTi morgeba Tavidanve somex istorikosTa sagangebo yuradRebis sagani gaxda, xolo sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis umetesi nawilis Zalisxmeva ukve, faqtobrivad, am istoriis gadakeTebisaken warimarTa. kvlevis sawyis etapze somex istorikosTa yuradRebis centrSi moeqca istoriuli somxeTis nawilSi umaRlesi qarTuli administraciis warmomadgenelTa, e. i. mxargrZelTa vinaobisa da maTi uflebamosilebis garkveva, ramdenadac maTi genealogiis somxur fesvebTan dakavSirebis an kulturul-politikuri somxobis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, gasagebia, Sesabamisi Sefaseba unda miscemoda erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi Semosuli somxuri nawilis centrTan damokidebulebis xarisxs. sagulisxmoa, rom somxuri istoriografiis ufrosi Taobis bevri warmomadgeneli (m. CamCiani, m. aliSani, e. lalaiani, as. Sahnazariani da sxvebi) maincdamainc ar iCemebda mxargrZelTa somxur warmomavlobas. TviT hakob manandianic, romelTanac, mgoni, pirvelad vxvdebiT termin `zaqarianebs~ mas qurTuli warmoSobisad miiCnevda. XX s. 30 wlebidan somxuri istoriografia mxargrZelTa vinaobis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT, met yuradRebas uTmobs maTi moRvaweobis mniSvnelobis gansazRvras somxeTis istoriaSi, rac uSualod warmoSobda mxargrZelTa kontrolis qveS myofi somxeTis nawilis iuridiuli Tu faqtobrivi politikuri mdgomareobis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis moTxovnilebas, miT umetes, rom saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis nostalgiiT gajerebuli XII-XIII saukuneebis somxuri wyaroebis mier qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebis Taviseburi aRqma mniSvnelovanwilad xels uwyobda realuri viTarebis gverdis avliT sasurveli istoriuli suraTis daxatvas. P pirveli, vinc mxargrZelTa moRvaweoba saqarTvelos somxuri nawilis politikur fizionomias daukavSira da maTdami sammarTvelod mindobili saqarTvelos provinciis damokidebuleba centrTan somxeT-saqarTvelos kavSiramde daiyvana, rogorc ukve iTqva, cnobili istorikosi leo iyo. Tumca am Tvalsazrisis ramdenadme seriozuli argumentebiT Semagreba ar ucdia. somxeTis istoriaSi mxargrZelTa rolisa da mniSvnelobis amgvari gaazrebisaTvis xeli unda Seewyo, agreTve, somxur istoriografiaSi maTi gakeTilSobilebis cdebs. aslan Sahnazarianis azriT, mxargrZelebi ZorogetSi gadmosaxlebuli da gasomxebuli qaldevelebi iyvnen, malaqia ormanianis mixedviT – orbelianebi, xolo karapet ter mkrtiCianis mtkicebiT – bagratunianebi8. prof. leon meliqseT-begi mxargrZelTa warmomavlobaze sakuTar azrs ar gamoTqvams da ZiriTadad msjelobs saqarTvelos somxur nawilSi maT uflebamosilebaze. erTi mxriv igi aRiarebs XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos politikur hegemonias somxeTSi, meore mxriv ki, mxargrZelebs somxuri Temebis faqtobriv baton-patronebad acxadebs da fiqrobs, rom TviTon mxargrZelebs TavianTi Tavi somex mefeTa memkvidreebad miaCndaT9. somxuri istoriografiis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro avtoritetuli mecnieri h. manandiani mxargrZelTa moRvaweobis mTavar Sedegad miiCnevs `somxeTis aRdgenas saqarTvelos suverenitetis qveS~10, e. i. TviT saqarTvelos samefos farglebSi, mis erT-erT vasalur olqad, Tumca am vasalobis xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb araferi aqvs naTqvami.
mxargrZelTa vinaobis, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriaSi maTi rolis Sesaxeb somxuri Tvalsazrisis formirebaze gadamwyveti gavlena, vfiqrob, mainc s. eremianis Sromebma moaxdina. Tavisi Sexeduleba am sakiTxze man jer kidev 1944 w. gamocemul mecnierul-popularul narkvevSi `amirspasalari zaqaria erkainabazuki~ warmoadgina11. zaqarias pirovneba am narkvevSi uzomodaa gandidebuli da Sesabamisad gazviadebulia misi mniSvneloba da roli XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos istoriaSi. igi dawvrilebiT gadmogvcems qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis asparezze zaqaria mxargrZelis dawinaurebis ambavs da misi gavlenis permanentul zrdas Tamar mefis karze. s. eremianis azriT, ramdenadac Tamars, rogorc qals, brZolebSi monawileoba ar SeeZlo, yvela saqmis gadawyveta amirspasalars uxdebodao, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac Tamaris meuRle daviT soslani gardaicvala 1207 w. amis Semdeg ki s. eremianis mtkicebiT, zaqaria mxargrZeli ara marto samxedro da saSinao saqmeebs, aramed Tamaris saxeliT sagareo politikasac uZRvebodao. amitom zaqaria yvelaze gavleniani piri da samefos faqtobrivi gamgebeli iyoo. Tamar mefe da zaqaria xelixelCakidebulni marTavdnen saxelmwifos, roca saqarTvelom Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits miaRwia12. s. eremiani imaze ki aRarafers ambobs, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis saTaveSi mefis Semdeg vaziri – mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli idga, romlis xelqveiTi moxelec swored amirspasalari iyo da am ukanasknels mis gareSe jaris Sekrebac ki ar SeeZlo. aSkaraa, zaqaria mxargrZelis, rogorc pirovnebisa da moRvawis hiperbolizacia s. eremians sWirdeboda somxeTis damoukidebel mmarTvelad zaqarias warmosadgenad. s. eremianisave azriT, somxeTis politikuri damoukideblobis aRdgena zaqarias STaagona misma sulierma moZRvarma mxiTar goSma, romelic saTaveSi edga saxalxo moZraobas da zaqarias ganadidebda xalxis TvalSi13. Amgvar mtkicebulebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, agreTve, mxargrZelTa qarTuli gvar-saxelis somxuri formiT `erkainabazukiT~ moxsenieba, riTac qarTveli mefis didmoxeles somexi xelisuflis elfers aniWebs. niSandoblivia isic, rom qarTul gvar-saxels mxolod zaqarias da ivanes mamis amirspasalar sargisis zedwodebad miiCnevs, rac Turme am ukanasknels TavdadebiTa da simamaciT moupovebia qarTvelTagan. s. eremianis ganmartebiT, Zveli somexi istorikosebi, sargisis mamis zaqarias (e. i. amirspasalar zaqarias papis) saxelis mixedviT, am saxls `zaqarianebs~ uwodebeno. ase, sruliad martivi manipulirebiT qarTuli gvar-saxeli `zaqarianis~ somxuri gvariT Secvala. MmxargrZelTa sxva ganStoebebic, maT Soris gagelebi da Tmogvelebic Sesabamisad, aseve, somxur sagvareuloebad monaTla14. amgvar manipulirebaTa xelovnuroba, romelTac araviTari sayrdeni wyaroebSi ar gaaCniaT, sruliad cxadia. saqme isaa, rom rogorc qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis, ise somxuri da qarTuli epigrafikis cnobebi TanxmobiT mowmobs, rom mxargrZeli gvarsaxeli iyo da ara pirovnuli zedwodeba. ase rom ar yofila, rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs S. mesxia, sargis amirspasalaris zedwodeba ver gadavidoda mis Svilebsa da SviliSvilebze da miT ufro mxargrZelTa meore Stos warmomadgenlebze, varamis STamomavlobaze, iseve, rogorc ar gadasula andria bogoliubskis pirovnuli zedwodeba `bogoliubski~ mis Svil iurize, Tamaris meuRleze, Tu giorgi brwyinvalisa – mis STamomavlobaze da a. S.15. erTaderTi wyaro, sadac sityva `zaqariani~ gvxdeba SeniSnavs S. mesxia, aris vardanis Txzuleba, magram iqac ara zaqarianTa sagvareulos, aramed zaqarias Zis azriT16. am narkvevis gamosvlidan or weliwadSi s. eremiani ukve rusul enaze aqveynebs imave xanis istoriis sakiTxebze gamokvlevas, sadac Tamar mefis saqmros rusi ufliswulis iuris (giorgis) Tavgadasavlis gadmocemasTan erTad XII-XIII ss. qarTuli saxelmwifos moxeleTa Soris somexTa simravlis Cvenebas cdilobs17. misi mtkicebiT, TviTneba didebulebis partikularizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi qarTuli saxelmwifos didi gardamqmneli emyareboda ucxo jarsa da masTan TavSefarebul somex feodalebs18. s. eremianis TqmiT, Tbilisis amirasa da masTan dakavSirebuli meWurWleTuxucesis
nacvlis Tanamdeboba mahkanaberdisa da axpatis mflobel arwrunTa saxlis memkvidreobiT privilegias warmoadgenda. Ufro metic, Tamaris droindel saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucess (1187-1188 ww.) abulasans amirqurd arwrunTan aigivebs da amiT masac asomxebs, xolo misi kvalifikaciiT `somxur-qarTul sasazRvro olqis~ – taiq (tao) da klarjq (qarT. klarjeTis) mmarTvel erisTavs guzan, Tu gazans saqarTveloSi cnobil `guzan taoskarels~ mis mier gasomxebul abulasanis Svilad miiCnevs19. misive TqmiT, Tuki giorgi III saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv asparezze yivCaRebs awinaurebda, Tamari somxebs wyalobda. am politikis Sedegad qveynis mmarTvelobaSi Zmebi dolgorukebi (e. i. mxargrZelebi) gabatondnen da `zaqaria dolgorukma, daCrdila ra daviT soslani, Tavisi marjve da moqnili politikiT SeZlo qveynis faqtobrivi mmarTveli gamxdariyo, Tamari mTlianad aRmoCnda yovlisSemZle Zmebis – zaqaria da ivane dolgorukebis Zalauflebis qveS~20. somxur istoriografiaSi istoriuli simarTlis damaxinjebis am cdebs gzadagza kidevac SevexebiT da qarTuli istoriografiis pozicias maT mimarT mkiTxvels kvlavac gavacnobT, magram samwuxaro isaa, rom 40-iani wlebis dasawyisidanve am dasagmobma tendenciam saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic iCina Tavi da gayalbebul codnaze daamyara mozardi Taobis ganaTleba. 1944 w. erevanSi gamocemuli saSualo skolis istoriis saxelmZRvanelo aseTi damokidebulebis erT-erTi tipuri magaliTia, sadac kidev ufro gamrudebuladaa warmodgenili XIIXIII ss. saqarTvelos istoria21. gasagebia, rom n. tokarskis wignic am saerTo tendenciis uSualo nayofia. amitomac iyo, rom umniSvnelovanesi adgili am `mecnierul naSromSi~ somxuri arqiteqturis istoriis kvlevis sababiT politikuri istoriis sakiTxebze msjelobam daikava, romlis mizani samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriasa da kulturul memkvidreobaze qarTveli xalxis uflebis uaryofa iyo. 40-iani wlebidan dawyebuli somexi istorikosebi, faqtobrivad, erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen qarTulsomxur istoriul urTierTobaTa gamrudebaSi, magram, roca am procesis tonis mimcemi qarTul wyaroebSi kargad gaTviTcnobierebuli s. eremiani gvevlineba, aSkaraa amgvari tendenciis winaswar gamiznuli politikuri Sinaarsic. n. tokarskis wignze samecniero wreebisa da farTo sazogadoebriobis uaryofiTma reaqciam SesaZloa daaCqara kidec `somxuri tendenciis~ gamovlinebis formebis daxvewa da koncefciis farglebSi misi moqceva. yovel SemTxvevaSi, s. eremianis mTel rig naSromebSi 40-iani wlebis bolosa da mis Semdgom periodSic kargad igrZnoba amierkavkasiis istoriis Teoriuli gaazrebis survili. sabWoTa kavSirSi gabatonebuli marqsistuli moZRvrebis ideur da Teoriul safuZvlebs Sefardebuli s. eremianis kavkasiis istoriuli ganviTarebis koncefcia isea agebuli, rom arsebiTad progresis matarebel erTaderT fenomenad Cvens regionSi Zveli da Sua saukuneebis somxeTi unda dausaxos mkiTxvels. aseTi cnobiereba, gasagebia, farTo gasaqans uqmnis tendenciur avtorTa SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebs, ramac somxuri istoriografiis erT mniSvnelovan nawilSi sakmaod Rrmad gaidga fesvebi, miT umetes, rom amgvar fsiqikur ganwyobas ZvelTaganve momdinare tradiciac uwyobda xels. sabWoTa periodis somxur istoriografiaSi Txrobis Cveulebriv normad iqca sakuTari qveynis istoriis gazviadebiT warmosaCenad calkeuli istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis gayalbeba-gadakeTebac. ase magaliTad, somex istorikosTa didi nawili, daaxloebiT imave 40-iani wlebidan mokidebuli, faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod, cdilobs amtkicos, TiTqos, Sua saukuneebSi sagareo urTierTobaTa sferoSica da Sidakavkasiuri politikuri da kulturuli procesebis ganviTarebaSic iniciativa yovelTvis somxeTs epyra, romlis gavlenas emorCilebodnen am regionis danarCeni qveynebi bagratunTa somxuri samefoebis gauqmebamde da mogvianebiTac ki (XII-XIV ss.) saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi myofi somxeTi, Turme, gansakuTrebuli avtonomiuri uflebebiT sargeblobda, ramdenadac maTive azriT, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis im drois uZlieres saqarTvelos centralizebul monarqias, faqtobrivad, somxebi marTavdnen da amitomac
maTi zrunva somxeTis damoukideblobisa da keTildReobisaTvis bunebrivi iyoo. es azri gamosWvivis, rogorc somxeTis istoriis sakiTxebze dawerili calkeuli naSromebis, ise umaRlesi da saSualo saswavlebelTa saxelmZRvaneloebis teqstebis striqonebidan. amosavals Tavisi koncefciisaTvis (anu kavkasiaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebulobis ideis gasamarTleblad) s. eremiani qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTSi uZebnis TiTqos. misi TvalsazrisiT, romelic wamoyenebisTanave ZiriTadad gabatonda somxur istoriografiaSi, Zveli somxeTis (II-I ss.) klasobrivi sazogadoeba monaTmflobeluri iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ar miuRwevia berZnul-romaul klasikur formamde. Semdgomi saukuneebis somxeTis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba ki vi- Tardeboda ara monaTmflobelur urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebis gziT, aramed feodalur urTierTobaTa warmoqmnis mimarTulebiT.A amdenad, Zveli somxeTis monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebisaTvis niSandoblivma sakuTrebis ganviTarebulma formebma adridanve ganapirobes miwis kerZo (feodaluri) sakuTrebis gaCena da eqsploataciis monaTmflobeluri formebidan feodalurze organuli gadasvla, ramac uzrunvelyo qveynis swrafi progresiuli ganviTareba da radganac adrindelma feodalurma urTierTobam somxeTSi upiratesi ganviTareba pova (igulisxmeba) saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, aman Tavidanve gansazRvra somxeTis politikuri da kulturuli iniciativa Sua saukuneebis amierkavkasiaSi. aseTia Zalze mokled s. eremianis koncefciis arsi amierkavkasiis istoriul ganviTarebaze22. s. eremianis mTavari amosavali debuleba Zveli somxeTis klasobrivi sazogadoebis socialuri bunebis Taobaze uSualod ukavSirdeboda 1925-31 ww. warmoebul diskusias, sadac akad. Struvem daamkvidra mosazreba Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis klasobriv sazogadoebaTa monaTmflobelurobaze. 60-ian wlebSi diskusia ganaxlda, romelmac eWvs qveS daayena da, faqtobrivad, uaryo struves Tezisi. 1970 w. gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ I tomSi ukve gadaWriT uaryofili iyo Zveli qarTuli klasobrivi sazogadoebis monaTmflobeluroba. TiTqmis, imavdroulad gamoqveynebul analogiur somxur gamocemaSi ki `somexi xalxis istoria~, t. I s. eremiani da g. sarqisiani kvlavac icavdnen Zveli somxeTis sazogadoebis monaTmflobelurobis Teziss23, rasac ZiriTadad emyareboda s. eremianis Tvalsazrisi kavkasiaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Zveli somxeTis monaTmflobelurobis Tvalsazriss TviT somxur istoriografiaSic ki Tavidanve aRmoaCnda iseTi seriozuli mowinaaRmdege, rogoric iyo gamoCenili somexi istorikosi h. manandiani, s. eremianis koncefcia, aSkaraa, sxva ufro efeqturi argumentebiT Semagrebas iTxovda. KkavkasiaSi somxeTis mowinaveobis Tvalsazrisis momxreebma tradiciuli mxardaWera `ruseTidan miiRes~, ZiriTadad, kavkasiis istoriaze orientirebuli cnobili mecnieris (SemdgomSi ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis, moskovis istoriis institutis direqtori) a. p. novosalcevis saxiT. igi uaryofda ra kavkasiis qveynebSi monaTmflobelur urTierTobaTa arsebobis SesaZleblobas, am regionSi somxeTis mowinaveobis damtkicebas geopolitikuri xasiaTis argumentebiT cdilobda. misi azriT, ramdenadac Zveli civilizaciis raionebTan (mesopotamia, siria, mcire azia, irani) somxeTi teritoriulad ufro axlos imyofeboda, klaswarmoqmnis procesi aq bevrad intensiuri iyo. amitom es procesi ufro adre da intensiurad somxeTSi daiwyo, ramdenadme gvian qarTlSi da sul gvian, ukve, arabTa dapyrobebis win, Zireul albaneTSi24. somxeTi rom teritoriulad da ganviTarebis xasiaTiTac iranTan ufro axlos idga da, faqtobrivad, misi kulturul-politikuri samyaros Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenda, samecniero literaturaSi es sadavod aravis gauxdia. es Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia n. adoncis, h. manandianis, s. eremianis da sxvaTa cnobil naSromebSi. magram amis gamo, misi, rogorc progresis matarebeli qveynis gamorCeulad warmoCena ar unda iyos maincdamainc gamarTlebuli, radganac ZvelaRmosavluri sazogadoebebi aRmavali
tendenciebis ganviTarebas did dabrkolebebs uqmnida. amierkavkasiaSi somxeTis upiratesi ganviTarebis s. eremianisa da a. novoselcevis Tvalsazrisi SesaZloa sayrdens poulobs ukeT Semonaxuli da SedarebiT uxvi cnobebis Semcveli adreuli somxuri originaluri wyaroebidan momdinare STabeWdilebebSi, razec araerT miTiTebas vxvdebiT maT SromebSi. qarTuli wyaroebis Sesabamisi da TanabarmniSvnelovani cnobebi, a. novoselcevis azriT, ufro gviania somxurTan SedarebiT da naklebad asaxavs im epoqas, razec weren maTi avtorebi, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli wyaroebis warmoSobis problema jer kidev ar aris bolomde gadawyvetili. a. novoselcevis es argumenti seriozulad namdvilad ver CaiTvleba, ramdenadac `moqcevaЎ qarTlisaЎs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulebSi didi xania mkvlevrebi amCneven bevrad adreuli (IV-V ss.) xanis saistorio TxzulebaTa fragmentebs. amas garda, amierkavkasiis uZvelesi ganviTarebis suraTis aRdgenis simZime a. novoselcevis naSromebSi dakisrebuli aqvs bibliis teqstebSi Semonaxuli socialur-ekonomikuri Sinaarsis Semcveli terminebis analizs. am mxriv ki, bibliis qarTuli teqstebic somxuris TanabarmniSvnelovan adekvatur yvela termins Seicavs. adrefeodaluri xanis qarTul da somxur wyaroebSi damowmebuli socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis terminebis semantikuri erTgvarovnebisa da feodaluri institutebis didi msgavsebis miuxedavad, feodalizaciis procesi mezobel qveynebSi mainc amJRavnebda xarisxobriv sxvaobas. Tu saqarTveloSi am process Tan sdevda adreklasobrivi sazogadoebis gadmonaSTuri niSnebis likvidacia, somxeTSi maT gacilebiT didxans Semoinaxes Tavi. xolo iseTi umniSvnelovanesi gadmonaSTi, rogoric iyo Temi, feodalur somxeTs bolomde SemorCa, rac Tavis mxriv feodaluri ganviTarebis process mudmivad borkavda. Zveli qarTlisa da misi Tanadrouli arSakiduli somxeTis socialuri viTarebis Sedarebisas akad. d. musxeliSvilma saintereso movlenas miapyro yuradReba: niSandoblivad aRiniSneba feodalur senioriaTa simravle da amdenadve sazogadoebis feodalizaciis meti siRrme qarTlSi somxeTTan SedarebiT. amazeve miuTiTebs, mecnieris azriT, feodaluri ierarqiis ararseboba arSakidul xanaSi da agreTve sasoflo Temis didi sicocxlisunarianoba somxeTSi TviT XVIII s-mde25. ra argumentic ar unda gamoinaxos eremiannovoselcevisTvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad, erTi mainc udavo da cxadia, qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoeba da misi saxelmwifo<Senoba gacilebiT ufro gamZle da sicocxlisunariani<aRmoCnda istoriis gamocdis winaSe, vidre sxva danarCeni amierkavkasiaSi. istoriuli procesis amgvari Sedegi kiTavisTavad cxadyofs ganviTarebis bevrad myari niadagis arsebobas CvenSi mezoblebTan SedarebiT. ase rom, s. eremianis mier dasmuli sakiTxi amierkavkasiis istoriul ganviTarebaSi, erTsaxad, somexTa gansakuTrebuli mowinaveobis Sesaxeb namdvilad gadasaxedia. 1951 w. b. araqelianisa da a. ionnisianis redaqtorebiT rusul enaze erevanSi gamodis s. eremianis xsenebuli koncefciis safuZvelze agebuli ganmazogadebeli naSromi `somexi xalxis istoria (am wignis rukebisa da 17 sruli Tavis avtori s. eremiania), sadac amierkavkasiis istoriis gadmocemisas Zvel da Sua saukuneebis mTel sigrZeze mxolod somxeTis upiratesobis mtkiceba dominirebs, misgan gansxvavebuli da sawinaaRmdego faqtebi ki miCqmaluli an gadakeTebulia. saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis Temac calmxrivadaa gaSuqebuli da mezobeli xalxebis `istoriuli megobrobis~ saxeliT is somxeTis istoriasaa daqvemdebarebuli. erTi sityviT, amierkavkasiis politikuri ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad somxuri saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi da `somxuri fenomenia~ dasaxuli. seriozuli problemebisadmi amgvari antimecnieruli damokidebulebis winaaRmdeg pirvelma xma aRimaRla cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma varlam donduam26. Igi miuTiTebda wignis avtorTa im mavne tendenciaze, romelic Zveli kavkasiis istoriaSi, somexTa garda, sxva binadar tomTa kvals, faqtobrivad, Slida. magaliTad, Zveli aRmosavleTisa da kavkasiis
tomobriv Semadgenlobaze msjelobisas saWiro ganmartebis gareSe subarebis moxsenieba mkiTxvels ver aZlevs masze pozitiur codnas. tomobrivi saxelwodebebis amgvari gamoyenebiT ki masobrivi mkiTxvelis Tvalsawieridan aucileblad qrebian iberebi da sxva eTnikuri warmonaqmnebi. iberiis qveynis lokalizaciac iseTive zogadia da gaugebari, rogorc imdroindeli kavkasiis tomobrivi Semadgenloba. amasTan erTad, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTareba, SeniSnavs v. dondua, demonstrirebulia mxolod somxeTis istoriis aspeqtiT, ris Sedegadac Zveli qarTuli miwebi (gugareTi, karinis da speris olqebi da a. S.) STanTqmulni aRmoCndnen somxeTis istoriis nakadiT. wignSi ubralo cdac ki araa mocemuli eCvenebinaT – romeli miwa romel qveyanas wydeboda da romels uerTdeboda da rodis. ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli istoriuli gamocdileba, kerZod, qarTvelologiuri specialuri literatura. magali- Tad, dumiliT gverdi aqvs avlili wyaros mravalmniSvnelovan Cvenebas imis Taobaze, rom Zv. w. II s. somxeTis sazRvrebi qarTuli miwebis xarjze farTovdeboda da mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebi – pariadris ferdobebi, xorZene da gogarene maT mitacebamde qarTuli miwebi iyo. istoriuli perspeqtivis dacvis aucileblobis gareSe, wignSi isini warmodgenilia, rogorc somxeTis nawilebi. recenzentis aRSfoTebas iwvevs isic, rom karinis olqis saxelwodeba warsulTan misi kavSiris gareSe ucabedad Cndeba III saukunis somxuri qalaqebis ricxvSi, aseve `karinis da speris~ olqebis saxelebi `Sida somxeTis~ olqTa Soris. wignSi gvxvdeba iseTi istoriul-geografiuli gansazRvrebebic, ganagrZobs v. dondua, romlebic aiZuleben mkiTxvels daaskvnas, TiTqos, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari `ZvelTaganve~ ucvlelad gadioda `gugarqis~ CrdiloeTiT (gugareTi, igive gogarene samxreT qarTlSi), ramdenadac is usityvodaa dasaxelebuli `Zveli somxeTis ZiriTadi olqebis~ ricxvSi. sinamdvileSi, wers recenzenti, gugareTi im dros somxuri samefos eqspansiis obieqti iyo da mogvianebiT IV s., somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, kvlav daubrunda danarCen qarTls. somexTa Soris is cnobili iyo `qarTvelTa velis~ `vrac daStis~ saxeliT. es olqi imave somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, qarTveli kaTalikosis iurisdiqcias ganekuTvneboda. arakeTilsindisieradaa gaSuqebuli wignSi I-III ss. Istoriuli movlenebi kavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT I saukunis meore mesamedis ambebi, roca somxeTis samefo taxtze qarTuli samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi isxdnen. s. janaSias dakvirvebiT es dro qarTulsomxur sazRvarze teritoriuli samflobeloebis xelaxali gadanawilebis periodia da, Cans, swored amitomac gverdi aqvs avlili romsa da parTias Soris somxeTisaTvis gaCaRebul did brZolaSi imdroisTvis Zlevamosili iberiis farTo monawileobas. v. dondua mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miapyrobs im niSandobliv faqtzec, rom aTeuli wlebis manZilze iberiis saxelmwifos myarad epyra iniciativa am regionSi, romelic uZlieres romsa da parTias gamostaca. amis Sedegia, rom maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mebrZol politikur ZalTa realuri Tanafardobis safuZvelze iberiis mefeebs Zlevamosili `didi mefis~ saxeliT ganadidebdnen, rac ukve do kumenturadacaa dadasturebuli (mxedvelobaSia armazis bilingva). sarecenzio wignis avtorebs ki saxelganTqmuli iberiis es mefeebi udrood CamoqveiTebuli hyavT romis `dayenebul~ saTakilo rangamde. ase yrud da Seufereblad moixsenieben wignis avtorebi qarTul-somxuri politikuri urTierTobis erTob saintereso da didmniSvnelovani periodis ambebs. mikerZoebisa da gayalbebis faqtebi, TiTqmis, yovel nabijze gvxvdeba am wignSi. ase magaliTad, roca IV s. 60-70-iani wlebis mijnaze brZolas iberiisaTvis romsa da irans Soris am qveynis gavlenis sferoebad gayofa mohyva Sedegad da sparseTis mefe Saburis mier adre devnili saurmagi saqarTveloSi ukan dabrunda, es faqti wignSi isea gadmocemuli, TiTqos, romis molaparakebas ki ara, aramed iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg muSeR mamikonianis gmirul brZolas ganesazRvros saurmagis bedi. amgvaradve
da kidev ufro gamrudebuladaa gaSuqebuli 482 w. vaxtang gorgaslis mier iranis winaaRmdeg organizebuli ajanyeba saqarTveloSi. sarecenzio wignSi faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod naTqvamia, rom vaxtangma daxmarebisaTvis somxebs mimarTa TxovniT, ris pasuxadac somxuri jaris nawili vahan mamikonianisa da saak bagratunis meTaurobiT gaemarTnen vaxtangis dasaxmareblad. brZola warumatebeli aRmoCnda, brZolis velze darCnen saak bagratuni da sxva somxebi, Sewires ra sicocxle moZme qarTveli xalxis Tavisuflebas. erTi sityviT, somex feodalTa nawilis mier qarTveli mefisaTvis aRmoCenili daxmareba wignSi raRac filantropiis gamovlinebad aRiqmeba, rac TiTqos stimuls aZlevda somex mTavarTa brZolas vaxtang gorgaslis jaris SemadgenlobaSi. sinamdvileSi, rogorc amas dawvrilebiT aRwers am movlenebis Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi lazare farpeci, erToblivi brZolis ganmsazRvreli mTavari mizezi saerTo interesebi iyo. ufro metic, sparselTa batonobis pirobebSi somxeTi gacilebiT ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo im dros Cayenebuli, vidre saqarTvelo. mravali aTeuli weli iyo gasuli, rac aRmosavleT somxeTSi sparselebma adgilobrivi samefo xelisufleba gaauqmes (428 w.) da mTlianad da srulad daeuflnen dapyrobil qveyanas. amitomac cnobam saqarTveloSi sparselTa sawinaaRmdegod mowyobili ajanyebis Sesaxeb somxebic aRafrTovana da Tavidanve gverdiT daudgnen ajanyebis meTaurs – vaxtang gorgasals. am movlenis wignSi mocemuli ganmarteba ki mTlianad aufasurebs avTenturi wyaros mniSvnelobas da mxolod pasiur rols akuTvnebs ajanyebis namdvil meTaursa da brZolebis warmmarTvels. wignSi mTlianad miCqmalulia didi qarTveli mefis daviT III kurapalatis mravalmxrivi nayofieri moRvaweobis didi mniSvneloba ara marto qarTul-somxuri urTierTobis, aramed TviT somxeTis istoriisTvisac. Mmxolod erT winadadebaSi misi vinaobis mouxsenieblad naTqvamia, rom `bizantielebma miitaces taiqi (tao), rasac qarTveli mefeebi ver Seurigdnen, radganac Tavi miaCndaT daviT kurapalatis kanonier memkvidreebad~ (gv. 151). sinamdvileSi saqme exeba taoel bagrationTa mTel memkvidreobaze qarTvel mefeTa kanonier uflebas. wignis avtorTa mocemuli formulebiT ki ise gamodis, TiTqos, taos, rogorc qarTvel bagrationTa memkvidreobis nawilis istoria saTaves daviT kurapalatidan iRebdes da ara istoriis siRrmidan. taos istoriuli kuTvnilebis mimarT wignis avtorTa damokidebuleba kidev ufro gamokveTiladaa gamJRavnebuli sxva adgilas, sadac 481 wlis ajanyebasTan dakavSirebiT gvamcnoben, rom somxeTis naxararebma TavianTi ojaxebi da qoneba winaswar Seafares bizantiis momijnave Soreul taiqs. mocemul konteqstSi, marTebulad SeniSnavs v. dondua, mravaltanjuli da maRali kulturis qarTuli qveyana raRac uTvistomo mxared gamoiyureba. aseTi bundovani geografiuli gansazRvrebis gamo ki araspecialists SeiZleba is sadRac gadakargul qveyanadac ki moeCvenos. ase rom, qarTuli istoriuli teritoriebis miCqmalvisa da mexsierebidan amoSlis survili, TiTqmis, yovel nabijze avlens Tavs am tendenciur wignSi. qarTvelTa da somexTa megobrobis mniSvnelobisaTvis fusfusi sailustracio masalis SerCeviT ar xdeba, ris gamoc gauSuqebeli rCeba daviT kurapalatis, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da misi memkvidreebis ganmaTavisuflebeli misia mTel kavkasiasa da kerZod somxeTSi, ris Sesaxebac sakmaod uxv da STambeWdav cnobebs Seicavs swored somxuri wyaroebi. mrude sarkiTaa areklili am wignSi XII-XIII saukuneTa saqarTvelos centralizebuli feodaluri monarqiisa da mis SemadgenlobaSi Sesuli somxeTisa da mTlianad kavkasiis istoriis didmniSvnelovani epoqa. sul raRac 4-5 gverdze gaSlil TxrobaSi saqarTvelo paradoqsul politikur organizmad warmogvidgeba, sadac batonoben da movlenebs warmarTaven am saxelmwifos `mfarvelobaSi~ myofi mezobeli qveynis warmomadgenlebi. Wignis am Tavis qvesaTaurebi, rogoricaa `zaqaridebis gaZliereba~, `zaqariadebis samflobeloebi~, `zaqaridebis vasalebi~ da sxvebi winaswar mowmobs avtorTa daJinebul cdebs, mkiTxvels Caunergon Tamarisdroindeli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZlieres qarTul saxelmwifoSi, kabinetur pirobebSi xelovnurad Seqmnili e. w. `zaqaridTa~ sagvareulos gansakuTrebulobis azri. somexi avtorebi
saqarTvelos somxur samflobeloebSi maT ugvirgino mefeebad gvixataven, ris safuZvelzec somxur miwebs saqarTvelos politikur CarCoebSi moqceul saxelmwifod warmogvidgenen. wignSi vkiTxulobT: XIII s. dasawyisSi yofili somxuri samefoebis _ anisis, taSir-Zoragetisa da sivnieTis teritoriebi zaqaridTa xelSi aRmoCnda mas Semdeg, rac isini Tamar mefem uwyaloba maT. qarTuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali Crdilo somxeTi Sinagani sruli TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobda da qarTveli mefeebic somxuri miwebidan gadasaxadebsac ki ar krebdneno (gv. 164-165). Tavi rom gavaneboT wyaroebis cnobebTan aseT mtkicebulebaTa srul Seusabamobas, `keTili nebiTa~ da `megobrobis~ mizeziT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis mopoveba, vfiqrob, gauwafi mkiTxvelisTvisac ki Znelad dasajerebeli unda iyos. samagierod, s. eremianis xsenebul naSromebSi mxargrZelTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis gadasinjvam da qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriaSi maTi Rvawlis mniSvnelobis gazviadebam logikurad miiyvanes centralizebuli qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis bunebisa da misi somxuri nawilis politikuri statusis dasmamde, ris Semdeg somxuri istoriografia gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT Seudga am ideis gasamarTleblad sxvadasxva logikuri Tu mecnierebasTan miaxloebuli konstruqciebis Ziebas. MmaT Sesaxeb calke kidev mogviwevs saubari, ris gamoc mxargrZelebze msjelobas amjerad aq SevwyvetT. v. donduas mier recenzirebuli wignis mTavari tendencia saqarTvelos istoriasTan damokidebulebis nawilSi, rogorc vnaxeT, mimarTulia masobrivi mkiTxvelis ara mecnieruli cnobierebis gasafarToeblad, rac amgvari ganmazogadebeli naSromis mTavari amocana unda iyos, aramed gansazRvruli politikuri ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad, rac, vfiqrob, verafriT pasuxobs istoriuli mezoblebis WeSmarit, sasicocxlo interesebs. samwuxarod, politizirebuli istoriis niSnebi, centraluri xelisuflebis mxardaWeris pirobebSi, sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiis kuTvnilebad iqca. sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa megobrobis oficialurad gacxadebuli ideologiis fonze mTavrobis kavkasiuri politika ukve cinizmis niSnebsac iZenda. erT SemTxvevaSi sruli Tavisufleba hqonda miniWebuli mecnierTa erT koleqtivs nebismieri darRveviTa da mikerZoebiT gaeSuqebina kavkasiis istoria, amavdroulad ki mecnierTa sxva koleqtivs `xalxTa megobrobis saxeliT~ ekrZaleboda simarTlis dacva. MmagaliTad, akad. s. janaSias mier n. tokarskis wignis samarTliani kritika, faqtobrivad, aikrZala, roca misi narkvevi wignis savaWro qselidan male amoiRes, xolo v. donduas kritikuli recenzia masobrivi tiraJiT gamosul wignze mxolod SezRudul tiraJian gamocemaSi Zlivs daibeWda. ufro metic, xelovnebis istoriis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli specialistis giorgi CubinaSvilis metad saintereso wigni `Разыскания по армянской архитектуре, Тбилиси, 1967 г. ara marto ukiduresad SezRuduli tiraJiT (sul 500 c.) ZlivZlivobiT gamoica, aramed arc wignis bazarze misces gasaqani da arsebiTad biblioTekebis Taroebze miajaWves. maSin, rodesac 1968 w. sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvis saministros gamomcemlobam masobrivi tiraJiT (65 aTasi) dabeWda mxargrZelTa gayalbebuli istoriis masalaze agebuli kidev ufro damaxinjebuli da saqarTvelosTvis Seuracxmyofeli g. vermiSevis istoriuli romani `amirspasalari~, rac, gasagebia, istoriul mezoblebs Soris undoblobis gaRvivebis mets, albaT, arc isaxavda miznad. qarTuli mxaris reaqcia amgvar gamocemebze ki, rogorc wesi, maqsimalurad izRudeboda. aseT pirobebSi somex mecnierTa erTi nawili Seuferxeblad da gegmazomierad ganagrZobda saqarTvelos istoriuli Tu amJamindeli samxreTis teritoriebis kalmiT dalaSqvras. aseTi damokidebulebis erT-erTi mkafio magaliTia 1971 wlis gazafxulze somxeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis yovelTviur organoSi `lraberSi~ dabeWdili paruir muradianis werili `braldebiTi formebi saxelobiTSi
somxeTis toponomikis monacemTa mixedviT~, romelic gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva kvlevis lingvisturi meTodebis ignor irebaTa da TvalsaCino enobriv faqtebze uxeSi ZaladobiT27. Saqme exeba qarTuli enis normebis mixedviT, qarTveli xalxis mier Seqmnil is-i sufiqsiT nawarmoeb toponimebs: Tbilisi, bolnisi, krwanisi, quTaisi da sxvas. saqarTvelos teritoriaze gavrcelebul am da msgavsi toponimebis mTeli sistema sayovelTao aRiarebiT araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs rogorc lingvisturi, ise istoriuli TvalsazrisiT. muradianma Sekriba is da s-ze daboloebuli somxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli erTob mcirericxovani toponimebi (magaliTad agulis, akanis, alberis, arnis, aksigoms), toponimTa es ori tipi xelovnurad gaaerTiana erT klasSi da yovelgvari mecnieruli argumentaciis gareSe a priori somxuri warmomavlobisad gamoacxada. misi azriT, somxuri toponimebi ar saWiroebs specialur gamokvlevas, aprioriT cnobilia, rom isini somxur niadagze aRmocendnen, samagierod is-i-ze daboloebuli qarTuli toponimebis warmomavloba namdvilad saWiroebs garkvevas. es alogikuri Tezisi daedo safuZvlad p. muradianis mtkicebas, TiTqos, is-iT daboloebuli qarTuli toponimebis udidesi nawili somxuri warmomavlobisaa. magaliTad, misi mtkicebiT, somxuri toponimebia: Tbilisi, bolnisi, krwanisi, manglisi, dmanisi da sxvebi. amgvari toponimebis meore nawili berZnuli warmomavlobisaa: quTaisi, fazisi da mxolod mesame erTob umniSvnelo jgufia qarTuli. esenia nazmnari (magaliTad xerTvisi) da nasaxelari toponimebi: ruisi, daTvisi, sacxenisi...,… sul erTad, eqvsi. p. muradianis am werilis qarTveli recenzentebi aleqsandre oniani da zurab sarjvelaZe sruliad bunebrivad svamen kanonzomier kiTxvas: Tuki avtors (e. i. p. muradians) mxolod toponomikis lingvisturi problemebi aRelvebs, riT unda aixsnas aseTi gansxvavebuli midgoma somxuri da qarTuli toponimebis mimarT? Tu somxuri toponimebis warmomavloba ar saWiroebs mecnierul argumentacias (im dros roca p. muradianis moyvanili arc erTi toponimi ar Seicavs somxur sityvebTan aRmaval gam- Wirvale etimologias), raRatom Cndeba eWvi yvelas mier aRiarebuli qarTuli toponimebis mimarT da raRatom aris saeWvo qarTuli saxelebis qarTuli sawyisis sagangebo dasabuTeba? da piriqiT, Tu SesaZloa qarTuli toponimebis ucxoenovani warmomavlobis mtkiceba, ratom ar Cndeba analogiuri kiTxva somxuri saxelebis mimarT? mecnieruli logikis TvalsazrisiT xom aseTi midgoma savsebiT bunebrivi iqneboda. saqmec is aris, rom mecnierebis moTxovnilebebi, misi kanonebi, misi logika, am SemTxvevaSi p. muradianisaTvis arafers niSnavs imasTan SedarebiT, ramac mas kalami aaRebina xelSi. Amitomac mas ar SeuZlia angariSi gauwios im uaRresad TvalsaCino faqts, rom qarTulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli naTesaobiTi brunvis formebis (isi) saSualebiT toponimebis warmoqmna saerToqarTveluri modelia da sityvaTwarmoqmnis es wesi gamoiyeneboda toponimikaSi jer kidev proqarTul epoqaSi. 1961 w. sabWoTa saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi aRniSnuli modelis 120 toponimze meti aRiricxa (wkadisi, wnisi, yulaRisi, sxvilisi, duisi, bolnisi, samwverisi, taZrisi, yvibisi, zindisi, tirZnisi da sxva mravali). Tu es sia dausaxlebeli punqtebiTa da yvela mikrotoponimiT Seivseboda, gasagebia, maTi ricxvi Seudareblad gaizrdeboda. am fonze ki erTob niSandoblivia, rom is-ze daboloebuli toponimebidan p. muradianma somxeTSi mxolod 32 toponimi Zlivs Semoikriba, rac cxadia, araTu misTvis sasurvel daskvnas waadgeba, aramed, piriqiT, sruliad sawinaaRmdegoze metyvelebs. isiT daboloebul qarTul da somxur toponimTa arsebuli ricxobrivi Tanafardoba, vfiqrob, specialuri lingvisturi kvlevis gareSec aSkaras xdis yvela am toponimTa qarTul warmomavlobas (am Tezisis enaTmecnieruli dasabuTeba ix. aleqsandre onianisa da zurab sarjvelaZis xsenebul statiaSi). mezobeli qveynis toponimebis ase xelaRebiT miTviseba rom ufro didi da praqtikuli amocanebis gadawyvetisaTvis niadagis Semzadebas isaxavs miznad es arc ise Zneli misaxvedria. eWvi araa, swored amgvari cduneba aiZulebda
b-n p. muradians mezobeli teritoriebis saxelebi – dmanisi, bolnisi, manglisi da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisi gauTaveblad ewvalebina, miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanaskneli mainc yvelaze gamWvirvale da damajerebeli qarTuli etimologiis mqone toponomia. mecnieruli kvlevis es gansakuTrebuli meTodi, romelic sruliad Seuferxeblad `sacnaurs xdis~ yoveli umniSvnelovanesi is toriuli faqtis somxur warmomavlobas, b-ma p. muradianma jer kidev maSin gaacno mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, roca mcxeTis jvris qarTuli arqiteqturuli Sedevri somxur arqiteqturas miakuTvna, xolo bizantiis saxelmwifos didi qarTveli moRvawe, yovladwminda RvTismSoblis qarTuli monastris damaarsebeli (1083 w.) petriwonSi, sevastosi da domestikosi grigol bakurianis Ze pirwmindad gaasomxa. MmaT Sesaxeb calke gveqneba saubari, ris gamoc aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. muradianis kvlevis es meTodi sabWoTa somxuri istoriografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel CarCoebSi morgebulad jdeboda da amdenad, is moulodnels arafers Seicavda. sayuradRebo sul sxvaa. muradianis kvlevis interesebiT SemosazRvruli istoriul-geografiuli sivrce saocrad emTxveva daSnakTa partiis politikuri programiT saqarTvelos mimarT wayenebuli teritoriuli pretenziebis sazRvrebs, rac mis Sromebs mecnieruli interesebis miRma ayenebs. Tavisi mizandasaxulobiT am tipis naSromTa rigSi unda ganvixiloT 1978 w. somxuri arqiteqturis Zeglebis seriiT gamosuli da somxeTis mweralTa kavSiris gamomcemloba `sovetakan groRis~ mier dastambuli t. maruTianis wigni `siRrmeTa somxeTi~. wignis saTauri, rogorc vxedavT, ukve winaswar acxadebs mis mier warmodgenili Zeglebis erovnul kuTvnilebas, rac, Turme, somxeTis siRrmeebSi yofila saZiebeli, Tu rogor axerxebs wignis avtori irealuris sinamdviled warmosaxvas, mousminoT qarTuli arqiteqturis istoriis gamoCenil mkvlevars akad. vaxtang beriZes, romelmac tao-klarjeTis Zeglebis Seswavlas kargad cnobili fundamenturi naSromi uZRvna28. misi dakvirvebiT, wignis avtorisaTvis (e. i. t. maruTianisaTvis) ucnobi unda iyos mecnieruli kvlevis meTodebi da naklebad unda erkveodes sakvlevad aRebul saganSi, ris gamoc brmad miyva ra n. tokarskis kvals, manac taos taZrebi somxur ZeglTa wreSi moaqcia. is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTriv arqiteqturul-mxatvrul TaviseburebaTa ganxilvas, e. i. ZeglTa arsSi Cawvdomas, raSic Cveulebriv vlindeba maTi nacionaluri Tavisebureba. Sedarebebi da Sepirispirebebi, romelTac is axdens wmindad diletanturad da saukunovani xandazmulobisaa Tavisi doniT. tokarskis msgavsad t. maruTianic SesaZleblad miiCnevs erovnuli kulturis erTi dargi, am SemTxvevaSi arqiteqtura, ganixilos sxva dargebidan izolirebulad. Mas `aviwydeba~, rom tao-klarjeTSi, istoriul niadagze rom araferi iTqvas, qarTuli iyo ara marto arqiteqtura, aramed mdidari literatura, xelnaweri wignebi, miniatiurebi, monumenturi ferwera, Weduri xelovnebis nawarmoebebi da yvela isini organulad iyvnen dakavSirebulni saukuneTa mTel sigrZeze saqarTvelos erovnuli xelovnebis saerTo ganviTarebiT. avtori mecnierul uvicobasTan erTad, arakeTilsindisierebasac avlens – is mkiTxvels umalavs, rom tao-klarjeTis taZrebis warwerebi (umciresi gamonaklisis garda) mTlianad qarTulia; amasTan, imasac malavs, rom am warwerebSi dasaxelebuli arian qarTveli xuroTmoZRvrebi (magaliTad, ivane morCaisZe iSxanSi) da mSeneblobis xelmZRvanelebi (magaliTad, grigol oSkeli). iq ki, sadac iZulebulia aRiaros, rom tao-klarjeTis ena qarTuli iyo, maSinve Tavis dasacavad mimarTavs (marTalia, ara mis mier Seqmnil) qarTul enaze mosaubre somex qalkedonitTa formulas. maruTianis logikiT, ramdenadac arc ena, arc erovnuli literatura da xelovneba, arc arqiteqturis TvalsaCinod mkafio Tavisebureba ar gansazRvraven nacionalur kuTvnilebas, savsebiT SesaZlebelia mTeli qarTuli kulturis waSla-gauqmeba imiT, rom ubralod is somxur-qalkedonurad gamovacxadoT. v. beriZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, t. maruTianisa da misi msgavsebis nawerebi Zalze uSlian xels qarTuli da somxuri xelovnebis seriozul mkvlevrebs da, ra Tqma unda,
araviTari sargebloba ar moaqvT mravalsaukunovani, mkafiod Taviseburi somxuri arqiteqturisaTvis, romelic sulac ar saWiroebs msgavs `damcvelebs~29. erTaderTi da universaluri argumenti, riTac istoriuli sinamdvilis damaxinjebis moRvaweebi cdiloben samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisa da maTi sabinadro qveynis somxuri samyarosTvis mikuTvnebas aris istoriul procesebSi somex qalkedonitTa rolisa da mniSvnelobis usazRvrod gazvi adeba. ramdenadac es argumenti somxur istoriografiaSi sxvadasxva SemTxvevebsa da viTarebaSi sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba, mogvixdeba masze sagangebod SeCereba. 1905 w. `Византийский Временник~-is XII tomSi daibeWda niko maris werili `Аркаун монгольское название христиан в связи с вопросом об армянах-халкедонитах~, romlis Seqmnasac biZgi misca imave organoSi cota ufro adre lui ptis mier petriwonis tipikonis buqarestis berZnuli redaqciis teqstis gamoqveynebam. Nn. maris yuradReba miipyro teqstis im adgilma, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom `winamdebare tipikoni… daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad da somxurad... xelmowerilia... saTno grigoris da dasavleTis didi domestikosis bakurianis mier, somxuri asoebiT... daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad da somxurad imitom, rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva; amitom saWiroa es tipikoni Sesrulebuli iyos qarTuladac da somxuradac30. tipikonis qarTuli redaqcia am droisaTvis jer kidev ar iyo mikvleuli, ris gamoc n. mars, gasagebia, ufro Rrma da sruli analizis saSualeba ar hqonda. somex qalkedonianTa istoriul sve-bedze dafiqrebul mecnierze, aSkaraa, rom berZnuli redaqciis am cnobam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, ramdenadac es erTgvarad amarTlebda da TiTqos sayrdensac aZlevda mis naCqarev koncefcias somex qalkedonitTa warsulze, romlis Tanaxmadac IX saukunidan somxeTis antiqalkedonianuri eklesiis nacionalizacias somexi qalkedonianebis denacionalizacia mohyva, ramac somex xalxs rogorc ricxobrivad, ise moralurad, didi ziani moutana. Somexi qalkedonianebi gavlenis sferoebis mixedviT erwymodnen erTmorwmune qarTvelebs, berZnebs da sirielebs. am denacionalizaciis procesis wyalobiT iyoo, rom saqarTvelo gamdidrda taosa da klarjeTis uaRresad mwarmoebluri, pirdapir brwyinvale kulturuli SemoqmedebiTi unariT dajildoebuli olqebiT31. Faqtebis gauTvaliswineblobiTa da calmxrivad warmarTuli msjelobiT n. mari istoriuli sinamdvilisaTvis sruliad Seuferebel eTno politikur suraTs gvixatavs, romlis mixedviTac tao-klarjeTis qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi somexi qalkedonianebis denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmni iyo. igi imdenad gaitaca somex qalkedonitTa mis mier Seqmnilma konstruqciam, rom winaaRmdegobebiT moculi teqstis (daiwera berZnulad, qarTulad da somxurad imitom, rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva) cnobebi Tavisi koncefciis Tumca mcire, magram niSandobliv monacemad miiCnia. amgvari damokidebulebis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda, agreTve, ana komninisa da petriwonis monastris tipikonis urTierTsapirispiro Cvenebebis SeTanxmebis survilic, ris gamoc, Cans, gaugebrobaze agebuli sul ramdenime argumenti sakmarisi aRmoCnda, raTa mas vrceli msjeloba gaemarTa da mTeli Teoria Seeqmna somex qalkedonitTa erovnuli Segnebisa da maTi msoflmxedvelobiTi warmodgenebis urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. sakuTari Teoriis tyveobaSi myofma mecnierma Zeglis xsenebul cnobebs misTvis Sesaferisi axsna mouZebna: radgan tipikoni oficialur berZnulTan erTad qarTulad da somxuradac yofila Sesrulebuli, Cans, qarTvelebTan erTad monasterSi somxebic sakmaod yofilan, ra Tqma unda, qalkedonitebi, romlebic am niSniT qarTvelebad arian wodebulnio. tipikonis moTxovnas `qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis codnaze~ isini, cxadia, akmayofilebdnen, magram ufro Zlierni iyvnen somxur mwignobrobaSio. amgvari movlenis dasturad n. mars miaCnda cnoba monastris damaarseblis mier berZnul
oficialur teqstze somxurad xelismowera. xolo grigol bakurianis Zis sruliad gasageb da naTel gancxadebas mis qarTul warmomavlobaze imiT xsnida, rom, TiTqos, grigolis enaze sityva qarTvels wminda kulturuli mniSvneloba hqondao da misi warmodgeniT yvela somexi qalkedoniti aris qarTveli wminda sisxlis qarTvelis Tanasworado. somexi qalkedoniti Tavs qarTvelad imitomac grZnobda, rom warmoSobiT is tao-klarjeTidan iyo, odesRac somxuri, magram XI saukunisaTvis ukve mTlianad gaqarTulebuli raionidan. vin iyvnen am qveynis aborigenebi mocemul momentSi mkvlevars ratomRac ar ainteresebs, Tumca ki mainc aRniSnavs, rom es unda yofiliyo romeliRac lazuri an megruli tomi da iqve ganmartavs: lazebi da megrelebi qarTvelTa moZmeebi ariano. VII s. am qveyanas somxuri saxe hqonda da aq somxuri qalkedonitoba ifurCqnebodao, amave periods ganekuTvneba somxuri monas tris iSxanis ayvavebac, romlis restavrireba VIII-IX ss. Mijnaze moaxdina wminda sabam mxolod ukve qarTuli monastris saxiT. daoblebul somxur nagebobebze, romelTac jer kidev SeinarCunes somxuri saxelebi iSxani, Satberdi, mijnaZori da sxv. Damkvidrdnen qarTveli ber-monazvnebi. am epoqaSi IX-dan da TviT X s.c ki qarTveli ber-monazvnoba garSemortymuli iyo erTmorwmune, magram ucxotomeli somxuri mosaxleobiT. da qarTvelTa politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, Tavis uflebas am qveynisaTvis qarTuli ewodebinaT amyarebdnen imaze, rom eklesiebSi RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze warmoebda. qalkedoniti somxebi amiT TandaTan qarTveldebodnen. 1083 w., roca petriwonis monastery efuZvneboda, tao-klarjeTis somexi qalkedonitebi Tavs ukve namdvil qarTvelebad miiCnevdnen da maT qarTul metyvelebas, bunebrivia, adgilobrivi somxuri sityvebic unda Seewova. asset sityvaTa ricxvs, romelTac qarTul enaSi moqalaqeobrivi ufleba moipoves, miekuTvneboda `tanuteri~ (gv. 22). Semdeg miuTiTebs ra am sityvis xmarebis sxva SemTxvevebs, askvnis, rom am sityvam tao-klarjeTis qarTul enaSi moipova moqalaqeobrivi ufleba. umTavresad amitom, ganmartavs n. mari, vbedav amJamad vamtkico, rom grigol bakuriani, petriwonis qarTul monastris damaarsebeli iyo tao-klarjeTis gaqarTvelebuli somexi qalkedonitebis wridan. statiis bolos n. mari akeTebs metad sayuradRebo SeniSvnas: igi ganmartavs, rom ar miiCnevs warmodgenil Tvalsazriss bolomde da yovelTvis damtkicebulad da misi mizani iyo specialistTa yuradReba miepyro somxuri qalkedonitobis Seswavlis maRal kulturul-istoriul interesze da yvela imaze, rac xels uwyobs an SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mis gaSuqebas32. am SeniSvnis Semdeg mainc, vfiqrob, sruliad aSkaraa, rom n. mars Tavisi Tvalsazrisi somxur qalkedonitobaze mecnierul hipoTezad miaCnda da ara sabolood damtkicebul utyuar WeSmaritebad. marTlac, mis msjelobaSi gamokveTili winaaRmdegobebi da faqtebis zedapiruli analizi cxadad avlens aRniSnul sakiTxze n. maris ganzogadebaTa naCqarev xasiaTs. daviwyoT Tundac imiT, rom qarTuli sakuTari saxeli bakuriani somxuri formis (iani) gvarad miiRo da Tavidanve mcdar safuZvelze aago axali Teoria. tipikonis berZnuli da qarTuli redaqciebis teqstis dasawyisSive sruliad garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom bakuriani grigolis mamis saxeli iyo da ara misi gvari. qarTulSi weria: `romeli ese aRiwera da daemtkica brZanebiTa Cem grigolisiTa, nebiTa RmrTisaЎTa sevastosisa da didisa demestikosisa yovlisa dasavleTisaЎTa, Zisa sanatrelisa erisTavTa mTavrisa bakurianisaЎTa~. Igives imeorebs berZnuli, romelsac n. maric icnobda: `... monasterSi, romelic aRvaSene me grigolma RvTis nebiT sevastosma da mTeli dasavleTis domestikosma, RviZlma Svilma netari bakurianisa, brwyinvale erisTavT-erisTavisa~. tipikonSi bakuriani sxvaganac aris dasaxelebuli grigolis mamad; berZnulSi ikiTxeba: `didi xuTSabaTis patiosansa da wminda dRes aResrulos saxsenebeli netarisa da saxelovanisa mamisa Cuenisa bakurianisa erisTavTaerisTavisa~;
qarTuladac igivea: `dResa didisa xuTSabaTisasa saЈsenebeli aResrulebodis mamisa Cuenisa erisTavT-erisTavisa bakurianisaTўs~. igivea gameorebuli sxvaganac. berZnuli teqstiT: `netari mama Cueni bakuriani~, qarTuliT: `mamisa Cemisa bakurianisaTў s~. akaki SaniZe amasTan dakavSirebiT, agreTve, SeniSnavs, rom bakuriani qarTuli formaa, somxurad ki bakuran iTqmoda33. aSkaraa, n. mari petriwonis tipikonis berZnul redaqciasac jerovnad ar icnobda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas ecodineboda, rom bakuriani am teqstSi sagvareulo saxeli ki ar aris, aramed piris aRmniSvnelia da kerZod grigolis mamis sakuTari saxelia, rac araorazrovnad da naTladaa naCvenebi teqstis kidev erT adgilas: `erT dRes unda moixseniebodes netari mama Cveni bakuriani wmida JamiswirvaSi, xolo meore dRes – misi RviZli Zma xuasrovani, mesame dRes ki amisi Svili da Cemi biZaSvili bakuriani~34. ufro metic, rogorc irkveva, adamianis es sakuTari saxeli qarTlis warCinebulTa saxelebSi, saerTod, ucxo arc manmade yofila. magaliTad, qarTlis moqcevis matianesaTvis dar Tul e. w. did erisTavTa siaSi VIII saukunisaTvis moixsenieba vinme `bakuriani, ZeЎ baldadisi~35. aseve, erTob susti argumentia tao-klarjeTis eTnikur-kulturuli warsulis n. mariseuli suraTis warmosadgenad berZnuli redaqciis cnobaze damyarebuli msjeloba tipikonis somxuri redaqciis SesaZlo arsebobasa da grigolis somxuri xelmoweris Taobaze, gansakuTrebiT im dros, roca Zeglis dedani mkvlevrebs saerTod ar moepovebaT da maT aslebze arian damokidebulni. berZnuli redaqciis ganmarteba tipikonis teqstis somxur enazec Sedgenis saWiroebaze winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia da gaugebari. Amis Sesaxeb s. yauxCiSvili mis mier gamocemuli berZnuli redaqciis kvleviT nawilSi werda: im adgilas, sadac berZnul teqstSi laparakia tipikonis daweris Sesaxeb sams enaze Camatebuli moCans sityva`somxurad~ da `da somxuradac~. am azris siswores is amarTlebs, rom am mTliani winadadebis SuaSi ar Cans dasabuTeba imisa, Tu ratom iyo saWiro daewera `somxuradac~. dasabuTebaSi naTqvamia, `rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva~ da ar Cans, riT aris gamowveuli somxuradac tipikonis daweris saWiroeba. rom sityva `somxurad~ iyos teqstis organuli nawili, maSin unda werebuliyo: `imitom rom am monastris monazonebi qarTvelebi /da somxebi/ arian da ar ician berZnuli kiTxva~36. qarTuli da berZnuli teqstebis Sedarebisas ki s. yauxCiSvili aRniSnavda, rom Tavidan bolomde ise gasdevs wesdebis mTel teqsts mTavari debuleba: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT~ an “qarTvelni arian da ar ician berZnuli wakiTxva (da es aris ara marto qarTuli redaqciis teqstSi, aramed berZnulSic) – ise gasdevs es wiTeli zoliviT, rom tipikonis teqstis qarTuli redaqcia SegviZlia miviCnioT pirvel-dednad37. qarTul redaqciaSi ki, rogorc aRiniSna, cnoba somxuri redaqciis arsebobisa da grigolis mier somxuri asoebiT xelmoweraze ar moipoveba. damajereblobasaa moklebuli, agreTve, n. maris mtkiceba, TiTqos, monasterSi qalkedoniti somxebic iyvnen, romlebic wesdebis somxur teqsts saWiroebdneno. Tu aseT azrs dauSvebT, maSin irRveva wesdebis moTxovna qarTuli wera-kiTxvisa da enis codnaze, xolo Tu zogierTebs, romlebic qarTuls ukve flobdnen, magram somxuri ufro emarjvebodaT, rogorc amas n. mari ganmartavs, mxolod am mizeziT somxuri teqstis Sedgena namdvilad gaumarTlebeli Cans. Sors rom aRar wavideT da grigol bakurianis Zis mier monastrisaTvis `didi xarjis gaRebiT~ Sewiruli wignebis sakmaod grZel sias gadavavloT Tvali, iq verc erT somxur wigns ver mivagnebT qarTuli da berZnuli wignebis garda. monasterSi rom qarTvelebis gverdiT Tundac maTi erTmorwmune somxebi yofiliyvnen, anda TviT grigol bakurianis Ze warmoSobiT somexi yofiliyo, romelsac Turme somxuri ufro exerxeboda, rogor davijeroT, erTi somxuri wigni mainc ar daedo monastrisaTvis sakuTari xarjiT Seqmnil biblioTekaSi? aSkaraa, somxuri wignis momxmarebeli petriwonis monasterSi aravin iyo da arc aravin eloda, rom momavalSi
mainc aseTi saWiroeba gaCeniliyo, radganac wesdeba qarTvelis garda, ucxo warmomavlobis monazvnebis mosvlas principulad gamoricxavda. grigol bakurianis Zis warmomavlobisa Tu tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis gansazRvrisaTvis Zalze Znelia argumentis mniSvneloba mieniWos ZeglSi moxseniebul somxur sityva `tanuters~, ris saSualebiTac, agreTve, cdilobs n. mari mis mierve dasmuli problemis gadaWras. jer erTi, rogorc es akaki SaniZem dokumenturad daadastura petriwonis monastris tipikonis berZnul teqstSi naxmari `tanuteri~ uadgiloa, ramdenadac is mekuWnavis magieradaa gamoyenebuli maSin, rodesac am somxur sityvas qarTulSi da somxurSic xelisufalis mniSvneloba aqvs. cxadia, pirvandeli teqsti gadakeTebulia da iq arsebuli mekuWnavis aRsaniSnavi kelari Tu ostigani qarTulSi xmarebuli somxuri sityviTaa Secvlili Sinaarsis damaxinjebis xarjze. ase rom, sityva `tanuteri~, romelsac n. mari ase did mniSvnelobas aniWebda, tipikonis teqstebSi, Tavdapirvelad saerTod, arc yofila. rac Seexeba qarTul enaSi somxuri sityvebis gamoyenebas, iseve rogorc qarTuli sityvebisa somxurSi, gansakuTrebiT calkeuli SemTxvevebisas, mxaris eTnikuri saxis warmosaCenad ar SeiZleba didi mniSvneloba mieniWos, radganac aseTi viTareba mezobelTa xangrZlivi urTierTobisa da enobrivi kon taqtebis sruliad bunebrivi Sedegia. saTanado magaliTebi sakmaod bevria da specialistebisaTvis kargad cnobili. moviyvanT ramdenime maTgans. a. SaniZe asaxelebs megrul-lazuri sityvebis damkvidrebis SemTxvevebs somxurSi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT gamohyofs sityva Wanjs (buzi), romelic uZveles somxur teqstebSi gvxvdeba. aseve Zvelia lazuri jinj Ziridan nawarmoebi sityvebi somxurSi38. somxeTSi da saerTod amierkavkasiis xalxTa enebSi specialistebi qarTulidan Sesulad Tvlian sameurneo daniSnulebis iseT uZveles terminebs, rogoricaa Toxi, bari, oCxari da sxv. ase rom, somxeTis mezobel tao-klarjeTSi zogierTi somxuri terminis, maT Soris `tanuteris~ xmareba gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis movlenad ver CaiTvleba. erTaderTi pirdapiri cnoba, romelic grigol bakurianis Zes somxur warmomavlobas miawers ana komnenes `aleqsiada~-dan iRebs saTaves. anas TqmiT, grigol bakurianis Ze `warmoSobiT somxis warCinebuli gvarisa iyo~. imperatoris qaliSvilis am cnobas gadaWriT ewinaaRmdegebian berZnul-bizantiuri, somxuri da, cxadia, qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi, romelTa mixedviT grigol bakurianis Ze warmoSobiT iyo `iberTa brwyinvale gvaridan~. rogorc vxedavT, istoriuli wyaroebi adamianis warmomavlobas gvar-tomisadmi misi kuTvnilebiT gansazRvravs. miuxedavad amisa, n. mars misaRebad da unaklod mxolod ana komnenes cnoba miaCnia, sxva danarCenis analogiuri principiT gadmocemul cnobas ki sarwmunoebriv moments ukavSirebs da kulturul mniSvnelobas miawers. ase rom, sarwmunoebisa da erovnebis urTierTSesabamisobis mis mierve gacxadebul princips, rasac safuZvlad udebs tao-klarjeTis eTnikur-kulturuli saxis gansazRvras, TviTonve yovelTvis ar icavs. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi, kerZod somexTa Segnebis simyaris saCveneblad, sarwmunoeba ver Slida erovnebas, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, roca qarTuli taoklarjeTi somxurad unda moenaTla, sarwmunoeba Slis erovnebas. ratom aris, rom petriwonis monastris tipikonis `qarTvels~ kulturuli mniSvneloba hqonda, ana komnenes ki ara? am kiTxvaze pasuxs n. mari ar iZleva. marto sarwmunoeba rom ver waSlida erovnebas, amas TviT n. maris mier moyvanili magaliTebic mowmoben, romelTa mixedviT berZnul eklesiaSi, berZnul enaze mlocveli da mwirvel-mgalobeli marTlmadidebeli somxebi, maris Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, berZnebad da romaelebad ki ar iwodebian, aramed somxebad, rasac eWvmiutaneblad adastureben amotvifruli warwerebi, magaliTad `AсмЭнЯпs рсеьвэфесos~ da sxv.39 ana komnene, ra Tqma unda, cdeba, roca grigol bakurianis Zes somxad miiCnevs. igi cdeboda iseve, rogorc araerTi berZeni avtori Semcdara bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTvelebisa da somxebis erovnuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxSi. Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi unda mosvloda Secdoma imperatoris qaliSvils, saintereso dakvirvebas warmogvidgens a. bogveraZe: ana sul sami wlisa iyo, roca grigoli daiRupa, xolo `aleqsiada~ sibereSi dauweria. anam is ki icoda, rom es
kaci `aRmosavleli~ iyo da somxeTSi didxans namsaxuri da ra gasakvirvelia amis mere, Tu somxadve CaTvala. anas is rom scodnoda, grigol bakurianis Zes Tavis brwyinvale qarTuli warmoSobiT Tavi mohqonda, rom qarTul saqmes is bizantiaSic ar iviwyebda (aTonis qarTvelTa monasterze mzrunveloba, petriwonis qarTuli monastris daarseba), rom `tomiT qarTvelad~ miaCnda es kaci TviT anas Tanamedrove somex istorikossac (maTeos urhaecis), gana oriode sityviT ityoda, somexi iyoo da amis mizezs saTanadod ar ganmartavda? anas is mainc rom scodnoda, rom grigoli taos erisTavTerisTavis bakurianis Svili iyo, im taosi, romelsac bizantiis samefo kari anamde sami saukuniT adre uciloblad iberiad scnobda da mis mosaxleobas iberielebad miiCnevda (marto konstantine porfirogenetis Txzuleba rad Rirs), ase erTi kalmis mosmiT grigol bakurianis Zes somxad gamoacxadebda? ra sakvirvelia ara.40 rogorc vxedavT, saeWvo sabuTianobis safuZvelze miRebuli urTierTgamomricxveli daskvnebis mTeli wyeba naTlad warmoaCens n. maris msjelobis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. mis mier daxatuli IX-XI ss. tao-klarjeTis eTnokulturuli suraTi ara marto daujerebelia, aramed, zogjer kuriozul Seferilobasac iRebs. n. mari rom gvarwmunebs, qarTuli tao-klarjeTi Tavisi brwyinvale kulturiT, romlis dominanti maRalganviTarebuli qarTuli ena da qarTuli mwerloba iyo, somexi qalkedonitebis denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmniao, e. i. im somxebisa, romelTac jer kidev XI s. bolos mSobliuri somxuri ufro emarjvebodaT, gana ra Zalas SeeZlo iseTi saswaulis moxdena, rom isini erTbaSad brwyinvale qarTuli kulturis Semoqmedni gamxdariyvnen? Tuki n. maris warmodgeniT, XI s. gasuls tao-klarjeTi, Tundac qarTvelTa erTmorwmune kompaqturi somxuri masebiT yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, nuTu masTan SedarebiT erTi muWa qarTveli ber-monazvnebis moRvaweobas SeeZlo mTeli qveynis eTnokulturuli suraTis ise Secvla, rom qarTvelTa politikuri batonobac uzrunvelyo? amgvari absurduli situaciis dajereba xom SeuZlebelia. da miT ufro gasakviria n. marisagan yovelgvar saR azrs moklebuli aseTi msjeloba. n. maris maRali samecniero avtoritetis gamo misi Teoria qarTul kulturaSi somexi qalkedonitebis rolis Sesaxeb, erTxans farTod gavrcelda. gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aitaces igi somexma mkvlevrebma, miiCnies ra somxuri geopolitikuri amocanebis gadaWris erT-erT efeqtur saSualebad. albaT, amitomacaa, rom somxuri istoriografia dRemde (e. i. mTeli saukune) Seunelebeli energiiT cdilobs uamravi wylulebisagan n. maris Teoriis gadarCenas. tipikonis teqstis qarTuli aslis aRmoCenisa da ak. SaniZis mier misi gamoqveynebis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda grigol bakurianis Zis problematikasTan dakavSirebuli yvela sakiTxis gacilebiT Rrmad da srulad Seswavla, ramac n. maris Teoriis mowinaaRmdegeTa ricxvi mecnierTa samyaroSi Seudareblad gazarda. ucxoel mecnierTa im ricxvs, romlebic Tavidanve iziarebdnen grigol bakurianis Zis qarTvelobas rogorc warmoSobiT, ise sarwmunoebiT (p. bezobrazovi, l. pti , i. ivanovi, a. protiCi, e. honigmani, v. lazarevi da sxv.), daemataT a. kostovi, a. kostova, d. kazarovi, g. cankova-petkova, i. lubarski, a. vasilievi, m. ivanovi, g. ostrogorski, a. kaJdani, e. bakalova, m. deriberi da sxva mravali (maTi Sromebi ix. l. menabdis wignSi “Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi@~, II, Tbilisi, 1980). garda imisa, rom qarTuli teqsti ucvleladaa gadmowerili dednidan da kargadaa Senaxuli da amdenad, didi upiratesoba aqvs berZnulTan SedarebiT, is imavdroulad qarTuli saliteraturo enis brwyinvale Zeglicaa. niSandoblivia agreTve, rom ZeglSi aqa-iq SemorCenili meditaciur-lirikuli wiaRsvlebi mkvlevrebs safuZvels aZlevs teqstis literaturul avtoradac grigol bakurianis Ze miiCnion41, rac TavisTavad seriozuli argumentia Zeglisa da misi avtoris warmomavlobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebis gasarkvevadac.
dasadastureblad el. cagareiSvilis mier moyvanili uamravi sailustracio masala rogorc adrindeli, ise mogviano xanis somxuri werilobiTi Zeglebidan srul ndobas imsaxurebs da maT marTebulebaSi eWvis Sesatanad iotis odena adgilic ar rCeba. somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi am sakiTxze arsebuli gamokveTilad erTmniSvnelovani uxvi masalis arsebobis miuxedavad, p. muradiani sakamaTod xdis qarTvelTa aRmniSvneli somxuri terminis `veriaciq~- is da qarTvelTa qveynis `veria~-s mniSvnelobas. aristakes lastivertcis Txzulebis qarTuli Targmanis gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebiT daweril recenziaSi p. muradiani sayvedurobs el. cagareiSvils somxuri teqstis `veriaciq~-is qarTvelebad Targmnis gamo. misi azriT, Zeglis avtori qarTvelis eTnikuri cnebis gadmosacemad Tanamimdevrulad iyenebs termin `vraci~-so, amitom terminebi `veriaci~ da `vraci~ realurad identurni ar ariano. terminebis `veriaciq~ – `veriacvoc~, ganagrZobs p. muradiani, fuZea veria anu qveyana veria. a. lastivertcis mier aRwerili movlenebi ki viTardeboda im teritoriaze, romelic davit kurapalatis sikvdilis Semdeg Seadgenda bizantiur axal administraciul erTeuls – Tem iverias. a. lastivertci ki mogviTxrobs `afxazis~ anu giorgi I-is mier am Temis teritoriaze Sekrebili jaris marcxze. amdenad saubaria iveriis Temis mosaxleobaze – iverielebze, terminis axlebur gagebaze da ara qarTvelebze, ramdenadac qarTvelTa garda Temis mosaxleobas Seadgendnen somxebic da berZnebic. `veria – es Tema iveriaa~45 jer erTi, rogorc TviT p. muradianisTvisac kargadaa cnobili, lastivertcis Txzulebis sxva gamomcemel-mTargmnelebsac, maT Soris somxuri kritikuli teqstis gamomcemel karen iuzbaSiansac `virq~ da `veriaci~ identur eTnikur terminebad miaCnia, ris gamoc a. lastivertcis istoriis rusuli Targmanis gamocemis saZiebelSi ganmartavs `Грузия см. Иверия~, xolo `veriaciq~ xsenebul konkretul SemTxvevaSi qarTvelTa eTnikurobis aRmniSvnelad da ara e. w. `iberiis Temis~ mcxovrebTa zogad maCveneblad Tvlis46. amave Zeglis axal somxur enaze Targmnili teqstis gamocemaSi eTnikuri termini `veriaci~ qarTvelad aris Targmnili (vrac zorqer – qarTvelTa jarebi), masze darTul komentarSi ki ganmartebulia, rom somxur mwerlobaSi saqarTvelos ewodeba ara mxolod `virq~, aramed agreTve `veria~, `iveria~, xolo qarTvelebs – `iveraciq~, `veriaciq~. a. lastivertci wers: `virq~, `vrac~, aq ki `veriacvoc~47. am CvenebaTa sawinaaRmdegod p. muradians ra axali masala eguleba arsaidan Cans, qarTvelebis sinonimuri terminebiT moxsenieba ki ar aris uCveulo somxuri wyaroebisaTvis. qarTvelebis msgavsad isini sxva xalxebsac ramdenime sinonimuri terminiT ixsenieben. magaliTad, TviT `somxebis aRsaniSnavad iyeneben `haika zavak~, `haika tohm~, `hai azgav~, berZnebisa `horom azg~, `azgav Join~ da sxv. amitom `veriaci~ aristakes lastivertcisTan, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, niSnavs `qarTvels~ da ara `iberiis Temis~ mcxovrebs. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad el. cagareiSvils mohyavs mTeli rigi amonawerebi werilobiTi wyaroebidan, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad adasturebs p. muradianis mier dasaxelebuli giorgi I-is jaris qarTulobas. qarTul wyaroebSi es jari `spani qarTvelTad~ iwodeba, xolo somxurSi – `zorq veriacvoc~ an `zorq vrac~, e. i. qarTvelTa jarebi. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom somxur wyaroebSi, romlebSic XI s. pirveli naxevris ambebia aRwerili, garkveviTaa erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, vTqvaT, `somexTa jari~, `qarTvelTa jari~ an erTad aris naxsenebi `jari somexTa da qarTvelTa~, `jari berZenTa, somexTa da qarTvelTa~. cxadia, a. lastivertcisTan moxseniebuli `veriaci~ konkretuli mniSvnelobisaa, eTnikur termins warmoadgens da `veriacvoc zorq~ igivea, rac sxva somxur wyaroTa `zorq vrac~, arabuli wyaros `afxazTa laSqari~, berZnuli wyaros `abazgebis jari~, qarTul wyaroTa `spani qarTvelTa~, e. i. giorgi I-is jari. ase rom, `veria~ fuZiani terminebis, kerZod ki termin “veriacis” muradianiseul “axlebur” gagebaze msjeloba sruliad uadgilo da usafuZvloa. niSandoblivia, rom jer kidev VIII s. somexma istorikosma levondma kargad icoda `veria~ fuZiani sityvebis mniSvneloba, romlisTvisac `i veria~ iyo `virq~-i anu qarTli48.
p. muradianis kvals gahyva da Semdgom gaafarTova Tavisi winamorbedis `axleburi~ gageba v. aruTinova-fidanianma. 1978 w. erevanSi mis mier gamocemul grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis berZnulidan naTargmn rusul teqstSi yvelgan SeinarCuna da uTargmneli datova qarTvelis aRmniSvneli berZnuli saxeli `ivir~-i, riTac, cxadia, Seecada am sityvaSi, misi namdvili mniSvnelobis `qarTvelis~ nacvlad, gaqarTvelebis gzaze damdgari somexi qalkedonelis Sinaarsi Caedo, rogorc amas Tavis recenziaSi SeniSnavda akaki SaniZe. qarTveli mecnieris gakvirvebas isic iwvevda, rom sityva `ivir~-idan nawarmoeb berZnul zedsarTav saxels Targmnida `qarTulis~ meSveobiT, roca saqme exeboda wignebs an weras. magaliTad, qarTuli wera-kiTxvis mcodne berebi, qarTuli oTxTavi da sxv49. amgvari orgvari damokidebuleba sityva `ivir~-Tan anu ormagi standartiT midgoma sakvlevi obieqtisadmi, vfiqrob, mTlianad amJRavnebs avtoris winaswarganzraxul miznebs, romlisTvisac obieqturi mecnieruli kvleva, ubralod, mizanSeuwoneli xdeba. qarTvelis aRmniSvneli somxuri wyaroebis termin `vraci azgav~-is (gvarad qarTveli) mimarTac msgavsi damokidebulebaa gabatonebuli, xsenebul avtorebTan erTad, TiTqmis mTel somxur istoriografiaSi, romelTa mtkicebiT, es termini (`azgav~ – gvari, tomi, naTesavi) niSnavs ara warmoSobiT qarTvels, aramed somex qalkedonels. somxuri werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa umarTebulo analiziTa da interpretaciiT xsenebul avtorebs SesaZleblad esaxebaT `vraci azgav~-iTac moxseniebul qarTvel moRvaweTa _ ioane Tornikesa da misi naTesavebis, grigol bakurianis Zis, lipartis, ratis da zviadis, zaqaria valaSkertelisa da sxvaTa eTnikuri warmomavlobis waSla, masTan erTad ki aTonisa da petriwonis qarTuli monastrebis istoriis, tao-klarjeTis, zemo da qvemo qarTlis istoriuli geografiis, am mxareTa eTnikuri Semadgenlobisa da politikuri viTarebis maTTvis sasurvelad gadakeTeba da sxv. maSin rodesac `azg~-iT sarwmunobisa, xolo eTnikuri terminiT `vraci azgav~-iT (tomiT, gvarad, naTesaviT qarTveli) somex qalkedonelTa aRniSvnis SemTxvevebSi somxur werilobiT wyaroebSi saerTod ar dasturdeba. Sua saukuneebis somex istorikosTa SromebSi dadasturebuli xsenebuli terminebi da maTi sinonimebis Semcveli sityvebi yovelTvis ama Tu im pirovnebis warmomavlobaze, nacionalobaze miuTiTebs da arasdros ar niSnavs qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis mimdevar somexs. xsenebul somex avtorTa mtkicebulebaTa sawinaaRmdegod, eTnikuri terminiT sarwmunoebis aRniSvnis saWiroeba arc adreul periodSi da arc Semdeg somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi ar Seqmnila. iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgens eTnikuri termini `vraci~ (qarTveli), romelic gviandel xanaSi zogjer qarTuli kulturis adamianis aRsaniSnavadac gamoiyeneboda calkeuli avtorebis mier. eTnikurobis aRmniSvneli terminebi somxur wyaroebSi mkafiodaa gamijnuli sarwmunoebis gamomxatveli terminebisagan. am ukanasknelTa aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia specialuri terminebi: `kronq~ (rjuli), `havat~ (sarwmunoeba), `uxt~ (aRTqma), `avanduTivn~ aRmsarebloba) da sxva. qalkedonuri aRmsareblobis da TviT qalkedonelis aRsaniSnavadac specialuri terminebia daculi somxur werilobiT ZeglebSi: `qaRkedoni havat~ – qalkedonis aRmsarebloba, `erkabnak~ – orbunebiani, `qaRkedonik~ – qalkedoneli da sxvebi. agreTve `kronq vrac~ – qarTvelTa rjuli. aSkaraa, rom religiur-konfesionaluri terminebis simravlisas sarwmunoebis mniSvnelobiT eTnikuri terminebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba arc arsebobda50. amitom v. aruTinova-fidanianis, p. muradianisa da sxvaTa mier eTnikuri terminis `vraci azgav~- isTvis konfesiuri mniSvnelobis miniWebis cdebi sxva araferia, Tu ara faqtebze winaswarganzraxuli aSkara Zaladoba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba termin `vraci azgav~-is mimarT, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris. is didi sizustiT gamoscems am terminiT dasaxelebuli piris eTnikur armomavlobas, ris gamoc somxuri terminebis SinaarsSi kargad gaTviTcnobierebuli
maTeos urhaecis mier grigol bakurianis Zis warmomavlobis am sityviT aRniSvna yovelgvar mniSvnelobas ukargavs ana komnenes cnobas imperiis didmoxelis erovnul kuTvnilebaze. es ki ara marto ewinaaRmdegeba somxur qalkedonizmze n. marisa da misi Teoriis mxurvale damcvelebis pozicias, aramed mTlianad aclis safuZvels maT mtkicebulebebs IX-XI ss. tao-klarjeTis mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze. ganvixiloT mravalTagan ramdenime magaliTi. v. aruTinova-fidanians mohyavs maTeos urhaecis cnoba bagrat vxkacisa (e. i. vixikelis) da grigol bakurianis Zis mier selCukTa Semotevisagan anisis dacvis Taobaze da yuradRebas amaxvilebs somexi mematianis Txzulebis teqstis im nawilze, sadac naTqvamia, rom urjulo romaeli Tavadebi (іЭыс»Э ЗЯЛіЭщЭ СбйбЩбу), romlebic imperatorma somexi qveynis dasacavad daayena: bagrati, smbatis mama da grigoli bakurianis vaJi, qarTuli gvarisa (`vraci azgav~) – daiwyes gamagreba zeda da qveda citadelSi... moqalaqeebma SeamCnies ra, Tu sarwmunoebidan ganmdgari damcvelebi (ЅілпбхіГбхсіу еіСіеіЭіу) TviT rogor gamagrdnen, miatoves kedlebi da gaiqcnen51. v. aruTinovafidanianis ganmartebiT, maTeos urhaieci anisis damcvelebs Zraxavs ara rogorc uniWo mxedarTmTavrebs, aramed rogorc `urjuloebs~, rogorc sxva sarwmunoebis da sxva warmomavlobis adamianebsac. amasTan sul mcire nawyvetSi samjer xasiaTdebian amgvarad: ukeTuri romaeli Tavadebi, bagrati smbatis mama da grigori bakurianis vaJi – qarTuli modgmisani, sarwmunoebidan ganmdgari cixis damcvelebi. samive epiTeti `ukeTuri, qarTuli modgmis, sarwmunoebidan gamdgari~, ganagrZobs q-ni viaida, erTi rigis gansazRvrebebia da orive Tavads erTnairad ekuTvnis. Iqve SeniSnavs, rom zogi mkvlevari, kerZod a. SaniZe `vraci azgav~-s (e. i. gvariT, tomiT qarTveli) mxolod grigors akuTvnebs. Magram es varaudi imsxvreva gamoTqma `sarwmunoebidan ganmdgarni~-ze, romelic mravlobiT ricxvSia mocemuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom grigorica da bagratic orive sarwmunoebidan gandgomilebi arian52. Semdeg ki ganagrZobs: grigorica da bagratic somexi istorikosis TvalSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda miCneuliyvnen sarwmunoebidan ganmdgarad, Tuki isini somxebi iqnebodnen da sakuTari sarwmunoebidan `gadaxveviT~ sxvas romeliRacas miiRebdneno. epiTeti `нсіЫЗ~ (qarTveli) miuTiTebs, albaT, imaze, rom maT mier miRebuli sarwmunoeba qarTuli qalkedoneloba iyoo53. somexi mkvlevari, ra Tqma unda, TvalTmaqcobs. imisaTvis, rom eTnikuri termini `vraci azgav~ (gvariT, tomiT qarTveli) konfesiur terminad moaCvenos mkiTxvels, moyvanil termins eTnikurobis maCvenebeli nawilis `azg~-is gareSe (gvari, tomi) warmogvidgens da gamoTqvams varauds, rom mocemul konteqstSi, sxva konfesiuri terminebis gverdiT `vraci~, e. i. qarTveli, am SemTxvevaSi konfesiis, kerZod qarTuli qalkedonizmis aRmniSvneli unda iyoso. rogorc iTqva, `vraci~-s (qarTveli”) iSviaT SemTxvevaSi somexi avtorebi qarTuli kulturisa da Segnebis piris aRsaniSnavadac iyenebdnen (magaliTad, qurTuli warmomavlobis qarTveli didmoxeleebis zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebis mimarT), xolo `vraci azgav~ yovelTvis da yvelgan mxolod da mxolod tomiT, warmomavlobiT qarTvelis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda Zvel somex istorikosTa mier. amitomac aris, rom grigol bakurianis Zis umcrosi Tanamedrove maTeos urhaeci (gardaicvala 1140 wlis axlo xanebSi), romelic qarTvelebsa da somxebs kargad arCevda da konfesiur terminologiaSic SesaniSnavad erkveoda, grigolis qarTvelobis aRsaniSnavad iyenebs uyoymano eTnikur termins `vraci azgav~ (tomiT, gvariT qarTveli). ar aris marTali q-ni viaida, roca gvimtkicebs maTeos urhaeci bagratsa da grigols sarwmunoebidan gamdgars ar uwodebda, isini somxebi rom ar yofiliyvneno. saqme isaa, rom VII s. dasawyisSi qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris momxdari saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg somxuri samRvdeloeba da masTan erTad somxuri sazogadoebac qarTvelebs WeSmariti sarwmunoebidan da RvTisgan ganmdgarad miiCnevdnen. amis Sesaxeb uxtanesi X s. werda: `(qarTvelebma) Secvales wminda mamaTa sjuli da daiviwyes RvTaebrivi aRTqma~54. amis Semdeg savsebiT bunebrivia, rom maTeos urhaecis TvalSi
qarTvelic somxuri sarwmunoebidan iseTive ganmdgari da urjulo iyo, rogoric somexi qalkedoneli, amitomac XII s. somexi istorikosis xsenebuli cnoba am mxriv araviTar kiTxvas ar unda badebdes. Amave mizeziT grigol bakurianis Zis eTnikur warmomavlobaze marCieloba ubralod gaugebaria. `vraci azgav~ mxolod grigol bakurianis Zes miemarTeboda Tu bagratsa da grigols erTad, am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrob, mniSvneloba arca aqvs, radgan arc bagratis somxobaa maincdamainc damtkicebuli. bagratis gvarsaxeli `vxkaci~ (vixikeli) nawarmoebia geografiuli saxelis sof. Vixikidan (oSkis maxloblad mdebareobda). geografiuli saxelidan gvar-saxelis warmoebis wesi ki qarTulisa da somxurisaTvis saerTo movlenaa, amitom somexi istorikosis mier aseTi gvar-saxelis somxuri formiT gadmocema moulodneli araa. cxadia, v. aruTinova-fidanianis mier dasaxelebuli eTnikuri da konfesiuri terminebi erTgvarovani Sinaarsis saxelebad ver CaiTvleba, miT umetes, rom somxuri ena nebismieri azris gamosaxatavad saWiro terminTa gaWirvebas ar ganicdis da konfesiuri Sinaarsis gadmosacemad eTnikuri terminis gamoyenebas ar saWiroebs. aseTi viTarebis saukeTeso magaliTebi, Sors rom aRar wavideT, ukve moxmobil maTeos urhaecisac sakmaod moepoveba. grigol bakurianis Zisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis eTnikur kuTvnilebasac maTeos urhaeci `vraci azgav~-iT aRniSnavs, namdvilad somexi qalkedonelis, antioqiis Temis bizantieli gamgeblis (1078-1084) filartos varaJnunis eTnikur warmomavlobasa da konfesiur kuTvnilebas maTTvis Sesaferisi da araorazrovani sityvebiT gadmogvcems. igi wers: filareti mamiTac da dediTac somexi iyoo, konfesiiT ki rjuli horomTa ПсыЭщ СбйбЩбу hqonda, e. i. berZnuli sarwmunoebisa iyoo55. amgvari masalis fonze `vraci azgav~-is konfesiur terminad monaTvla sxva araferia, Tu ara seriozuli sakiTxis sxvadasxva standartiT ganxilva. amasTan dakavSirebiT el. cagareiSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs: eTnikur termins `vraci azgav~-s somexi mkvlevrebi swored grigol bakurianis Zis konfesionalobis (e. i. qalkedonelobis) aRmniSvnel terminad acxadeben da mas somex qalkedonelad miiCneven. aRniSnuli gaugebroba winaswarganzraxuli gadawyvetilebiTaa gapirobebuli, Torem rogor SeiZleba eTnikuri terminiT `vraci azgav~-iT qalkedonelis aRniSvnis saWiroeba warmoqmniliyo mxolod grigol bakurianis ZisTvis im dros, rodesac imave periodis moRvawis, warmoSobiT somexis, filaretosis qalkedoneloba savsebiT garkveviT konfesionaluri terminiT ПсыЭщ СбйбЩбу (rjuli horomTa) aris miTiTebuli56. n. berZeniSvilisa ar iyos, bizantiis imperiis samsaxurSi myofi somexi didmoxele ra Tavs itkivebda qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis, roca berZnuli aRmsarebloba misTvis gacilebiT momgebiani iyo. TviT v. aruTinova-fidanianic xom xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom imperiis eklesiisadmi kuTvnileba aucilebeli iyo imperiis samsaxurisaTvis, ris gamoc somxuri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi imperiis samsaxurSi CadgomisTanave, rogorc wesi, icvlidnen sarwmunoebas da bizantiis eklesiis wiaRSi gadadiodnen57. cxadia, grigol bakurianis Zec rom somexi yofiliyo, rac somex mkvlevrebs nametnavad surT, isic berZnuli aRmsareblobisa iqneboda da ara qarTulis. erTi sityviT, sxva gza ar arsebobs, yvelam unda daujeroT TviT grigol bakurianis Zes, romelmac sxvaze, miT umetes n. marisa da Tanamedrove somex istorikosebze ukeT icoda sakuTari eTnikuri warmomavloba. aSkaraa, n. marma mcdar safuZvelze aago Tavisi Teoria da amitomac damaxinjebulad warmogvidgina qarTuli tao-klarjeTis erovnul-kulturuli suraTi, romelic somexi qalkedonelebis denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmnad miiCnia. aseTi daskvnisaTvis sakmarisi masala rom ar arsebobda mecnierma TviTonve aRniSna, roca grigol bakurianis Zis tipikonis berZnuli redaqciis gacnobis Semdeg werda: `в отношении их (e. i. tao-klarjeTis mimarT) мы располагаем теперь немногим, но характерными данными~58. es mcire da damaxasiaTebeli monacemebi ki iyo tipikonis berZnuli redaqciis teqstis cnoba, rom arsebobda tipikonis somxuri teqstic da masze grigol bakurianis Zis xelmowera somxuri asoebiT, rac dRemde jer aravis unaxavs.
magram am cnobam n. marze, Cans, Tavidanve Rrma STabeWdileba moaxdina da erTi da erTi daijera ra am cnobis namdviloba, SemdegSic Seecada axali argumentebiTa da sabuTebiT misgan gamomdinare daskvnebis yovelmxriv gamarTlebas. maris yuradReba miipyro tipikonSi gamoyenebulma somxuri warmoSobis sityva `tanuterma~, romelic somxeTis mezobel taoSi didi xnis damkvidrebuli iyo. mezobelTa metyvelebaSi erTmaneTis socialuri, ekonomikuri Tu sxva Sinaarsis terminebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi arc ise iSviaTia da misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba, TiTqos, arc iyo mosalodneli, magram, rogoc Cans, is mwiri da saeWvo cnoba tipikonis somxuri teqstisa da somxuri asoebiT xelmoweraze, n. marsac afiqrebda da arasakmarisad miaCnda, ris gamoc Seecada axla ukve namdvilad somxuri warmomavlobis terminze aego msjeloba. misi TqmiT, radganac `tanuturma~ tao-klarjeTis qarTul enaSi moipova moqalaqeobrivi ufleba `по этому-то главным образом и решаюсь я в настоящее время утверждать, что Григорий Бакуриан, основатель грузинского Петрицонского монастыря был из тао-кларджетских огрузинившихся армян-халкедонитов“59. am susti argumentaciis Sesamagrebeli masala, gasagebia, qveynis kulturul-politikur warsulSi unda eZia. da, radganac misTvis kargad cnobili qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis cnobebi scada winaswarganzraxul Sedegebze mosargebad gamoeyenebina, faqtobrivad, urTierTgamomricxveli daskvnebis mTeli wyeba miiRo. miuxedavad imisa, rom tao-klarjeTis aborigenebi, misi TqmiT, romeliRac lazuri Tu megruli tomebi iyvnen, VII s. es qveyana iyo somxuri, yovel SemTxvevaSi somxuri saxe hqondao da aq, albaT, hyvaoda somxuri qalkedonitobao60. somxeTSi somexi qalkedonelebis gavlenis zrdaze saubrisas ki aRniSnavs, rom IX s. dasawyisSi Crdilo-dasavleTi somxeTi klarjeTisa da taos olqebiTurT ukve maT xelSia moqceuli. somexTa qalkedonelobas aq mxurvale mxardaWera hqonda ara marto berZenTa, aramed qarTvelTa Sorisac. am mxaris mebatone mTavrebi – artanujeli bagratidebi ukve qalkedonelebi iyvnen da es garemoeba aramcired uwyobda xels qalkedonelTa srul gamarjvebas somxeTis am ganapira mxareSio61. IX s. somexi qalkedonelebi TviT centralur somxeTSic cdilobdnen gabatonebas da somexi bagratidebis saxlis gaqalkedonebac moindomes. magram Semdeg antiqalkedonuri somxuri eklesiis nacionalizaciis Sedegad iwyeba somex qalkedonelTa denacionalizaciis procesi, ris Sesaxebac ukve iTqva. VIII-IX ss. mijnaze tao-klarjeTis daqvrivebul somxur monastrebSi qarTveli ber-monazvnebi mkvidrdebian, wm. saba aRadgens iSxanis monasters, romelic male qarTveli episkoposis rezidenciad iqceva. es qarTveli monazvnebi aq garSemortymuli aRmoCndnen erTmorwmune, magram eTnikurad ucxo somxuri mosaxleobiT da, qarTvelTa politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, qveynis ufleba qarTulad wodebuli, emyareboda im faqts, rom RvTismsaxureba eklesiebSi qarTul enaze warmoebdao. amis Sedegad adgilobrivi somxebi, romlebic qalkedonelebi iyvnen TandaTan qarTvelebad iqcneno. didi Zieba da analizi araa saWiro, raTa aq warmodgenil urTierTgamomricxvel debulebebs Soris aSkara winaaRmdegobani “aRmovaCinoT”. Tuki n. marisave ganmartebiT am mxaris aborigenebi lazebi da megrelebi iyvnen, rogor moxda, rom VII s. mas mTlianad somxuri saxe hqonda? misi msjelobiT ise gamodis, TiTqos, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia somex qalkedonelebs moexdinoT, ramdenadac iq `maSin somxuri qalkedonizmi hyvaodao~, Tumca berZnul-bizantiuri da qarTuli kulturuli gavlenis am zonaSi piriqiT procesebis ganviTareba ufro iyo mosalodneli. kidev ufro gaugebaria da faqtebTan sruliad Seusabamoa IX s. dasawyisSi taosa da klarjeTis Crdilo-dasavleT somxeTis olqebad gamocxadeba im dros, roca tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa dinastia aq politikur Zalas ikrebda da iberiis anu qarTvelTa samefos aRdgenas iwyebda. n. maris warmodgeniT, erTi mxriv, IX s. dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTi somex qalkedonelTa xelSia, isini Seadgenen mosaxleobis ZiriTad birTvs da, meore mxriv, daqvrivebul somxur
eklesia-monastrebs qarTlidan gadmosuli mcirericxovani bermonazvnoba eufleba da RvTismsaxurebasac eklesiebSi qarTul enaze aRavlens, rasac, Turme, emyareba qveynis ufleba, rom qarTulad wodebuliyo. am winadadebaSi, rogorc vxedavT, elementaruli logikac ki araa daculi. Tuki IX s. dasawyisSic taoc da klarjeTic somxeTis olqebs warmoadgenda da iq qalkedoneli somxebi batonobdnen, vis da ras unda daeqvrivebina saxelganTqmuli `somxuri~ eklesia-monastrebi? Mere kidev, Tundac erTmorwmune somxebiT garSemortymul mcirericxovan qarTvel monazvnebs ZiriTad somxur masaze iseTi ra gavlena unda moexdinaT, rom jer maTi eklesia-monastrebi CaegdoT xelSi, mere ki TviT isinic gaeqarTvelebinaT? Amgvari procesis warmodgena xom Zalze Znelia? ufro metic, irkveva, rom taosa da klarjeTSi somexi qalkedonelebis gamarjveba-gabatonebisaTvis xeli SeuwyviaT berZnebisa da qarTvelebis mxurvale mxardaWeras. Tu qarTvelebi aq ar cxovrobdnen, maS saidanRa Cndebian somxebis xelSemwyobi qarTvelebi `somxeTis am ganapira mxareSi~? gadamwyveti mainc artanujeli `bagratidebis~ mxardaWera yofila, romlebic am droisaTvis ukve qalkedonelebi iyvneno. Artanujeli bagrationebis qalkedoneloba aq iseT konteqstSia moxseniebuli, rom gauTviTcnobierebelma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba es maTi eTnikuri somxobis mniSvnelobiTac miiRos. aseT SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod ulogikobasTan gveqneba saqme, aramed kuriozTanac, ramdenadac aseTi msjelobiT gamodis, TiTqos, somxebi aqarTvelebdnen somxebs. kidev erTi sayuradRebo ulogikoba. somexi qalkedonelebiT dasaxlebul `somxeTis am ganapira mxareSi~ n. mari qarTvelTa politikur batonobaze laparakobs. qveynis somxurobis mtkicebasTan ki aseTi gancxadeba xom sruliad SeuTavsebelia. romel sazogadoebriv fenas an politikur Zalas unda dayrdnoboda qarTvel- Ta politikuri batonoba, Tuki es qveyana ucxo, araqarTuli mosaxleobis sabinadro iqneboda? nuTu ramdenime aTeuli bermonazonis moRvaweobas? cxadia, ara. piriqiT, am qveynis qarTulobis mowmobaa swored grigol xanZTelisa da mis TanamoRvaweTa saarako Tavdadeba da WirTa Tmena arabTa mier gaukacrielebuli mxaris `axal SenebisaTvis~. Mxolod samSoblos did patriotebs SeeZloT gaudaburebuli qveynis asaRorZineblad saswaulebis moxdena da `keTilad ganmgebeli moRuawe da udabnoTa qalaqmyofeli~ Seqmniliyvnen. antiqalkedonelebTan brZolaSi damarcxebuli somexi qalkedonelebi taoklarjeTSi berZnebis, qarTvelebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis – artanujeli bagrationebis mxardaWeras rom saWiroebdnen es mxolod imas mowmobs, rom isini TavSesafris maZiebeli ltolvilebi iyvnen, amasTan mcirericxovannic, radgan sul male gaqarTvelebulan. n. mari ki faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod gvixatavs sul sxva suraTs, romlis dasacavad somxuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi, ager ukve mTeli saukunea, warumateblad irjebian da n. maris msjelobaSi arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevis magier, mas axali SecdomebiT avseben. magaliTad, a. mnacakanianis mtkicebiT taos somxuri mosaxleoba qalkedonizmSi gadasvlis Semdeg qarTuli eklesiis samwysos Seeria da amis gamo qarTvelebad iTvlebodneno, ena, wignebi da mwerloba ki, raRa Tqma unda, maT somxuri rCebodaTo. Tu am xalxis asimilacia mainc moxda, imitom, rom qarTvelebisgan Zlier iCagrebodneno. Tumca a. mnacakanianis ganmartebiT, am qveynis xelisuflebi daviT kurapalati da misi warCinebulebi warmoSobiT somxebi yofilan, rac iqidan Cans, rom somxurad naTargmn romanebs etanebodnen da somxebisave cxovrebis wess misdevdneno62. moyvanil nawyvetSi yoveli winadadeba Tavisi SinaarsiT erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. pirveli winadadebis mixedviT taos somxuri mosaxleoba X-XI saukuneTa mijnaze formalurad iTvleboda qarTulad, ramdenadac is kulturul-eTnikuri individualobis niSnebs (ena, wignebi, mwerloba da a. S.) inarCunebda. momdevno winadadebiT ki avtori taos somxuri mosaxleobis asimilacias aRiarebs, ris mizezad qarTvelebisgan somexTa Zlier Cagvras asaxelebs, Tanac iseT pirobebSi, roca qveynis xelisufalni warmoSobiT somxebi yofilan. Ra gamodis, somxebi somxebs aqarTvelebdnen? erTi sityviT, gaugebrobaTa mTeli Taigulia warmodgenili a. mnacakanianis am gaxmaurebul naSromSi.
istoriuli taos eTnikuri saxis gansazRvrisas bevrad ufro radikaluria s. eremiani, romlis gancxadebiTac taiqis mosaxleoba mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze somxuri rCebodao, miuxedavad imisa, rom CrdiloeTis raionebma XII s. marTlmadideblobac miiReso. XV-XVI ss. taiqis qarTuli sarwmunoebis mosaxleobam muslimanobac miiRo da Turqebs Seeria. Tavis eTnikur saxes aq mxolod somxur sarwmunoebaze mtkiced mdgari somxuri mosaxleoba inarCunebdao63. ase rom, s. eremianis azriT, tao, faqtobrivad, istoriis mTel manZilze qarTuli da somxuri sarwmunoebis somxebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, rac, saboloo jamSi, am qveyanas somxuri samyaros kuTvnilebad warmogvidgens. es azria gatarebuli somxeTis istoriis umaRlesi Tu saSualo skolis saxelmZRvaneloebsa da somex mecnierTa mTel rig SromebSi da dafiqsirebulia saistorio rukebSic64. somxeTis umaRles saswavlebelTa studentebisaTvis daweril saxelmZRvaneloSi65, misi avtori s. poRosiani wers: smbat II-is mefobis wlebSi taiqsa da basenSi Camoyalibda somxur-qarTuli erTi samTavro daviT kurapalatis meTaurobiT. bizantiaSi warmoSobili Sinauri SfoTis dros mTavarma daicva imperatori barseRi (e. i. basil II) da imperatorisagan jildod miiRo kurapalatis wodeba da aRiarebuli iqna, rogorc taiqis qveynis TviTmpyrobeli mTavari. Taiqis sakurapalato Tavisi uflebebiT da saxelmwifo funqciebiT TanabarmniSvnelovani iyo somxuri sxva samefoebisa, magram Tavisi samxedro SesaZleblobiT am samefoebze ramdenadme Zlieri iyo66. moyvanil amonawerSi yuradRebas iqcevs taos samefos metad saeWvo, SeiZleba iTqvas, sruliad gaugebari definicia. mosaxle obis Semadgenlobis gaTvaliswinebiT (ramdenadac daviTis samefo vanis tbamde vrceldeboda da somxuri Temebis niSvnelovani nawili mis SemadgenlobaSi iyo moqceuli) zogierTis mier qveyana marTlac SeiZleboda pirobiTad `somxur-qarTulad~ aRqmuliyo, magram roca es gansazRvreba samefos miemarTeba, mas araviTari gamarTleba ara aqvs, radganac Sua saukuneebSic saxelmwifos mkacrad gamokveTili politikuri mimarTuleba gaaCnda da funqcionirebda mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawilis interesebis Sesabamisad. Tavis damokidebulebas am e. w. `somxur-qarTuli erTi samTavros~ mimarT imiT amJRavnebs, rom mas udarebs da ganixilavs sxva somxur samefoebTan erTad. mkiTxvels ki qvecnobier STabeWdilebas uqmnis, TiTqos, taos sakurapalatoc Cveulebrivi somxuri politikuri erTeuli iyo, mxolod samxedro TvalsazrisiT sxvaze Zlieri. daviT kurapalatis eTnikur kuTvnilebaze saubars Tavs aridebs karen iuzbaSiani da qarTvel mefes ubralod amierkavkasiis erT-erT uZlieres feodalur dinastTagans uwodebs. Aseve bundovania taos samefos miseuli gansazRvrebac. es xan wminda somxur saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebisgan gansxvavebuli, Sereuli somxur-qarTuli mosaxleobis taos samTavroa, xan ki somxurqarTuli olqi – tao67. 1976 w. erevanSi gamocemuli somexi xalxis istoriis akademiuri gamocemis me-3-e tomSi68 mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba taos samefosa da daviT kurapalatis politikur Tavgadasavals. Miuxedavad amisa, mkiTxvels sruli gaurkvevloba eufleba daviTis vinaobasa da mis samefoze. ZiriTad teqstSi daviTi arc qarTvelebsaa mikuTvnebuli da TiTqos arc somxebs, aseve sakurapalatod wodebuli misi samefoc. am dabindul viTarebaSi raRaca garkveulobis Setanas paragrafis avtori r. maTevosiani, TiTqos, mainc cdilobs, roca wers, rom IX s. taiqis istoriis Sesaxeb Cvenamde moRweuli cnobebi mcire kia, magram cxadia X s. naxevrisaTvis ukve iq dawinaurebulia sakurapalato qarTveli bagrationebis taiqis Stos meTaurobiT, magram, ganmartavs iqve, mosaxleoba ZiriTadad somxuri iyo, romelTagan bevri qalkedonelobas mimxrobodao da ganagrZobs: somxuri da qarTuli samefoebis da taiqis sakurapalatos Soris damyarebuli iyo mWidro TanamSromloba, rasac didi mniSvneloba hqonda maTi TavdacvisTviso69. ra gavarkvieT? I. taos samefos saxelisuflo dinastia qarTveli bagrationebis taos Stos kuTvnilebaa 2. mosaxleoba ZiriTadad somxuria 3. samefos politikuri fizionomia (sakurapalato) ki berZnul-bizantiuria. Cans, amitomac, Tundac garegnulad, werilis avtori taos samefos arc somxur da arc qarTul samefoTa rigs ar akuTvnebs da CamoTvlisas maT erTmaneTisagan aSkarad mijnavs. niSandoblivia, rom teqstis aTeulobiT gverdebze amierkavkasiis calkeuli politikuri erTeulebis
xelisufalTa xsenebisas umravles SemTxvevaSi, roca maT eTnikuri niSniTac moixsenieben, magaliTad, somexTa mefe gagiki, qarTvelTa mefe bagrati da sxva, imave winadadebaSi taos mefes mxolod kurapalatobiT aRniSnaven, riTac cdiloben danarCeni qarTuli samyarodan mis gansxvavebul xasiaTze gaamaxvilon mkiTxvelis yuradReba. imavdroulad ki taos somxuri formiT `taiq~-iT gadmocema, rac, faqtobrivad, qarTuli taonis Targmans warmoadgens (`q~ somxurSi mravlobiTis maniSnebelia) da am qveynis politikuri movlenebis somxeTis istoriis WrilSi mowodebiT, qarTuli da somxuri wyaroebis Cvenebebis sawinaaRmdegod wignis avtorebi mkiTxvels qvecnobierad Sua saukuneebis taoze somxuri qveynis STabeWdilebas uqmnian. v. aruTinova-fidanianma da p. muradianma ki am qveynis somex qalkedonelTa samkvidrod warmodgenis funqcia, ratomRac, berZnuli wyaroebis `ivirs~ (ibers) da `iverias~ (iberias) daakisres, romelic yovelTvis qarTvelsa da qarTvelTa qveyanas aRniSnavda70. SemTxveviTi sulac araa, rom bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, samxreT taos, misi qarTuli eTnikuri Sinaarsis mixedviT, imperiis administraciul sistemaSi `iberiis Temi~ daerqva, iseve rogorc `armeniakis Temis~ saxeli warmosdga iq arsebuli mosaxleobis mixedviT71. uTuod eTnikuri Sinaarsi edo safuZvlad berZnul-bizantiuri wyaroebis cnobebs, roca maTi avtorebi politikurad gancalkevebul taos ganapira iberiad aRiqvamdnen Sida iberiisagan, anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centraluri raionebisagan gansxvavebiT da saqarTvelos am orive nawils erTnairad iberiad moixseniebdnen72. v. aruTinova-fidanianis analiziT, XI s. bizantiur wyaroebSi termini `ivir~-i xuT sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas aerTianebda Tavis TavSi. is aRniSnavda espanels, qarTvels, bizantiuri Temis iberiis mkvidrs, qarTuli aRmsareblobis somexs da aTonis ivironis monastris bers. pirveli mniSvnelobiT XI s. wyaroebSi is iSviaTad gvxvdeba, sityva `ivir~-is bolo sami mniSvneloba ki zogjer Tanaarsebobda erTi da imave piris daxasiaTebaSio. samxreTi taos somexi qalkedonelebi `ivirebi~ iyvnen iberiis Temidan warmomavlobisa da sarwmunoebrivi niSniTaco. amasTan Tavisi azris dasadastureblad mohyavs Tornike erisTavis ojaxis magaliTi, romelic, misi TqmiT, Turme, taos TornikianTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi iberiis Temidan (samxreT taiqidan) warmomavlobdnen, aRiarebdnen ivirul rjuls da iyvnen ivironis monastris berebi. aseTi samgzisi `iviri~ iyo ioane Tornike, romelmac karinTan axlos datova qvajvari somxuri warweriT. msgavsive qvajvari datova misma Zmam ioane varazvaCem anisis somxur-qalkedonur taZarSio73. gasagebia, rom mTeli es msjeloba Tornike erisTavisa da samxreTi taos somxurobis dasamtkicebladaa moyvanili. aseTi mtkicebis sirTules somexi mkvlevari, etyoba, TviTonac kargad grZnobs da mis Sesamsubuqeblad damatebiT ganmartebebsac iZleva. Tu wyaroebi erTi da imave pirovnebas `somxobasac miaweren da qarTvelobasac~, es imas niSnavs, rom `somexi~ pirovnebis eTnikur maxasiaTeblad unda miviRoT, xolo `qarTveli~ konfesiis niSnad. amasTan, ufro xSirad, aseTi `somex-qarTveli~ iberiis Temidan iqneba, sadac gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo qarTuli sarwmunoebao74. Cveni azriT, analizi calmxrivia, gamotanili daskvnebi ki naZaladevi. sityva `ivir~-is pirvel mniSvnelobaze arafers vityviT, wyaroebSi misi moxsenieba marTlac iSviaTia da, rac mTavaria, gasarkvev, sakiTxTan Sexeba mas arca aqvs. Mkvlevris mier meore adgilze dasmuli `ivir~-is mniSvneloba eTnikuri `qarTvelis~ SinaarsiT ki, praqtikulad, mTavari da ZiriTadia da terminis yvela CamoTvlil gagebas Tan axlavs. Amitomac sruliad gaugebaria, ratom unda iyos taos pirobebSi somxuri wyaroebis `qarTveli~ aucilebad konfesiis maCvenebeli, xolo imave wyaroebis `somexi~ maincdamainc eTnosis aRmniSvneli. sruliad gasagebi terminebis Sinaarsis amgvari klasifikacia yovelTvis calmxrivi da xelovnuri iqneba, vidre pasuxi ar gaecema kiTxvas, Tu bizantielebma dapyrobis Semdeg samxreT taos ratom daarqves `iberiis Temi~ da berZnul-somxur eTnikur garemocvaSi teritoriulad Rrmad SeWril am qveyanaSi ratom iyo, v. aruTinova-fidanianisave aRiarebiT, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri qarTuli sarwmunoeba? misive dakvirvebiT, imperiis
samsaxurSi CadgomisTanave somxuri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi, rogorc iTqva, icvlidnen sarwmunoebas, radgan imperiis eklesiisadmi kuTvnileba pirveli da aucilebeli piroba iyo75. asset viTarebaSi, somexi, taodan iqneboda, Tu Suagul saqarTvelodan, qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, Tavs ar aitkivebda, radganac berZnuli misTvis ara marto aucilebeli, aramed momgebianic iyo. ase rom, dasmul iTxvebze pasuxi erTob martivia: samxreTi tao, romelic bizantiis politikur mesveurebs jer kidev adre, misi politikuri gancalkevebisas, ganapira iberiad (qarTlad) miaCniaT, bizantiur samxedro-administraciul erTeulad gardaqmnis Semdegac, Tavisi ZiriTadi mosaxleobis eTnikuri SemadgenlobiT, cxovrebis wesisa da mTlianad Tavisi kulturiT kvlav iberiad (e. i. qarTlad) rCeboda, ris gamoc umTavresad mas imperiaSi miRebuli saerTo wesiT, Tavisi istoriuli saxelwodeba (iberia) SeunarCunes76. niSandoblivia, rom Tanadrouli somxuri wyaroebi, rasac k. iuzbaSianic iziarebs77, taos qveyanas uwodeben `virqs~, e. i. qarTls, `aSxarh vracs~ – qarTvelTa qveyanas, iberiis Tems ki `gavarn vrac~ (qarTvelTa mxareebi)78. ase rom, qarTul wyaroebTan TanxmobiT somxuri wyaroebic samxreT taos qarTlis nawilad da qarTlad aRiqvamen, rac TavisTavad Seicavs pasuxs imazec, Tu iberiis TemSi, anu taos mosaxleobaSi, ratom iyo gansakuTrebiT Zlieri qarTuli sarwmunoeba. cxadia, sakuTari saxelis `Tornikes~ TviTneburad somxur gvarad `Tornikianad~ gadakeTebiT termin `qarTvels~ eTnikuri Sinaarsi ver gamoecleba. Tornike erisTavisa da misi ojaxis qarTvelobis utyuari sabuTi maTi moRvaweobis xasiaTi da bizantiis politikursa da somxur kulturul-eTnikur garemocvaSi moqceuli am taoelebis ukiduresad gamZafrebuli erovnul-kulturuli Rirsebisa da Segnebis didi grZnoba iyo, romlis gamovnilebasac warmoadgenda sakuTari safasiT aSenebuli aTonis qarTvelTa monasteri. am STabeWdilebas odnavadac ki ver uSlis xels v. aruTinova-fidanianis miTiTeba Tornikesa da misi Zmis mier karinis maxloblad da anisis qalkedonur taZarSi somxurwarweriani qvajvaris aRmarTvaze. jer erTi, rodis iyo, rom enis codniT eTnikuri vinaoba isazRvreboda. Tornike erisTavma, albaT, berZnulic SesaniSnavad icoda, magram misTvis amis gamo berZnoba aravis Seuwamebia. somxuri enis codnas ki wminda praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda Tornikesa da misi ZmisTvis. mas mere, rac daviT kurapalatma Tavisi samefo samxreTiT Sors vanis tbamde ganavrco, taoeli aznaurebi axlad SemoerTebul provinciebs feodalur aristokratiad moevlinen, radganac es iyo am miwa-wylis iberiaSi politikuri Sesvlis erTi umTavresi gamoxatuleba da niSani79. am droidan es taoelebi somxuri miwebisa da somxuri mosaxleobis mepatroneni gaxdnen, ris gamoc somxuri enis codna maTTvis aucilebeli Seiqmna da savsebiT bunebrivia, Tuki karinel memamule Cordvanelis Zeebs somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebic daukavSirda. erTob niSandoblivia, agreTve, rom yovelive amis Semdeg Tornikes umcrosi Tanamedrove somexi istorikosi asoRiki mas tomiT qarTvelad `azgav vrac~-ad moixseniebs80. tao-klarjeTis qarTul samefo-samTavroebze n. maris saxeldaxelod SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisi, rogorc somexi qalkedonelebis denacionalizaciis procesis warmonaqmnze, mniSvnelovanwilad emyareboda im faqts, rom erT dros samxreTi tao xangrZlivad imyofeboda somxeTis politikur daqvemdebarebaSi, ris gamoc saWiro xdeba taos politikuri Tavgadasavlis gaxseneba da imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad realuri iyo es Tavgadasavali n. marisa da misi mimdevrebis Tvalsazrisis gasamarTleblad. iberiis samxreT-dasavleTis sazRvari somxeTTan Zvel xanaSi ar iyo maincdamainc stabiluri, ris gamoc am sasazRvro zolSi rTuli eTnopolitikuri procesebi viTardeboda. am procesebis orbita- Si myof taosTan VIII s-mde mainc klarjeTis dakavSireba, ra Tqma unda, gaumarTlebeli iqneboda, ramdenadac igi politikur-administraciulad yovelTvis qarTlSi Sedioda. farnavazis dros (Zv. w. IV-III s.) is iberiis saxelmwifos erT-erTi saerisTavoa. am dros uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifos samxreTi sazRvari mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyofze gadioda, xolo ukiduresi – samxreT-dasavleTiT – Worox-evfratis wyalgamyofze81. qarTlis samefom tao da speri, strabonis mowmobiT, Zv. w. II saukunis dasawyisSi dakarga
da sakmaod xangrZlivi dro dasWirda, rom igi kvlav daebrunebina. ax. w. I-II ss. qarTlis samefos politikuri aRmavlobisas, misgan adre waRebuli teritoriebi kvlav missave farglebSia sagulvebeli, ufro gvian ki (IV s. meore naxevramde) kvlav kargavs da taos myarad dabruneba mxolod VIII s. moxerxda, xolo sperisa – kidev ufro gvian82. rac Seexeba klarjeTs, `didi somxeTis~ daSlamdec (IV s. bolo) is saqarTveloSi Semavali qveyanaa. movses xorenaci klarjeTs qarTvelTa qveynis erT-erT kuTxed miiCnevs, sadac wm. ninom iqadaga saxareba83. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic, berZnul-romaul wyaroebTan TanxmobiT, Zveli droidanve klarjeTs jer politikur-administraciulad, Semdeg ki eklesiuradac yovelTvis qarTlSi uCveneben84. sxvagvarad warimarTa taos eTnikur-politikuri ganviTareba. strabonis mowmobiT, somxeTis mier mezoblebisgan warTmeul yvela olqSi TiTqos imTaviTve dawyebulia armenizaciis procesi: `axla yvela isini laparakoben erT enazeo~. hakob manandianis ganmartebiT, strabonis es mtkiceba mxolod garkveuli SeniSvniTaa misaRebi. jer kidev sasanidebis dros da Semdegac somxeTis raionebSi sxvadasxva tomebi cxovrobdnen. amitom strabonis mowmoba im azriT unda gavigoT, rom mis dros somxeTSi gabatonebuli da ufro gavrcelebuli ena somxuri iyo85. somxeTis politikur sivrceSi moqceul iberiis olqebSi armenizaciis procesis intensivobis warmosadgenad niSandobliv faqtad gvesaxeba gogarene (`gugarqis~) sapitiaxSos magaliTi. jer kidev Zv. w. II s. taosTan erTad dapyrobili qarTlis es mxare V s. qarTuli qristianuli mwerlobisa da aRmSeneblobis dawinaurebul qveynad gamoiyureba. taos metxans mouwia yofna somxur politikur sivrce- Si da, albaT, amitomac SesaZloa im Zvel dros maT gansazRvruli kulturul-politikuri erTobac hqonodaT somxebTan, magram ara imdenad, rom aqaur aborigenebs TavianTi eTnografiuli saxe daekargaT. saamiso kvali SemorCa taos toponimikis da sxva materialur Tu enobriv masalas, sadac uwinares qarTul istoriul geografiul saxelebTan somxuri saxelebic Tanaarseboben. n. adonci aRiarebda, rom somxeTis ganapira olqebs politikur-administraciuli warmoSoba hqondaT, romelic gamarTlebuli iyo eTnikuradaco86. am erTeulebis eTnikurma individualurobam yvelaze ufro cxadad iCina Tavi sivnielTa da taoelTa saeklesiopolitikuri orientaciis sferoSi, sadac xsenebuli olqebi somxur nacionalur mimarTulebas daupirispirdnen. magaliTad, somex-qarTvelTa sarwmunoebrivi ganxeTqilebisTanave taoelebi qalkedonur aRmsareblobas miemxrnen, ris Semdeg tao somxeTis sxva olqebidan devnili qalkedonelebis TavSesafari gaxda. am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa, agreTve, somxeTis cnobili marTlmadidebeli kaTalikosis nerses III-is tomiT taoelobac. im dros taoSi qarTuli aRmsareblobisaTvis niadags, SesaZloa, misTvis Sesaferisi eTnikuri faqtoric qmnida, gansakuTrebiT, albaT, taos Crdilo nawilSi, klarjeTTan da sxva qarTul olqebTan siaxlovis da mWidro urTierTobis gamoc. taoSi ganviTarebul eTno-kulturul procesebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda amierkavkasiaSi politikuri viTarebiT gamowveuli migraciuli procesebic. saqarTvelosa da somxeTis centralur raionebSi arabTa gabatonebam da qristianuli kulturisa da maRalganviTarebuli feodaluri qveynebisaTvis autanelma reJimma (araboba) mosaxleobis nawili aiZula bunebrivad ukeT daculi qveynis dasavleT ganapira mxareebSi eZia TavSesafari. VII-VIII ss. Ukve samcxis gziT qarTlidanac daiZra mosaxleoba klarjeTisa da taosaken. murvan yrus (736-738 ww.) damarbeveli laSqrobisa da moaruli epidemiis (`srva satlobisa~) Sedegad mosaxleobis Semcirebis miuxedavad es qveynebi arc umkvidro qmnila da arc patroni moklebia maT, rogorc es qarTuli wyaroebis mier zedmetad muq ferebSi daxatuli suraTiT SeiZleba gveCvenos87. amis dasturia `axlad Senebis~ is didi erovnuli procesi, romelsac saTaveSi qarTlis aznauroba edga erismTavris moTaveobiT. qarTuli samTavros aRmoceneba, ra Tqma unda, Sesaferis da saimedo eTno-socialur sayrdensac gulisxmobda. Abasianebis droidan (VIII s. Sua wlebidan) taosa da klarjeTSi qarTuli elementis momZlavreba ukve saxezea, ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi
ki gabatonebul mdgomareobasac aRwevs. Tuki 747 w. ajanyebis monawile naxararebi grigol mamikonianis meTaurobiT, TavianTi saxleulobiTa da avladidebiT taos cixesimagreebs afareben Tavs ise, rom saamiso nebarTvas ar saWiroebdnen, ramdenadac am droisaTvis samxreTi tao, Cans, Wanuri warmomavlobis mamikonianTa mamulad da sagamgeod iTvleboda88, 788 wlisTvis ukve politikuri situacia aq mkveTrad Secvlilia. arabebs gamoqceuli ltolvili somxebi taos ki aRar afareben Tavs, aramed mama-Svils Sapuh da hamam amatunTa meTaurobiT `qarTvelTa qveynis sazRvrebTan, kolis gavarSi mosulebs md. Woroxi gadaulaxavT da bizantiis samflobeloebisaken gauweviaT, sadac konstantine keisars kidec dausaxlebia89. aSkaraa, am droisTvis samxreTi tao somxur (mamikonianTa) sagamgeblo qveyanas aRar warmoadgenda. VIII s. meore naxevarSic aq adrindeli politikuri viTareba rom yofiliyo, sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad ltolvili somxebis erTi nawili mainc daidebda binas amjeradac. saistorio wyaroebis mwiri cnobebis mixedviT, politikuri situacia aq erTob aramyari Cans. xelisuflebisaTvis bagratovanTa Stos warmomadgenlebi ibrZvian, mamikonianebi ki, TiTqos, arc Canan. VIII s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis arabTa winaaRmdeg warmatebiT mebrZoli bagratuniani aSot msakeri (xorciWamia) erTxans ikavebs taos, aSenebs cixe kamaxs (qarTuli kalmaxi) da Sig Tavis saxleulebs abinavebs90. TiTqmis imave periods miemarTeba `matiane qarTlisaЎs~ cnoba adarnase bagratonianis (qarTvel bagratovanTa warmomadgenlis) mflobelobaze tao-klarjeTSi, romlis mixedviTac `icvala adarnase bagratonianman nasamali klarjeTisa, SavSeTisa, aWarisa, nigalisa, asisforisa, artanisa da quemosa taosa, da cixeTaganca, romelni hqondes SviliSvilTa vaxtang mefisaTa. da wavida adarnase klarjeTad da mun mokuda~91. qarTvel mefeTa (vaxtangisa da misi SviliSvilebis) samkvidroze mjdomi adarnases gadawyvetileba `icvala nasamali~, rac moyvanil cnobaTa SejerebiT irkveva, iZulebiTi RonisZieba unda yofiliyo, romelic eWvi araa, adarnases somexi biZaSvilis eqspansiis Sedegi iqneboda. movlenebis amgvar ganviTarebas, faqtobrivad, iziarebs d. musxeliSvili, roca adarnases klarjeTSi gadasvlas taoSi aSot msakeris axal mflobelobas ukavSirebs92. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis ramdenime Cvenebaze misive dakvirvebiT, VIII saukunis miwuruls aSot adarnases Ze (SemdgomSi aSot didi) samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mamis samkvidro SavSeT-klarjeTTan erTad ukve orive taosac flobs93. amis Semdeg aSot I didisa da misi memkvidreebis xelSewyobiT tao-klarjeTSi Tavi moiyara da farTod gaSala frTebi qarTveli xalxis aRmSeneblobiTma Zalam da kulturuli Semoqmedebis unarma. aSenda naoxari soflebi, ganaxlda jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis daxmarebiT agebuli artanujis cixe da gaSenda amave saxelwodebis didi qalaqi, agreTve, qarTuli arqiteqturis didebuli Zeglebi – xanZTa, Satberdi, iSxani `meored aSenebuli~, bana, oSki, xaxuli, parxali da mravali sxva, romelTa mniSvneloba ganuzomlad didia aramarto qarTuli kulturis istoriisaTvis. niSandoblivia, rom tao-klarjeTisa da saqarTvelos sxva istoriuli provinciebis arqiteqturul Zeglebs aerTianebT saerTo arqiteqturuli da dekoratiuli Temebi, taZris sivrcobrivi agebulebis saerTo principebi da sxva, rac samSeneblo xelovnebis mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis saerTo qarTul safuZvelze migvaniSnebs94. CamoTvlil qarTuli arqiteqturis brwyinvale Zeglebs didi mxatvruli Rirebulebis garda, saganmanaTleblo da mecnierul-saliteraturo kerebis mniSvnelobac gaaCndaT. korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, aq duRda literaturuli Semoqmedeba. misive ganmartebiT, udidesi nawili im saganZurisa, rac Cven mogvepoveba IX-X s-idan am monastrebSia Seqmnili. aq Camoyalibda tao-klarjeTis sagangebo saliteraturo skola, erovnul niadagze aRmocenebuli, romelmac SeimuSava Tavisi sakuTari gramatika, ena, xeli da mimarTuleba. Semdeg ki ganagrZobs: qarTvelTa SemoqmedebiTi energia imdenad gaizarda am monastrebSi, rom tao-klarjeTis sazRvrebSi veRar daetia, gamovida Tavisi kalapotidan da farTo nakadiT gadavida mcire aziis sxvadasxva punqtSi da mere aTonis naxevarkunZulze Seqmna man Cveni mwerlobis axali centri iveriis monastris saxiT, romelic pirvel xanebSi ikvebeboda tao-klarjeTidan momdinare tradiciebiT95.
amis mere, n. maris saxeldaxelod Seqmnili Teoriis mimdevarma somexma mecnierebma rogorc unda gvimtkicon, rom es didi qarTuli kultura, TiTqos somexi qalkedonelebis Seqmnili yofiliyos, Tanac im pirobebSi, roca maT Turme bolomde hqondaT SenarCunebuli mSobliuri somxuri ena, somxuri Segneba da patriotizmi da v. aruTinova-fidanianis sayvareli gamoTqmac rom gamoviyenoT, `somexi yovelTvis somxadve rCeboda~. aseTi SeuTavsebeli debulebebis SeTavsebis cda xom ubralod absurdia. tao-klarjeTis uaRresad erovnuli, brwyinvale qarTuli kulturis Semoqmedi, ra Tqma unda, qarTveli tomebi, qarTveli xalxia, romelsac IX-X ss. aq gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna didi SemoqmedebiTi energiisa da unaris gamosavlenad. aborigeni qarTuli Tu qarTveluri mosaxleoba am ganapira iberiaSi arasdros gadaSenebula, maSinac ki, roca tao gansazRvrul istoriul periodebSi somxur politikur sivrceSi eqceoda. mogvianebiT ki, roca arabTa damarbeveli laSqrobebisa da moaruli epidemiebis Sedegad mosaxleobis didi nawili amowyda da VIII s. gasuls axali moaxalSeneebi gaCndnen, ZiriTadad IX-X ss. aRdga da moSenda qarTlis sxvadasxva Temebidan, upiratesad mesxeTidan masobrivad mosuli moaxalSeneebis xeliT. Istoriuli kanonzomiereba iyo, albaT, rom swored mesxebi daeuflnen TavianT uZveles pirvelsacxovriss96. tomiT mesxebi iyvnen XI s. Sua wlebSi kalmaxisa da artanujis erisTavebi sula kalmaxeli, grigol artanujeli da maTze daqvemdebarebuli mravalricxovani aznaurebi, romelTac Seipyres gamZlavrebuli separatisti feodali lipariti da mefes mihgvares97, Tuxarisis erisTavi beSqen jayeli, giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mwerali da sxva gamoCenili pirebi. erTob niSandoblivia, agreTve, rom IX s. sxva qarTul samefo-samTavroTagan mxolod tao-klarjeTs miemarTeboda sityva `qarTvelTa~: qarTvelTa sakurapalato, qarvelTa samefo, riTac yuradReba maxvildeboda am samefos uaRresad qarTul, erovnul xasiaTze. niSandoblivia isic, rom brZolas erovnuli qarTuli feodaluri samyaros warmoqmna-gamarjvebisaTvis amierkavkasiis masStabiT swored taos saxelganTqmulma mefem daviT III didma kurapalatma Cauyara safuZveli da pirveli gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis politikuri nabijebic gadadga rogorc qarTuli qveynebis politikuri gaerTianebis mimarTulebiT, ise qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da qarTuli feodaluri kulturis erovnuli sazRvrebis iqiT gasavrcelebladac. cxadia, somxuri istoriografiis xsenebul warmomadgenelTa cdebi Tavdayira warmoaCinon tao-klarjeTis politikuri da eTno-kulturuli istoria, sakmaod Sors dgas mecnieruli amocanebisagan da, aSkarad, sxva interesTa sferos ganekuTvneba. sabWoTa somxuri istoriografia aseve tendenciurad gadmogvcems saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis politikur Tavgadasavalsa da mis eTno-istorias. igi misdevs ra sakiTxze XIX s. somxuri publicistikidan da samecniero wreebidan momdinare tradicias, romelic gulisxmobs saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli siWarbisa da TviT qarTuli mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli konfesiis nawilis eTnikuradac somxuri warmomavlobis iluziuri suraTis Seqmnas (mis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva), somex mkvlevarTa axalma Taobam, Cans, Tavis movaleobad miiCnia am problematikis Semdgomi damuSaveba da mecnieruli gansjis CarCoebSi, Tundac, formalurad moqceva. amgvari ganwyoba mkafiod SeiniSneba p. muradianis sadoqtoro disertaciasa da wyaroTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis mis sxva naSromebSi, romelTagan amjerad gamovyofT 1985 w. erevanSi rusul enaze gamocemul wigns `Армянская эпиграфика Грузии (Картли и Кахети) da 1988 w. dastambul imave saTauris wigns Tbilisze. dasmuli amocanis gadasawyvetad batonma paruirma Tavis istoriul-filologiur Ziebebs safuZvlad daudo dReisaTvis somxur istoriografiaSi farTod gaziarebuli koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac XI-XVIII saukuneebis somexi xalxis istoria moicavs ara marto sakuTriv somxeTis, aramed aziisa da evropis qveynebSi gafantuli somxuri dasaxlebebis istoriasac98. zogadad es debuleba, SesaZloa, sworic iyos, magram saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobisa da evropasa da aziaSi gafantuli somxuri dasaxlebebis (koloniebis) erT
sibrtyeze ganxilva araTu mizanSeuwoneli, aramed umarTebulocaa sruliad gansxvavebuli geografiuli, istoriuli, socialur-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli pirobebis gamo. ucxoeTSi gafantuli avtonomiuri niSnebis mqone koloniebi da kompaqturi eTnikuri Temebi, rogorc Tavdacvis erTgvari saSualeba, umTavresad im qveynebSi iqmneboda, sadac somxebi Cagvrasa da Seviwroebas ganicdidnen. magaliTad, iranSi, indoeTSi, ruseTSi da sxv. somxuri dasaxlebebis xasiaTi da organizaciuli formebi rom TavSesafari qveynis xelisuflebis politikazec didad iyo damokidebuli, amaze jer kidev b. borianma gaamaxvila yuradReba99 da miuTiTa sxvadasxva qveyanaSi somex ltolvilTa gansxvavebul mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, misive dakvirvebiT, holandiasa, poloneTsa da italiis zRvispira qalaqebSi somxuri koloniebi xelisufalTagan politikur Seviwroebas ar ganicdidnen, ris gamoc droTa ganmavlobaSi moxda maTi asimilacia da somxur sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aRaraviTar rols aRar TamaSobdnen. da yvela im qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, saiTkenac somex ltolvilTa nakadebi miemarTeboda, saqarTvelo ara marto geografiulad, aramed kulturiTa da istoriuli kavSirebiTac ufro maxlobeli qveyana iyo. amasTan qarTvel xelisufalTa Semwynarebluri politikac savsebiT uzrunvelyofda somexTa pirovnul Rirsebas, ris gamoc Cveni qveyana maTTvis yvelaze mimzidveli iyo. es WeSmariteba araviTar davas ar iwvevs da savsebiT gaziarebulia somxur istoriografiaSic. miuxedavad amisa, mezobeli didi saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT SezRuduli sasicocxlo sivrcisa da specifikuri geopolitikuri pirobebiT gamowveuli gamudmebuli TavdacviTi omebis gamoc, ltolvilTa didi nakadis misaRebad da vrceli kompaqturi ucxo dasaxlebebis Sesaqmnelad, gansakuTrebiT XV s-idan dawyebuli XVIII s. CaTvliT, saqarTveloSi Sesaferisi situacia da saWiroeba, namdvilad ar arsebobda. amitom p. muradianis cdas, mTeli saqarTvelo, amjerad istoriuli qarTli da kaxeTi, kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebebiT dafarul qveynad warmogvidginos, araviTari mecnieruli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. marTalia, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferatSi aRniSnavs, rom somexTa gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi TandaTanobiTi infiltritaciiTa da mTeli Temebis (igulisxmeba rogorc sasoflo, ise saqalaqo) gadanacvlebiT xdeboda, magram sinamdvileSi, mTeli masalis analizi da vrceli msjeloba, faqtobrivad, meore SesaZleblobaSi mkiTxvelis dasarwmunebladaa mimarTuli. misi mtkicebiT, somxuri sakulto Zeglebisa da warwerebis adgilmdebareoba, rogorc wesi, mowmobs im adgilebSi gadmosaxlebulTa Temebis arsebobas. amasTan, iqve SeniSnavs, rom am Zeglebis raodenoba gacilebiT mcirea, vidre realurad arsebuli somxuri dasaxlebebi. somxuri eTnikuri elementi, misive ganmartebiT, arsebobda ruxSi, CixorSi, CxarSi, quTaisSi, TamaraSenSi, bazarSi, agreTve, soflebSi – saRoreSi, gorisTavSi, akurasa da tabaxmelaSi, maRaroSi, nukrianSi, nasomxarSi, fanianSi, fxovelSi, bodbisxevSi, maCxaansa da tibaanSi, mirzaanSi da a. S., magram am adgilebSi somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebi ara gvaqvso100. p. muradianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am tipur msjelobaSi eTnikuri `Temisa~ da `elementis~ cnebebi TavianTi mniSvnelobiT, faqtobrivad, gaTanabrebulia, e. i. mTeli da misi nawili erT sididedaa warmodgenili, riTac mkiTxvels, gansakuTrebiT saqmeSi Cauxedavs, uqmnis STabeWdilebas, TiTqos, CamoTvlili qalaqebi da soflebi erT mTlian somxur eTnikur Temebs warmoadgenda, anda am punqtebSi damoukidebeli somxuri Temebis arseboba maincaa savaraudebeli. somxuri elementis arsebobas CamoTvlil qalaqebsa da soflebSi qarTuli wyaroebic adasturebs da am mxriv arc Cvena gvaqvs sadavo pat. mkvlevarTan. magram isic xom aSkaraa, rom b-ni paruiris mizans es ki ara, mTel, gansakuTrebiT ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos centralur raionebSi somxuri eTnikuri Temebis arsebobis mtkiceba Seadgens, ris cdebic am wignis TiTqmis yvela Tavsa da paragrafSia mocemuli da xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom `saqarTveloSi somxebi sasoflo Temis mTeli SemadgenlobiT esaxlebodnen101. q. gorze saubrisas ki aRniSnavs: somxebs bedad dahyvaT sxvadasxva qveynebSi xSirad gadasaxleba, magram, rogorc, wesi mTeli TemebiT, amitom ar
arsebobs safuZveli, rom gorSic imave viTarebas ar hqonoda adgili. sxvadasxva formiTa da variantebiT msgavsi situaciebia daxatuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva soflebsa da qalaqebSi102. ufro metic, amgvari naxevarsimarTliTa da orazrovani msjelobiT p. muradiani mkiTxvels arapirdapir mianiSnebs, TiTqos, somxebs saqarTveloSi maTive kanonebi icavdnen da sazRvargareTis somxuri koloniebis msgavsad saqarTveloSic somxuri Temebi am mxriv raRac avtonomiur niSnebs flobdnen. misi mtkicebiT, sasamarTlo garCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo somexTa eTnokulturuli TviTmyofoba, rasac mowmobs daviT batoniSvilis erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac vaxtang VI qveyanas marTavda berZnuli kanonebiT, vaWrebisaTvis ki iyenebda somxur kanonebs... am sityvebidan Canso, rom saqarTveloSi vaWrebi ZiriTadad somxebi iyvnen. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebeliao, ganagrZobs somexi mkvlevari, rom davit bagrationi XIX s. dasawyisSi werda, roca vaWarTa fenaSi saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela msxvili eTnikuri erTeuli iyo warmodgenili, amitom somxuri kanonebi ar SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo mTel vaWarTa fenaze. erTi sityviT, uTqmelad amtkicebs, rom somxuri kanonebi vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulSi mxolod somxebisaTvis gamoiyenebodao da magaliTad moyavs somxuri warmomavlobis qarTvel Tavadebs, begTabegisSvilebs Soris syidvaze gaCenili davisas `somxuri samarTlis~ normebis gamoyenebis faqti103. erTi sityviT, cdas ar aklebs, raTa saqarTvelo avtonomiuri somxuri dasaxlebebiT mofenil qveynad warmogvidginos. b-ni p. muradianis msjelobas rom mivyveT da mis SromebSi mocemuli somxuri dasaxlebebis sqema da formebi gaviziaroT, miviRebT yovlad araistoriul suraTs: gamova rom saqarTveloSi somxebi ki ar cxovrobdnen qarTvelTa Soris, aramed, piriqiT, qarTvelebi somexTa Soris. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom evropasa da aziaSi gafantuli somxuri avtonomiuri dasaxlebebis istoria, somxuri istoriografiis TvalsazrisiT, somxeTis erTiani istoriis Semadgenel nawilebs warmoadgens, maSin am logikiT saqarTvelos istoriac somxeTis istorias unda mivaTvaloT. sinamdvile, ra Tqma unda, sul sxvagvaria. vidre am sakiTxze Cvens xedvas armovadgendeT, vnaxoT, ramdenad myaria b-ni p. muradianis mier moyvanili argumentebi. misi warmodgeniT, rogorc iTqva, sakulto nagebobebisa da warwerebis gaCena da maTi adgilmdebareoba ganpirobebuli iyo kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebebis sulieri moTxovnilebebiT, romlis ZalisxmeviTac, ZiriTadad, iqmneboda es Zeglebi, e. i. sakulto Zeglebis Seqmnas win uswrebda dasaxlebebis gaCena, magram faqtebi amis sawinaaRmdego araerT Cvenebebsac Seicavs. TviT p. muradianis wignebSi Tavmoyrili masalis mixedviT, ufro xSirad, TbilisSi, saerTod qarTlisa da kaxeTis soflebSi somxur eklesiebs mdidari somexi vaWrebi, anda sulac ekonomikurad Zlieri somxuri ojaxebis calkeuli wevrebi agebdnen. magaliTad, Tbilisis wm. giorgis somxuri eklesiis p. muradianis mierve pirobiTad aRdgenili samSeneblo warwera gvauwyebs: `es kaTedraluri eklesia agebulia somexTa mTavris omekis saxsrebiT~104. gorijvris somxuri eklesiis (Calabandis saydris) warweraSi naTqvamia: `940 (e. i. 1491) w. me, jalapma aRvaSene es eklesia Cemi da Cemi mSoblebisa da Zmebis sulis mosaxsenieblad~ 105. RvTismSoblis yandis somxuri eklesiis warwera ki gvamcnobs: `somxuri welTaRricxvis `ji~ 920 (1471), me, astvawatur mRvdelma Cemma vaJma xaCaturma da daviTma da Cemma qristesmierma sulierma Zmebma sargis sarkavagma (diakvanma) da ami...elma avaSeneT wminda RvTismSoblis (eklesia) Cveni da mSoblebis sulis(xsnisaTvis) amen~106. ufro gviandeli xanisTvis msgavsi Zeglebis raodenoba kidev metad izrdeba, xolo eklesiaTa ganaxlebisa, Tu misi nawilebis SekeTebis, gansakuTrebiT ki qvajvarebis aRmarTvis SemTxvevebi TiTqmis yovelTvis erT pirovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli da calkeuli personebis interesebiTaa gansazRvruli107. am da misi msgavsi Zeglebis kavSirze somxur kompaqtur dasaxlebebTan warwerebSi ubralo miniSnebac ki ar moipoveba. xolo XIX s., roca rusi moxeleebis mier organizebuli migraciuli procesebis Sedegad saqarTveloSi somexTa masobrivi Semosaxleba daiwyo da msxvili kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebebic Seiqmna, es movlena maSinve aisaxa epigrafikul ZeglebSic. am droidan somxur sakulto nagebobebze
gakeTebul warwerebSi maT mSeneblebad calkeuli pirebi ki ara, ufro xSirad mTeli somxuri dasaxlebebi da soflebi moixseniebian. magaliTebs TviT p. muradianisave gamoqveynebuli warwerebidan movitanT. niCbisSi – `1867 w. eklesia avageT Cvena somxisa sazogadoebama Cveni sakuTari SromiTa~108, muxranSi – `1843 w. SemweobiTa da RvawliTa somexTa guariT, romelnic imyofebian sofelsa Sina muxrans dadga eklesia es somxisa”109. anda `1839 w. aRvaSeneT eklesia (wminda) giorgisa Cven zertSi mcxovrebelT erTobiT qarTvelTa da somexTa sasaflaod Cvenis muSakobiTa~110. es ukanaskneli warwera konfesiuri urTierTobis TvalsazrisiTac erTob sainteresoa da masze calke vimsjelebT. aq moyvanili Sua saukuneebisa da XIX s. epigrafikuli masalis Sedareba ki, vfiqrob, sakmaod garkveviT cxadyofs, rom somxuri eklesiebis ageba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis ar iyo da arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo somxuri Temebis gaCenis uSualo Sedegi. piriqiT, eklesias SeeZlo, albaT, mosaxleobis Tavis garSemo Semokreba, magram amjerad ukve konfesiuri da ara mxolod eTnikuri niSniT, isic gansazRvrul drosa da sivrceSi. amitom araa aucilebeli yoveli sakulto nagebobis ukan somxuri Temi veZioT, somxuri eklesiebis ricxvis mixedviT ki somxuri Temebis da miT ufro somexTa raodenobis gansazRvra saqarTveloSi, aSkarad, uimedo saqmea. Sua saukuneebis, kerZod ki XIV-XV ss. saqarTveloSi ltolvili somxebi, Tu marTlac, mTeli soflebiT moemarTebodnen da qveynis centralur raionebSi saxlebodnen, rogorc amas p. muradiani amtkicebs, maSin es movlena toponimikaSi mainc unda asaxuliyo da maTi adrindeli sacxovrisis saxelwodebis mixedviT sexnia toponimebi qarTlsa da kaxeTSic gaCeniliyo. cnobilia, rom iq, sadac did koleqtivebad moxda somexTa gadasaxleba kidec saTanadod aisaxa es movlena toponimikaSi. magaliTad, somxeTis julfidan iranSi gadasaxlebulebma TavianT axal dasaxlebas `nor julfa~, e. i. axali julfa uwodes, ruseTis somxurma koloniam `axali naxiWevani~ da sxv. aRniSnuli xanis saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri, Tu saerTod, fizikur-geografiuli pirobebi ltolvilTa msxvili dasaxlebebis Seqmnas xels ver uwyobda, ris gamoc somexTa saqarTveloSi Semosaxleba, etyoba, mainc TandaTanobiTi infiltraciis gziT xdeboda. saqarTveloSi Semosaxlebis formebze saintereso miniSnebebs vxvdebiT somxur xelnawerTa anderZebSi. erT maTganSi vkiTxulobT: daiwera `somexTa welTaRricxvis `pZa~ (1432) w. araratis gavaris upatronobisas, (iqaurebis) qarTvelTa naTesavs Soris msxemobisas... gafantvisas~111. daaxloebiT imave xanis sxva xelnawerSi ki aRniSnulia: `Cveni Zmobis wevrebi gaviqeciT da gavifanteT qarTvelTa qveyanaSi~112. n. maris dakvirvebiT, somxuri migraciis Taviseburebas savaWro wreebis interesebi ganapirobebda, ris gamoc ucxo qveynebisaken daZruli pirveli nakadebi miedineboda savaWro kavSirTa mimarTulebiTo, Semdeg ki somxuri savaWro fenis mier aTvisebul raionebSi TanmiyolebiT saxldeboda mwarmoebeli sazogadoebaco113. sagulisxmoa, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis ganlagebis suraTi, romelic saistorio wyaroebis monacemebiT ixateba, TiTqmis, srulad emTxveva savaWro gzebsa da maT Sesayar adgilebs. magram somex vaWarTa mier garemos aTvisebasa da Tavis garSemo eTnikur TanamoZmeTa Semokrebas sakmaod xangrZlivi da mSvidobiani periodi sWirdeba, ris gamoc didi kompaqturi somxuri dasaxlebebis Seqmna, miT umetes gamudmebuli omianobis viTarebaSi, Zalze Zneli iyo. esec ar iyos, ZiriTadad somxuri savaWro kapitalis interesebiT stimulirebuli migraciuli procesebi umTavresad didi da Zlieri saxelmwifoebisken iyo mimarTuli, romelTac Sua saukuneebis pirobebSi vaWris pirovnebisa da misi qonebis dacvis bevrad ukeTesi SesaZleblobani gaaCndaT. gasagebia, rom samefo-samTavroebad daSlili gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, sadac komerciuli saqmianobis aRmavlobisaTvis asparezi SezRuduli iyo, somxuri mosaxleobis raodenoba ver iqneboda maincdamainc didi. 1770 w. erekle II-is mier
ruseTis rezidentisaTvis gacemuli demografiuli cnobis mixedviT, qarTlSi 500 komli somexi cxovrobda, rac qarTveli marTlmadidebeli mosaxleobis 1/8 -s udrida, kaxeTSi ki – 450 komli somexi, rac adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis 1/16-s Seefereboda114. amave cnobiT, SedarebiT mravalricxovani Cans somxuri mosaxleoba qvemo qarTlSi, magram aq is mahmadianur mosaxleobas Soris aris dafantuli. aseTi Tanafardoba TavisTavad somxuri kompaqturi dasaxlebebis Sesaqmnelad didad xelSesawyobi garemo, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo. feodalur-naturaluri meurneobis pirobebSi ki somex vaWarTa kompaqturi dasaxlebebis Seqmna maSinac ki, roca amiT qarTveli xelisuflebic iyvnen dainteresebulni, ramdenadme mniSvnelovani xniT mainc SeuZlebeli xdeboda. amis saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens cnobili `mefis qalaqis~ istoria. 1632-1636 ww. TeZmis piras somex vaWarTaTvis gaSenebuli qalaqi sul male gamodis mefis xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebidan da qarTlis Tavadebis _ TarxniSvilebis samflobelod qceva, saxelsac icvlis da `mefis qalaqis~ magier `qarTlis axalqalaqis~ saxels imkvidrebs115. mefis vaWrebic gaifantnen da, Cans, amitomac somxebis xsenebas `qarTlis axalqalaqSi~ naklebad vxvdebiT. igive bedi ewia erekle II-is cdas, qarTlkaxeTis soflebsa da qalaqebSi daemagrebina mis mier Camosaxlebuli rva somxuri soflis mosaxleoba. didi nawili ukan, somxeTSi gabrunda, rac darCa isic mcire jgufebad gaifanta yaraias, lilos, Tbilissa da TelavSi. feodaluri karCaketilobis viTarebaSi araqarTuli mosaxleobis garedan mosvla SezRuduli masStabebiT mimdinareobda, ris Sedegadac XIX s. damdegs saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi aborigenuli mosaxleoba didad Warbobda, qarTvelebis xvedriTi wona 4/5-s uaxlovdeboda. amave mizeziT XIX s-mde somxebis Camosaxleba xdeboda mcire jgufebiT 116. niSandoblivia isic, rom saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis odenobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli – 6% mxolod 1800 welze modis117. Tbilisis somxuri epigrafikis Zeglebis kvlevisas mkiTxvelze sasurveli STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad p. muradiani ramdenjerme exeba qalaqis eTnikur struqturas da komentaris gareSe mohyavs turneforis erTob saeWvo cnoba 1701 w. Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze, romlis mixedviTac qarTvelTa dedaqalaqis 20 aTasi mcxovrebidan 14 aTasi yofila somexi, 3000 mahmadiani, 2000 qarTveli da 500 kaTolike da es ukanasknelic moqceuli somxebi yofilan118. saqme isaa, rom turneforis arc winamorbed da arc misi Semdgomi xanis avtorebs Sua saukuneebis Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis amgvar ricxobriv Tanafardobas ramdenadme mainc miaxloebuli suraTi saerTod ar moepovebaT, amitom moyvanili cifrebis namdviloba, bunebrivia, yovelTvis seriozul eWvs aRZravda qarTvel istorikosTa Soris. undobloba am cnobebis mimarT Cvenc gamovTqviT am aTiode wlis win119. frangi mogzauri, bunebismetyveli Jozef piton de turnefori Cven qveyanaSi mogzaurobisas mecnier botanikosis interesebiT (mcenareebis SegrovebiT) ufro iyo dakavebuli, vidre istoriuli xasiaTis cnobebis SekrebiT, ris gamoc misi Txzuleba kidev ufro metad iyo damZimebuli im drois evropuli informaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi saerTo naklovanebebiT, rogoric faqtebis damaxinjeba da subieqtur ganwyobaTa ganzogadeba iyo. amasTan, xuTi dRe, rac man Cven dedaqalaqSi dahyo, metad mcire dro iyo avTenturi cnobebis Sesagroveblad, ramdenadac statistikuri masalis mosapovebeli wyaro mis dros TbilisSi realurad arc arsebobda. misi wasvlidan mxolod 20 wlis Semdeg, 1721 w. vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT ganxorcielda Tbilisis mosaxleobis aRwera. sruli saxiT aRweris masalebi moRweuli araa, magram rac SemogvrCa Tbilisis mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze SedarebiT realur warmodgenas mainc gviqmnis. Am masalaze Cveni dakvirvebiT, XVIII s. pirveli meoTxedisaTvis somxuri mosaxleoba TbilisSi qalaqis saerTo raodenobis erTi mesamedi unda yofiliyo, rac am mosaxleobisaTvis yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia saqarTvelos sxva danarCen regionebTan SedarebiT. eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Cvens mier navaraudevi Tanafardoba dasturdeba, agreTve, saistorio sabuTebis monacemebiT da vaxuStisa da misi momdevno avtorebis mier
Sedgenili Tbilisis rukebiT120. amaT mixedviT Tbilisis yvelaze vrceli da centraluri nawili – kala, gansakuTrebiT misi zemo ubani, mTlianad qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. aq iyo ganlagebuli mefisa da kaTalikosis, batoniSvilebisa da msxvili saero da sasuliero feodalebis sasaxleebi, samefo dawesebulebebi. qalaqis es nawili ara marto yvelaze vrceli, aramed ufro mWidrod dasaxlebuli adgilic iyo, radgan xsenebul sasaxleebsa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze saxlobda maT patronTa Sina da gare mosamsaxureTa rangis Sesaferisad, mravalricxovani jgufebi, samefo amala, dacva da sxva. didi jalabiT gamoirCeodnen TbilisSi mcxovrebi muxranbatonebi, amilaxorebi, orbelianebi, zedginiZeebi, ciciSvilebi, abaSiZeebi da sxvebi. TbilisSi qarTvel didgvarovanTa simravles aRniSnavda Sardenic121. qvemo ubanSi, Cans, qarTvelebs somxebi sWarbobdnen. 1721 w. mosaxleobis aRweris monawile vaxuSti batoniSvilic aRniSnavda: `cixis gareT ufros somexni da mcired qarTvelni saxloben~, magram rac gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivia, mecnier batoniSvilis mowmobiT, es somxebi `qceva-zniT~ gaqarTvelebulebi yofilan122. TbilisSi qarTvelTa Warbi garemocvis gareSe `qceva-znis~ Secvla, gasagebia, rom SeuZlebeli iqneboda. arc Tbilisis midamoebis soflebSi Cans somxuri umravlesoba, rogorc amas zogjer somxuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben. Tbilisis midamoebis 22 soflis 1781 w. xalxis aRweris davTris123 mixedviT 840 komlidan mxolod 222 komli somxuri warmoSobis piri daviTvaleT, rac mTeli mosaxleobis 1/4ј-ze cota metia. es da sxva gamoangariSebani, ra Tqma unda, miaxloebiTia da savaraudo, radganac xalxis aRweris qarTul davTrebSi mosaxleoba eTnikuri da konfesiuri niSniT ar aris gamijnuli. amas garda, qarTuli da somxuri mosaxleobis garCeva am davTrebSi mocemuli saxelebisa da gvarebis mixedviTac xSirad Wirs imitomac, rom qarTvelTa Soris gavrcelebul saxelebs zogjer somxebic atarebdnen da piriqiTac, somexTa Soris gavrcelebul saxelebs – qarTvelebi. Semdeg ki am saxelebidan nawarmoebi gvarebi, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro abundovnebdnen konkretuli piris eTnikur warmomavlobas. rogorc Cans, arsebuli sinamdvile ar iTxovda qarTuli da somxuri mosaxleobis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas, ris gamoc xalxis aRweris davTrebSi isini erTi siiTa da erTmaneTTan Sereulad arian warmodgenilni. ZiriTadi qarTuli mosaxleobis masasTan amgvari Serwyma–SekavSireba, eWvi araa, mxolod somexTa SedarebiTi ricxobrivi simcirisa da orive mosaxleobis uflebrivi Tanasworobis pirobebSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo. es ki niadags aclis p. muradianis xsenebul Tvalsazriss somxuri Temebis gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statusze, ris safuZvelze, TiTqos, XVIII s. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi somexTa mimarT gamoiyeneboda mxolod somxuri samarTlis normebi. saqme isaa, rom somxuri Temebis samarTlebriv statusze msjelobisas p. muradiani naxevarsimarTliTa da misTvis Cveuli arapirdapiri miniSnebebiTa da sinamdvilis gamrudebis gziT cdilobs mkiTxvelis darwmunebas ararsebulSi124. b-ni paruiris mier xsenebuli vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebulSi Sesuli `somxuri samarTali~ anu mxiTar goSas kanonmdeblobis normebi, sxva ucxo kanonmdeblobaTa (moses samarTali, berZnuli samarTali, siriul-romauli samarTlis wigni da sxv.) normebis msgavsad damxmare mniSvnelobisa iyo da mxolod im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda, roca esa Tu is norma gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ZeglebSi125. rogorc i. doliZe SeniSnavs, sasamarTlo ganCinebebSi `somxuri samarTlis~ kanonTa muxlebis damowmeba TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba126. p. muradianis mier moyvanili mamulis gayidvis magaliTis gamo ki ganmartavs: am erTaderT SemTxvevaSic ki sasamarTlo mxiTar goSis samarTlis wignis 367-e muxlze miuTiTebs rogorc vaxtangis samarTlis 161-e da 167-e muxlebTan Sesadarebel masalas. saqme ki wydeba vaxtangis `samarTlis wignis ZaliT~127. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi urTierTobani mosulsa da damxvdurs Soris, rom qarTuli
batonymuri samarTlis safuZvelze wydeboda, amas ltolvili somxuri mosaxleobac aRniSnavda. am mxriv tipuria erTi maTganis mier qarTveli Tavadis saxelze dawerili sabuTi, sadac vkiTxulobT: `...Cemi Tavi Cemis SvilebiT xeCaturaTi da avetiqaTi Tqven mogyide, rogorc saqarTvelos batonymobis rigia dRes da dReis iqiT ise unda gemsaxuroTo~128. cxadia, `qarTuli batonymobis rigi~ da `qarTuli samarTali~ iyo qveynis mosaxleTa Soris nebismieri urTierTobis momwesrigebeli. amitom arc saqarTvelos somxur mosaxleobas, romelic sazogadoebis sruluflebian nawilad iTvleboda da qveynis xelisufalTagan zogjer gansakuTrebuli SemwynareblobiTac sargeblobda, ar gaaCnda safuZveli gancalkevebuli, miT umetes, sakuTari kanonebiT marTuli Temebis Sesaqmnelad da isic qveynis centralur raionebSi, rogorc es b-n p. muradians warmoudgenia. qveynis sazRvrispira raionebSi, gansazRvrul drosa da pirobebSi somxuri Temebis Camoyalibeba, ra Tqma unda, gamoricxuli ar iyo, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi misi Serwyma saerTo qarTul kulturul procesTan mainc gardauvali xdeboda. magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges curtavis somxuri mosaxleobis Tavgadasavali, romelic jer kidev VII s. damdegs iq sakuTar soflebad da Temebad cxovrobda. Semdeg ki qarTul kulturul samyarosTan TandaTanobiTi Serwymis Sedegad, imave mosaxleobisaTvis X s. ukve somxeTi gaxda ucxo qveyana129. saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriasTanaa gansazRvrulwilad dakavSirebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis erTi SedarebiT mcire, gansakuTrebiT vaWroba-xelosnobaSi Cabmuli nawilis mier somxuri sarwmunoebis miReba da e. w. `qarTvel grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli erTobis Camoyalibeba. amgvari erTobis arsebobis SesaZlebloba, araTu gviani Sua saukuneebis, aramed XIX s. saqarTveloSic p. muradians dauSveblad miaCnia da nametani gaRizianebiT xvdeba am sakiTxze qarTul istoriografiaSi msjelobas. misi gancxadebiT `qarTvel grigorianTa~ cneba gamogonili iyo XX s. dasawyisSi qarTuli burJuaziuli sazogadoebis garkveul ganwyobilebaTa zegavleniT da am saqmis mTavar `damnaSaved~ zaqaria WiWinaZe gamoyavs130. `z. WiWinaZis Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis cdis~ gamo mkveTr gaRizianebas gamoxatavs Cvens mimarTac, rac SemdgomSic araerTxel gaimeora somxeTSi gamomaval sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi (§¶сіПіЭ Г»сГ « §РЅбс СіЫс»ЭЗщ¦ da sxv.) dabeWdil werilebSi. marto is faqti, rom XIX s. dasasrulisa da XX s. dasawyisis qarTuli da somxuri perioduli gamocemebis furclebze mwvave debatebi imarTeboda xsenebul sakiTxze publicistebsa da mecnierTa Sorisac, mas ukve `gamogonils~ veRar uwodeb. rac Seexeba z. WiWinaZes, igi TviT iyo `qarTvel grigorianTa~ sazogadoebis arsebobis uSualo mowme da aRmweri. Tavis wignSi saTiTaod CamoTvlis misi Tanamedrove `grigoriani qarTvelebis~ 105 gvars, romelTagan mxolod ramdenime gvaris eTnikuri kuTvnileba Tu SeiZleba iyos sadavo, Torem danarCenis qarTveloba iotis odena eWvsac ar badebs. magaliTad, avaliSvili, baraTaSvili, baqraZe, giorgaZe, maCabeli, muCaiZe, lomiZe da131 sxva mravali, romelTa zogi warmomadgeneli sxvadasxva mizezisa da garemoebaTa gamo somxur sarwmunoebas mihkedlebia. bevr maTganTan z. WiWinaZes piradi nacnoboba da megobroba akavSirebda, rac saSualebas aZlevda ukeT Seeswavla maTi ucxo sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis istoria, ris Sesaxebac mis wignSi konkretul miTiTebebsac vxvdebiT. ase rom, z. WiWinaZe TviT aris erT-erTi pirvelwyaro `grigorian qarTvelTa~ istoriis Sesaswavlad da pretenziebi mis mimarT am sakiTxis gamo, vfiqrob, gaumarTlebelia. p. muradianis xsenebuli wignis sxva gverdze ki, roca mis avtors istoriuli sabuTebis qarTuli formis gvarebis mqone personaJebSi eTnikuri somxebis Secnoba dasWirda, qarTvelTa mier somxur sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlis SemTxvevebs gamogonebuls aRar uwodebs da avitabiles cnobebze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs, rom iyo SemTxvevebi, roca
somexi monofizitebi qalkedonizmis wiaRSi gadadiodnen, xolo qarTvelebi somxebi xdebodnen (e. i. monofizitebi). amitom eTnikuri Semadgenlobis sakiTxi rTulia da sifrTxiles saWiroebso132. sadisertacio naSromis avtoreferatSi ki xazgasmiT acxadebs: Cven uarvyofT jer kidev arsebul koncefcias, romlis mixedviTac qarTlisa da kaxeTis amJamindeli qarTulenovani somxuri mosaxleoba `somxuri~ gaxda `grigorianobisadmi~ mimxrobis gamo. Cven sulac ar gamovricxavT qarTvelTa armenizaciisa da somexTa qarTvelizaciis calkeul SemTxvevebs, magram es procesi ar iyo mudmiv moqmedi faqtori133. rogorc vxedavT, eTnikuri da konfesiuri gaucxoebis Temas p. muradiani calmxrivad, misTvis saWiro kuTxiT ganixilavs da misadmi damokidebulebas icvlis imisdamixedviT, Tu rogor ujobs. amasTan SecdomaSi Sehyavs mkiTxveli, roca amtkicebs, TiTqos, Cven uarvyofdeT Sua saukuneebisa da Semdgomi xanis saqarTveloSi somex ltolvilTa arsebobis faqts. piriqiT, p. muradiani cdilobs somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvelebis somxuri eTnosisadmi miTvlas da am gziT isedac mravalricxovani somxuri mosaxleobis ufro metad gazrdas qarTuli mosaxleobis Semcirebis xarjze. aseTi damokidebulebis TvalnaTeli magaliTia, agreTve, somxeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri yovelkvireuli rusulenovani gazeTis `epoxa~-s 1990 w. me-8 nomerSi rubrikiT `politika~ gamoqveynebuli p. muradianis werili erTob emociuri saTauriT `qarTveli grigorianebi~ – miTi Tu realoba? ase, xan “gamogonebuli cneba, xan `koncefcia~, xan ki `miTi~. es ukanaskneli epiTeti Zlieri gaRizianebis Sedegia, rac gamowveuli iyo im xanebSi somxuri sarwmunoebis mqone qarTvelTa aTeuli aTasobiT Tanamedrove STamomavalTa mier, TiTqmis mTeli saukunis Semdeg, sakuTari gvarisa da erovnebis oficialurad (iuridiulad) dabrunebiT, riTac TavisTavad daimsxvra `qarTvel grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli kategoriis uaryofis p. muradianiseuli miTi. xsenebul werilze Cveni pasuxi saTauriT `vin arRvevs keTilmezoblobis tradiciebs?~ daibeWda `literaturuli saqarTvelos~ 1992 wlis 22 maisis nomerSi. amave sakiTxze msjeloba gavSaleT da p. muradianis mtkicebulebaTa sawinaaRmdego damatebiTi kontrargumentebi moviyvaneT Cvens wignSi `saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebi (IVXVIII ss.)~, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 185-194. sailustraciod p. muradianis mier moxmobili argumentebis sawinaaRmdego ramdenime kontrarguments aqac moviyvanT. daviwyoT p. muradianis araerTgzisi gancxadebiT, TiTqos, mxolod misioner avitabiles werilis erT pasaJSia naxsenebi qarTvelTa armenizaciis faqti, rac calkeul SemTxvevaTa rigs unda miekuTvnoso. b-ni paruiri amjeradac misTvis sasurvel ganmartebas moyvanili Sinaarsis mcire gamrudebiT aRwevs. avitabiles werilSi moyvanilia XVII s. pirveli naxevris cnobili qarTveli politikuri moRvawis nikoloz ColoyaSvilis sityvebi, romelSic gamoTqmulia SeSfoTeba am movlenis gafarToebis gamo. avitabiles mixedviT n. ColoyaSvils uTqvams: `yoveli dRe Cvenis TvaliT vxedavT, rom mravalni qarTvelni somxdebian...~134, rac muradianisagan sruliad gansxvavebul daskvnas iTxovda. amgvari cnobebi ki sakmaod mravlad iZebneba italiel misionerTa moxsenebebSi. imave xanebSi patri ambrozio Tavis xelmZRvanelobas romSi moaxsenebda: `Cveni monazonebi am qristianebSi didis sikeTis qmnas SeiZleben ramdenisame soflis yid viT, rogorc Svrebian somxebi. Tumca qarTvelebs didi simZulvare aqvT somxebis sarwmunoebis mxriv, garda, rodesac maTi ymebi xdebian, bevri maTgani gadadis somxis wesze135~. aqac calkeul SemTxvevebze ki ara, mTel soflebzea saubari. `grigorian qar- TvelTa~ sazogadoebis damadasturebeli sabuTebi TviT p. muradianis mier gamoqveynebul `ZeglebSic~ sakmaod moipoveba, romelTagan mxolod erT niSandobliv warweras moviyvanT: `CylT (1839) wels aRvaSeneT eklesia ese wminda giorgisa Cven zertSi mcxovrebelT erTobiT qarTvelTa da somexTa sasaflaod Cvenis muSakobiTa, SemweobiTa...~136. am warweris komentarSi p. muradiani ganmartavs, TiTqos, xangrZlivma Tanacxovrebam am soflis qarTvelTa da somexTa Soris ara marto eTnikuri, aramed konfesiuri sazRvrebic waSalao. aseTi axsna damajereblobas, ra Tqma unda, moklebulia. vinc ki Sua saukuneebis, Tundac gviani xanis, sazogadoebis bunebas icnobs,
man kargad icis (maT Soris p. muradianmac), rom konfesiurad gansxvavebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi araTu erTmaneTis sasaflaoze micvalebuls ar daasaflavebdnen, aramed eklesiaSic ar Sevidodnen. Warweris teqstSi xsenebuli eklesia erTobliv maSenebelni qarTvelebica da somxebic, ra Tqma unda, erTi sarwmunoebisani iyvnen, sxvagvarad maTi TanamSromloba, miT ufro sasaflaos eklesiis mSeneblobaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amis aRiareba ki p. muradianis Tvalsazriss ewinaaRmdegeboda. amitomac, Cans, teqstis axsnis im droisaTvis garegnulad momgebian variants mimarTa. magram saqmec isaa, rom XIX s., romelsac es warwera ekuTvnis, yvelaze Seuferebeli droa eTnikuri da konfesiuri sazRvrebis waSlis SesaZleblobis samtkiceblad. is ufro konfesiur urTierTobaTa gamwvavebis xanadaa cnobili. saqarTvelos rusuli administracia qarTvelTa da somexTa gaTiSvisa da dapirispirebisaTvis iRvwoda. am politikuri amocanis Sesabamisad qarTvelTa somxur sarwmunoebaSi gadasvlas ara marto axalisebda, aramed zogjer aiZulebda kidec. es da msgavsi RonisZiebebi rusuli kolonialuri politikis arsenalSi erT-erTi efeqturi saSualeba iyo qarTuli eTnikuri koleqtivis dasasusteblad. amdenad, b-ni p. muradianis cdebs, uaryos e. w. `qarTvel grigorianTa~ eTnokulturuli kategoriis arseboba gviani Sua saukuneebisa da gansakuTrebiT XIX s. saqarTvelos sazogadoebaSi, ramdenadme seriozuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia da aseT mtkicebulebebs mxolod mecnieruli interesebis miRma motivebi Tu SeiZleba rom asuldgmulebdes. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi somxuri mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli siWarbisa da siZvelis STabeWdilebis Sesaqmnelad, aRniSnuls garda, b-ni p. muradiani calkeuli qarTuli gvarebis warmomavlobaSi eWvis Setanasa da somxurTan dakavSirebas cdilobs, risTvisac mecnieruli sabuTianobis nacvlad zogadi da arapirdapiri miniSnebebiT kmayofildeba, rac, eWvi araa, saqmeSi Cauxedavi mkiTxvelis fsiqikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenadaa mxolod gaTvlili. am mxriv tipuria cnobili qarTuli feodaluri sagvareulos – musxeliSvilTa gasomxurebis p. muradianiseuli xerxi. sof breZis grigol ganmanaTleblis monastrisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli xelnaweri saxarebis (1469) Tavgadasavalze saubrisas, mkiTxvels moulodnelad sqolioSi Catanil aseT cnobas awvdis: sof. breZis mcxovreblebi amJamad somxurs uwodeben wm. giorgis eklesias, sadac dakrZalulni arian musxelovebis (musxeliSvili) sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. Tuki gamovricxavT, ganagrZobs p. muradiani, kidev erTi somxuri savanis arsebobis SesaZleblobas, maSin unda davaskvnaT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi breZis somxebis gaqarTvelebis procesSi, wm. grigoli gaazrebuli iyo (Secvlili?) rogorc wm. giorgi, qarTul wreebSi am ukanasknelis kultis gansakuTrebuli popularobis gamo137. b-ni p. muradianis aq warmodgenil msjelobaSi, TiTqmis, yvela sityva erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba. jer erTi, mis mier moyvanil anderZminawerSi, sadac xsenebul saxarebazea saubari, saerTod araa naxsenebi sof. breZa. xelnaweris damweri barseRi politikuri movlenebis gadmocemasTan erTad aRniSnavs, rom dazianebuli saxareba 1584 w. gaanaxla da somexTa arqiepiskopos xaCaturis Txov niT masve gorSi daubruna, am ukanasknelma ki Tavis ZmisSvils diakvan kirakoss sof. yandaSi gaugzavna. Tuki es xelnaweri saxareba, p. muradianis TqmiT, breZis wm. giorgis eklesiisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin misamarTis Secvlis mizezi barseRs mainc unda aReniSna, miT umetes, rom saxarebis TavgadasavalTan dakavSirebul yovel detals skrupulozurad aRwers. am gaugebrobis axsnis sxva variants verc p. muradiani gvTavazobs. cxadia, wm. grigolis eklesia sof. breZaSi ar yofila da, bunebrivia, amitom verc ganaxlebuli somxuri saxareba gaigzavneboda iq. sof. breZis eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli yvela es variaciebi, Cans, p. muradians imisTvis dasWirda, rom wm. giorgis qarTuli eklesia somxurad gamoecxadebina da amiT iq dasaflavebuli cnobili qarTuli feodaluri sagvareulos – musxeliSvilebis qarTvelobaze mkiTxvelSi eWvi aReZra. rac Seexeba wm. grigolis giorgid gaazrebas, Tu gardasaxvas, es araTu varaudebis, aramed fantaziis sferos SeiZleba, albaT, mivakuTvnoT. met-naklebad msgavsi meTodebiT manipulirebs qarTuli gvarebis somxuri eTnosisadmi miTvlis sxva SemTxvevebSic. metadre maSin, roca
saqme exeba orenovan qarTul-somxur warwerebSi moxseniebuli gvarebis warmomavlobis garkvevas. aseT SemTxvevaSi p. muradiani yovelTvis somxuri teqstiT xelmZRvanelobs, sadac qarTuli saxelebi (da ara marto qarTuli) Cveulebriv somxuri formiT gadmoicema. magaliTad, biWiaSvili – biWiancad, RarRaZe – RarRaZeancad, bagrationebi – bagratunebad, batoniSvili somxurSi gavrcelebul paronad da a. S. amitomacaa, rom misTvis mxolod qarTulenovani somxebi arseboben da arasdros somxuri sarwmunoebis wiaRSi nebiT Tu uneblied moxvedrili qarTvelebi138. qarTlis centralur raionebSi somxuri mosaxleobis siWarbisa da siZvelis STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad igi, amasTanave, cdilobs es regioni ZvelTaganve somxuri kulturis gavrcelebis sivrced warmogvidginos, risTvisac calkeuli kulturuli faqtis, misTvis Cveuli meTodebiT, gamrudebul axsnasac ar erideba. magaliTad, `wm. ninos cxovrebis~ misTvis saWiro erTi siuJetis gadmocemisas eyrdnoba maincdamainc leonti mrovelis im variants, romelic `ninos cxovrebis~ arc erT ZiriTad redaqciaSi ar moipoveba. saqme exeba javaxeTSi faravnis tbasTan wm. ninos Sexvedras mcxeTel mwyemsebTan da maTTan saubars. ZiriTad А redaqciaSi aseT Sexvedraze saerTod araferia Tqmuli, meore redaqciaSi ki aRniSnuli ar aris romel enaze Sedga maT Soris saubari. am garemoebaze TviT muradianic miuTiTebs. mxolod leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSia naTqvami, rom `wmida nino mecnier iyo mcired enasa somxursa, rameTu pirvel eswavla niaforisgan, da pova mwyemsTa maT Soris somxurad mzraxveli da hkiTxa mas, viTarmed `romlisa soflisani xarT?~ xolo man miugo da rqua, viTarmed: `dabiT elarbiniT da safurcliT, da qinZarelni, rabatelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani~139. ramdenadac es ukanaskneli cnoba `moqcevaЎ~-is arc erT ZiriTad redaqcias ar moepoveba, obieqturi mkvlevris movaleobas Seadgenda, albaT, gaerkvia leontis TxzulebaSi misi moxvedris mizezebi. amis magier sakuTari versia p. muradianma Tavs moaxvia XI s. avtors da ganacxada, rom `ninos cxovrebis~ saerTo konteqstidan gamomdinare, leonti mrovelis logikuri daskvniT ucxo xalxis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis damyareba ninos SeeZlo mxolod somxur enaze, e. i. wm. ninosTvisac da mcxeTisa da misi Semogarenis mcxovreblebisTvisac ucxoelebTan sakontaqto ena mxolod somxuri iyoo. rogorc ar unda yofiliyoo, ganagrZobs p. muradiani, XI s. istorikosi verafers xedavs ucnaurs imaSi, rom mcxeTisa Tu misi mimdebare soflebis mcxovrebs `cotaTi~ mainc SeZleboda somxuris codna da CamoTvlis mTel rig garemoebebs, romelTac unda ganepirobebinaT qarTvelTa mier somxuris `cotaTi~ codna. Somxuris codnis ganmapirobebel garemoebaTa Soris mniSvnelovnad miaCnia: somxuridan uZvelesi qarTuli Targmanebis (ZiriTadad bibliuri wignebis) mniSvnelovani raodenoba, koriunis Txroba qarTuli anbanis Seqmnaze da jalas mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, mezobel gugarqSi orenovani qarTul-somxuri eparqiis arseboba da bolos, somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mqadageblobiTi moRvaweoba `CrdiloeTis qveynebSi~. yvela am sadavo da saeWvo garemoebaTa CamoTvlas agvirgvinebs qarTuli Zeglis `moqcevaЎ qarTlisaЎ~-Si Semonaxuli `zogierTi cnobiT~ saqarTvelos sulier da administraciul centrSi somexTa yofnaze140. ra Tqma unda, b-ni paruiri aq somexTa ubralo yofnas ar gulisxmobs. mas saubari aqvs leontis mier `iob somexad~ wodebul qarTlis mTavarepiskoposze. moyvanili faqtis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, arc am garemoebaTa Seswavla da, miT ufro, faqtis namdvilobis gamorkveva, rogorc Cans, mis interesebSi ar Sedis. igi kvlav misTvis Cveul miniSnebebs mimarTavs, romlebmac mkiTxvels qarTlis centrSi somxuri garemos SesaZleblobis STabeWdileba unda Seuqmnas. Igi wers: samwuxarod, Cven araferi SegviZlia vTqvaT im garemoebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganapirobes iobis gamoCena am Tanamdebobaze, miT ufro imis Sesaxeb, flobda Tu ara is qarTuls, anda misma garemomcvelma samRvdeloebam Tu icoda somxuri ena,
Tumca RvTismsaxureba jer isev berZnul an siriul enebze unda warmarTuliyo141. erTi SexedviT savsebiT SesaZlebeli da uwyinari msjelobaa b-ni p. muradianis mier warmodgenili, magram mis mravalricxovan da Tanamimdevrul miniSnebebs Tu erTad movuyriT Tavs, miviRebT Zveli qarTlis centrSi eTnokulturuli situaciis yovladSeuferebel da gamrudebul suraTs. daviwyoT mcxeTel mwyemsebTan wm. ninos Sexvedris epizodiT da vnaxoT, ramdenad safuZvliania am erTob mwiri cnobiT ganmazogadebeli daskvnebis keTeba. wm. ninom rom somxuri icoda cotaTi dvineli miaforisgan es leontisaTvis ukve cnobili iyo `moqcevaЎ~-is avtorisagan142, ris gamoc somxeTis mezobel javaxeTSi ninos kontaqti iqaurebTan, bunebrivia, SeiZleboda somxur enazec warmarTuliyo, ramdenadac sasazRvro zolSi mezoblebi erTmaneTis enas ramdenadme, albaT, mainc flobdnen. magram mwyemsebi mcxeTelebi iyvnen da amitom saWiro gaxda maT Soris somxuris `mzraxvelis~ moZebna, rac kidec moxerxda. cxadia, aseTi SezRuduli informacia ganzogadebis saSualebas ar iZleva da erTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevis mcxeTisa da misi mimdebare soflebis mosaxleobaze gavrceleba, vfiqrob, yovlad gaumarTlebelia. qarTvelTa Soris somxuri enis farTod gavrcelebis Tvalsazrisis dasadastureblad p. muradianis mier moyvanili kulturuli mniSvnelobis faqtebi maTi avtoris sasargeblod sulac ar metyvelebs. bibliuri wignebis somxuridan Targmna TavisTavad didmniSvnelovani kulturuli movlenaa, magram arafriT ar aris somxuri enis gavrcelebis maniSnebeli. somxur bibliur wignebs saqarTveloSi rom mkiTxveli hyoloda, maSin xom arc maTi Targmna iqneboda saWiro? niSandoblivia isic, rom somxebTan kulturul-literaturuli kavSiri calmxrivi arasdros yofila. somxebic iseve Targmnidnen qarTulidan, rogorc qarTvelebi somxuridan 143. arc maStocis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis legenda sZens rames p. muradianis ideas, radganac kargadaa cnobili, rom mesropma qarTuli ar icoda, enis ucodinrad ki ucxo anbanis Seqmna SeuZlebelia. rac Seexeba curtavis orenovani qarTulsomxuri eparqiis arsebobas V s. qvemo qarTlSi da iq mimdinare eTnokulturul procesebs, yvelaze ukeT amaze am mosaxleobis Tavgadasavali gviCvenebs. ramdenime saukuneSi, rogorc iTqva, es mosaxleoba ukve somxeTs miiCnevda ucxo qveynad. somxuri eklesiis warmomadgenelTa mqadageblobiT moRvaweobas ki qvemo qarTlSi aqa–iq ZvelTagan SemorCenili somxuri mosaxleoba Tu saWiroebda, Torem iqaur mkvidr qarTvelobas arc eklesiebi aklda (marto bolnisis sioni rad Rirs) da arc mqadageblebi. maS raSi dasWirda b-n paruirs somex mqadageblebze aqcentireba? rogor unda ganexorcielebinaT maT TavianTi misia qarTul mosaxleobaSi, Tu isini, mosalodnelia, ar flobdnen qarTuls? cxadia, p. muradianis mizani sul sxvaa. etyoba, surs mkiTxvelSi aRZras eWvi da daafiqros – xom ar iyo qarTlis mosaxleoba somxuri kulturis matarebeli. aSkarad, am tendenciiTaa gaazre buli mis xsenebul wignSi `iob somexis~ Temac. mas ar ainteresebs mcxeTis saydris taxtze iobis gamoCenis garemoebani, magram mis somxobaSi eWvi ar epareba, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT informacias avTenituri wyaroebi ar floben144. p. muradians mxolod enis problema awuxebs: icoda Tu ara iobma qarTuli, xolo misma garemomcvelma samRvdeloebam somxuri ena. Zneli araa imis mixvedra, Tu saiTken mianiSnebs mkvlevari mkiTxvels. Tu iobis garemomcveli samRvdeloeba flobda somxurs, gamodis rom iobis gamo wirvac am enaze unda Catarebuliyo, rac gasagebia, Sesabamisi codnis mrevlsac gulisxmobda. aseTi arabunebrivi STabeWdilebis Sesasusteblad, etyoba, isev neitralur pozicias arCevs da gamoTqvams varauds, rom iobis dros RvTismsaxureba isev berZnul da siriul enebze unda warmarTuliyo, rogorc imJamad es somxeTSi xdeboda. samwuxarod, mas mxedvelobidan gamorCa erTi mniSvnelovani detali. mezoblebisgan gansxvavebiT, RvTismsaxureba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi yovelTvis qarTul enaze warmoebda145.
msgavsi kulturuli gavlenis ZiebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, agreTve, mcxeTis jvris taZris mimarT jer kidev adre, 1968 w. gaxmaurebuli vnebis ganviTareba xsenebul mis wignSi. Tavis droze p. muradianis am Ziebebma aRiarebul specialistTa mkacri kritika daimsaxura da arc erTma seriozulma specialistma misi daskvnebi mcxeTis jvris taZris warweris daTariRebisa da misi interpretaciis Taobaze ar gaiziara. xsebul wignSi p. muradiani, faqtobrivad, imeorebs Zvel argumentebs, ise rom saWirod ar miiCnevs maSindel kritikaze pasuxis gacemas, ramdenadac, misi TqmiT, Tavisi damokidebuleba am kritikisadmi man ukve gamoxata 1969 w. parizSi gamoqveynebul werilSi da mis gameorebas aq uadgilod miiCnevs. magram aRmoCnda, rom mcxeTis jvris somxuri grafituli warweris magier mkiTxvels falsificirebuli warwera miawoda, rac Tavis droze SeamCnia da samecniero wreebs gaumJRavna safrangeTSi moRvawe, aw gardacvlilma qarTvelma mecnierma, kalistrate saliam146. rogorc ityvian aq ukve komentaric zedmetia. erTi sityviT, b-ni p. muradianis didi mcdeloba, rom Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo somxuri kulturis totaluri gavlenis qveynad dagvixatos, ara marto yovelgvar safuZvelsaa moklebuli, aramed mis avtorsac realobis miRma da movses xorenacis koncefciis tyveobaSi aqcevs, romelic qarTlis istorias somxeTis istoriis nawilad ganixilavda. XX s. 40 wlebidan dawyebuli, rogorc vnaxeT, qarTuli Tema somxur istoriografiaSi sakmaod aqtiurad ganixileboda. sakiTxisadmi midgoma arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda XIX s. Casaxuli tendenciebisagan, miuxedavad imisa, rom ukve ganvlili iyo socialur- politikuri cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis sakmaod grZeli gza da qveyanaSi gabatonebuli oficialuri ideologia istorikosebs mouwodebda ekvliaT sabWoTa kavSiris xalxTa da pirvel rigSi, am xalxebis rus xalxTan urTierToba-TanamSromlobis, megobrobis da Zmobis istoria. saukunis 60-iani wlebidan mokidebuli iqmneboda mTeli rigi naSromebisa kavkasia-ruseTis, somxeT-ruseTis istoriuli urTierTobis Temaze, sadac amave WrilSi qarTul-somxuri urTierTobanic poveben asaxvas, miT umetes, rom saxelmwifoebriv doneze ruseTTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba mTeli kavkasiidan mxolod qarTul samefoebs hqondaT, ris gamoc ruseTTan kontaqtebis damyarebisa da gafarToebis mosurne qarTvelTa istoriuli mezoblebisaTvis am procesSi CasarTavad qarTvel politikosTa mxardaWerasa da Suamavlobas TavisTavad didi mniSvneloba hqonda. amierkavkasiis xalxTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Temaze daweril naSromebSi am wlebidan kidev ufro mkafiod ikveTeba Sua saukuneebis amierkavkasiaSi wamyvan politikur Zalad kvlavac somxeTis warmodgenis tendencia. niSandoblivia, rom somexi istorikosebi am upiratesobaze msjelobas ar eridebian istoriis im monakveTebis gaSuqebis drosac ki, roca somxeTs sakuTari saxelmwifoebrioba aRar gaaCnda da mis beds ucxo didi saxelm wifoebi gansazRvravdnen. erT-erTi aseTi periodia amierkavkasiaSi arabTa batonobis xana. am epoqis somxeTze monografiuli naSromis avtori a. n. ter Revondiani wers, rom siriis gamgeblis, Semdeg ki omeadTa dinastiis pirveli xalifa muavias mier somxeTis iSxanis (mmarTveli mTavris) Teodoros rStunis xelisuflebis cnoba somxeTze, qarTlsa da aranze derbendamde, pirveli nabiji iyo provincia `arminiis~ Seqmnis gzaze147, riTac, aSkaraa, cdilobs gamarTleba da axsna mouZebnos sebeosis erTob saeWvo cnobas, TiTqos, somxeTis es upiratesi mdgomareoba kavkasiaSi emyareboda arab da somex xelisufalTa Soris 652 w. zafxuls damaskoSi dadebul xelSekrulebas. Sebeosis am cnobas yovelgvari SeniSvnisa da ganmartebis gareSe iziarebs b-ni karen iuzbaSianic148. safuZveli aseTi optimizmisaTvis, vfiqrob, ar unda arsebobdes. garda imisa, rom sebeosis mier xsenebuli xelSekrulebis arseboba arabuli wyaroebisaTvis sruliad ucnobia, teqstis Sinaarsic praqtikul mniSvnelobas saerTod moklebulia, ramdenadac CamoTvlili qveynebis damorCileba am SeTanxmebiT TviT T. rStunis evaleboda. amis gamo s. janaSia moswrebulad SeniSnavda: `moavias `sulgrZeli~ saCuqari carieli aRTqma iyo da igi realuri SinaarsiT TviT Teodoross
unda aevso CamoTvlili qveynebis dapyrobiT~149, rac im droisaTvis arabebs jer kidev ver moexerxebinaT. somexi mTavris xelisuflebis masStaburobas TviT misi biografiis cnobili faqtebic gamoricxavs. imperiasa da saxalifos Soris moqceulma somxeTis iSxanma didi Zalebis dapirispirebiT gamowveul sirTuleebs Tavi veRar gaarTva da jer somexi naxararebis SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda, roca is somxeTis mmarTvelis Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da misi mamulebi erTmaneTs Soris gainawiles, xelisuflebis aRdgenis Semdeg ki T. rStunma arabTa sapatio tyveobaSi daasrula sicocxle samSoblodan Sors – damaskoSi. aseTi Tavgadasavlis mqone xelisufalis pretenziebi mTel kavkasiaze, gasagebia, rom moklebuli unda iyos realur safuZvels. adreul Sua saukuneebSi somxeTze qarTlis damokidebulebis saCveneblad aRniSnuls garda, a. ter-Revondiani kidev or momentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. misi sityviT, somxuri eklesiis moRvaweobam kulturulad erTgvarovani saxe mianiWa amierkavkasiis qveynebs, amitom sasanuri epoqis tradiciebis gamgrZelebel arabebsac es qveynebi erT erTeulad miaCndaT, ris gamoc maT `arminia~ uwodeso150. meore argumenti ki feodaluri somxeTis mmarTveli fenis socialur struqturaSi momxdar cvlilebebs da maTi gamomxatveli terminebis axsnas ukavSirdeba. `iSxanis~ gverdiT `iSxan iSxanacis~ titulis gaCenas a. ter-Revondiani sazogadoebis socialuri ganviTarebiTa da Sesabamisad administraciuli mmarTvelobis formebis SecvliT ki ar xsnis, aramed terminebis funqciuri sxvaobiT. misi mtkicebiT, `iSxanisa~ da `iSxan iSxanacis~ funqciebi erTmaneTisgan imiT gansxvavdebodnen, rom pirvelis xelisufleba mxolod somxeTze vrceldeboda, meorisa ki iberiasa da albaneTzeco151. msgavsi Sinaarsis debulebebs sxva somex avtorTa naSromebSic araerTgzis vxvdebiT. ZiriTadad, s. eremianis xelnawer Sromebze miTiTebiT, g. mkrtumiani argumentirebis gareSe gvauwyebs, rom amierkavkasiaSi Seqmnil samxedroadministraciul erTeuls arabebma `arminia~ uwodes am regionis wamyvani qveynis – somxeTis saxelis mixedviTo. misive ganmartebiT, qarTvel da albanel feodalTa meTaurebi daaxloebiT iseTsave damokidebulebaSi imyofebodnen somxeTis iSxanTan, rogorc Tbilisisa da bardavis emirebi `armeniis~ valTan, e. i. qarTlis erismTavrebi emorCilebodnen dvinSi mjdom somxeTis iSxans152. arabuli provincia `arminiis~ farglebSi somxeTisa da somexi dinastebis gansakuTrebuli uflebebisa da wamyvani mdgomareobis dasadastureblad somex avtorTa mier moyvanil garemoebebsa da mtkicebulebebs, ra Tqma unda, araferi aqvT saerTo realur viTarebasTan. ar Seefereba sinamdviles, TiTqos, somxeTis iSxans qarTlis erismTavari da albanel feodalTa meTauri emorCileboda. dapyrobili qveynebis samarTavad arabebi, Cveulebriv, adgilobriv administraciul aparats iyenebdnen, ris gamoc yvelgan mmarTvelobis stereotipuli forma iyo gavrcelebuli. arabebs daqvemdebarebuli adgilobrivi xelisufali erTgvari Suamavlis rols asrulebda ucxo administraciasa da mosaxleobas Soris da Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebiTa da funqciebiT adgilobrivi uzenaesi arabi moxelis moadgiled iTvleboda. aseTi iyo qarTlis erismTavari, somxeTis iSxani, Tu ranis mTavari. arabuli wyaroebi uflebrivad maT ar asxvavebdnen da yovel maTgans erTi da imave xarisxis tituliT – `batrikad~ moixseniebdnen. sayuradReboa, rom am Tvalsazriss zogjer a. ter-Revondianic iziarebda153. Tundac amitom `iSxanisa~ da `iSxan iSxanacis~ gansxvavebul funqciur datvirTvaze b-n ter-Revondianis msjeloba Cveni azriT, naZaladevi da erTob xelovnuria. `iSxan iSxanacis~ titulis gaCenis saWiroeba, eWvi araa, ganapiroba somxeTSi arabTa xelisuflebis Sesustebis pirobebSi mravalmTavrobis tendenciis ganviTarebam, roca calkeuli gamTavrebuli naxararebi `iSxanis~ titulsac ikuTvnebdnen. aseT viTarebaSi TanabarTa Soris pirvelis gamosarCevad, etyoba, gamoinaxa ufro Sesaferisi `iSxan
iSxanacis~ anu mTavarTa mTavris ganmadidebeli saxelwodeba, iseve rogorc ufro adre (VI s.) imave mizeziT qarTlSi SemoRebuli iyo erismTavris instituti. aseve simarTlesaa dacilebuli arabuli saamiros `arminiis~ saxelwodebis dakavSirebis mcdeloba amierkavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturul Tu socialur-politikur mowinaveobasTan. vfiqrob, Znelia erTsaxad daijero im qveynis kulturuli Tu socialurekonomikuri mowinaveoba regionSi, sadac man yvelaze adre dakarga damoukidebloba (bizantiam da iranma erTmaneTs Soris somxeTi gaiyves 385-7 ww. dasavleT somxeTSi mefoba gauqmda 390 w., aRmosavleT somxeTSi – 428 w., albaneTSi _ 463 w., xolo qarTlSi 523 w.) da didi dampyroblebis sayrden bazad iqca, ris gamoc Tavisi bunebrivi ganviTarebis gzas ascda da didxans dampyrobeli arabebis momTabaruli feodalizmis reJimis kalapotSi moeqca, misgan gamomdinare yvelaze mZime SedegebiTurT. rac Seexeba amierkavkasiis asparezze somxuri eklesiis mier kulturuli erTgvarovnebis miRwevas, am mtkicebulebis sruliad sawinaaRmdego movlenaze metyvelebs VII s. dasawyisidan qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis mwvave konfesiuri dapirispireba, rac, amasTanave, cxadia, am qveynebis kulturul metoqeobasac mowmobs da ara maT erTgvarovnebas. yovelive Tqmulis safuZvelze ki uarsayofi xdeba `arminiis~ saxelwodebis gaCenis garemoebaTa zemoxsenebuli axsna da, bunebrivia, is daukavSiroT maxlobel aRmosavleTSi arabuli dapyrobebis Sedegad ganviTarebul politikur procesebs. cnobilia, rom arabuli administracia Tavdapirvelad somxeTSi damkvidrda teritoriuli siaxlovisa da, gansakuTrebiT, iq arsebuli Sesaferisi sayrdeni socialuri da politikuri bazis SedarebiTi sifarTovis gamo154. somxeTis dapyrobiT amierkavkasiaSi gaCnda axali arabuli samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli, romlis sazRvrebi aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan farTovdeboda mis SemadgenlobaSi mezobeli qveynebis teritoriebis SeyvaniT. aseT pirobebSi somxeTis saxelma arabTa batonobis gamomxatveli, principulad axali Sinaarsi SeiZina, ris gamoc is am regionSi saxalifosadmi daqvemdebarebul mTel teritoriaze unda gavrcelebuliyo. amgvari movlenebi istoriisaTvis sulac ar aris ucxo. magaliTad, politikur SinaarsSi momxdari cvlilebisas erTi qveynis saxelis meoreze gavrcelebis pirdapir analogias warmoadgens bizantiuri samxedro-administraciuli Temis – iberiis sakatepanos saxelis gavrceleba anisis samefozec. taos dapyrobis Semdeg bizantielebma Tavdapirvelad daviT kurapalatis samefos bazaze Seqmnes TavianTi administraciuli erTeuli, romelsac qveynis eTnikuri da politikuri saxis mixedviT “iberiis Temi” uwodes. aqedan berZnebma somxeTis did nawilze gaavrceles TavianTi xelisufleba da yvela isini administraciulad iberiis TemSi gaaerTianes. bolos ki TviT anisis yofili samefos teritoriebic miuerTes, riTac somxurma farTobiTa da mosaxleobiTac mniSvnelovnad gadaaWarba qarTuls da amis miuxedavad, es bizantiuri samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli isev `iberiad~ iwodeboda. gasagebia, rom am SemTxvevaSic arabuli `arminiis~ msgavs movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos somxeTis nawilad warmodgenis mcdeloba somxuri istoriografiis erT nawilSi apogeas aRwevs IX-XI ss. anu bagratunTa somxeTis istoriis gadmocemisas. Amierkavkasiis istoriis amgvari gaazrebis Teoriuli dasabuTeba ki, rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, b-ma s. eremianma warudgina mkiTxvel sazogadoebas erTob mimzidveli saTauriT `Общность судеб и культурно-политическое сотрудничество народов Закавказья в IX-XIII вв.~, romelic daibeWda 1979 w. maSin axlad daarsebul krebulSi `Кавказ и Византия~-s pirvel nomerSi. mezoblebis istoriis gadmocemisas saerTo, gamaerTianebeli Zirebis kvleva da maTi mniSvnelobis win wamoweva, ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis aqtualuri da keTilSobiluri saqme iyo, magram saqmec is aris, rom es saerTo, calmxrivad, mxolod somxeTis istoriis kuTxiTaa gaSuqebuli, rac misi
Teoriis mimdevrebs realuri, ibieqturi istoriuli suraTis kidev ufro metad damaxinjebis safuZvels aZlevs. amierkavkasiis IX-XIII ss. istorias s. eremiani or periodad yofs. pirvels miakuTvnebs IX-X ss., roca misi azriT, amierkavkasiis qveynebis politikur cxovrebaSi mTavar rols somexi bagratidebi TamaSobdnen, ramdenadac isini Caudgnen saTaveSi arabi da bizantieli agresorebis winaaRmdeg brZolas erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis. meore ki misi varaudiT, moicavs XI-XIII ss. dasawyis periods, roca wamyvan rols amierkavkasiis politikur cxovrebaSi ukve qarTveli bagratidebi TamaSoben. isini axerxeben yvela qarTuli miwis erTian centralizebul saxelmwifod gaerTianebas. Semdeg ki gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis agreTve Crdilo somxeTic. somex bagratidTa Sirakis Stos gaZlierebasTan erTad, misi TqmiT, yalibdeba politikuri doqtrina, romlis mixedviTac amierkavkasiis qristian xalxTa miwebi Seadgens erTian saxelmwifos Sirakel bagratidTa meTaurobiT. jer kidev arabTa saxalifos batonobis periodSi, ganagrZobs b-ni s. eremiani, bagratidebi xSirad eqcevian amierkavkasiis xalxTa saTaveSi `somexTa da qarTvelTa iSxanis (IX s. iSxanac iSxanis) tituliT~. ukanasknelma iSxanac iSxanma aSot bagratunim gamoiyena ra Tavisi mdgomareoba Sirakel bagratidTa siuzerenuli uflebebis dasafuZneblad, SeiZina samefo pativi. bagratidebi cxaddebian `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefeebad~, xolo mogvianebiT – `somexTa da qarTvelTa SahanSahebad~ (922 w.). somexi mefe, rogorc bagratidTa dinastiis yvela Stos meTauri, amas garda, atarebda azgapetis tituls; is `dinastiis meTauris~ xarisxSi gamodis. somexi bagratidebi am titulaturas atarebdnen 1044 wlamde, gagik II-is Camogdebamde. es gaerTianeba, romelic bolomde warmoadgenda somex, aRmosavlurqarTul da somex-`albanTa~ samefosamTavroTa konfederacias, iyo aramyari da bizantiis agresiisa da selCukianTa Semosevebis Sedegad male daiSala. mkiTxvelis yuradRebas SevaCereb faqtis ostaturi gamrudebis kidev erT SemTxvevaze. b-ni s. eremiani wers: erTiani bagratiduli samefos Seqmnas somxeTSi gansakuTrebiT SeuSala xeli bizantiis agresiam. imperiasTan taronis (966 w.) da taiqis (1001 w.) mierTebam, amis miyolebiT vaspurakanis samefos gadacemam (1021 w.) da anisis samefos aneqsiam (1044 w.) sabolood moSales somxuri politikuri warmonaqmnebis Semdgomi arsebobis safuZvelio. somxur samefoTa rigSi taos somxurive formiT moxseniebiT teqstis avtors mkiTxveli SecdomaSi Sehyavs da mis somxurobaze eWvis safuZvelsac aRar utovebs. taosTvis brZola ki Zlierebis zenitSi myof bizantiis imperias qarTvel mefeebTan kidev didxans uxdeboda, ramac amis, e. i. 1001 wlis Semdeg kidev 21-22 wels gastana. g. mkrtumiani sityvasityviT imeorebs s. eremianis aq warmodgenil ganmazogadebel debulebebs da Tavis mxriv umatebs, rom `somexTa da qarTvelTa iSxanisa~ da Semdeg `iSxan iSxanacis~ titulebi saxalifos karis wyaloba iyo da mas pirveli somexi bagratidi mefeebi aSot I da smbat I atarebdnen. am ukanasknelma ki realobad aqcia is, rac aqamde Teoriulad iyo miRebulio155. Am uneburi aRiarebidanac kargad Cans xsenebuli titulebis calmxrivi da formaluri xasiaTi. ar aris marTali g. mkrtumiani, roca cdilobs adarnase qarTvelTa kurapalatis TanamSromloba smbat I-Tan somexi mefisadmi morCilebad warmosaxos. rogorc ki smbat I-isa da adarnases politikuri interesebi erTmaneTs dascilda, qarTvelTa mefe mkveTrad daupirispirda somexTa mefes da mis winaaRmdeg somxeTSi msxvil feodalTa SeTqmulebac moawyo, romlis mizani smbat I-is taxtidan Camogdeba da mis magier adarnase qarTvelTa mefis dasma iyo. ioane drasxanakertecis gadmocemiT, adarnase Turme, didi laSqriT (Tumca naadrevad)
SeWrila Sirakis gavarSi da anisis cixec daukavebia. Adarnases politikuri gavlena somxeTSi smbat I-is sikvdilis Semdegac igrZnoba. somexi mematianis TqmiT, aSot smbatis Ze gaamefes somxeTSi qarTvelTa mefem da misma jarma156. bevrad ufro marTali iyo ioseb orbeli, romlis SefasebiTac gagik I-is tituli `somexTa da qarTvelTa mefe~ dakavSirebuli iyo gagikis mier qvemo qarTlis flobasTan. Somexi swavlulis TqmiT, gagik I Tavs somexTa da qarTvelTa mefed SeigrZnobda, radganac qarTuli miwebi misi samefos farglebSi iyo moqceuli157. movlenebis amgvari gageba SeigrZnoba zogierT Zvel somxur wyaroSic, romelTa mixedviT, taSir-Ziragetis samefos Seqmnas qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze, saqarTveloSi somexTa gamefebad miiCneven. magaliTad, mxiTar airivaneci wers: `am dros (981 w.) daiwyo bagratunianTa mefoba qarTvelebze, rameTu gurgeni gamefda saqarTveloSi, xolo misi Zma smbati – somxeTSi~158. bagratunTa panegirikosi istorikosebisgan gansxvavebiT, es movlena mxiTar episkoposTan qvemo qarTlSi momxdar politikur movlenebs ukavSirdeba da mTel qarTls, miT ufro, mTel saqarTvelos ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac cnobaSi xsenebuli gurgeni taSir-Ziragetis samefos kvirikiani mefe iyo da, miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemo qarTli mTliani qarTlis erTi SedarebiT mcire nawili iyo, mxiTaris warmodgeniT, is mainc saqarTvelo iyo istoriuladac da Tavisi eTno-kulturuli saxiTac. rac Seexeba `azgapetis~ instituts, realobas moklebuli misi arseboba Teoriul sferoSi Tu SeiZleba vivaraudoT, miT ufro gaugebaria misi gamoyeneba qarTveli monarqebis mimarT, romelTac TviT gaaCndaT rogorc gvaris ufrosobis, ise somxeTis taxtis flobis pretenziebic, rac yvelaze adre adarnase qarTvelTa mefem gaamJRavna, roca `naadrevad~ SeiWra Sirakis gavarSi, anisis cixe daikava da somxeTis taxtis dakavebac scada. didi daviT III kurapalati ki, somxurive wyaroebis mowmobiT, praqtikulad axorcielebda Tavis siuzerenul uflebebs Sirakis mefe smbat II-sa da yarsis mefe muSeRze, romelmac am ukanasknelTa Soris arsebuli konfliqti sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT gadaWra. asoRikis dasturiT, `yvela mefe nebiT damorCilda mas~159. asoRikis am gancxadebis fonze erTob cinikurad JRers q-ni v. aruTinova-fidanianis gancxadeba, TiTqos, daviT kurapalati `imdenad Zlieri xelisufali iyo, rom misi daqvemdebareba Sirakis bagratidebisadmi, misi siuzerenebisadmi... ufro nominalur xasiaTs atarebda~160. cxadia, q-ni viaida somxuri istoriografiis im mimarTulebis erTguli rCeba, romelsac amierkavkasiis istoriis tendenciuri gaSuqeba Tavisi moRvaweobis mTavar amocanad dausaxavs. bagrationTa qarTveli mematiane sumbat daviTis Ze, momdevno qarTvel mefes bagrat III-s ukve mTeli kavkasiis mpyrobel monarqad warmogvidgens, romelic `somxiTisa ЈelmwifebiTa, nebierad ganagebda~161. bagrat III-is vaJi giorgi I ki, somxuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, anisisa da yarsis samefoebze iseTive gavleniT sargeblobda, rogoriTac taos saxelganTqmuli mefe daviT III. cxadia, rom aseT xelisufalTa mimarT Sirakel bagratunTa azgapetobaze msjeloba yovlad usagno da gaugebaria. ufro metic, TviT somxeTSic ki `azgapetis~ institutis funqcionirebas, faqtobrivad, praqtikuli sarbieli ar gaaCnda, amasTan Sirakis bagratunTa garda am titulis maZiebelni sxvebic iyvnen (magaliTad, lore-taSiris mefe daviT umiwawylo). yvelaferi damokidebuli iyo konkretul pirobebsa da ZalTa realur Tanafardobaze. am mxriv ki, rogorc akad. Hakob manandiani aRniSnavda, bagratidTa samefo dinastiam sruliadac ver moaxerxa urCi feodalebis Tavisi xelisuflebisaTvis daqvemdebareba. msxvili feodalebi ar iyvnen TavianTi mefis damyolni, romelic isev xalifis vasalad da moxarked rCeboda. Tavneba feodalebi daxmarebas eZebdnen an saxalifoSi, anda bagratidebze aranakleb mZlavr mezobel emirebTan... bagratidTa samefo tituli realuri Sinaarsis gareSe SiSvel titulad darCa. Rogorc cnobilia, X s. somxeTisa da amierkavkasiis msxvili feodalebi iseTive `mefeebi~ gaxdnen da iseTive samefo Sesamoseli da gvirgvini hqondaT, rogoric aSot I-is memkvidreebs162. yovelive amis miuxedavad, X-XI ss. amierkavkasiaSi ganviTarebul politikur procesebSi qarTvel xelisufalTa aqtiuroba somxur istoriografias SeumCneveli rCeba, ufro
metic, vidre somxuri saxelmwifoebrioba arsebobas ganagrZobda qarTvelTa nebismieri TvalsaCino politikuri aqcia an mifuCeCebuli anda gafermkrTalebuli saxiT iCens Tavs somex istorikosTa SromebSi. amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia 1044 Tu 1045 ww. anisisaTvis brZolaSi bagrat IV-is monawileobis damcrobis didi survili, rac sakmaod mkafiodaa gamoxatuli b. karen iuzbaSianis SromebSi. misi ganmartebiT, a. lastivertecis cnobaSi anisis dasacavad bagrat IV-is miwvevis mxolod ganzraxvazea saubari. misgan gansxvavebiT, XI s. qarTveli mematiane faqtebiT adasturebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebisaTvis anisis gadacemas, rasac win uZRoda bagratisaTvis anisis 9 cixis gadacemac. k. iuzbaSiani Tvlis, rom bagratisaTvis 9 cixis da dedamisisTvis anisisis gadacema qronologiurad sxvadasxva dros momxdari faqtia da uneblie kontaminaciasTan unda gvqondes saqme. misi azriT, bagratisaTvis 9 cixis gadacemis cnoba dakavSirebuli unda iyos 1041 w. sargis vestis ajanyebasTan. aseTi varaudisTvis sakmarisad miaCnia maTeos urhaecis cnoba, TiTqos, sargis vestis mier mitacebuli samefo xazina dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaemaloT. qarTuli cnobis meore nawili ki udavod miekuTvneba anisis bizantielebisTvis Cabarebis wina periodso, e. i. 1045 w.163 `matiane qarTlisaЎs~ moyvanili cnobis or nawilad gayofiTa da droSi erTmaneTisgan gaTiSviT k. iuzbaSiani, aSkaraa, amcirebs daculi faqtebis mniSvnelobas, xolo am faqtebidan gamomdinare, qarTvel istorikosTa logikur daskvnas, rom bagratisaTvis anisis gadacemis Semdeg iq droebiT qarTvelTa mmarTveloba damyarda, aradamajereblad miiCnevs, ramdenadac `matiane qarTlisaЎ~ anisSi qarTvelTa administraciuli funqciebis Sesaxeb arafers ambobso. im dros, roca bizantielTa jarebi alyaSi aqcevdnen qalaqs, axali administraciis funqcionirebisaTvis pirobebi ver iqneboda, Tuki saerTod adgilobrivi administraciis Secvlis moTxovnileba gaCndebodao. mas eWvi ar epareba, rom bagrat IV -is wargzavnilebi mxolod samefo elCebi iyvnen164. qalaqisa da cixeebis gadacema-Cabareba TavisTavad gulisxmobs iq mcvelTa axali kontingentis Seyvanasa da gamgeblebis daniSvnasac. qarTveli mematiane konkretulad asaxelebs kidec anisis axal gamgeblebs. isini samxedro pirebi da sakuTari laSqris patronebi arian: artanujis erisTavi, xixaTa, cixisjvaris da awyveris cixis patroni abuseri, ivane erisTavi, ivane dadiani da beWis cixis patroni guaram goderZis Ze165. aseTi Semadgenloba savsebiT pasuxobda saomari viTarebis moTxovnilebebs. aniss, pirvel rigSi, mtrisgan dacva sWirdeboda da am mTavari funqciis Sesasruleblad swored is kontigenti iyo saWiro, romelsac qarTveli mematiane asaxelebs, umaRles samxedro xelisuflebas ki, gasagebia, rom sxva administraciuli funqciebic unda SeeTavsebina. amitom damajereblobas moklebulia k. iuzbaSianis argumenti, TiTqos, bizantiis jarebis Setevis pirobebSi axali administracia ver ifunqcionirebda. faqtebis gafermkrTalebis aseTi cdebis miuxedavad, k. iuzbaSiani erTgvari TavSekavebiT simarTlisken mainc ixreba da aRniSnavs: `movlenebma gviCvena, rom qarTulma samefom anisze Tavisi uflebebis realizacia raRaca zomiT kidevac SeZloo~166. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos wamyvan rols amierkavkasiis politikur cxovrebaSi somxuri istoriografia mxolod somxuri saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis xanis Semdgomi periodidan aRiarebs, rogorc es IX-XIII ss. amierkavkasiis istoriis s. eremianiseuli periodizaciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. Tumca am aRiarebas imdeni da iseTi ganmartebebi axlavs, rom zogjer SeiZleba daujerebelic daijero da ifiqro, rom qarTvelma bagratovnebma TavianT saxelmwifoSi kavkasiis qristianuli nawili ki ar gaaerTianes, aramed somxuri samefo-samTavroebi feniqsis msgavsad aRadgines. aseT tendencias, rogorc iTqva, adreve Caeyara safuZveli, 60-iani wlebidan ki somxur istoriografiaSi axali SemarTebiT iwyeba msjeloba mxargrZelTa politikur rolsa da Crdilo somxeTis statusze, rasac ZiriTadad s. eremianis ukve xsenebul naSromebSi mocemuli ideebi da
debulebebi edo safuZvlad. imxanad dabeWdil mravalricxovan naSromTa Soris problema met-naklebi sisruliTaa ganxiluli 1964 da 1969 ww-Si somxur da rusul enebze gamocemul l. babaianis wignSi `somxeTis socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri istoria XIII-XIV ss.~. sakiTxis uSualo ganxilvas wignis ori Tavi eTmoba da masze saubari SigadaSig momdevno TavebSic grZeldeba. avtori cdilobs Tavisi azri axali argumentebiT, qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebiTa da zogierTi qarTveli istorikosis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebiTac Seamagros. l. babiani Tavis winamorbedebTan SedarebiT `zaqariduli somxeTis~ warmoqmnis gansxvavebul redaqcias gvTavazobs. misi TqmiT, `namestnikobis~ dros (monapireoba wignis avtors mefisnacvloba hgonia) mxargrZelebs gauerTianebiaT somxuri feodaluri Zalebi da somxuri samxedro danayofebi SeuqmniaT qarTuli armiis sistemaSi, rac, Turme, maTi sakuTari didi politikuri gegmebiT yofila gansazRvruli. am gegmis mixedviT ki, saqarTvelos mfarvelobiTa da misi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis uSualo monawileobiT, maT selCukiani Turqebisagan unda gaenTavisuflebinaT somxeTis teritoria da aRedginaT misi politikuri damoukidebloba, moexdinaT somxuri feodaluri Zalebis konsolidacia da SeeqmnaT avtonomiuri somxuri saxelmwifo, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi iqneboda qarTul samefosTan. `zaqarianTa~ 25 wliani brZola xsenebuli gegmis xorcSesxmisaTvis, l. babaianis gancxadebiT, warmatebiT dagvirgvinda: Crdilo da centraluri somxeTi ganTavisuflda da, q. karisa da misi mimdgomi qveynebis garda, `zaqarianebs~ gadaecaT. Tamaris meore istorikosis zogierTi cnobis TviTneburi gagebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom `zaqaridebisaTvis~ gadacemul miwebs Tanamedroveni qarTulad aRar miiCnevdnen da mas mxolod “zaqaridTa” damoukidebel samflobeloebad ganixilavdneno. amasTan, wignis avtori saqmes ise warmogvidgens, TiTqos, mxargrZelebi ki ar iyvnen saqarTvelos samefos samsaxurSi, aramed piriqiT, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi maT politikur interesebs emsaxurebodnen167. es Tema somxur istoriografiaSi aqtiurad musirebs Semdgom aTwleulebSic. 80-90 wlebSi somxur da rusul enebze zedized iqmneba naSromebi, sadac XII-XIII ss. somxeTis statusis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gaazrebis miuxedavad, principulad erTnairia damokidebuleba mxargrZelTa vinaobis mimarT. Yovelgvari mtkicebis gareSe, rogorc anbanur WeSmaritebaze, ise msjeloben mxargrZelTa somxobaze, `zaqarianTa somxur feodalur saxlze~ da maT gansakuTrebul rolze saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriaSi. x. Torosiani aRSfoTebasac ver malavs `zogierTi qarTveli mecnieris~ (S. mesxia, m. lorTqifaniZe da sxvebi) mimarT, romlebic, Turme, mxolod imis gamo, rom zaqarianebi romeliRac periodSi (daaxloebiT 1120-1185 ww-Si) xan qarTveli mefis vasalebi iyvnen, xan ki – orbelebisa, Tvlian ra, TiTqos, aseTebad yofiliyvnen saerTod, imasac ki amtkiceben faqtebis sawinaaRmdegod, rom isini qarTveli mTavrebi iyvneno168. mxargrZelTa somxur feodalur sagvareulod warmosaxvidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos feodalur laSqarsac qarTul-somxur jarebad iazreben, ris safuZvelzec Semdeg laSqris qarTul da somxur nawilebs erTmaneTis mimarT damoukideblobasac miaweren. ase magaliTad, g. grigoriani Tavis sadoqtoro disertaciaSi e. w. qarTul-somxur laSqars samokavSireo jarebs uwodebs169. x. Torosiani ki, aseTi gansazRvrebis safuZvelze, somex-qarTvelTa samxedro-politikur TanamSromlobazec msjelobs170. maTgan gansxvavebiT, a. Sah- nazariani `zaqarianTa somxur feodalur saxls~ imavdroulad qarTuli saxelmwifos erT-erT mZlavr Tavadur gvarad miiCnevs, magram maTi sardlobiT laSqrobaSi monawile qarTul jars mainc `qarTul-somxur~ jarad naTlavs171. SedarebiT zomieria igi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Semosuli somxeTis politikuri statusis gansazRvraSi. misi TqmiT, zaqarianTa meTaurobiT qarTulsomxuri jarebis mier selCukiani Turqebisgan ganTavisuflebuli Crdilo somxeTi feodaluri subordinaciis sawyisebze Sevida qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi172, riTac is, faqtobrivad, qarTul saxelmwifosTan somxeTis vasaluri damokidebulebis ideas emxroba. mkveTrad radikaluria am sakiTxisadmi x. Torosianis
midgoma. misi mtkicebiT, selCukiani Turqebis winaaRmdeg erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolaSi somxuri jaris warmatebis kvalobaze, somexi xalxisa da zaqarianebis SegnebaSi izrdeba bunebrivi ltolva teritoriuli gancalkevebisa da saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisken. SeiZleba kidevac davasaxeloT, ganagrZobs x. Torosiani, damoukideblobis dawyebis TariRi – 1185 w. am wels Tamar mefem sargis zaqarians uboZa lore saTavadod da samTavro somxiTsa Sina. am aqtiT qarTulma saxelmwifom cno Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis damoukidebloba zaqarianTa meTaurobiT173. saqarTvelos istoriaSi met-naklebad Caxeduli nebismieri avtorisaTvisac ki, vfiqrob, cxadia aseTi daskvnis sruli gaugebroba. miwis `samTavrod da saTavadod boZeba~ feodaluri Sewyalebis Cveulebrivi forma iyo Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi da misi Sinaarsi sulac ar gulisxmobda saxelmwifos uars Tavis uflebaze Sewyalebulis mimarT. Etyoba x. Torosiani grZnobda Tavisi radikaluri poziciis sisustes sxva avtorebTan kamaTSi, ris gasaneitralebladac, Cans, Tavis msjelobas am sakiTxze aseTi gancxadebiT asrulebs: zaqarianTa politikur-samarTlebrivi statusisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis mdgomareobisagan damoukideblad, istoriografiaSi erTi ram mainc usityvodaa aRiarebuli – zaqarianuli somxeTi Tavis saSinao saqmeebSi damoukidebeli iyo. samwuxarod, arc es gancxadebaa maincdamainc zusti. arc erTi feodaluri samTavro XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi ar yofila, Tundac saSinao saqmeebSi bolomde damoukidebeli. amas TviT somxuri istoriografiis warmomadgenlebic aRiareben, roca saubari aqvT mxargrZelTa samflobeloebSi sasamarTlo-administraciuli imunitetis SesaZleblobebze. somxur istoriografiaSi kvlavac dominirebs s. eremianis mier SemuSavebuli koncefcia selCukianTagan ganTavisuflebul somxeTSi vasaluri somxuri samTavroebis qselis, rogorc somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis Taviseburi formis aRmocenebaze. am koncefciis dadasturebas emsaxureba XII-XIII ss. somxeTSi arsebuli calkeuli feodaluri saxlebis istoriis monografiuli Seswavlisa da maTi samflobeloebis saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasTan vasaluri damokidebulebis xarisxis gansazRvrisa da am samTavroebSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebis niSnebis met-naklebad gamovlenis cdebi. b. ulubabianis `xaCenis samTavros istoria~, g. grigorianis `orbelianTa sivnieTis samTavro~, a. Sahnazarianis `vahramianTa samTavro~ da sxvebi kvlevis amgvari mimarTulebis aSkara mowmobaa. b. ulubabiani jer kidev 1973 w. werda: qvemo xaCenis politikuri mdgomareoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda zaqarianTa samTavroebis vasalitetisagan da mas Taviseburi suvereniteti gaaCnda. XII s. bolosa da XIII s. dasawyisis wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami qvemo xaCenis samTavros damokidebulebaze vinmes mimarT, gansakuTrebiT ki, qarTvelTa samefoze an zaqarianebze174. g. grigoriani Tavis mxriv, sivnieTis orbelianebs miawers somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis cdebs. misi ganmartebiT, sumbat orbelianma sikvdilamde SeinarCuna `mefis~ tituli, Tumca pirvelwyaroebis mowmobiT, ganagrZobs g. grigoriani, es tituli nacvlis Tanamdebobas uTanabrdeboda da ar hqonda samoqalaqo aRiareba sivnieTis mTianeTis farglebs gareT. somxuri suverenuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis orbelianTa yvela cda sruli marcxiT dasruldao175. sumbatis Semdeg sivnieTis mmarTveli xdeba misi umcrosi Zma tarsaiW orbeliani, romelic, wyaroebis mowmobiT, saqarTvelos samefo taxtis gansamtkiceblad iRvwoda, risTvisac demetre II-m is aTabagad daniSnao. a. Sahnazarianis monografia gagelTa samTavros istoriis Seswavlas eZRvneba da is mTlianad agebulia s. eremianis xsenebuli koncefciis mixedviT. amitomac gagelebs vahramianebs uwodebs iseve, rogorc Tmogvelebs – `Tmogveci-s, e. i. mxargrZelebsa da maT ganStoebebs somxuri formiT warmogvidgens (qarTuli gvarebis somxuri formiT gadmocema saerTod axasiaTebT somxuri istoriografiis umetes nawils). e. w. `vahramianTa samTavros~ igi monapireTa institutis farglebSi ganixilavs da paralels avlebs Zvelsomxur sabdeSxoebTan (Zveli somxeTis sazRvrispira samTavroebi), riTac, etyoba, surs monapireTa qarTul instituts somxuri Zirebi mouZebnos.
XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi somxuri Temebi kavkasiis sxva qristianul nawilTan erTad rom myarad iyvnen Semosuli da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis organul nawils Seadgendnen es kargad Cans TviT somexi istorikosebis naSromebSi nebiT Tu uneblied, wyaroebis zegavleniT, zogjer CarTuli realisturi pasaJebidanac. magaliTad, axali feodaluri saxlebis separatizmis gziT ganviTarebas, faqtobrivad, gamoricxavs s. eremianis xsenebul werilSi SeniSnuli garemoebani, romelTa mixedviT Crdilo somxeTis teritoriebis selCukianebisgan gamoxsnas mniSvnelovanwilad xeli Seuwyo msxvili qalaqebis (anisis, dvinis, yarsis da sxv.) somxurma Temebma, axlad warmoqmnilma savaWro da savaxSo aristokratiis warmomadgenlebma da xelosnurma gaerTianebebma, romlebic dainteresebulni iyvnen qarTvel bagratidTa centralizebuli feodaluri monarqiis ganmtkicebiT. qarTvel mefeTa farTo rjulTSemwynareblobis politikam qalaqebis somxuri da muslimanuri Temebis mimarT da maTma mfarvelobam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos Semdgom konsolidacias176. p. muradianis TvalsazrisiTac XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelo da somxeTi politikurad gaerTianebuli iyo bagratidTa qarTuli Stos skiptris qveS. igi msjelobs fulis mimoqcevis da sagadasaxado saerTo sistemis arsebobaze im drois saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi, aRniSnavs, agreTve, saqarTvelos somxur nawilSi qarTuli enis oficialurobas177. roca saxezea qveynis suverenitetis gamomxatveli iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa fuli, saerTo sagadasaxado sistema da saxelmwifo ena, aseTi qveynis romelime nawilis separatizmsa Tu damoukideblobaze msjeloba, aSkaraa, rom Zalze Znelia. amierkavkasiis qristianuli nawilis, da ara mxolod, gaerTianeba am qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis saerTo kanonzomierebiT iyo ganpirobebuli da amitomac am gaerTianebas myari niadagi gaaCnda. am mxriv niSandoblivia kirakis ganZakecis erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac “erT dros arSakuniani somexi mefeebis kuTvnili Zvirfasi taxti da saocari gvirgvini, romlis msgavsi arc erT mefes ar hqonia, qarTvel mefeebs ergoT da dRemde maTTan rCebao178. qarTvel mefeTa ufleba, am gadmocemiT, ara marto saqarTveloSi Semosul nawilze vrceldeboda, aramed mTel istoriul, did somxeTzea aRiarebuli da isini somex mefeTa kanonier memkvidreebad arian miCneuli. aseTi gadmocemebis literaturuli dafiqsireba, gasagebia, xelsayrel ideologiur garemos qmnida xelisufalTaTvis saqarTveloSi Semosul somxur nawilSi da qveynis danarCen nawilTan mis Serwymas uwyobda xels. saqarTvelos erTian feodalur monarqiaSi somxeTis myarad Semosvlis dasturia, agreTve, XII-XIV ss. saqarTvelos am nawilis socialuri fizonomia da kulturuli saxe. politikurad saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi SemosvlasTan erTad somxeTi qarTuli feodaluri urTierTobis ganviTarebis farvaterSi CaerTo, riTac is socialurad da kulturulad kidev ufro metad dauaxlovda qarTuls. mxiTar goSis samarTlis muxlebidan aSkarad gamosWvivis qarTuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTobani, rac imis mowmobac iyo, rom xsenebuli somxuri saero samarTlis Seqmnis droisaTvis SemoerTebuli somxeTis teritoriaze ukve feodalizmis qarTuli tipi gabatonebuliyo da es qveyana ara marto politikurad, aramed socialura dac saqarTvelos organuli nawili gamxdariyo179, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavda qveynis am nawilSic socialur-politikuri nebismieri institutis damoukidebel arsebobas. es socialur-politikuri erTianoba imdenad myari aRmoCnda, rom monRolebi TavianTi samflobelo qveynis administraciuli mowyobisas Tavidanve iZulebuli iyvnen somxeTic saqarTvelosTvis (gurjistanis vilaieTisaTvis) mieTvalaT da, rogorc n. berZeniSvili varaudobda, aseTi gadawyvetileba maT miiRes `somexTa~ politikur moRvaweTa aqtiuri moqmedebis Sedegad, amitom iyo, SeniSnavda n. berZeniSvili, rom araviTari tomobrivi damoukideblobisaTvis brZola feodalurma saqarTvelom ar icoda180. niSandoblivi faqtia: maSinac ki, roca XIII-XV ss. ganviTarebulma decentralizaciis procesma qarTuli saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis moSla da mis magier senioraluri principis TandaTan gabatoneba gamoiwvia, somxur TemebSi arsebuli feodaluri samTavroebis qarTuli socialur-politikuri Sinaarsi ar Secvlila da
qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas is ar gaTiSvia, vidre XV s. damdegs Turqmanebma ZaliT ar mowyvites is saqarTvelos da iq pirSeuqcevlad aRmosavluri barbarosul-feodaluri urTierTobani ar gaabatones. amrigad, somxuri istoriografiis Tvalsazrisi Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos centralizebuli monarqiis SemadgenlobaSi myofi somxeTis, qveynis sxva nawilebisagan sruliad gansxvavebul, politikur statusze, araa gamarTlebuli saistorio wyaroebis monacemebiT da ewinaaRmdegeba realurad arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli xasiaTis faqtorebs. samwuxarod, qarTveli da somexi xalxebis socialur-politikuri erTianobis samsaukunovanma epoqam, faqtobrivad, ver pova Sesaferisi asaxva somexi xalxis istoriis akademiur gamocemaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom s. eremianisave dakvirvebiT, am xanis gavlena somexTa cnobierebaze imdenad didi iyo, rom mogvianebiT, roca somxur politikur wreebSi ganixileboda rusuli iaraRis daxmarebiT somxuri miwebis ganTavisuflebisa da somxuri saxelmwifos aRdgenis sakiTxi, is mxolod gaerTianebuli qarTulsomxuri saxelmwifos farglebSi moiazrebodao181. Sesabamisi Tavebis avtoris l. babaianis mixedviT, qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriuli roli somxeTisa da somxebisaTvis, ZiriTadad, selCukiani Turqebisagan somxuri miwebis gamoxsnaSi aRmoCenili daxmarebiT ganisazRvreba. amave rigis movlenad miiCnevs, ratomRac, daviT aRmaSeneblis mier qvemo qarTlis ganTavisuflebasac182. somexi avtoris pretenziebi istoriuli qarTuli teritoriebis mimarT TanamimdevrobiT iCens Tavs, TiTqmis, wignis bolo gverdebamde. magaliTad, monRolTa mier qveynis samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad (dumnebad) dayofaze saubrisas, aRniSnavs, rom gurjistanis vilaieTSi Sedioda aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da zaqarianTa feodaluri samTavroebi, romlebic xels xvevdnen (anu moicavdnen) somxeTSi airarats, siuniqs, arcaxs, gugarqs. es ukanaskneli, mtkvris auzis qarTuli qveyana – gugareTi anu qvemo qarTli – yovelgvari SeniSvnis gareSe somxur samTavro olqebsaa miTvlili, Tanac im istoriuli periodisaTvis, roca somxeTis qristianuli nawili mTlianad da uSualod jer isev qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda183. amasTan, TviT qarTuli wyaroebidan citirebisasac ki mTeli rigi geografiuli da sakuTari saxelebi mxolod somxuri formiTaa gadmocemuli. magaliTad, Tbilisis magier `TfRis~, javaxeTis nacvlad `javaxq~ da a. S. aseve, `vahram gageci~, `sargis Tmogveci~ da sxv.184, somxuri feodaluri saxlebis warmomadgenlebad warmosaxuli mxargrZelebis adgili did qarTul saxelmwifoSi da maTi uflebrivi mdgomareobac cnobili tendenciis mixedviTaa gaSuqebuli, ris safuZvelzec cdiloben am saxelmwifodan misi somxuri nawilis gamocalkevebas, rac mkafiodaa asaxuli somxeTis atlasis rukaze, sadac is monRolebisdroindeli saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebuli feriTaa gamoyofili da, rac mTavaria, mTeli qvemo qarTli somxeTis aRmniSvnel ferSia moqceuli. sakiTxisadmi amgvarsave damokide bulebas avlenen gamocemis meoTxe tomis avtorebic. magaliTad, Temur-lengis mesame laSqrobis aRwerisas l. xaCikiani wers, rom Temurma daarbia saqarTvelo da Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTis mxareebi da sailustraciod moyavs Tanamedrovis, grigol xlaTecis cnoba, sadac naTqvamia: Temuri `movida, moaRwia qveyanasa qarTvelTasa Semodgomidan vidre gazafxulamde, Svid Tves... daipyro mravali simagre da mravalni maTgani~...185. is rac pirvelwyarosTvis saqarTvelo da qarTvelTa qveyana iyo, sabWoTa istorikosisaTvis retrospeqtivis darRveviT or mezobel qveynad iqca. amgvaradve warmogvidgens monRolebisdroindel saqarTvelos g. stefanianic werilSi `1247-1249 ww. qarTvel-somexTa ajanyeba TaTar-monRolTa despotizmis winaaRmdeg~, sadac koxtasTavis SeTqmulebas saqarTvelos feodalTa gamosvlad ki ar ganixilavs, aramed qarTvel da somex feodalTa ajanyebad, romlis mizani, misi azriT, iyo orive qveynisaTvis politikuri damoukideblobis mopoveba186. ase rom, amjeradac calke politikur erTeuladaa gaazrebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi jer isev myofi somxuri nawili istoriuli qvemo qarTliTurT.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis damaxinjebagadakeTeba rom sabWoTa somex avtorebs kulturuli movlenebis gayalbebis survilsac aRuZravda, es savsebiT mosalodneli iyo. amjeradac lideris rolSi kvlavac b-ni p. muradiani mogvevlina. amgvari aqtiurobis niSandobliv magaliTs warmoadgens korneli kekeliZis 100 wlisTavis saiubileo TariRisadmi miZRvnili misi werili, sadac mimoixilavs ra iubilaris `etiudebis~ XII da XIII tomebSi dabeWdil statiebs, rusTvelologiur naSromebze saubrisas ixsenebs qarTveli mecnieris mier 1931 w. Jurnal mnaTobSi (#7-8 da 9-10) gamoqveynebul werils `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris vinaobaze. k. kekeliZe maSin SesaZleblad miiCnevda poemis avtori sargis Tmogveli yofiliyo, Tumca es azri maleve uaryo. p. muradianis werilis gamoqveynebis droisaTvis, TiTqmis 40 wlis winaT avtorisave mier uaryofili Sexedulebis gaxseneba da masze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, TiTqos, arc hqonda azri, magram p. muradiani, Cans, sxvagvarad sjida. k. kekeliZis am saxeldaxelo Tvalsazriss da amitomac mis mier maleve uaryofils, p. muradianma originaluri daskvna uwoda da xazgasmiT ganacxada, rom `...автором поэмы он считает не Руставели, а Саркиса Тмогвеца~187. jer erTi, ramdenadac p. muradiani k. kekeliZis citirebas axdens, valdebuli iyo es saxeli da gvaric ise moeyvana, rogorc es mis avtors aqvs mocemuli anu qarTuli formiT – sargis Tmogveli. amas garda, sxva somexi avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, p. muradiani qarTul gvar-saxelebs, araiSviaTad, originalis enazec gadmogvcems. Sors rom aRar wavideT, citirebuli teqstis Semdgom abzacSi sxva qarTuli gvar-saxeli – serapion zarzmeli dednis formiT aqvs gadmocemuli. maS raRatom dasWirda k. kekeliZis citirebisas qarTuli gvar-saxelis somxurad gadakeTeba, ra safuZveli gaaCnda saamisod? ra Tqma unda, araviTari. sargis Tmogvelis qarTveloba araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs, is qarTuli literaturis asparezze cnobili moRvawe, visramianis qarTul enaze brwyinvale mTargmnelia. saqme isaa, rom amjerad didi literaturuli ganZis `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris vinaobaze msjelobasTan uSualod Sexvedrisas, etyoba, p. muradianSi mikerZoebis instinqtma imZlavra, cdunebas veRar gauZlo da Sua saukuneebis popularul qarTvel moRvawes saxeli da gvari somxurad gadaukeTa, Semdeg ki poemis avtorobac miawera, riTac mkiTxvels yalbi gancda gauRviZa. ra Tqma unda, amiT rusTvelologias arc araferi daklebia da arc araferi Sematebia. ubralod, samwuxaroa, roca profesionali mkvlevari mecnieruli interesebidan Sors mdgom ganwyobilebas ase SiSvlad amJRavnebs. Sua saukuneebis kavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturuli mowinaveobis Temas aviTarebs p. muradiani 1982 w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi `kavkasiuri kulturuli samyaro da grigol ganmanaTleblis kulti~, romelic daibeWda krebulSi `Кавказ и Византия~-s #3-Si. kavkasiis kulturuli erTianobis n. mariseul Tezisze dayrdnobiT, igi cdilobs am erTianobis gamoxatulebad da simbolod somxeTis gamqristianebeli grigol ganmanaTlebeli warmogvidginos. misi mtkicebiT, lazar farpecis cnoba arSuSa qarTlis pitiaxSis mier grigolis ganmanaTleblad aRiarebis Taobaze, somxebis tendenciuri gamonagoni ki ar aris, aramed samive eklesiis – somxuris, qarTulis, albanuris – oficialuri koncefciaa188. misive mtkicebiT, m. xorenacis masalebi mowmobs nune/ninos TandaTanobiTi daviwyebis process da misi saxis grigolis saxeSi Serwymas, ramdenadac qarTvelebi grigols, rogorc ganmanaTlebels, ukve V s. meore naxevridan aRiarebdnen189. Sua saukuneebis kavkasiaSi somxeTis kulturuli upiratesobis Tema dominirebs somxuri arqiteqturis istoriis mkvlevarTa SromebSic. ukve dasaxelebul avtorTa garda (tokarski, marTuniani da sxv.) tipuria s. mnacakanianis naSromi `somxeTsa da bizantiaSi jvargumbaTovani taZrebis genezisis sakiTxisaTvis~, romelic somxeTis istoriul-filologiuri Jurnalis 1978 wlis #1 –Si gamoqveynda. misi ganmazogadebeli daskvniT, taZrebis jvargumbaTovani tipi, romelic pirvelad somxeTSi Seiqmna V-VI saukuneebis mijnaze (tekoris taZari), aqve ganicada ayvaveba da mTlianad Secvala ra gumbaTovani bazilika, iqca ZiriTad, wamyvan tipad saSualobizantiur xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. bizantiidan
is gavrcelda marTlmadidebluri qveynebis arqiteqturaSi, sadac sul male wamyvani mdgomareoba daikava Suasaukunovani bevri ostatis SemoqmedebaSi 190. aqedan gamomdinare daskvniT, somxur arqiteqturasa da mis gamomsaxvel mxatvrul formebs saqarTveloSic SemouRweviaT, magram ara uSualod somxeTidan, aramed bizantiis gziT. somexi istorikosebis tendenciuri damokidebuleba istoriuli Temebis gaSuqebisas adreve SeamCnies da aRniSnes ara marto CvenSi, aramed msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSic. mravalTagan sailustraciod moviyvanT cnobili bizantiologis, xelovnebaTmcodnisa da saeklesio istoriis mkvlevris remon Janenis (1882-1972) zogierT SeniSvnas. 1924 w. igi werda: somexma istorikosebma wminda ninos cxovrebis Sesaxeb SeTxzes mTeli seria legendebisa, aSkarad im mizniT, rom kavkasiis regionebSi WeSmariti sarwmunoebis SemoRebis pativi TavianTi qveynisaTvis mieniWebinaT... dReisaTvis kargad aris cnobili movses xorenacis mier istoriis sistematuri damaxinjeba Tavisi samSoblos sasargeblod... sakuTari eris prestiJis asamaRleblad somexi istorikosebi erTsulovnad Tvlian, rom wminda grigol ganmanaTlebeli RmerTma mouvlina mwed wminda ninos mis samociqulo moRvaweobaSi191. Somxuri tradiciis gaziarebas remon Janeni SeuZleblad Tvlis rig garemoebaTa gamo. maT Soris 1. grigol ganmanaTlebeli 315-320 wlebs Soris, e. i. CvenTvis saintereso movlenebze ramdenime wliT adre unda gardacvliliyo. 2. laTini da berZeni avtorebi, rogoricaa rufinusi, Teodorite, sokrate, sozimene, romlebic am movlenebTan sakmaod axlo epoqaSi werdnen da, romelTac araviTari interesi ar hqondaT, rom daemaxinjebinaT faqtebi somexTa sazianod, saerTod arafers amboben wminda ninos urTierTobis Sesaxeb grigol ganmanaTlebelTan. arc Semdgomdroindeli bizantieli istorikosebi, magaliTad, gelasi kvizikelic ambobs raimes amis Taobaze. 3. Tuki saqarTvelom WeSmariti sarwmunoeba somxeTisagan miiRo, maSin rogor unda avxsnaT is garemoeba, rom igi ase didi xnis ganmavlobaSi antioqiis eklesiaze iyo damokidebuli? somexTa kaTalikosebi emorCilebodnen kesarias da ara antioqias192. Remon Janenis sityviT, somxebi ufro Sorsac midiodnen da amtkicebdnen, rom maTi kaTalikosebi faqtobriv iurisdiqcias axorcielebdnen am mezobel qveyanaze WeSmariti rwmenis SemoRebidan VI s. bolomde, e. i. daaxloebiT sami saukunis manZilze. misi azriT, qarTul da somxur eklesiebs Soris Seqmnili daZabuli situacia mainc garedan momarTuli iranis politikis Sedegi iyo. SesaZloa, zogi provincial da ara mTeli eri emorCileboda somex kaTalikosebs, roca es nawili sparselTa uRelqveS moeqca 498 wlidan. qarTvel mecnierTa uaxlesma gamokvlevebma ZiriTad nawilSi daadastura remon Janenis dakvirvebebis siswore kavkasiaSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebaSi qarTvel da somex misionerTa rolsa da maT urTierTdamokidebulebis Taobaze. magaliTad, q-ma nino afciaurma `grigolis cxovrebaTa ciklis dawvrilebiT Seswavlis safuZvelze cxadyo, rom somexi ganmanaTlebeli mxolod somexTa momqcevelia, ramdenadac sxvadasxva redaqciebSi dasaxelebuli toponimebi didi somxeTis teritoriuli sazRvrebis konturebs hqmnian. somexTa momaqcevelis mniSvnelobis kavkasiis masStabiT gafarToeba ki `grigolis cxovrebis~ cnobaTa araswori interpretaciis Sedegia193. m. CxartiSvilis gamokvleviTac `qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis problemebi~, Tbilisi, 1987 w., grigol ganmanaTleblis saerTo kavkasiur moRvawed gamoyvana tendenciuri interpretaciis Sedegia. misive daskvniT, nino, rogorc qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli, qarTlSi qristianobis mTeli istoriis manZilze iyo aRiarebuli da `ninos cxovrebis~ adgilobrivi versia ukve IV saukuneSive arsebobda. rac Seexeba qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis ierarqiuli damokidebulebis Taobaze somxur istoriografiaSi gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss, didi damajereblobiTaa is uaryofili zaza aleqsiZis gamokvlevebSi, razec ukve iTqva. bizantiur kulturul tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi ganixilavs remon Janeni qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis xasiaTs da erTob sayuradRebo daskvnebamdec midis, romelTa gaTvaliswineba, vfiqrob, ufro zomiers gaxdis somxuri arqiteqturis
