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DREPT ROMAN - jurnalulsportivului · 1 Universitatea Spiru Haret Facultatea de Drept DREPT ROMAN...

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1 Universitatea Spiru Haret Facultatea de Drept DREPT ROMAN Conf.univ.dr. øWHIDQ&RFRœ 12,81,,1752’8&7,9( ,&DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDODGUHSWXOXLURPDQ ’HILQLLDGUHSWXOXLURPDQ ’UHSWXOvQVHQVXOJHQHUDOœLWRWRGDWWHKQLFDOFXvântului constituie ansamblul QRUPHORU GH FRQGXLW REOLJDWRULH GHFL LQVWLWXLWH RUL VDQFLRQDWH GH FWUH VWDW FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]UDSRUWXULOHGLQWUHPHPEULLXQHLFROHFWLYLWL$SOLFkQGDFHDVWGHILQLLH GUHSWXOXL URPDQ VH SRDWH VSXQH F HO FXSULQGH WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU GH FRQGXLW LQVWLWXLWH œL VDQFLRQDWH GH VWDWXO URPDQ FH FRQVWLWXLH XQ VLVWHP H[WUHP GH YDVW œL FRPSOH[ IRUPDW GLQ QXPHURDVH UDPXUL œL LQVWLWXLL MXULGLFH DIODWH vQWU-un proces FRQWLQXXGHWUDQVIRUPDUHœLLQWHUFRQGLLRQDUH 1 . 2. Obiectul dreptului roman &XUVXO GH ID DUH FD RELHFW SUH]HQWDUHD DSDULLHL œL HYROXLHL LQVWLWXLLORU GUHSWXOXLSULYDWURPDQœLQXDvQWUHJLLPDWHULLDGUHSWXOXLURPDQ ’UHSWXOURPDQFDDQVDPEOXGHQRUPHGHFRQGXLWLQVWLWXLWHRULVDQFLRQDWHGH statul roman 2 era vPSULWvQFRQIRUPLWDWHFXFRQFHSLDURPDQvQGUHSWSXEOLFœLGUHSW privat. Astfel, jurisconsultul Ulpian 3 DUDWFULWHULXOGHGLVWLQFLHvQWUHGUHSWXOSXEOLFœL GUHSWXO SULYDW ˜GUHSWXO SXEOLF HVWH DFHOD FDUH SULYHœWH RUJDQL]DUHD VWDWXOXL URPDQ œL dreptul privat, interesul particularilor”. ÌQVHPQWDWHDGUHSWXOXLURPDQ ’UHSWXO URPDQ SUH]LQW R GHRVHELW vQVHPQWDWH GHRDUHFH HO FRQVWLWXLH fundamentul pe care s-DFOGLWVLVWHPXOMXULGLF&XWRDWHFGUHSWXOURPDQQXPDLHVWH vQ YLJRDUH QRLXQLOH œL SUincipiile sale care s-DX SHUSHWXDW GH SHVWH GRX PLL GH DQL SkQ DVW]L VXQW SHUIHFW DSOLFDELOH ’HFL HO QX D UPDV XQ VLPSOX GRFXPHQW DUKHRORJLFDœDFXPHVWHFD]XODOWRUOHJLVODLLGLQDQWLFKLWDWHFLDWULWRYLDSURSULH D GHSœLW VXE DVSHFWXO IRUPHL VDOH OLPLWHOH VRFLHWLL FDUH O-D JHQHUDW œL D H[HUFLWDW R LQIOXHQKRWUkWRDUHDVXSUDGUHSWXOXLGHPDLWkU]LX 4 . 1 Drept roman 2 Supra, p. 1 3 D.1.1.1.2. 4 Drept privat roman, Universitatea C
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Page 1: DREPT ROMAN - jurnalulsportivului · 1 Universitatea Spiru Haret Facultatea de Drept DREPT ROMAN Conf.univ.dr. øWHIDQ&RFRœ 12˜,81,,1752’8&7,9( , &DUDFWHUL]DUHJHQHUDO DGUHSWXOXLURP

1

Universitatea Spiru Haret Facultatea de Drept

DREPT ROMAN

Conf.univ.dr. ùWHIDQ�&RFRú

12�,81,�,1752'8&7,9(

����������������,��&DUDFWHUL]DUH�JHQHUDO��D�GUHSWXOXL�URPDQ

���'HILQL LD�GUHSWXOXL�URPDQ 'UHSWXO��vQ�VHQVXO�JHQHUDO�úL�WRWRGDW��WHKQLF�DO�FXvântului constituie ansamblul

QRUPHORU� GH� FRQGXLW�� REOLJDWRULH�� GHFL� LQVWLWXLWH� RUL� VDQF LRQDWH� GH� F�WUH� VWDW�� FDUH�UHJOHPHQWHD]��UDSRUWXULOH�GLQWUH�PHPEULL�XQHL�FROHFWLYLW� L��$SOLFkQG�DFHDVW��GHILQL LH�GUHSWXOXL� URPDQ� VH� SRDWH� VSXQH� F�� HO� FXSULQGH� WRWDOLWDWHD� QRUPHORU� GH� FRQGXLW��LQVWLWXLWH� úL� VDQF LRQDWH� GH� VWDWXO� URPDQ�� FH� FRQVWLWXLH� XQ� VLVWHP� H[WUHP� GH� YDVW� úL�FRPSOH[�� IRUPDW� GLQ� QXPHURDVH� UDPXUL� úL� LQVWLWX LL� MXULGLFH� DIODWH� vQWU-un proces FRQWLQXX�GH�WUDQVIRUPDUH�úL�LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUH1.

2. Obiectul dreptului roman

&XUVXO� GH� ID �� DUH� FD� RELHFW� SUH]HQWDUHD� DSDUL LHL� úL� HYROX LHL� LQVWLWX LLORU�GUHSWXOXL�SULYDW�URPDQ�úL�QX�D�vQWUHJLL�PDWHULL�D�GUHSWXOXL�URPDQ�

'UHSWXO�URPDQ�FD�DQVDPEOX�GH�QRUPH�GH�FRQGXLW��LQVWLWXLWH�RUL�VDQF LRQDWH�GH�statul roman2 era vPS�U LW�vQ�FRQIRUPLWDWH�FX�FRQFHS LD�URPDQ��vQ�GUHSW�SXEOLF�úL�GUHSW�privat. Astfel, jurisconsultul Ulpian3�DUDW��FULWHULXO�GH�GLVWLQF LH�vQWUH�GUHSWXO�SXEOLF�úL�GUHSWXO�SULYDW�� ÄGUHSWXO�SXEOLF�HVWH�DFHOD�FDUH�SULYHúWH�RUJDQL]DUHD�VWDWXOXL� URPDQ��úL�dreptul privat, interesul particularilor”.

���ÌQVHPQ�WDWHD�GUHSWXOXL�URPDQ

'UHSWXO� URPDQ� SUH]LQW�� R� GHRVHELW�� vQVHPQ�WDWH� GHRDUHFH� HO� FRQVWLWXLH�

fundamentul pe care s-D�FO�GLW�VLVWHPXO�MXULGLF��&X�WRDWH�F��GUHSWXO�URPDQ�QX�PDL�HVWH�vQ� YLJRDUH�� QR LXQLOH� úL� SUincipiile sale care s-DX� SHUSHWXDW� GH�SHVWH�GRX��PLL� GH� DQL�SkQ�� DVW�]L� VXQW� SHUIHFW� DSOLFDELOH�� 'HFL�� HO� QX� D� U�PDV� XQ� VLPSOX� GRFXPHQW�DUKHRORJLF��DúD�FXP�HVWH�FD]XO�DOWRU�OHJLVOD LL�GLQ�DQWLFKLWDWH��FL�D�WU�LW�R�YLD ��SURSULH��D� GHS�úLW� VXE� DVSHFWXO� IRUPHL� VDOH� OLPLWHOH� VRFLHW� LL� FDUH� O-D�JHQHUDW� úL� D�H[HUFLWDW�R�LQIOXHQ ��KRW�UkWRDUH�DVXSUD�GUHSWXOXL�GH�PDL�WkU]LX4.

1 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� Drept roman� ����� %XFXUHúWL� S� �� 2 Supra, p. 1 3 D.1.1.1.2. 4 (� 0ROFX � Drept privat roman, Universitatea CUHúWLQ� '�&DQWHPLU� %XFXUHúWL� ����

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2

4. Diviziunile dreptului roman

'XS��FXP�UH]XOW��GLQ�WH[WXO�OXL�8OSLDQ�FLWDW�DQWHULRU5, dreptul roman se divide vQ�GRX��S�U L�LPSRUWDQWH��GUHSWXO�SXEOLF�úL�GUHSWXO�SULYDW�

'UHSWXO� SXEOLF� HVWH� DFHO� DQVDPEOX� GH� QRUPH� MXULGLFH� FDUH� UHJOHPHQWHD]��RUJDQL]DUHD�VWDWXOXL��SH�GH�R�SDUWH��LDU�SH�GH�DOWD��UHJOHPHQWHD]��UHOD LLOH�GLQWUH�VWDW�úL�persoanele particulare.

Dreptul privat este acel ansamblu GH� QRUPH� MXULGLFH� FDUH� UHJOHPHQWHD]��UHOD LLOH�GLQWUH�SHUVRDQHOH�SDUWLFXODUH��/D�UkQGXO�V�X��GUHSWXO�SULYDW�VH�VXEGLYLGH�vQ�WUHL�S�U L��ius civile, ius gentium�úL�ius naturae sau ius naturale.

,,��3HULRGL]DUHD�LVWRULF��D�VWDWXOXL�úL�HSRFLOH�GUHSWXOXL�URPDn

���3HULRDGD�SUHVWDWDO�

'XS�� WUDGL LH��úL�FRQIRUP�FHUFHW�ULORU�LVWRULFH��5RPD�DU�IL�IRVW�IRQGDW��OD�DQXO�

����RUL�����v�H�Q���GH�F�WUH�FHL�GRL�IUD L�OHJHQGDUL�5RPXOXV�úL�5HPXV� 2UJDQL]DUHD� SULYDW�� D� 5RPHL� FD� FHWDWH� V-a realizat prin fuziunea celor trei

triburi6�� ILHFDUH�DYkQG�XQ�VHQDW�GH�R�VXW��GH�PHPEULL�R�DUPDW��SHGHVWU��GH�R�PLH�GH�RDPHQL�úL�R�FDYDOHULH�GH�R�VXW��GH�RDPHQL��$VWIHO��FRQGXFHUHD�VRFLDO��HUD�H[HUFLWDW��GH�F�WUH�SDWULFLHQL�� LDU�KRW�UkULOH�HUDX�DGRSWDWH�GH�F�WUH�DGXQDUHD�SRSRUXOXL� vPS�U LW�� în JLQ L��FXULL�úL�WULEXUL�

2UJDQHOH� SUHVWDWDOH� FH� UHDOL]DX� DFHDVW�� FRQGXFHUH� HUDX�� comitia curiata, ca DGXQDUH�D�SRSRUXOXL�URPDQ�OD�FDUH�SOHEHLL�QX�DYHDX�DFFHV�SHQWUX�F��QX�HUDX�RUJDQL]D L�vQ� JLQ L�� DSRL� DOW� RUJDQ� GH� FRQGXFHUH� HUD� UHJHOH� – rex, ales de comitia curiata cu DWULEXWH�PLOLWDUH�� UHOLJLRDVH� úL� MXGHF�WRUHúWL� OLPLWDWH�� vQ� VIkUúLW� VHQDWXO� HUD� IRUPDW�� vQ�XUPD� IX]LXQLL� VHQDWHORU� FHORU� WUHL� WULEXUL�� GLQ� ���� GH� PHPEUL� úL� FRQILUPD� DOHJHUHD�UHJHOXL�úL�KRW�UkULOH�DGXQ�ULL�FXULDWH�

2. Întemeierea statului roman

3H� OD� VIkUúLWXO� VHFROXOXL� 9,� v�H�Q��� vQ� XUPD� UHIRUPHL� FRPSOH[H� D� OXL� 6HUYLXV�

7XOOLXV�� D� IRVW� vQWHPHLDW� VWDWXO� URPDQ� FD� IRUP�� GH� RUJDQL]DUH� SROLWLF��� (O� D� vPS�U LW�WHULWRULXO� 5RPHL� FX� H[FHS LD� &DSLWROXOXL� úL� $YHQWLQXOXL� vQ� SDWUX� WULEXV� VDX� UHJLXQL�nuPLWH��6XEXUDPD��(VTXLOLDQD��&ROOLQD�úL�3DODWLQD�

Statul roman a cunoscut mai multe perioade de dezvoltare din punctul de vedere al formelor sale de organizare. Mai întâi acesta a evoluat în perioada UHJDOLW� LL��FXSULQV��GH�OD�PLMORFXO�VHFROXOXL�9,�v�H�Q��SkQ��vQ�DQXO�����v�H�Q���R�GDW��FX�DOXQJDUHD�XOWLPXOXL�UHJH�úL�WUHFHUHD�OD�UHSXEOLF��

3HULRDGD�UHSXEOLFLL�D�GXUDW�GH�OD�����v�H�Q��SkQ��vQ�DQXO����v�H�Q��FkQG�vPS�UDWXO�Augustus a fondat monarhia.

3HULRDGD� PRQDUKLHL� VDX� D� LPSHULXOXL� D� HYROXDW� vQ� GRX�� HWDSH, respectiv 3ULQFLSDWXO� vQWUH�DQLL����v�H�Q��úL�����H�Q���SULPD��úL�GRPLQDWXO��D�GRXD��vQWUH�DQLL�����H�Q��úL�����H�Q�

ÌQ� FRQWLQXDUH� YRP� DERUGD� SHULRGL]DUHD� LVWRULF�� D� VWDWXOXL� URPDQ� vQ� RUGLQHD�SUH]HQWDW��

5 Supram p.1. 6 Fr. Girard, Histoire de l’organisation juridicare des Romains, p.5.

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���3HULRDGD�UHJDOLW� LL ÌQ� FHHD� FH� SULYHúWH� RUJDQL]DUHD� VWDWXOXL�� R� GDW�� FX� vQWHPHLHUHD� VD�� DX� IRVW�

SUHOXDWH�RUJDQHOH�GH�FRQGXFHUH�D�VRFLHW� LL� URPDQH�GLQ�SHULRDGD�SUHVWDWDO��� UHVSHFWLY�rex-UHJHOH��VHQDWXO�úL�FRPLWLWD�FHQWXULDW��FUHDW��SULQ�UHIRUPD�OXL�6HUYLXV�7XOLXV�

4. Perioada republicii

Republica� URPDQ��FXQRDúWH� vQ�DFHDVW��SHULRDG��R�GH]YROWDUH�UDSLG��GLQ�SXQFW�

GH� YHGHUH� VRFLDO� úL� HFRQRPLF�� 5RPD� vúL� H[WLQGH� FXFHULULOH� SULQWU-R� SROLWLF�� GH�SHUPDQHQW��H[SDQVLXQH��GHYHQLQG�GXS��U�]ERDLHOH�SXQLFH�VLQJXUD�VW�SkQ��D�ED]LQXOXL�mediteranean. Astfel de cucHULUL�DX�IRVW�SRVLELOH�GDWRULW��XQHL�DUPDWH�SXWHUQLFH�SH�FDUH�romanii au creat-R� VSHFLDO� vQ� DFHVW� VFRS��'UHSW� XUPDUH� D� U�]ERDLHORU� GH� FXFHULUH�� OD�5RPD�VH�FRQFHQWUHD]��XQ�QXP�U�WRW�PDL�PDUH�GH�VFODYL��SH�D�F�URU�PXQF��vQFHSH�V��VH�ED]H]H�vQWUHDJD�SURGXF LH�GH�EXQXUL�D�VRFLHW� LL7.

ÌQ� DFHVW� FRQWH[W�� YLD D� VRFLDO�� VH� FDUDFWHUL]HD]�� SULQ� FRQIUXQWDUHD�FRQWUDGLFWRULH�vQWUH�SDWULFLHQL�úL�SOHEHL��FRQIOLFW�vQWUH LQXW�GH�FRQGL LLOH�GLVFULPLQDWRULL�LPSXVH�FHORU�GLQ�XUP��DWkW�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�SROLWLF��FkW�úL�HFRQRPic.

&KLDU� GDF�� SOHEHLL� DX� UHXúLW� V�� RE LQ�� FkWHYD� FXFHULUL� vQ� OXSWD� ORU� FD�� GH�exemplu, accesul la comitia centuriata, în celelalte domenii, respectiv cel DGPLQLVWUDWLY��UHOLJLRV�úL�MXULVGLF LRQDO�FRQWLQXDX�V��ILH�H[FOXúL��'H�DVHPHQHD��úL�ager publicus era� H[SORDWDW� vQ� H[FOXVLYLWDWH� WRW� GH� F�WUH� SDWULFLHQL�� $FHVWH� FDX]H� DX�GHWHUPLQDW�FD�GXS��R� OXSW��GH�VHFROH�SOHEHLL� V��RE LQ��DQXPLWH�UHIRUPH�FD��GH�SLOG���FHD�D�IUD LORU�*UDFFKL�VDX�/HJHD�FHORU�;,,�7DEOH�

&�WUH� VIkUúLWXO� UHSXEOLFLL�� FkQG� GH]YROWDUHD� HFRQRPLF�� PDUFKHD]�� XQ� DYkQW�QHPDLvQWkOQLW� SkQ�� DWXQFL�� VRFLHWDWHD� URPDQ�� WUHFH� SULQ� PXWD LL� SURIXQGH� FDUH�GHWHUPLQ�� UHVWUXFWXUDUHD� FDWHJRULLORU� VRFLDOH�� LDU� GLVWLQF LD� ELQHFXQRVFXW�� vQWUH�SDWULFLHQL� úL� SOHEHL� vQFHSH� V�� VH� HVWRPSH]H�� $VWIHO�� DSDU� QRL� FDWHJRULL� GHrivate din SDWULFLHQL�RUL�SOHEHL��UHVSHFWLY�FDYDOHULL�úL�QRELOLL8.

&DYDOHULL�HUDX�FHL�vPERJ� L L�vQ�XUPD�FRPHU XOXL�FX�VFODYL��D�FHOXL�PDULWLP��vQ�DUHQGDUHD� LPSR]LWHORU� úL� D� OXL� ager publicus,� vQ� DUHQGDUHD� PLQHORU� VWDWXOXL� úL� vQ�DSURYL]LRQ�ULOH�PLOLWDUH�� (i aveau anumite semne distinctive, respectiv dreptul de a SXUWD�XQ�LQHO�GH�DXU�úL�GH�D�DYHD�ORFXUL�UH]HUYDWH�OD�WHDWUX9.

1RELOLL� HUDX� FHL� FDUH� GH LQXVHU�� R�PDJLVWUDWXU�� FXUXO�� RUL� GHVFHQGHQ LL� ORU��1RELOLPHD� HUD� IRUPDW�� úL� GLQ� IDPLOLL� GH� SOHEHL� FDUH� DX� DMXns nobili prin faptul vQGHSOLQLULL� XQHL� PDJLVWUDWXUL� FXUXOH�� $OWH� FDWHJRULL� VRFLDOH� vQ� DFHDVW�� SHULRDG�� HUDX�IRUPDWH�GLQ�SUROHWDUL�úL�VFODYL�

7HUPHQXO�GH�SUROHWDU�DSDUH�GH�WLPSXUL�vQ�OLPED�ODWLQ���/HJHD�FHORU�;,,�7DEOH�vO�FXQRúWHD10�� LDU� FRQIRUP� WUDGL LHL�� regele Servius Tullius îi exclusese de la serviciul SXEOLF�úL�PLOLWDU��3UROHWDU�HUD�RPXO�V�UDF�FDUH�QX�DYHD�GHFkW�FRSLL�– proles��/D�VIkUúLWXO�UHSXEOLFLL��GUHSW�FRQVHFLQ ��D�OHJLL�JUkQHORU��SURPLV��GH�&DLXV�*UDFFKXV��OHJH�SULQ�FDUH�VWDWXO� HUD� REOLJDW� V�� SURFXUH� vQ� FRQGL LL� LHIWLQH� JUkX� SHQWUX� V�UDFL�� SURSULHWDULL� GHYLQ�FHW� HQL� V�UDFL� FDUH�QX�DYHDX�QLFL�XQ�PLMORF�GH� VXE]LVWHQ ��GHFkW�DMXWRUXO�DFRUGDW�GH�F�WUH�VWDW�

7 Vl. Hanga, Drept privat roman� %XFXUHúWL� ����� S� ��� 8 I. Gaudemet, Institutiones de l’antiquité, Paris, 1967, p. 229. 9 C.St. Tomulescu, Manual de drept privat roman� %XFXUHúWL����� S� ��� 10 Justinian 4, 10.

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4

Sclavii constituiau categoria de oameni care nu se bucurau de libertate, nefiind persoane. ScODYLD� GLQ� IRUPD� VD� SDWULDUKDO��� VSUH� VIkUúLWXO� UHSXEOLFLL�� GHYLQH� FODVLF���FRQVWLWXLQG�GH�IDSW�ED]D�HFRQRPLF��D�VLVWHPXOXL�VFODYDJLVW�

În perioada republicii, organele de exercitare a puterii politice au fost în parte SUHOXDWH�GLQ�SHULRDGD� DQWHULRDU���GDU�DFXP�GLVSDUH� UHJHOH� úL� DSDU�PDJLVWUD LL�� FDUH� VH�DGDXJ��DGXQ�ULORU�SRSRUXOXL�úL�VHQDWXOXL�

$GXQ�ULOH�SRSRUXOXL�DGRSWDX�KRW�UkUL� OHJLVODWLYH�� HOHFWRUDOH�VDX� MXGLFLDUH��(OH�VH� FRQFUHWL]DX� vQ� SDWUX� FDWHJRULL� GH� DGXQ�UL�� UHVSHFWLY�� comitia curiata, comitia centuriata, concilium plebis�úL�comitia tributa11.

Comitia curiata� vúL� SLHUGH� GLQ� SUHURJDWLYHOH� DYXWH� vQ� SHULRDGHOH� DQWHULRDUH� úL�UROXO� V�X� GHYLQH� WRW� PDL� OLPLWDW� vQ� FRQGXFHUHD� SROLWLF�� D� VRFLHW� LL� URPDQH�� (D� vúL�H[HUFLWD� DWULEX LL� vQ� PDWHULD� GUHSWXOXL� SULYDW� OHJDWH� GH� DQXPLWH� LQVWLWX LL� MXULGLFH� FD�WHVWDPHQWXO�VDX�DGURJD LXQHD12.

Comitia centuriata� FXQRDúWH� vQ� DFHDVW�� SHULRDG�� R� WUDQVIRUPDUH� VWUXFWXUDO��GHWHUPLQDW��GH�FHQ]XUD� OXL�$SSLXV�&ODXGLXV��SH�GH�R�SDUWH�� úL�GH�R�UHIRUP��GLQ�DQXO�220 î.e.n., pe de alta.

&HQ]RUXO�$SSLXV� &ODXGLXV�� OD� ���� v�H�Q��� D� DGPLV� FD� úL� FHL� FDUH� DYHDX� DYHUH�PRELOLDU���DGLF��PHWDO�FRQVWkQG�vQ�DUDP���DXU��DUJLQW��V��SRDW��IDFH�SDUWH�GLQWU-una din FHOH� FLQFL� FDWHJRULL� DOH� DGXQ�ULL� FHQWXULDWH� úL� QX� QXPDL� FHL� FDUH� GH LQHDX� DYHUH�LPRELOLDU�.

3ULQ� UHIRUPD� GLQ� DQXO� ���� v�H�Q��� QXP�UXO� FHQWXULLORU� V-D� P�ULW�� P�ULQGX-se DVWIHO�úL�QXP�UXO�FHORU�FDUH�SDUWLFLSDX�OD�YRW��'H�DFHHD�VH�FRQVLGHU��DFHDVW��UHIRUP��FD�R�YLFWRULH�RE LQXW��GH�PLFLL�SURSULHWDUL�GH�S�PkQW�

Concilium plebis era vechea adunare a�SOHEHL�FDUH� OD� vQFHSXW�DGRSWD�KRW�UkUL�REOLJDWRULL� QXPDL� SHQWUX� SOHEHL�� ÌQ� XUPD� OHJLL�+RUWHQVLD� GLQ� VHF�� ,,,� v�H�Q�� KRW�UkULOH�DFHVWRU�DGXQ�UL�GHYLQ�REOLJDWRULL�SHQWUX�WR L�FHW� HQLL��GHFL�úL�SHQWUX�SDWULFLHQL�úL�DVWIHO�s-a transformat în comitia tributa13.

Comitia tributa�D�DS�UXW�R�GDW��FX�WUDQVIRUPDUHD�YHFKLL�DGXQ�UL�D�SOHEHL�vQWU-o DGXQDUH� vQ�FDUH�KRW�UkULOH�DX�GHYHQLW�REOLJDWRULL� úL�SHQWUX�SDWULFLHQLL� UHSDUWL]D L�GXS��FDUWLHUXO� vQ�FDUH� ORFXLDX�úL�FDUH�DVWIHO�GREkQGLVHU��GUHSWXO�GH�YRW� vQ�DGXQDUHD�SOHEHi. $FHDVWD�HUD�FRQVHFLQ D�vPS�U LULL�FHW� HQLLORU��GHFL�úL�D�SOHEHL��OD�5RPD��vQ�SDWUX�WULEXUL�VDX� FDUWLHUH� XUEDQH� úL� vQ� ��� FDUWLHUH� UXUDOH� FXSULQ]kQG� SH� FHL� FH� ORFXLDX� vQ�împrejurimile Romei14.

6HQDWXO�vQ�DFHDVW��SHULRDG��D�GREkQGLW�XQ�URO�LPSRUWDQW�vQ�FRQGXFHUHD�SROLWLF��D� VRFLHW� LL� URPDQH� úL� FKLDU� GDF�� QX� DYHD� GUHSWXO� V�� HODERUH]H� OHJL� HO� WUHEXLD� V�� OH�FRQILUPH� SH� FHOH� YRWDWH� GH� DGXQ�ULOH� SRSRUXOXL�� ÌQ� DFHVW� IHO�� HO� VXSUDYHJKHD�UHVSHFWDUHD�YHFKLORU�WUDGL LL�úL�PRUDYXUL�DOH�SRSRUXOXL�URPDQ�

La început, consulii erau cei care îi numeau pe senatori dintre patricieni. Mai WkU]LX�� VHQDWRULL� DX� vQFHWDW� GH� D� IL� vQ� PRG� H[FOXVLY� SDWULFLHQL�� GREkQGLQG� DFHDVW��GHPQLWDWH�WR L�DFHLD�FDUH�DX�GH LQXW�DQWHULRU�R�PDJLVWUDWXU��FXUXO���SULQWUH�FDUH�SXWHDX�IL� úL� SOHEHL� GH� FkQG� GREkQGLVHU�� GUHSWXO� OD�PDJLVWUDWXU��� ÌQ� FHOH� GLQ� XUP��� FHQ]XULL�HUDX�FHL�FDUH�DX�SULPLW�GUHSWXO�V��QXPHDVF��VHQDWRUL15.

0DJLVWUD LL�HUDX�vQDO L�IXQF LRQDUL�GH�VWDW�FDUH�GH LQHDX�DWULEX LL�LPSRUWDQWH�GLQ�SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� DGPLQLVWUDWLY� úL� MXULVGLF LRQDO16. ÎQ� PkLQLOH� ORU� HUDX� FRQFHQWUDW�� úL�

11 (� 0ROFX op.cit. p. 30. 12 Gaius, 2, 101; XII. T., 5, 3. 13 (� 0ROFX � op.cit., p. 33. 14 C.St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 782. 15 C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.779. 16 S.Solazzi, Archivio giuridico Filippo Serafini, Modena, 98, 1927.

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SXWHUHD�PLOLWDU��� (UDX� DOHúL� SH� R� SHULRDG�� OLPLWDW��� GH� UHJXO��� XQ� DQ�� 3XWHUHD� ORU� VH�H[HUFLWD�SULQ�GRX��LPSRUWDQWH�DWULEXWH��GHQXPLWH�potestas�úL�imperium17.

0DJLVWUD LL� VXSHULRUL�� FRQVXOLL� GH LQHDX� SXWHUHD� FLYLO�� VXSUHP��� GDU� úL�FRQGXFHUHD�DUPDWHL��8UPDX�FRQIRUP�LHUDUKLHL�SUHWRULL��FH�DYHDX�FD�DWULEX LH�SULQFLSDO��DGPLQLVWUDUHD� MXVWL LHL�� FX� SUHSRQGHUHQ �� FHD� FLYLO��� 'H� IDSW�� DFHúWLD� QX� MXGHFDX�� FL�GRDU�RUJDQL]DX�LQVWDQ D��ÌQ�DQXO�����v�H�Q��DSDUH�SUHRWXO�SHUHJULQ��FDUH�DUH�FD�DWULEX LH�RUJDQL]DUHD�SURFHVHORU�GLQWUH�FHW� HQL�úL�SHUHJULQL18.

$OW�� FDWHJRULH� GH� PDJLVWUD L� HUD� cenzorul. El avea sarcina de a se ocupa de cens –�UHFHQV�PkQW��DGLF��V��HYDOXH]H�SHULRGLF�GLQ�FLQFL�vQ�FLQFL�DQL�DYHUHD�FHW� HQLORU�úL�V��vQVFULH�WRDWH�SHrioadele pe listele censului.

Edilii curuli � HUDX� PDJLVWUD LL� FDUH� VXSUDYHJKHDX� RUJDQL]DUHD� úL� IXQF LRQDUHD�SLH HORU��VH�RFXSDX�GH�DSURYL]LRQDUHD�RUDúXOXL�úL�DYHDX�DWULEX LL�MXULVGLF LRQDOH�vQ�FHHD�FH�SULYHúWH�YkQ]DUHD�YLWHORU�úL�VFODYLORU��FDUH�VH�I�FHDX�vQ�SLH HOH�SXEOLFH�

Questorii�HUDX�IXQF LRQDULL�FDUH�DGPLQLVWUDX�WH]DXUXO�SXEOLF��DUKLYHOH�VWDWXOXL�úL�VH�RFXSDX�FX�YkQ]DUHD�SU�]LL�GH�U�]ERL�

7ULEXQLL�SOHEHL�DX�MXFDW�XQ�URO�GH�R�PDUH�vQVHPQ�WDWH�vQ�YLD D�VWDWXOXL�URPDQ��F�FL� SHQWUX� DS�UDUHD� LQWHUHVHORU� SOebeilor, aveau dreptul de a se opune actelor PDJLVWUD LORU� SULQ� YHWR�� 1X� VH� SXWHDX� vQV�� vPSRWULYL� DVWIHO� DFWHORU� FHQ]RULORU� úL�GLFWDWRULORU��FkW�úL�KRW�UkULORU�VHQDWXOXL�

ÌQ� FD]XUL� GHRVHELWH�� GH� H[FHS LH� FXP� HUDX� U�]ERDLHOH�� U�VFRDOHOH� HWF���conducerea staWXOXL�HUD�vQFUHGLQ DW��XQXL�GLFWDWRU��F�UXLD�QLPHQL�QX�L�VH�SXWHD�RSXQH��GDU� FDUH� DYHD� R� vPSXWHUQLFLUH� H[FHS LRQDO�� SH� XQ� WHUPHQ� OLPLWDW�� UHVSHFWLY� SH� úDVH�luni19.

5. Perioada monarhiei 'XS��FXP�VH�FXQRDúWH�SHULRDGD�PRQDUKLHL�VDX�D�LPSHULXOXL�VH�vPSDUWH�vQ�GRX��

HWDSH�VXFFHVLYH��UHVSHFWLY�SULQFLSDWXO�úL�GRPLQDWXO�VDX�PRQDUKLD�DEVROXW��

a. Principatul $FHDVW�� SHULRDG�� D� GHEXWDW� FX� WHQWDWLYD� OXL�&DHVDU� GH� D� LQVWDXUD� R�PRQDUKLH�

I� Lú���WHQWDWLY��FH�QX�D�DYXW�UHXúLW�20. ÌQ�DFHDVW��SHULRDG���VWUXFWXUD�VRFLHW� LL�romane s-D�PHQ LQXW�vQ�PDUH�SDUWH��GDU�

s-D� SRODUL]DW� SULQ� FUHúWHUHD� GLIHUHQ HORU� GLQWUH� ERJD L� – honestiores� úL� V�UDFL� – humiliores.

În perioada principatului, organele politice de conducere în statul roman sunt vPS�UDWXO��VHQDWXO�úL�PDJLVWUDWXULOH�

b. Dominatul

8OWLPD� HWDS�� D�PRQDUKLHL�� GRPLQDWXO� VDX�PRQDUKLD� DEVROXW��� D� UHSUH]HQWDW� R�

IRUP��I� Lú��GH�DEVROXWLVP�FH�FDUDFWHUL]D�VWDWXO�URPDQ�vQ�DFHDVW��SHULRDG�� )RUPD� GH� VWDW� LQVWDXUDW�� HUD� R� PRQDUKLH� DEVROXW�� GH� GUHSW� GLYLQ� vQ� FDUH�

vPS�UDWXO� QX� PDL� HUD� FRQsiderat principes,� SULPXO� vQWUH� FHW� HQL�� FL� PDL� SUHVXV� GH�oameni – dominus et deus, având puteri supranaturale21.

17 A.Bouche-Leclerq, Manuel des institutiones romaines, Paris, 1931, p. 36. 18 P.Bonfiante, Storia del diritto romano, 1, 2 Roma, 1934, p. 257 19 9O� +DQJD� 0� -DFRW�� op.cit., p. 25-26 20 J. Gaudement, Institutions de l’antiquité, Paris, 1967, p. 712. 21 P. de Francisi, Storia del dirito romano, III, Roma, 1944, p. 60-80.

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6. Epocile dreptului roman 3HULRGL]DUHD� LVWRULF�� D� VWDWXOXL� URPDQ� WUHEXLH� FRURERUDW�� FX� R� SHULRGL]DUH� D�

GUHSWXOXL�URPDQ�GDW��ILLQG�VWUkQVD�OHJ�WXU��GLQWUH�RUJDQL]DUHD�SROLWLF��D�VRFLHW� LL�VXE�IRUPD� VWDWXOXL� úL� DQVDPEOXO� QRUPHORU� GH� FRQGXLW�� FDUH� VH� DSOLFDX� vQ� UHOD LLOH� GLQWUH�RDPHQL�VXE�IRUPD�GUHSWXOXL��1XPDL�DVWIHO�VH�SRW�vQ HOHJH�FRQGL LLOH�vQ�FDUH�DX�DS�UXW�úL�s-DX� GH]YROWDW� LQVWLWX LLOH� Muridice, modul în care acestea au evoluat de-a lungul a ������GH�DQL��'H�DFHHD�vQ�PRG�FRQYHQ LRQDO��GDU� LQkQG�VHDPD�úL�GH�UHDOLWDWHD�LVWRULF��FRQFUHW��� PDUHD� PDMRULWDWH� D� URPDQLúWLORU� DX� SHULRGL]DW� GUHSWXO� URPDQ� vQ� WUHL� HSRFL�VXFFHVLYH�� FDUH� GXS�� FXP� YRP� YHGHD� XUPHD]�� R� VXFFHVLXQH� ORJLF�� úL� WRWRGDW��FURQRORJLF���UHVSHFWLY�epoca veche, HSRFD�FODVLF��úL�HSRFD�SRVWFODVLF�22.

3ULPD�SHULRDG��D�GUHSWXOXL�URPDQ��UHVSHFWLY�HSRFD�YHFKH�vQFHSH�GLQ�PRPHQWXO�vQWHPHLHULL� VWDWXOXL� úL� GXUHD]�� GH-a lungul perioadei regaliW� LL� SkQ�� VSUH� VIkUúLWXO�UHSXEOLFLL��UHVSHFWLY�MXP�WDWHD�VHFROXOXL�9,�v�H�Q��SkQ��vQ�DQXO����v�H�Q�

$� GRXD� SHULRDG�� D� GUHSWXOXL� URPDQ�� UHVSHFWLY� HSRFD� FODVLF�� GXUHD]�� GH-a OXQJXO�SHULRDGHL�SULQFLSDWXOXL�GH�OD����v�H�Q��SkQ��OD�����H�Q���DQ�vQ�FDUH�vQFHSH�domnia vPS�UDWXOXL�'LRFOHWLDQ�

$� WUHLD� SHULRDG�� D� GUHSWXOXL� URPDQ�� UHVSHFWLY� HSRFD� SRVWFODVLF�� D� GXUDW� GH-a OXQJXO�SHULRDGHL�GRPLQDQWXOXL�GH�OD�DQXO�����H�Q��SkQ��OD�����H�Q�23.

Partea I

IZVOARELE DREPTULUI ROMAN ,��&DUDFWHUL]DUH�JHQHUDO��D�L]YRDUHORU dreptului roman 3RUQLQG� GH� OD� GHILQL LD� úL� DQDOL]D� WHUPLQRORJLHL� SULYLQG� L]YRDUHOH� GH� GUHSW��

URPDQLúWLL�DX�DMXQV�OD�FRQFOX]LD�XQDQLP��F��DFHVWHD�SUH]LQW��PDL�PXOWH�DFFHS LXQL24, UHVSHFWLY�FHD�vQ�VHQV�PDWHULDO��FHD�vQ�VHQV�GRFXPHQWDU�úL��vQ�ILQH��FHD�vQ�VHns formal, care de fapt va constitui obiectul nostru de cercetare.

II. Obiceiul 2ELFHLXO� VDX� FXWXPD�FRQVWLWXLH� FHO�PDL�YHFKL� L]YRU� DO� GUHSWXOXL� URPDQ�úL� V-a

IRUPDW� vQ� SURFHVXO� GHVWU�P�ULL� VRFLHW� LL� SUHVWDWDOH25. El a existat în societatea JHQWLOLF���GDU�FRQ LQXWXO�V�X�DYHD�XQ�FDUDFWHU�PRUDO�LDU�QX�MXULGLF��(UD�ED]DW�SH�YHFKL�úL�SXWHUQLFH�WUDGL LL�úL�DYHD�UROXO�GH�D�PHQ LQH�RUGLQHD�vQ�FRPXQLWDWH�

22 A.E. Giffard, Precis de droit romain, vol. I. Paris, 1946; C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.25-26; A. Esmein, Melanges d’histoire du droit et de critique, Paris, p. 1-���� (� 0ROFX � op. cit., p. 45-46; Vl.Hanga, op. cit., p. 58. 23 E.Albertario, Da Diocleziano a Giustiniano� &RQI� ;,9 FHQW� 3DQGHWWH� ����� S� ��� úL XUP� 24 C.St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 36-38; Vl. Hanga, op. cit., p. 63; I.Ceterchi, M. Luburici, Teoria JHQHUDO� D VWDWXOXL úL GUHSWXOXL� %XFXUHúWL� ����� S� ���� 25 9�+DQJD� 0�-DFRW�� op. cit., p. 32; A.Piganiol, Essai sur les origines de Rome, Paris, 1917, p. 727-���� (� 0ROFX � op.cit., p.49.

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III. Legea /HJHD� HVWH� vQ� JHQHUDO� GHILQLW�� FD�R�KRW�UkUH� D�SRSRUXOXL� FDUH�GHYHQHD�QRUP��

obligatorie26, dar�HD�SRDWH�IL�GHILQLW��úL�FD�R�FRQYHQ LH�vQWUH�GRX��SHUVRDQH��FX�VHQV�GH�contract.

,9��(GLFWHOH�PDJLVWUD LORU��GUHSWXO�SUHWRULDQ 0DJLVWUD LL� DYHDX�XQ�GUHSW� QXPLW� ius edicendi� vQ�YLUWXWHD� F�UXLD�SXWHDX� FD� OD�

LQWUDUHD� vQ� IXQF LH� V�� HPLW�� XQ� HGLFW�� DGLF�� XQ� DFW� SULQ� FDUH� vúL� I�FHDX� FXQRVFXW�SRSXOD LHL� SURJUDPXO� DFWLYLW� LL� ORU� SHQWUX� SHULRDGD� FkW� XUPD� V�� H[HUFLWH� DFHDVW��PDJLVWUDWXU��� /D� vQFHSXW�� HGLFWHOH� HUDX� URVWLWH� vQ� ID D� SRSRUXOXL� DGXQDW� FX� DFHDVW��ocazie, dar mai târziu au fost scrise pe table de lemn aOEH�QXPLWH�DOEXP�úL�DILúDWH�vQ�IRUXP�SHQWUX�D�IL�DGXVH�DVWIHO�OD�FXQRúWLQ D�WXWXURU�FHW� HQLORU�

&X� WUHFHUHD� WLPSXOXL� GUHSWXO� FLYLO�� úL� GUHSWXO� SUHWRULDQ� V-au apropiat unul de DOWXO�úL�GDF��OD�VIkUúLWXO�GUHSWXOXL�YHFKL�úL�vQFHSXWXO�FODVLF�HUDX�QHW�GLVWLQFWe, în vremea OXL�-XVWLQLDQ�LQVWLWX LLOH�MXULGLFH�QRL�QX�VXQW�GHFkW�UH]XOWDWXO�IX]LXQLL�GUHSWXOXL�FLYLO�FX�cel pretorian, proces care deci începuse cu mult timp înainte de Justinian.

9��-XULVSUXGHQ D -XULVSUXGHQ D� HUD� úWLLQ D� GUHSWXOXL� FUHDW�� GH� F�WUH� MXULVFRQVXO L� – iuris

prudentes, iuris consulti��SULQ�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�GLVSR]L LLORU�QRUPDWLYH�FXSULQVH�vQ�OHJL27. VI. Senatusconsultele Senatul nu a fost de la început un organ legislativ, ci el a devenit astfel în mod

WUHSWDW�� SULQ� P�VXULOH� OXDWH� GH� vPS�UD L� în perioada de trecere de la principat la GRPLQDW�� $FHVWD� D� DWULEXLW� VHQDWXOXL� SXWHUL� OHJLVODWLYH� FDUH� FX�PXOW� vQDLQWH� IXVHVHU��H[HUFLWDWH�GH�DGXQ�ULOH�SRSRUXOXL�

9,,�&RQVWLWX LLOH�LPSHULDOH ÌQFHSkQG� FX� vPS�UDWXO� +DGULDQXV�� FRQVWLWX LLOH� LPSHULDOH� – constitutiones

principis au dobândit putere obligatorie28, devenind astfel izvoare de drept. &RQVWLWX LLOH� LPSHULDOH�DX� IRVW�GH�SDWUX�FDWHJRULL��edicta, mandata, decreta� úL�

rescripta. VIII. Codificarea dreptului roman ���ÌQFHUF�ULOH�GH�FRGLILFDUH�vQDLQWH�GH�-ustinian 7HQGLQ D� F�WUH� VLVWHPDWL]DUH� D� H[LVWDW� SHUPDQHQW� SkQ�� OD� -XVWLQLDQ�� SULQ�

vQFHUF�UL� UHSHWDWH� vQWUHSULQVH�� SH� GH� R� SDUWH�� GH� F�WUH� SHUVRDQH� SDUWLFXODUH�� LDU� SH� GH�

26 Gaius, 1.3.; Justinian, 9.124. 27 (� 0ROFX � op. cit., p. 55. 28 P. de Francisci, Bulletino dell’Instituto de diritto romano „Vitorio Scioloja”, Milano, 34, 1925, p. 32.

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DOWD�� GH� F�WUH� vQVXúL� VWDWXO� URPDQ29�� $FHVWH� FRQGLILF�UL� DX� IRVW��Codex Gregorianus, Codex Hermogenianus�úL�Codex Theodosianus.

���/HJLVOD LD�OXL�-XVWLQLDQ 2SHUD� OHJLVODWLY�� D� OXL� -XVWLQLDQ� HVWH� IRUPDW�� GLQ�SDWUX� OXFU�UL� IXQGDPHQWDOH��

respectiv Codex, Digesta, Institutiones�úL�Novelae.

Partea a II-a

352&('85$�&,9,/��Ì1�'5(378/�520$1 I. �&DUDFWHUL]DUH�JHQHUDO��D�SURFHGXULL�FLYLOH�URPDQH 3URFHGXUD� FLYLO�� URPDQ�� FXSULQGH� WRWDOLWDWHD� QRUPHORU� FDUH� UHJOHPHQWHD]��

GHVI�úXUDUHD� SURFHVHORU� FX� SULYLUH� OD� OLEHUWDWH�� SURSULHWDWH��PRúWHQLUH� úL� YDORULILFDUHD�GUHSWXULORU�GH�FUHDQ �

30. Procedura legisac LXQLORU� úL� SURFHGXUD� IRUPXODU�� VH� FDUDFWHUL]HD]�� SULQ�

GHVI�úXUDUHD� SURFHVXOXL� vQ� GRX�� HWDSH�� UHVSHFWLY� in iure –� vQ� ID D�PDJLVWUDWXOXL� úL� in iudicio –�vQ�ID D�MXGHF�WRUXOXL31.

3URFHGXUD� H[WUDRUGLQDU�� VH� GHRVHEHD� SH� SULPHOH� GRX�� SULQ� OLSVD� FHORU� GRX��etape,�GHVI�úXUDUHD�SURFHVXOXL�I�FkQGX-VH�vQ�ID D�XQHL�VLQJXUH�SHUVRDQH�

,,��3URFHGXUD�OHJLVDF LXQLORU��/(*,6�$&7,21(6 1. Caractere generale Gaius32� H[SOLF�� DVWIHO� WHUPHQXO�GH� legis actiones�� RULFH� DF LXQH�� FD�PLMORF�GH�

valorificare a unui drept subiectiv, se vQWHPHLD]��SH�OHJH� 'H� IDSW� HUDX� FLQFL� OHJLVDF LXQL� vQ� FHOH� GLQ� XUP��� vPS�U LWH� vQ� GRX�� FDWHJRULL��

XQD� HUD� D� FHORU�GH� MXGHFDW�� IRUPDW�� GLQ�sacramentum, iudicis arbitrive postulatio� úL�condictio,� LDU�FHDODOW��FDWHJRULH�HUD�IRUPDW��GLQ�OHJLVDF LXQLOH�GH�H[HFutare, respectiv pignoris capio� úL� manus iniectio.� $FHDVWD� GHRDUHFH� VHQWLQ D� RE LQXW�� SULQ�OHJLVDF LXQLOH�GH�MXGHFDW��QX�HUD�vQYHVWLW��FX�IRU ��H[HFXWRULH��DFHDVWD�ILLQG�RE LQXW��FX�DMXWRUXO�XQRU�OHJLVDF LXQL�VSHFLILFH��FUHDWH�vQ�PRG�H[SUHV�vQ�DFHVW�VFRS�

/HJLVDF LXQLOH� DX� DYXW� WUHL� FDUDFWHUH� FH� DX� LOXVWUDW� SHUIHFW� FRQGL LLOH� vQ� FDUH�DFHVWHD�DX�OXDW�QDúWHUH��UHVSHFWLY�FDUDFWHUXO�OHJDO��IRUPDOLVW�úL�MXGLFLDU33.

2. Procedura in iure ÌQ� DFHDVW�� HWDS��� SURFHVXO� GHEXWHD]�� FX� FLWDUHD� SkUkWXOXL� –reus� vQ� ID D�

magistratului folosindu-VH�GH�F�WUH�UHFODPDQW�–actor, petitor34�GXS��FD]��in ius vocatio, vadimonium extra judiciare�úL�condictio35. 29 J.Gaudement, Iura, Napoli, 5, 1950, p.233. Codex Gregorianus, Codex Hermagenianus, Codex Theodosianus. 30 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 59. 31 P.Fr. Girard, Manuel elementaire de droit romain, Paris, p. 1027. 32 Gaius, 4, 11. 33 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p.62; Cicero, Pro Murena, 12, 16; Gaius, 4, 11; P.Fr.Girard, Texte de droit romain, Paris, 1937, p.29. 34 D. “, 11, 5; D. 2, 3, 1, 3.

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ÌQ�ID D�PDJLVWUDWXOXL��UHFODPDQWXO�URVWLQG�IRUPXOH�VROHPQH�vúL�DU�WD�SUHWHQ LLOH�ID ��GH�SkUkW��$FHVWD�SXWHD�V��UHDF LRQH]H�SULQ�WUHL�SR]L LL36:

–�V��UHFXQRDVF��SUHWHQ LLOH�UHFODPDQWXOXL�SULQ�– confesio in iure37��úL�DWXQFL�HUD�asimilat cu cel condamnat, procesul oprindu-se aici, nemaitrecându-se în etapa a doua.

–�V��QHJH�SUHWHQ LLOH�UHFODPDQWXOXL��GDU�V��QX�VH�DSHUH�- indefensio38�úL�V��QX-úL�GHD� FRQFXUVXO� OD� UHDOL]DUHD� OHJLVOD LXQLL�� ÌQ� DFHVW� FD]�� GH� DVHPHQHD�� HUD� DVLPLODW�FRQGDPQDWXOXL�úL�SURFHVXO�VH�RSUHD�DLFL��QHWUHFkQGX-se în etapa a doua.

–� V�� QHJH� SUHWHQ LLOH� UHFODPDQWXOXL� – infinitiatio� úL� V�-úL� GHD� FRQFXUVXO� OD�GHVI�úXUDUHD�Srocesului. În acest caz, procesul trecea în etapa a doua39�úL�VH�ILQDOL]D�vQ�FHOH�GLQ�XUP��FX�SURQXQ DUHD�XQHL�VHQWLQ H�

3. Litis contestatio ÌQ�SURFHGXUD�OHJLVDF LXQLORU��litis contestatio însemna de fapt luarea de martori,

SULQ�FDUH�VH�H[SULP��GRULQ D�S�U LORU�GH�D�VH�MXGHFD�úL�GH�D�RE LQH�vQ�FHOH�GLQ�XUP��R�VHQWLQ �

40�ILH�GH�FRQGDPQDUH��GH�F�WUH�UHFODPDQW��ILH�GH�DEVROYLUH��GH�F�WUH�SkUkW� ���0LMORDFH�GH�VROX LRQDUH�D�OLWLJLLORU�vQWHPHLDWH�SH�imperium41 &RPSHWHQ D�PDJLVWUD LORU�HUD�GHVHPQDW��SULQ�WHUPHQii jurisdictio�úL�imperium. Imperium� FRQVWLWXLD� SXWHUHD� GH� FRPDQG�� D� PDJLVWUDWXOXL42. În sens larg

imperium�FXSULQGHD�úL�jurisdictio43. 5. Procedura in iudicio 'XS�� FH� S�U LOH� DX� WUHFXW� SULQ� PRPHQWXO� OXL� litis contestatio – luarea de

martori, ele ajung în�ID D�MXGHF�WRUXOXL��D�GRXD�HWDS��D�SURFHVXOXL�FLYLO��XQGH�VH�DSOLF��SULQFLSLXO�RUDOLW� LL� úL�FRQWUDGLFWRULDOLW� LL��)LHFDUH�SDUWH� vúL� VXV LQH�SXQFWXO�GH�YHGHUH�SH�ED]D�PDWHULDOXOXL�SUREDWRU�FRQVWkQG�vQ�PDUWRUL�úL�vQVFULVXUL�

���2UJDQL]DUHD�LQVWDQ HORU�GH�MXGHFDW�� -XGHF�WRUXO�SXWHD�IRUPD�R�LQVWDQ ��XQLF��FkQG�HUD�VLQJXU��FD�MXGHF�WRU�XQLF�–

judex unus, fie putea fi arbitru – arbiter�� 'HRVHELUHD� GLQWUH� MXGHF�WRU� úL� DUELWUX� HUD�DFHHD� F�� MXGHF�WRUXO� MXGHFD� SULFLQLOH� PDL� GLILFLOH�� LDU� DUELWUXO� SH� FHOH� FDUH� Sriveau QHvQ HOHJHULOH� GLQWUH� UXGH� VDX� YHFLQL�� FD� GH� H[HPSOX� LHúLULOH� GLQ� LQGLYL]LXQH� VDX�KRW�UQLFLULOH44.

3URFHVHOH� SXWHDX� IL� MXGHFDWH� úL� GH� MXGHF�WRUL� PXOWLSOL� FDUH� IRUPDX� DQXPLWH�tribunale. Acestea erau fie nepermanente, fie permanente.

35 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op. cit., p. 63. 36 Ibidem. 37 A.E. Giffard, La confessio „in iure”, 1900; D. 42. 2. 6pr. 38 D. 2, 3, 1, 1; 6, 1, 80. 39 D. 42. 2.1. 40 V. Arangio – Ruiz, op.cit., p. 112 41 D. 1. 162,pr. 42 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 64. 43 D. 1. 16. 2.pr. 44 G. Dumitriu, Curs de drept roman� %XFXUHúWL� ����� S� ����

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10

Tribunalele nepermanente erau formate dintr-XQ� QXP�U� LPSDU� GH� MXGHF�WRUL��QXPL L�– recuperatores�úL�MXGHFDX�SURFHVHOH�GLQWUH�FHW� HQL�úL�SHUHJULQL45.

���/HJLVDF LXQLOH

D��/HJLVDF LXQLOH�GH�MXGHFDW� – Sacramentum –� SURFHGXUD� SULQ� MXU�PkQW� HUD� DF LXQHD� OHJLL� SULQ� FDUH� Ve

MXGHFDX�SURFHVHOH�FX�SULYLUH�OD�SURSULHW� L�úL�OD�FUHDQ H�DYkQG�FD�RELHFW�DQXPLWH�VXPH�de bani sau anumite lucruri46.

– Judicis arbitrive postulatio consta într-R�FHUHUH�DGUHVDW��PDJLVWUDWXOXL�SHQWUX�FD�DFHVWD�V��GHVHPQH]H�XQ�MXGHF�WRU�VDX�DUELWUX�

– Legisactio per condictionem sau condictio a constituit o simplificare a lui sacramentum în personam� úL� VH�DSOLFD� vQ�GRX�� VLWXD LL�� UHVSHFWLY� vQ�PDWHULH�GH�certa pecunia –� R� VXP�� GH�EDQL�GHWHUPLQDW�� úL� vQ�PDWHULH�GH�alia certa res – un alt lucru determinat47.

b��/HJLVDF LXQLOH�GH�H[HFXWDUH – Manus injectio –� SXQHUHD�PkLQLL� HUD� R� OHJLVDF LXQH� FH� QX� VH� SXWHD� LQWHQWD�

GHFkW�vQ�ED]D�XQHL�VHQWLQ H�MXGHF�WRUHúWL�SULYLQG�R�VXP��GH�EDQL� – Pignoris capio – luarea de gaj48� HUD� FRQVLGHUDW�� OHJLVDF LXQH� FX� WRDWH� F�� vL�

lipsea� FDUDFWHUXO� MXGLFLDU�� QHILLQG� VXEVHFYHQW�� XQXL� SURFHV�� QHSUHVXSXQkQG� SUH]HQ D�PDJLVWUDWXOXL�� úL� QLFL� FKLDU� D� GHELWRUXOXL49�� &UHGLWRUXO�� GXS�� URVWLUHD� XQRU� IRUPXOH�VROHPQH��SXWHD��vQ�SUH]HQ D�PDUWRULORU��V��LD�XQ�EXQ�GLQ�SDWULPRQLXO�GHELWRUXOXL��'DF��acesta GLQ� XUP�� QX� SO�WHD�� HO� QX� SXWHD� V�-O� vQVWU�LQH]H�� GDU� vQ� VFKLPE� vO� SXWHD�distruge50.

1. Origine 2ULJLQHD� SURFHGXULL� IRUPXODUH� VH� J�VHúWH� vQ� JHQHUH� vQ� FDGUXO� vQVXúL� DO�

OHJLVDF LXQLORU� FDUH� vQFHSXVHU�� VSUH� VIkUúLWXO� HSRFLL� YHFKL� V�� GHYLQ�� RGLRDVH51��'XS��U�]ERDLHOH� SXQLFH�� VSUH� VIkUúLWXO� UHSXEOLFLL�� VH� SURGXF� SURIXQGH� WUDQVIRUP�UL�HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH�vQ�YLD D�VWDWXOXL�URPDQ�

2. Procedura in iure

&LWDUHD� OD� SURFHV� VH� UHDOL]D� SULQ� DFHOHDúL� SURFHGHH� FXQRVFXWH� GLQ� SURFHGXUD�

OHJLVDF LXQLORU��QXPDL�F��vQ�FDGUXO�Qoii proceduri aceasta s-D�SHUIHF LRQDW� ÌQ� ID D� PDJLVWUDWXOXL� – in iure� S�U LOH� vúL� H[SULPDX� vQ� OLPEDMXO� FRWLGLDQ�

SUHWHQ LLOH� GXS�� FXP� FUHGHDX� GH� FXYLLQ �� I�U�� D� UHFXUJH� OD� IRUPXOH� VDFUDPHQWDOH� úL�

45 Cicero, Pro Tullio, 3.7. 46 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op. cit., p.67. 47 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op. cit., pag. 69. 48 Ibidem. 49 Gaius, 4. 27. 50 Cicero, De not, 3.1.4. 51 Gaius, 4.30.

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11

ritualiste. Reclamantul expunea astfel oral obiectul cererii sale, indicând formula pe care o solicita52.

/D�IHO�FD�úL�OD�SURFHGXUD�DQWHULRDU���úL�vQ�FD]XO�DFHVWHLD�SkUkWXO�SXWHD�DYHD�WUHL�SR]L LL�ID ��GH�SUHWHQ LLOH�UHFODPDQWXOXL�

���)RUPXOD�úL�S�U LOH�IRUPXOHL

)RUPXOD� FRQVWLWXLD� XQ� PLF� SURJUDP� GH� MXGHFDW�� SULQ� FDUH� SUHWRUXO� DU�WD�

MXGHF�WRUXOXL�FXP�V��VROX LRQH]H�OLWLJLXO53. 3�U LOH� SULQFLSDOH� DOH� IRUPXOHL� HUDX�� intentio, demonstratio, adiudicatio� úL�

condemnatio. ���&ODVLILFDUHD�DF LXQLORU 3ULQ� DF LXQH� – actio� VH� vQ HOHJHD� XQ� PLMORF� SURFHGXUDO� OD� vQGHPkQD� XQHL�

pHUVRDQH�F�UHLD�L�V-D�vQF�OFDW�XQ�GUHSW�VXELHFWLY��SHQWUX�YDORULILFDUHD�DFHVWXLD� $F LXQLOH�úL�IRUPXOHOH�DFHVWRUD�VH�J�VHDX�vQVFULVH�vQ�HGLFWXO�SUHWRUXOXL��$FHVWHD�

erau: –�$F LXQL�UHDOH�úL�DF LXQL�SHUVRQDOH54��$FHDVW��vPS�U LUH�VH�UHJ�VHúWH�vQ�/HJHD�

celor XI,�7DEOH�úL�HVWH�FHD�PDL�LPSRUWDQW��– sumumo divisio55. –�$F LXQL�GH�GUHSW�VWULFW�úL�DF LXQL�GH�EXQ��FUHGLQ ���&ULWHULXO�GLVWLQF LHL�FHORU�

GRX��FDWHJRULL�GH�DF LXQL�HUD�SXWHUHD�GH�DSUHFLHUH�D�MXGHF�WRUXOXL�SULYLQG�VROX LRQDUHD�acestora56.

–�$F LXQL�FLYLOH�úL�DF LXQL�KRQRUDULL�VDX�SUHWRULHQH57. –�$F LXQL�SULYDWH�úL�DF LXQL�SRSXODUH� –�$F LXQL�GLUHFWH�úL�DF LXQL�XWLOH� –�$F LXQL�SHQDOH�úL�DF LXQL�SHUVHFXWRULL58. –�$F LXQL�DUELWUDULL59.

5. Litis contestatio În cadrul procedurii formulare, litis contestatio consta în remiterea unei copii

GH�SH�IRUPXO��RUL�GLFWDUHD�HL�GH�F�WUH�UHFODPDQW�SkUkWXOXL60. Litis contestatio� SURGXFHD� vQ� SURFHGXUD� IRUPXODU�� WUHL� HIHFWH� FH� SUH]HQWDX� R�

GHRVHELW�� LPSRUWDQ �� SULQ� FRQVHFLQ HOH� MXULGLFH� SH� FDUH� OH� SURGXFHD�� $FHVWHD� HUDX��efectul exWLQFWLY��HIHFWXO�FUHDWRU�VDX�QRYDWRU�úL�HIHFWXO�IL[DWRU�

6. Procedura in iudicio

'XS�� FH� PDJLVWUDWXO� UHPLWHD� FRSLL� GH� SH� IRUPXO�� UHFODPDQWXOXL� úL� DFHVWD� OD�

rându-L�SkUkWXOXL��FD�XQ�XOWLP�DFW�DO�SULPHL�HWDSH��SURFHVXO� WUHFHD�vQ�D�GRXD�HWDS��� vQ� 52 D., 39, 2, 48; 3, 1, 1, 2. 53 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 72. 54 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 78. 55 Inst., 4. 6. 1. 56 B. Biondi, Iudicia bonae fidei, 1, 1920. 57 Gaius, 4. 34. 58 Gaius, 4.6. 59 Inst. 4. 6. 31; D. 6. 1. 68. 60 Gaius, 4. 90.

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ID D� MXGHF�WRUXOXL�� $FWLYLWDWHD� ORU� HUD� VLPLODU�� vQ� JHQHUDO� FX� FHD� GLQ� SURFHGXUD�OHJLVDF LXQLORU��5HFODPDQWXO�vúL�H[SXQHD�RUDO�SUHWHQ LLOH��SkUkWXO�vúL�IRUPXOD�DS�U�ULOH��DPELL�SUH]HQWkQG�SUREH� vQ�VXV LQHUHD�DILUPD LLORU� ORU��SXWkQG�IL�DVLVWD L�úL�GH�DYRFD L��-XGHF�WRUXO� SHUVRDQ�� SULYDW�� FRQGXFHD� GH]EDWHULOH� úL�� vQ� FHOH� GLQ� XUP��� SURQXQ D� R�VHQWLQ ��FH�SXWHD�IL�GH�FRQGDPQDUH�OD�SODWD�XQHL�VXPH�GH�EDQL�VDX�GH�DEVROYLUH�

-XGHFDUHD� SURFHVXOXL� VH� I�FHD� vQ� SXEOLF� vQWU-R� ]L� IDVW�� úL� QXPDL� vQ� SUH]HQ D�

S�U LORU��'DF��XQD�GLQ�S�U L�QX�VH�SUH]HQWD�OD�SURFHV��FHDODOW��FkúWLJD�SURFHVXO61. -XF�WRUXO�HUD�ÄVFODYXO´�IRUPXOHL�vQ�VHQVXO�F��HO�WUHEXLD�V��R�UHVSHFWH�vQWRFPDL��

raportându-se permanent la momentul întocmirii ei, respectiv la litis contestatio. De aceea, lui nu îi era permis�V�� LQ��VHDP��GH�IDSWHOH�FDUH�DX�LQWHUYHQLW�XOWHULRU�OXL�OLWLV�contestatio.

���(IHFWHOH�VHQWLQ HL ÌQ� XUPD� SURQXQ �ULL� VHQWLQ HL�� MXGHF�WRUXO� UHGHYLQH� FHHD� FH� HUD� vQDLQWH�� R�

SHUVRDQ��SDUWLFXODU�62��VHQWLQ D�GDW��GH�DFHDVWD�DYkQG�HIHFWH�GLIHULWH�GXS��FXP�DFeasta HUD�R�VHQWLQ ��GH�FRQGDPQDUH�VDX�R�VHQWLQ ��GH�DEVROYLUH�

6HQWLQ D�GH�FRQGDPQDUH�DYHD�XQ�HIHFW�GXEOX��UHVSHFWLY�SUH]HQWD�R�IRU ��MXULGLF��úL�R�IRU ��H[HFXWRULH�

6HQWLQ D�GH�DEVROYLUH�QX�DYHD�GHFkW�XQ�HIHFW�XQLF��UHVSHFWLY�IRU D�MXULGLF��

8. ReprezenWDUHD�vQ�MXVWL LH ÌQ�HSRFD�FODVLF���GDWRULW��SURIXQGHORU�VFKLPE�UL�HFRQRPLFH�úL�VRFLDOH��SUDFWLFD�

D� FHUXW� DGPLWHUHD� UHSUH]HQW�ULL�� FDUH� V-D� I�FXW� WUHSWDW� GH� OD� UHSUH]HQWDUHD� LPSHUIHFW��F�WUH�FHD�SHUIHFW��

,9��3URFHGXUD�H[WUDRUGLQDU����&2*1,7,2��(;75$25'INARIA

���&RPSDUD LH�FX�FHOHODOWH�SURFHGXUL ÌQ� FDGUXO� SURFHGXULL� H[WUDRUGLQDUH� GLVSDUH� DFHDVW�� FDUDFWHULVWLF�� FH� FRQVWD� vQ�

GLYL]DUHD�SURFHVXOXL�vQ�FHOH�GRX��HWDSH��'HFL��DLFL�SURFHVXO�VH�GHVI�úRDU��vQ�ID D�XQHL�VLQJXUH�LQVWDQ H�GH�OD�vQFHSXW�úL�SkQ��OD�GDUHD�KRW�UkULL��LQVWDQ ��UHSUH]HQWDW��GH�XQD�úL�DFHHDúL� SHUVRDQ��� PDJLVWUDWXO� VDX� vQDOWXO� IXQF LRQDU�� DGLF�� PDJLVWUDWXO� MXGHF�WRU��)RUPXOD�GLVSDUH�GHRDUHFH�DFHVWD�QX�SXWHD�V�-úL�WULPLW��IRUPXOD�OXL�vQVXúL63.

���2UJDQL]DUHD�LQVWDQ HORU64

)XQF LRQDULL�MXGHF�WRUHúWL�IDF�SDUWH�GLQ�LHUDUKLD�IXQF LRQDULORU�DGPLQLVWUDWLYL� ÌQ� YkUIXO� DFHVWHL� LHUDUKLL� DGPLQLVWUDWLYH� VH� DIOD� vPS�UDWXO�� FDUH� HUD� úL�

MXGHF�WRUXO� VXSUHP�� 'XS�� HO�� SH� R� WUHDSW�� LQIHULRDU�� XUPDX� SUHIHF LL� SUHWRULXOXL� – praefecti praetorio din cele patru prefecturi ale Imperiului.

61 XII. T., 2, 2. 62 D., 42, 1, 55. 63 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.114. 64 VI Hanga, M. Jacotã, op. cit., p. 99.

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13

Partea a III-a

PERSOANE ,��&DUDFWHUL]DUH�JHQHUDO��DVXSUD�SHUVRDQHL�vQ�GUHSWXO�URPDQ

���ÌQFHSXWXO�úL�vQFHWDUHD�FDSDFLW� LL 5HJXOD� FRQVW�� vQ�� FDSDFLWDWHD� VDX� SHUVRQDOLWDWHD� vQFHSHD� RGDW�� FX� QDúWHUHD� úL�

vQFHWD� RGDW�� FX�PRDUWHD� SHUVRDQHL�� H[FHS LH� I�FkQGX-VH� QXPDL� FX� RFD]LD� DSOLF�ULL� D�GRX��SULQFLSLL�LPSXVH�GH�SUDFWLF��

3ULPXO� HUD� ÄFRSLOXO� FRQFHSXW� HUD� FRQVLGHUDW� FD� úL� Q�VFXW� RUL� GH� FkWH� RUL� HUD�vorba de interesele sale” – infans conceptus pro nato habetur quotiens de comodis eius agitur65��ÌQ�ED]D�DFHVWXL�SULQFLSLX�GH�H[HPSOX��FRSLOXO�Q�VFXW�GXS��PRDUWHD�WDW�OXL�avea dreptul la succesiune.

$O� GRLOHD� SULQFLSLX� HUD� ÄVXFFHVLXQHD� LDFHQW��� YDFDQW�� VXV LQH� SHUVRDQD�defunctului” – hereditas iacens sustinet personam defuncti66.

2. ElHPHQWHOH�FDSDFLW� LL�MXULGLFH

Am amintit deja despre status-XO�SH�FDUH�R�SHUVRDQ��WUHEXLD�V�-l posede pentru

D�DYHD�FDSDFLWDWH�GHSOLQ��GH�GUHSW��VWDWXV�DOF�WXLW�GLQ�WUHL�HOHPHQWH67 care copnstituiau FRQ LQXWXO�SHUVRQDOLW� LL�VDX�FDSDFLW� LL�MXULGLFH��DVWIHl: status libertatis, status civitatis, status familiae.

II. Status libertatis

1. Scavii

a. Originile slcaviei

2ULJLQLOH� VFODYLHL� FRQVWDX� vQ�QDúWHUH�SH�GH�R�SDUWH�� úL� HYHQLPHQWH�SRVWHULRDUH�

QDúWHULL�SH�GH�DOWD� 1DúWHUHD68 constituia evenimentul originar al sclaviei conform principiului

ÄFRSLOXO� Q�VFXW� vQ� DIDUD� F�V�WRULHL� GREkQGHD� FRQGL LD� PDPHL´�� 'HRDUHFH� VFODYD� HUD�FRQVLGHUDW�� F�� Q�úWHD� vQWRWGHDXQD� vQ� DIDUD� F�V�WRULHL�� FRSLOXO� DFHVWHLD�GHYHQHD� VFODY��FKLDU�GDF��WDW�O�IXVHVH�RP�OLEHU�

65 Paul – D.1.5.7. 66 Ulpian, D.41. 1. 4. 67 Supra, p. 114. 68 Gius, I. 82; Inst., 1, 3.4.

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14

b. Mijloacele juridice prin care sclavul putea participa �vQ�IDSW�OD�YLD D�MXULGLF�

– Peculiu sclavului, constituia „patrimoniul sclavului”, dar era un patrimoniu

de fapt –�SHFXOLXP��F�FL�GH�GUHSW�GRPLQXV�HUD�SURSULHWDUXO�DFHVWXLD� Testamenti factio pasiva – consta în acHHD� F�� VFODYXO� SXWHD� IL� LQVWLWXLW� FD�

PRúWHQLWRU� GDF�� WRWRGDW�� L� VH� DFRUGD� úL� OLEHUWDWHD69� SHQWUX� F�� QXPDL� DVWIHO� GRPLQXV�SXWHD� V�� DLE�� XQ� PRúWHQLWRU� QHFHVDU� SH� GH� R� SDUWH�� LDU� GDF�� DFHVWD� HUD� LQVROYDELO��EXQXULOH�PRúWHQLWH�HUDX�YkQGXWH�SH�QXPHOH�VFODYXOXL�Fare devenea infam.

– Cognatio servilis70. Am amintit anterior despre contubernium –�F�V�WRULD�FH�FRQVWD�vQ�XQLXQHD�GH�IDSW�GLQWUH�XQ�VFODY�úL�R�VFODY��I�U��QLFL�XQ�HIHFW�MXULGLF��7RWXúL�HSRFD�GUHSWXOXL�FODVLF�VXE�LQIOXHQ D�FUHúWLQLVPXOXL�D�IRVW�UHFXQRVFXW��rudenia de sânge GLQWUH� VFODYL� VXE� QXPHOH� GH� FRJQDWLR� VHUYLOLV� vQ� ED]D� F�UHLD� VFODYLL� QX� VH� SXWHDX�F�V�WRUL�vQWUH�HL�GDF��HUDX�UXGH�GH�VkQJH�GH�JUDG�PDL�DSURSLDW�

2. Oameni liberi

a. Oameni liberi ingeniu71

Oamenii liberi ingenui constituiau categoria de persoane care s-DX� Q�VFXW�

OLEHUL��/D�UkQGXO�ORU�DFHúWLD�SXWHDX�IL�GH�PDL�PXOWH�IHOXUL�GXS��FXP�XUPHD]���FHW� HQLL��ODWLQLL��SHUHJULQLL��RDPHQLL�OLEHUL�DIOD L�vQ�VWDUHD�GH�VHPLVFODYLH�úL�FRORQLL�

E��2DPHQL�OLEHUL�GH]UREL L 2DPHQLL� OLEHUL� GH]UREL L� FRQVWLWXLDX� DFHD� FDWHJRULH� GH� SHUVRDQH�� IRúWL� VFODYL�

HOLEHUD L�GH�VW�SkQLL�ORU�SULQ�GH]URELUH�QXPL L�OLEHU L�

III. Status civitatis Status civitatis�VDX�FRQGL LD�GH�D�IL�FHW� HDQ�HUD�DO�GRLOHD�HOHPHQW�DO�FDSDFLW� LL�

MXULGLFH� URPDQH� DVXSUD� F�UXLD� YRP� SXQH� DFFHQWXO�� SHQWUX� F�� FHW� HQLL� IRUPDX� DFHD�FDWHJRULH�GH�SHUVRDQH�FX�R�FRQGL LH�MXULGLF��VXSHULRDU��

&HW� HQLL� URPDQL�– civis romani erau singurii care puteau beneficia de toate drepturile72�FLYLOH�úL�SROLWLFH��

Drepturile civile erau: ius comercii, ius conubii�úL ius militiae. Drepturile politice erau: ius sufragii�úL�ius honorum.

IV. Status familiae

���)DPLOLD�URPDQ� În dreptul roman, cuvântul familia� DYHD� PDL� PXOWH� DFFHS LXQL�� UHVSHFWLY� ILH�

WRWDOLWDWHD� VFODYLORU� DIOD L� vQ� SURSULHWDWHD� FXLYD�� ILH� XQ� JUXS� GH� SHUsoane aflate sub DFHHDúL� SXWHUH�� ILH� WRWDOLWDWHD� EXQXULORU� úL� SHUVRDQHORU� DIODWH� VXE� SXWHUHD� OXL� SDWHU�familia.

a. Puterea lui pater familias asupra persoanelor:

69 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 207. 70 G. Dumitrescu, op. cit., p. 230 71 Cicero, Brutus, 75. 261. 72 Ulpian, Reg., 19.5.

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15

Patria potestas��$FHDVW��SXWHUH�VH�H[HUFLWD�DVXSUD�GHVFHQGHQ LORU�úL�HUD�XQD�GLQ�cele mai importante puteri ale lui pater familias în cadrul familiei romane73.

3XWHUHD�PDULWDO���ÌQ�GUHSWXO�HYROXDW��GDU�WRW�vQ�HSRFD�YHFKH�SXWHUHD�PDULWDO��D�preluat numele fostei puteri unice manus, schimbându-úL� vQV��FRQ LQXWXO�VHPDQWLF� vQ�VHQVXO� F�� HD� GHVHPQD� DFXP� R� SXWHUH� VSHFLILF��� GLIHULW�� GH� FHD� LQL LDO��� UHVSHFWLY�SXWHUHD� VR XOXL� DVXSUD� VR LHL� vQ� FDGUXO� F�V�WRULHL� QXPLW�� FX�PDQXV�� DGLF�� FX�SXWHUHD�E�UEDWXOXL�DVXSUD�IHPHLL�

Mancipio�� $FHDVW�� SXWHUH� VH� H[HUFLWD� DVXSUD� SHUVRDQHORU� FXPS�UDWH� SULQ�mancipatio ce consWLWXLD� XQ� PRG� RULJLQDU� GH� UHDOL]DUH� D� RSHUD LXQLL� MXULGLFH� GH�vânzare74�SULQ� vQGHSOLQLUHD�XQRU�IRUPH�VROHPQH�FH�FRQVWDX�vQ�H[LVWHQ D�XQRU�FRQGL LL�I�U��GH�FDUH�QX�HUD�SRVLELO��UHFXQRDúWHUHD�DFWXOXL�

b. Puterea lui pater familias asupra bunurilor

Dominica potestas�� $FHDVWD� HUD� SXWHUHD� DVXSUD� VFODYLORU� vPEU�FDW�� vQ� KDLQD�

GUHSWXOXL�GH�SURSULHWDWH��vQ�YLUWXWHD�IDSWXOXL�F��VFODYXO�HUD�DVLPLODW�FX�XQ�OXFUX�– res. Dominium�HUD�SXWHUHD�H[HUFLWDW��GH�VW�SkQ�– dominus asupra tuturor celorlalte

bunuri existente în cadrul familiei romane. – persoane sui iuris�úL�SHUVRDQH�alieni iuris.�7HUPHQXO�GH�SHUVRDQ��sui iuris era

vQWUHEXLQ DW�SHQWUX�D�GHVHPQD�SH�DFHO�FHW� HDQ�FDUH�DYHD�FDOLWDWHD�GH�pater familias. 7HUPHQXO�GH�SHUVRDQ��alieni iuris desemna pe acela care se afla sub puterea

lui pater familias. 2. 3XWHUHD�S�ULQWHDVF�. $FHDVW�� SXWHUH� SXUWD� QXPHOH� GH� SDWULD� SRWHVWDV� úL� HUD� XQD� GLQ� FHOH� PDL�

importante puteri ale lui pater familias în cadrul familiei romane. &UHDUHD� SXWHULL� S�ULQWHúWL��Patria potestas� SXWHD� IL� FUHDW�� ILH� SH� FDOH�QDWXUDO��

SULQ� F�V�WRULH� úL� QDúWHUH�� ILH� SH� FDOH� DUWLILFLDO�� SULQ� GRX�� PRGXUL� GLIHULWH� UHVSHFWLY�DGRS LXQHD�úL�OHJLWLPDUHD�

,HúLUHD�GH�VXE�SXWHUHD�S�ULQWHDVF�� a. Moartea lui pater familias E��3LHUGHUHD�XQXL�HOHPHQW�DO�FDSDFLW� LL c. Moartea fiului de familie d. Postliminium e. Emanciparea

3. &�V�WRULD�URPDQ� &�V�WRULD�HUD�R�XQLXQH� vQWUH�E�UEDW�úL� IHPHLH��R�DVRFLHUH�SHQWUX�WRDW��YLD D��R�

vPS�UW�úLUH�D�GUHSWXOXL�FLYLO�úL�UHOLJLRV�– nuptiae sunt comunicatio maris et feminae, consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris comunication75��HUD�XQLXQHD�E�UEDWXOXL�úL�D�IHPHLL�FH�LPSOLFD�R�YLD ��FRPXQ��– nuptia sive matrimonium este vire et muliers conjunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens76.

73 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., 1973, p. 145. 74 E. 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op. cit., p. 67. 75 Modestim, D.23, 2, 1. 76 Inst. I. 1, 91.

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16

D��&RQGL LL�GH�IRUP�77

$FHVWHD�SULYHDX�QXPDL�F�V�WRULD cu manus: – confarreatio78,�F�V�WRULD�VSHFLILF��QXPDL�SDWULFLHQLORU� – usus79��FRQVW��vQ�FRDELWDUHD�IHPHLL�FX�E�UEDWXO�WLPS�GH�XQ�DQ�GH�]LOH� – coemptio80, consta dintr-R�PDQFLSD LXQH�I�FXW��GH�vQV�úL�IHPHLH�F�WUH�YLLWRUXO�

HL�VR � E��&RQGL LL�GH�IRQG

Sunt acHOHDúL� DWkW� SHQWUX� F�V�WRULD� FX� PDQXV�� FkW� úL� SHQWUX� F�V�WRULD� I�U��manus. Astfel:

– conubium (ius conubii), era acel drept recunoscut unei persoane de a încheia R�F�V�WRULH�YDODELO��FRQIRUP�FX�LXV�FLYLOH��LXVWDH�QXSWLDH��LXVWXP�PDWULPRQLXP��

– vârsta81 admLV�� SHQWUX� F�V�WRULH� HUD� VWDELOLW�� SHQWUX� IHWH� OD���� DQL�� FkQG� VH�FRQVLGHUD�F��HOH�DX�GHYHQLW�QXELOH��DGLF��HUDX�vQ�VWDUH�V��SURFUHH]H��5HIHULWRU�OD�E�LH L�VH� IRORVHD� VLVWHPXO� FHUFHW�ULL� FRUSRUDOH�SkQ�� OD� vPS�UDWXO� -XVWLQLDQ�� FkQG� V-a stabilit vârsta de 14 ani.

D��(IHFWHOH�F�V�WRULHL�DVXSUD�SHUVRDQHORU�

&�V�WRULD� VWDELOHD� vQWUH� VR L� R� FRPXQLWDWH� GH� YLH XLUH�� VR LL� GDWRUkQGX-úL� XQXO�altuia fidelitate.

E��(IHFWHOH�F�V�WRULHL�DVXSUD�EXQXULORU $VWIHO�� OD� F�V�WRULD� FX� manus� DF LRQHD]�� UHJLPXO� FRPXQLW� LL� GH� EXQuri. În

F�V�WRULD�I�U��manus�VR LL�WU�LDX�vQ�UHJLPXO�VHSDUD LHL�GH�EXQXUL

���$GRS LXQHD��DGURJD LXQHD�úL�OHJLWLPDUHD $GRS LXQHD� HUD� XQ� PRG� DUWLILFLDO� GH� FUHDUH� D� SXWHULL� S�ULQWHúWL� FH� FRQVWD� vQ�

trecerea unui fiu de familie (alieni iuris) de sub puterea unui pater familias sub puterea unui alt pater familias82��&kQG�HUD�YRUED�GH�R�SHUVRDQ��sui iuris care trecea de sub puterea lui pater familias sub puterea unui alt pater familias acest act se numea DGURJD LXQH

$GURJD LXQHD� FRQVWLWXLD� XQ� FD]� VSHFLDO� GH� DGRS LXQH� SULQ� FDUH� XQ� pater familias intra sub puterea unui alt pater familias� vPSUHXQ��FX�WRDW��IDPLOLD��DGLF��FX�WRDWH�SHUVRDQHOH�úL�EXQXULOH�VDOH�

/HJLWLPDUHD�HUD�XQ�PRG�DUWLILFLDO�GH�FUHDUH�D�SXWHULL�S�ULQWHúWL�SULQ�FDUH�FRSLL�QDWXUDOL�HUDX�DVLPLOD L�FHORr legitimi83.

V. Capitis deminutio

3LHUGHUHD�FDSDFLW� LL�MXULGLFH�– capitis deminutio. $P� Y�]XW� FXP� FDSDFLWDWHD� MXULGLF�� SXWHD� IL� vQJU�GLW�� S�VWUkQGX-úL� WRWXúL�

HOHPHQWHOH�FRPSRQHQWH��GDF��vQV��XQXO�GLQ�DFHVWH�HOHPHQWH�HUD�SLHUGXW��FRQVHFLQ D�HUD� 77 C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit., 1937, p.143; P.Noailles, Revue historique de droit francais et étranger, 1936, p. 415. 78 Gaius, I. I, 112. 79 Gaius I. I, 111. 80 Ibidem, 113. 81 Ibidem. 82 Gaius, I. I, 111. 83 S. Solazzi, Studia et documenta historuiae et iuris, 21, 1955, p.306.

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17

mult mai� JUDY��� F�FL� QX� PDL� H[LVWD� GUHSW� XUPDUH� FDSDFLWDWH� MXULGLF�� FRQIRUP�FRQFHS LHL�URPDQH�úL�VH�SURGXFHD�DVWIHO�R�PRDUWH84�MXULGLF��FLYLO��D�SHUVRDQHL�vQ�FDX]���QXPLW��capitis deminutio.

9,��3HUVRDQD�MXULGLF� $O�WXUL� GH� SHUVRDQD� IL]LF��� SXWHD� IL� VXELHFW� DO� UDSRUWXOXL� MXULGLF� úL� SHUVRDQD�

MXULGLF��VDX�PRUDO�85. 1R LXQHD� GH� SHUVRDQ�� MXULGLF�� V-a format în dreptul roman în mod treptat.

5RPDQLL� QX� FXQRúWHDX� DFHVW� WHUPHQ� GDU� IRORVHDX� XQ� WHUPHQ� HFKLYDOHQW�� UHVSHFWLY�corpora, universitates, pentru a desemna diversele�DVRFLD LL� vQ]HVWUDWH�FX�FDSDFLWDWHD�MXULGLF��

VII. Tutela

(VWH�XQ�SURFHGHX�MXULGLF�FH�SURWHMHD]��LQFDSDFLW� LOH�QDWXUDOH�

VIII. Curatela )D �� GH� WXWHO��� FDUH�SURWHMD� LQFDSDFLW� LOH� ILUHúWL�� QDWXUDOH�� FXUDWHOD� DYHD�GUHSW�

VFRS�SURWHMDUHD�LQFDSDFLW� LORU�DFFLGHQWDOH�FDUH�HUDX�PXOW�PDL�QXPHURDVH�úL�YDULDWH��SH�care le aveau nebunii în forma IXULRVXV�úL�GHPHQWHV��SURGLJLL�úL�PLQRULL�GH����GH�DQL�

Partea a IV-a

DREPTURI REALE

Titlul I. BUNURI: IUS RERUM 3ULQ�QR LXQHD�GH�EXQ�VH�vQ HOHJH�RULFH�OXFUX�FDUH�SRDWH�IL�vQVXúLW�GH�FLQHYD�VXE�

forma dreptului de proprietate.

I. Patrimoniul

1. 'HILQL LH 3ULQ�SDWULPRQLX� VH� vQ HOHJH� WRWDOLWDWHD�GUHSWXULORU��GDWRULLORU� úL� VDUFLQLORU�XQHL�

SHUVRDQH��FDUH�VXQW�VXVFHSWLELOH�GH�R�YDORDUH�SHFXQLDU��

84 Gaius, I. 3, 153. 85 6� &RFRú� op.cit., p. 11-12.

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18

2. Elementele patrimoniului 'LQ� GHILQL LD� GDW�� SDWULPRQLXOXL� UH]XOW�� QHW� HOHPHQWHOH� DFHVWXLD�� UHVSHFWLY�

GUHSWXULOH�UHDOH�úL�GUHSWXULOH�SHUVRQDOH�

3. Principiile patrimoniului86 –�3DWULPRQLXO�FRQVWLWXLH�HPDQD LD�XQHL�SHUVRDQH –�2ULFH�SHUVRDQ��DUH�vQ�PRG�QHFHVDU�XQ�SDWULmoniu87. –�)LHFDUH�SHUVRDQ��QX�DUH�GHFkW�XQ�VLQJXU�SDWULPRQLX88.

II. Clasificarea bunurilor -XULVFRQVXOWXO�*DLXV��GDU�úL�-XVWLQLDQ�� vQ�PDQXDOHOH� ORU�QXPLWH� LQVWLWXWH��IDF�R�

clasificare a bunurilor res� vQ� GRX�� FDWHJRULL�� UHVSHFWLY� OXFUXUL� QHSDWULPRQLDOH� – rex extra patrimonium�úL�OXFUXUL�SDWULPRQLDOH�– res in patrimonio89.

Titlul II. POSESIUNEA : POSSESSIO

,��'HILQL LD�SRVHVLXQLL

3RVHVLXQHD�HVWH�R�VWDUH�GH�IDSW�RFURWLW��GH�GUHSW��FDUH�FRQVW�� vQ�DFWXO�PDWHULDO�

GH�D�S�VWUD�úL�D�IRORVL�XQ�OXFUX90. Posesiunea este o stare de fapt care produce efecte juridice.

II. Originea posesiunii

3�PkQWXULOH� FXFHULWH� GH� URPDQL� HUDX� WUDQVIRUPDWH� vQ�ager publicus�� úL� VWDWXO�URPDQ�OH�UHSDUWL]D�VSUH�IRORVLQ D�SDWULFLHQLORU�ILH�vQ�PRG�JUDWXLW��ILH�FRQWUD�XQRU�VXPH�de bani. Aceste terenuri purtau numele de possessiones.

III. Elementele posesiunii91

3RVHVLXQHD�SUH]LQW��GRX��HOHPHQWH�FRQVWLWXWLYH��UHVSHFWLY�DQLPXV�– elementul

LQWHQ LRQDO�úL�FRUSXV�– elementul material.

,9��'REkQGLUHD�úL�SLHUGHUHD�SRVHVLXQLL 1. Dobândirea posesiunii

3RVHVLXQHD�VH�GREkQGHúWH�SULQ�vQWUXQLUHD�FHORU�GRX��HOHPHQWH�DVXSUD�DFHOHLDúL�

SHUVRDQH��$FHDVWD� VH� UHDOL]HD]�� SULQ� GRX��PRGXUL�� UHVSHFWLY� SULQ� VLQH� vQVXúL� úL� SULQ�altul.

D��'REkQGLUHD�SRVHVLXQLL�SULQ�VLQH�vQVXúL

86 Ibidem, p. 261. 87 Ibidem. 88 Ibidem; I.M. Anghel, op.cit., p. 77. 89 Gaius, 2, 1.; Inst., 2, 1, pr. 90 D. 41. 2.1.3. 91 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit.,����� S����� (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p.111.

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19

3ULQ� VLQH� vQVXúL� VH�GREkQGHúWH�SRVHVLXQHD�DVWIHO�� FkQG�VH� vQWUXQHVF�FHOH�GRX��HOHPHQWH�DOH�SRVHVLXQLL� vQ�DFHODúL� WLPS��DVXSUD�DFHOHLDúL�SHUVRDQH��SHUVRDQD�vQ�FDX]��WUHEXLH�V��DLE��FDSDFLWDWH�MXULGLF���vQ�ILQH��OXFUXO�SRVHGDW�WUHEXLH�V��ILH�FRUSRUDO92.

b. Dobândirea posesiunii prin altul

Prin altXO��SRVHVLXQHD�VH�GREkQGHúWH�ILH�animo alieno – cu animus al altuia, fie

corpore alieno – cu corpus al altuia.

2. Pierderea posesiunii

Pentru aceasta era de ajuns pierderea uneia sau ambelor elemente ale

posesiunii. Aceasta se producea similar dobândiriL�DVWIHO��SULQ�VLQH�vQVXúL�úL�SULQ�DOWXO�

D��3LHUGHUHD�SRVHVLXQLL�SULQ�VLQH�vQVXúL $FHDVWD� VH� SURGXFHD� vQ� FRQIRUPLWDWH� FX� WUHL� VLWXD LL� FDUH� SXWHDX� V�� DSDU���

respectiv prin pierderea lui corpus, prin pierderea lui animus,� úL� SULQ� SLHUGHUHD�ambelor elemente.

Pierderea lui corpus�VH�GDWRUHD]��IDSWXOXL�F��SRVHVRUXO�QX�IDFH�VDX�QX�SRDWH�V��IDF��DFWHOH�PDWHULDOH�FH�vL�UHYLQ�vQ�FDOLWDWHD�VD��'H�H[HPSOX��GDF��XQHL�SHUVRDQH�vL�FDGH�LQHOXO�vQ�IOXYLX��DFHVWHLD�GLVS�UkQGX-i astfel corpus�vL�YD�GLVSDUH�úL�SRVHVLD�

Pierderea lui animus� FRQVW�� vQ� PDQLIHVWDUHD� YRLQ HL� GH� D� QX� PDL� SRVHGD�� vQ�WLPS�FH�VH�V�YkUúHVF�DFWH�PDWHULDOH�FRQIRUP�SRVHVLXQLL��([HPSOXO�FRQFOXGHQW�vQ�DFHVW�sens era constitutum possessorium��$GLF���XQ�SURSULHWDU�D�YkQGXW�FDVD�vQ�FDUH�ORFXLD�úL�FRQWLQX��V-R�ORFXLDVF��vQ�ED]D�XQXL�FRQWUDFW�GH�ORFD LXQH�– închiriere încheiat cu noul SURSULHWDU��(O�GHYLQH�GHWHQWRU��SLHU]kQG�SRVHVLXQHD�R�GDW��FX�animus, dar a conservat corpus.

Pierderea lui corpus�úL�D�OXL�animus�VH�SURGXFH�vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS�ILH�SULQ�PRDUWHD�posHVRUXOXL��ILH�SULQ�S�U�VLUHD�OXFUXOXL�GH�F�WUH�DFHVWD�

b. Pierderea posesiunii prin altul

&HO�SULQ�FDUH�VH�SURGXFHD�SLHUGHUHD�SRVHVLXQLL�HUD�vQWRWGHDXQD�GHWHQWRUXO�úL�vQ�

DFHVW� VHQV� H[LVWDX� GRX�� VLWXD LL�� UHVSHFWLY� ILH� PRDUWHD� VDX� QHEXQLD� GHWHQWRUXOXL�� ILe YRLQ D�FRQWUDU��D�DFHVWXLD�

V. Clasificarea posesiunii93 3RVHVLXQHD� VH�FODVLILF��GXS��FULWHULL�GLIHULWH�� UHVSHFWLY�GLQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�DO�

SURWHF LHL� MXULGLFH� SH� FDUH� R� DVLJXU��� DO� HIHFWHORU� SURGXVH�� DO� JHQHUDOL]�ULL� VDX� DO�RSR]L LHL� FX� DGHY�UDWD� SRVHVLXQH�� ÌQ� DFHVW� VHQV� DX� H[LVWDW� XUP�WRDUHOH� FDWHJRULL� GH�posesiune:

2. Possessio ad usucapionem &RQVWLWXLD� SRVHVLXQHD� FDUH� SUH]HQWD� GUHSW� HIHFW� GREkQGLUHD� SURSULHW� LL�

quiritare prin uzucapiune, deci printr-R�IRORVLQ ��vQGHOXQJDW��

92 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., 1958, p. 278. 93 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., 1958, p.273;

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20

3. Possessio iniusta ConsWLWXLD� SRVHVLXQHD� FRQWUDU�� GUHSWXOXL� VDX� YLFLRDV�� – vitiosa�� ID �� GH� R�

DQXPLW�� SHUVRDQ��� DYkQG� FD� HIHFW� ULGLFDUHD� SURWHF LHL� MXULGLFH� ID �� GH� SHUVRDQD�UHVSHFWLY��

4. Possessio iuris Constituia posesiunea unui drept sau quasi possessio.

5. Possessio naturalis

&RQVWLWXLD� GHWHQ LXQHD�� DGLF�� SRVHVLXQHD� QDWXUDO�� – naturalis, corporalis –

FRUSRUDO��� FDUH� HUD� vQWU-R� SR]L LH� FX� WRWXO� FRQWUDU�� DGHY�UDWHL� SRVHVLXQL�– possessio civilis,�SRVHVLXQHD�FLYLO��

VI. Efectele posesiunii

a. Interdictele

Posesorul are lD� GLVSR]L LH� XQ� PLMORF� GH� SURWHF LH� vPSRWULYD� FHORU� FDUH� vL�

WXOEXU��SRVHVLXQHD��$FHVWH�PLMORDFH�VH�QXPHVF�LQWHUGLFWHOH�SRVHVRULL�

Interdictele posesorii94 ,QWHUGLFWHOH� SRVHVRULL� FRQVWLWXLDX� RUGLQH� GDWH� GH� F�WUH� SUHWRU� vQ� VFRSXO�

DVLJXU�ULL�XQHL�SURWHF LL�Muridice a posesiunii.

b. Calitatea de pârât ÌQ� FD]XO� XQXL� SURFHV� vQ� UHYHQGLFDUH�� SRVHVRUXO� DUH� FDOLWDWHD� DYDQWDMRDV�� GH�

pârât95���IRORVLQG�H[SUHVLD�SRVHG�SHQWUX�F��SRVHG96.

F��'REkQGLUHD�SURSULHW� LL

3RVHVLXQHD�H[HUFLWDW��vQWU-R�DQXPLW��SHULRDG��GH�WLPS�poate duce la dobîndirea SURSULHW� LL�DVXSUD�XQXL�OXFUX�SULQ�X]XFDSLXQH��GDU�QXPDL�vQ�VLWXD LD�vQ�FDUH�úL�FHOHODOWH�elemente ale acesteia erau îndeplinite97.

Titlul III . PROPRIETATEA: PROPRIETAS

,��1R LXQH�úL�DWULEXWH

Romanii au definit proprietatea astfel: proprietas est ius utendi, fruendi,

abutendi re sua quatenus iuris ratio partitur98�� DGLF�� ÄSURSULHWDWHD� HVWH� GUHSWXO� GH� D�

94 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., 1958, p. 281-���� (�0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 112. 95 Inst., 4.15.4. 96 (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 111. 97 /HJHD FHORU ;,, 7DEHOH SUHYHGHD X]XV FD R FRQGL LH D X]XFDSLXQLL� 2UL X]XV vQVHPQD D S�VWUD OXFUXO úL

a te folosi de el.

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21

IRORVL� XQ� EXQ�� GH� DL� FXOHJH� IUXFWHOH� úL� GH� D� GLVSXQH� GH� DWkW� FkW� SHUPLWH� P�VXUD�dreptului”.

,,��2ULJLQHD�úL�HYROX LD�SURSULHW� ii

1. Forme prestatale de proprietate ÌQ� HWDSD� GH� WUDQ]L LH� GH� OD� FRPXQD� SULPLWLY�� OD� VRFLHWDWHD� VWDWDO�� DSDU�� vQ�

FRQGL LLOH� SUHILJXU�ULL� QRLL� IRUPD LXQL� VRFLDOH�� VFODYDJLVPXO�� XUP�WRDUHOH� IRUPH�SULPLWLYH�GH�SURSULHWDWH�� SURSULHWDWHD� FROHFWLY�� D� JLQ LL�� SURSULHWDWHD� IDPLOLDO�� DVXSUD�S�PkQWXOXL99�úL�SURSULHWDWHD�LQGLYLGXDO��DVXSUD�VFODYLORU100.

D��3URSULHWDWHD�SXEOLF��D�VWDWXOXL

$FHDVW�� IRUP�� GH� SURSULHWDWH� VH� vPSDUWH� vQ� GRX�� FDWHJRULL�� UHVSHFWLY�

SURSULHWDWHD�VWDWXOXL�DVXSUD�S�PkQWXOXL�– ager publicus�úL�SUoprietatea statului asupra sclavilor – servi publicus, ambele aflându-úL�RULJLQHD� vQ�FXFHULULOH�GH� U�]ERL� URPDQH�GDWRULW��SROLWLFLL�GH�H[SDQVLXQH�SURPRYDWH�GH�F�WUH�VWDWXO�URPDQ�

b. Proprietatea TXLULWDU�

Proprietatea TXLULWDU� – dominium ex iure quiritium101 constituia privilegiul

H[FOXVLY� DFRUGDW� FHW� HQLORU� URPDQL�� (D� VH� FUHD� vQ� PRG� VROHPQ�� VH� WUDQVPLWHD� SULQ�IRUPH� VROHPQH� úL� GH� DVHPHQHD� WRW� vQ� IRUPH� VROHPQH� HUD� VDQF LRQDW�� vQ� ID D�LQVWDQ HL102.

���3URSULHWDWHD�vQ�HSRFD�FODVLF�

ÌQ�HSRFD�FODVLF��V-D�PHQ Lnut proprietatea TXLULWDU���DO�WXUL�GH�FDUH�DX�DS�UXW��

GDWRULW��WUDQVIRUP�ULORU�YLH LL�HFRQRPLFH��VRFLDOH�úL�SROLWLFH��QRL�IRUPH�GH�SURSULHWDWH��UHVSHFWLY�SURSULHWDWHD�SUHWRULDQ��VDX�ERQLWDU���SURSULHWDWHD�SURYLQFLDO��úL�SURSULHWDWHD�SHUHJULQ��

4. ProprieWDWHD�vQ�HSRFD�SRVWFODVLF� -XVWLQLDQ�D�XQLILFDW�SURSULHWDWHD��GHVILLQ kQG�GLIHUHQ HOH�GLQWUH�WRDWH�IRUPHOH�GH�

SURSULHWDWH�DQWHULRDUH��UH]XOWkQG�R�SURSULHWDWH�XQLF��QXPLW��dominium103.

,,,��0RGXULOH�GH�GREkQGLUH�úL�GH�WUDQVPLWHUH�D�SURSULHW� LL Mancipatio

La origine, mancipatio� FRQVWLWXLD� XQ�PRG�GH� FUHDUH� D� SURSULHW� LL104 care era

FRQVLGHUDW��GXS��FXP�DP�Y�]XW�R�SXWHUH�DVXSUD�OXFUXOXL�mancipi. Mai târziu, ea apare ca un mod de transmitere a dreptului de proprietate. 98 D. 1,5,4. 99 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 11. 100 Ibidem. 101 U. Brasiello, Corso di diritto romano. La proprieta nella sua essenza e nella sua estensione, Milano, 1952, p. 166. 102 Gaius, 1. 53. 103 C. 7, 31, 1. 104 Ibidem.

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22

In iure cesio

In iure cesio –�UHFXQRDúWHUHD�vQ�ID D�PDJLVWUDWXOXL�HUD�XQ�PRG�GH�WUDQVPLWHUH�D�

SURSULHW� LL�quiritare�FX�DMXWRUXO�XQXL�SURFHV�ILFWLY�SH�FDUH�GREkQGLWRUXO� vO� LQWHQWHD]��vPSRWULYD�FHOXL�FDUH�vQVWU�LQHD]��XQ�OXFUX�

Usucapio Usucapio –� FRQVWLWXLD� XQ� PRG� GH� GREkQGLUH� D� SURSULHW� LL� quiritare prin

exercitarea posesiunii asupra unui lucru un timp îndelungat. Dreptul fostului SURSULHWDU�VH�VWLQJH�FD�R�FRQVHFLQ ��FH�GHFXUJH�GLQ�IDSWXO�F��OXFUXO�D�IRVW�X]XFDSDW�GH�F�WUH�R�DOW��SHUVRDQ��

Prescriptio longi temporis 3UHVFULS LD�GH�WLPS�vQGHlungat –�FRQVWLWXLD�XQ�PRG�GH�GREkQGLUH�D�SURSULHW� LL�

SULQ�IRORVLQ D�vQGHOXQJDW��FH�DYHD�GUHSW�PRGHO�X]XFDSLXQHD�

Prescriptio longissimi temporis 3UHVFULS LD� GH� WLPS� IRDUWH� vQGHOXQJDW� – constituia un mod de respingere a

DF LXQLL�vQ�UHYHQGLFDUH�D�SURSULHtarului, care se realiza prin posesiunea unui lucru într-XQ�WLPS�IRDUWH�vQGHOXQJDW��UHVSHFWLY����GH�DQL�LQL LDO�úL�DSRL����GH�DQL�

Adiudicatio

Adiudicatio –� FRQVWLWXLH� PRGXO� GH� GREkQGLUH� D� SURSULHW� LL� UHDOL]DW� SULQ�

DWULEXLUHD�GH�F�WUH�MXGHF�WRU�D�FRWHORU�S�U L�GLQ�EXQXO�FRPXQ�ILHF�UHL�SHUVRDQH�FH�DYHD�XQ� GUHSW� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV�� $FHDVWD� VH� SURGXFH� vQ� FD]XO� SURFHVHORU� GH� vPS�U LUH� D� XQXL�WHUHQ�FDUH��SULQ�PRúWHQLUH�VDX�SULQ�FXPS�UDUH��D�DSDU LQXW�PDL�PXOWRU�SHUVRDQH�

Lex

Lex – legea constituie un mod de dobâQGLUH� D� SURSULHW� LL� UHDOL]DW� GLUHFW� VDX�

LQGLUHFW�SULQ�DFHVW�DFW�QRUPDWLY��'H�H[HPSOX��/HJHD�FHORU�;,,�7DEOH�UHFXQRúWHD�H[SUHV�YDOLGLWDWHD� XQHL� GLVSR]L LL� SULQ� FDUH� WHVWDWRUXO� DWULEXLD� FXLYD� XQ� VFODY�� LDU� FHO� FDUH�EHQHILFLD�GH�GLVSR]L LD�WHVWDPHQWDU��GHYHQea proprietar de plin drept105.

Ocupatio

Ocupatio –�RFXSD LXQHD�FRQVWLWXLD�XQ�PRG�GH�GREkQGLUH�D�SURSULHW� LL�UHDOL]DW�

SULQ�OXDUHD�vQ�SRVHVLH�D�XQXL�OXFUX�I�U��VW�SkQ�– res nullius.

Traditio Traditio –� WUDGL LXQHD� HUD� XQ� PRG� YROXQWDU� GH� GREkQGLUH� D� SURSULHW� LL� FDUH�

consta în remiterea posesiunii unui lucru. Era un mod de dobândire de iure gentium.

105 I.M. Anghel, op.cit., p. 122

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23

Specificatio

Specificatio –�FRQVWLWXLH�VLWXD LD�vQ�FDUH�R�SHUVRDQ��vQ�FDOLWDWHD�GH�VSHFLILFDWRU�

FRQIHF LRQHD]��XQ�OXFUX�QRX�GLQWU-XQ�PDWHULDO�DSDU LQkQG�DOWHi persoane în calitate de proprietar106.

Accesio

Accesio –�DFFHVLXQHD�FRQVWLWXLH�XQ�PRG�GH�GREkQGLUH�D�SURSULHW� LL�SULQ�DFHHD�F��XQ�OXFUX�DFFHVRULX�VH�XQHúWH�FX�XQ�OXFUX�SULQFLSDO�

,9��6DQF LXQHD�GUHSWXOXL�GH�SURSULHWDWH

1. 6DQF LXQHD�SURSULHW� LL�TXLUitare

Proprietatea TXLULWDU�� HUD� SURWHMDW�� SULQ� DF LXQHD� LQ� UHYHQGLFDUH� – rei

vindicatio. În cazul în care proprietarul a pierdut posesiunea lucrului el putea cu DMXWRUXO� DFHVWHL� DF LXQL� V�� FHDU�� UHVWLWXLUHD� OXFUXOXL�� GRYHGLQGX-úL� � GUHSWXO� V�X� GH�proprietate.

2. 6DQF LXQHD�SURSULHW� LL�SUHWRULHQH

6DQF LXQHD� SURSULHW� LL� SUHWRULHQH� VH� UHDOL]D� SULQ� DF LXQHD� SXEOLFLDQ��� GXS��numele unui pretor Publicus.

Titlul IV. DREPTURI REALE ASUPRA BUNULUI

ALTUIA: IURE IN RE ALIENA

,��6HUYLWX LOH��6(59,787(6

1. 1R LXQe, clasificare, caracter

6HUYLWX LOH�VXQW�VDUFLQL�LPSXVH�vQ�IRORVXO�XQHL�DQXPLWH�SHUVRDQH�vQ�FDOLWDWHD�GH�proprietar al unui imobil, sau în folosul unei anumite persoane107.

II. Drepturile reale pretoriene

1. Superficio108

Superficio – superficia constituia dreptul acordat unei persoane de a se folosi

GH� R� FRQVWUXF LH� ULGLFDW�� SH� WHUHQXO� DOWHL� SHUVRDQH�� SH� YHFL� VDX� SH� WHUPHQ� OXQJ� vQ�VFKLPEXO�XQHL�VXPH�GH�EDQL�QXPLW��solarium��SO�WLW��DFHVWHLD�GLQ�XUP��vQ�FDOLWDWHD�HL�de proprietar109.

106 Inst. 2, 1, 25. 107 C. .St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.375. 108 Gaius, 43, 18, 2. 109 VI. Hanga, op.cit., p. 307.

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24

2. Conductio agri vectigalis Ius in agro vectigali constituia dreptul asupra lui ager vectigalis110 -�S�PkQWXO�

FRQFHGDW��$FHVW�GUHSW�vúL�WUDJH�VRUJLQWHD�GLQ�DUHQGDUHD�S�PkQWXOXL�SH�WHUPHQ�OXQJ�VDX�perpetuu111�FHW� HQLORU�URPDQL�VDX�XQRU�SHUVRDQH�MXULGLFH�vQ�VFKLPEXO�XQHL�UHYHGHQ H QXPLW��vectigal.

3. Emfiteoza (PILWHR]D� FRQVW�� vQ� DUHQGDUHD� SH� WHUPHQ� OXQJ� VDX� SH� YHFL� D� XQRU� S�PkQWXUL�

LPSHULDOH� QHOXFUDWH� FX� REOLJD LD� HPILWHRWXOXL� GH� D� OH� FXOWLYD� úL� GH� D� SO�WL� R� VXP�� GH�bani – canon. Deci, emfiteoza ca drept real s-D� Q�VFXW� GLQ� FRQWUDFWXO� GH� HPILWHR]���FRQWUDFW�VSHFLDO�VDQF LRQDW� vQ�SHULRDGD�GRPLQDWXOXL�GH�F�WUH� vPS�UDWXO�=HQRQ��$�IRVW�XWLOL]DW��QX�QXPDL�GH�F�WUH� vPS�UD L��GDU�úL�GH�PDULL�ODWLIXQGLDUL�SHQWUX�GRPHQLLOH�ORU�U�PDVH�vQ�SDUDJLQ���GDWRULW��OLSVHL�IRU HL�GH�PXQF��

Partea a V-a

SUCCESIUNILE

,��&DUDFWHUL]DUH�JHQHUDO��D�VXFFHVLXQLORU

1. 1R LXQH

Succesiunile – hereditas� UHSUH]LQW�� R� WUDQVPLVLXQH� D� SDWULPRQLXOXL� FH� D�

DSDU LQXW�XQHL�SHUVRDQH�FDUH�D�PXULW��VXFFHVRULORU�V�L� 6XFFHVLXQHD� vQVHDPQ�� FRQWLQXDUHD� XQHL� VLWXD LL� MXUidice a unei persoane de

F�WUH�DOW��SHUVRDQ���2�DVWIHO�GH�vQORFXLUH�D�XQHL�SHUVRDQH�SRDWH�DYHD�ORF�vQ�vQWUHJXO�V�X�patrimoniu, constituind o succesiune cu titlu universal sau numai într-un raport juridic constituind o succesiune cu titlu particular112.

II. 6XFFHVLXQHD�OHJDO���$%�,17(67$7

1��6XFFHVLXQHD�OHJDO��UHJOHPHQWDW��GH�GUHSW�FLYLO

Succesiunea ab intestat,�GXS��FXP�VH�DU�WD�FKLDU�vQ�/HJHD�FHORU�;,,�7DEOH��VH�

deschidea numai în cazul în care decujus –�GHIXQFWXO�QX�D�O�VDW�WHVWDPHQW�–�úL�intestate moritur�� RUL� WHVWDPHQWXO� O�VDW� D� IRVW� DWLQV�GH�R�FDX]��GH�QXOLWDWH�� ILH�KHUHGHOH� UHIX]D�VDX� GHYHQHD� LQFDSDELO� V�� SULPHDVF�� PRúWHQLUHD�� $FHDVW�� OHJH� SUHYHGHD� XUP�WRDUHOH�FDWHJRULL�GH�PRúWHQLWRUL�FLYLOL��heredes sui113, adgnatus proximus114�úL�gentiles115.

110 Gaius, 3, 145. 111 Ager vectigalis. 112 N. Corodeanu, 2EOLJD LLOH úL VXFFHVLXQHD� &XUV GH GUHSW URPDQ� vol. II, 1937-1938, p.343. 113 Gaius, 3.1. 114 Inst., 3,2,1.; 3.2.5. 115 Gaius, 3. 17.

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25

2. SuccesiXQHD�OHJDO��UHJOHPHQWDW��GH�GUHSWXO�SUHWRULDQ Dreptul pretorian este definit, într-un text celebru cuprins în Digeste, astfel:

dreptul pretorian este acela care a fost stabilit de pretor pentru a veni în ajutorul civil, pentru a-O�FRPSOHWD�úL�vPEXQ�W� L�Fonform binelui public.

&�WUH� VIkUúLWXO� UHSXEOLFLL�� HUDX� FXQRVFXWH� SDWUX� FDWHJRULL� GH� PRúWHQLWRUL�pretorieni, respectiv: bonorum possessio unde liberi, bonorum possessio unde legitimi, bonorum possessio unde cognati, bonorum possessio unde vir et uxor.

3. 6XFFHVLXQHD�OHJDO��UHJOHPHQWDW��GH�GUHSWXO�LPSHULDO

ÌPS�UD LL� URPDQL�� ILH� GLUHFW� SULQ� FRQVWLWX LL�� ILH� LQGLUHFW� SULQ� VHQDWXVFRQVXOWH��

DX�PHUV�PDL� GHSDUWH� SH� GUXPXO� WUDVDW� GH� SUHWRU�� O�UJLQG� FHUFXO� UXGHORU� GH� VkQJH116. Astfel s-D� DGRSWDW� GLQ� LQL LDWLYD� DFHVWRUD�� GRX�� VHQDWXVFRQVXOWH� LPSRUWDQWH� SHQWUX�GUHSWXO� VXFFHVRUDO� URPDQ� GH� OD� DFHD� YUHPH�� UHVSHFWLY� VHQDWXVFRQVXOWXO� 7HUWXOLDQ� úL�senatusconsultul Orfitian.

,,,��6XFFHVLXQHD�WHVWDPHQWDU�

1. Testamentul D��'HILQL LH

Testamentul este un act formal prin�FDUH�R�SHUVRDQ��QXPLW��WHVWDWRU�LQVWLWXLH�vQ�

PRG�QHFHVDU�XQXO�VDX�PDL�PXO L�VXFFHVRUL��FX�VFRSXO�FD�DFHúWLD�V��DVLJXUH�H[HFXWDUHD�YRLQ HL�VDOH�GXS��PRDUWH117.

E��(YROX LH�úL�IRUPH�GH�WHVWDPHQW La origine, testatorul instituia ca succesori numai pe herezii V�L��GDU�PDL�WkU]LX�

D�SXWXW�LQVWLWXL�úL�DJQD L�PDL�vQGHS�UWD L�úL�FKLDU�SHUVRDQH�VWU�LQH�GH�IDPLOLD�VD118. &X� WLPSXO�� WHVWDPHQWXO� D� VXIHULW� R� LQWHUHVDQW�� HYROX LH� QX� QXPDL� vQ� FHHD� FH�

SULYHúWH�VROHPQLW� LOH�VDOH�H[WHUQH��GDU�úL�VWUXFWXUD�FRQ LQXWXOXL119. Forme de testament. În vechiul drept roman au existat trei forme de testament,

úL� DQXPH�� testamentum calatis comitiis, testamentum in procinctu, testamentum per aes et libram.

Dreptul clasic��$O�WXUL�GH� WHVWDPHQWXO�per aes et libram,�FDUH�FRQWLQXD�V�� ILH�utilizat, apar noi forme de testament, astfel:

– Testamentul nuncupativ� HUD� DFWXO� FH� VH� I�FHD� VXE� IRUPD� XQHL� GHFODUD LL� – nuncupatio��SURQXQ DWH�FX�YRFH�WDUH�vQ�SUH]HQ D�D�úDSWH�PDUWRUL120��SULQ�FDUH�IDFH�V��VH�FXQRDVF�� QXPHOH� KHUHGHOXL� úL� XOWLPHOH� DFWH� DOH� VDOH� GH� YRLQ ��� $FHDVW�� IRUP�� GH�WHVWDPHQW� VH� IRORVHD� GH� F�WUH� FHL� FDUH� QX� DYHDX� WLPS� V�-úL� VFULH� WHVWDPHQWXO�� ILLQG�VXUSULQúL�GH�DSURSLHUHD�PRU LL��úL�WRWRGDW��úL�GH�F�WUH�DFHLD�FDUH�QX�úWLDX�FDUWH�

116 Nov. 117, 5; C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 427 1179O� +DQJD� 0�9� -DFRW�� Drept privat roman� %XFXUHúWL� ����� S� ���� (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� Drept roman� %XFXUHúWL� ����� S� ���� 118 Vl. Hanga, Drept privat roman� %XFXUHúWL� ����� S����� 119 N.Corodeanu, op.cit., p.359. 120 Inst., 2.10.14; S.Solazzi, Studio et documenta historice et iuris, Roma, 13-14, 1948-1949, p.132.

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– Testamentul pretorian consta într-un înscris care purta sigilLXO� D� úDSWH�PDUWRUL�vQ�FDUH�J�VLP�UHPLQLVFHQ H�DOH�WHVWDPHQWXOXL�per aes et libram121.

– Testamentul militar�QX�SUHVXSXQH�YUHR�FRQGL LH�GH� IRUP���(O�SXWHD�IL�I�FXW�RULFXP��FX�FRQGL LD�GLQ�SDUWHD�WHVWDWRUXOXL��V��ILH�FODU�H[SULPDW�122.

– Dreptul imperial. Mai târziu apar noi forme de testament specifice acestei SHULRDGH�GXS��FXP�XUPHD]��

– Testamentul civil� VXE� IRUP�� RUDO�� PDQLIHVW�� YRLQ D� WHVWDWRUXOXL�� FODU�H[SULPDW��YHUEDO�ID ��GH�PDUWRUL��FLQFL�OD�vQFHSXW��DSRL�úDSWH��(UD�IRUPD�GH�WHVWDPHQW�per aes et libram UHGXV��OD�H[SUHVLD�FHD�PDL�VLPSO��

– 7HVWDPHQWXO� VXE� IRUPD� VFULV��� QX� VH� PDL� I�FHD� SULQ� PLMORFXO� WDEOHORU� GH�FHDU��� FL� VH� vQWRFPHD� SH� SDSLUXV� úL� SHUJDPHQW�� 7HVWDPHQWXO� VH� SXWHD� SUH]HQWD�PDUWRULORU�vQI�úXUDW�VXE�IRUPD�XQXL�VXO��DWkW�FkW�HVWH�VFULV��FD�SHFH LOH�úL�QXPHOH�ORU�vQ�subscriptio� V�� ILH� SXVH� vQ� reliqua parte,� I�U�� FD� HL� V�� YDG�� FRQ LQXWXO�� $VWIHO�� HVWH�cunoscut testamentul tripartit.

– Testamentul olograf�� UHFXQRVFXW� GH� 9DOHQWLQLDQ� ,,,�� WUHEXLD� V�� ILH� VFULV� vQ�WRWDOLWDWH�GH�WHVWDWRU��$FHVWD�vQV��QX�D�WUHFXW�vQ�OHJLVOD LD�OXL�-XVWLQLDQ��GHFkW�FD�SDUWDM�de ascendent123.

– Testamentul public – apud acta conditium�D�IRVW�UHFXQRVFXW�GH�R�FRQVWLWX LH�D�OXL�7KHRGRVLX�úL�+RQRULX�OD�����H�Q�

2. &DSDFLWDWHD�WHVWDPHQWDU�

Testamenti factio� GHVHPQHD]�� FDSDFLWDWHD unei persoane de a-úL� IDFH�

WHVWDPHQWXO�VDX�GH�D�IL�PDUWRU��OD�vQWRFPLUHD�XQXL�WHVWDPHQW��SUHFXP�úL�FDSDFLWDWHD�GH�a veni la succesiune în calitate de succesor sau legatar124.

ÌQ�DFHVW�FD]�GLVWLQJHP��WHVWDPHQWL�IDFWLR�DFWLYD�úL�WHVWDPHQWL�IDFWLR�SDVVLYD�

3. ,QVWLWXLUHD�úL�VXEVWLWXLUHD�GH�PRúWHQLWRUL &RQGL LLOH�GH�IRUP��DOH�LQVWLWXLULL��*DLXV�VSXQHD�F��KHUHGLV�LQVWLWXWLR�HVW�FDSXW�

HW� IXQGDPHQWXP� WRLXV� WHVWDPHQWL�� GH� XQGH� UH]XOW�� F�� vQ� OLSVD� DFHVWHL� GLVSR]L LL��testamentul nu este valabil125. Instituirea trebuiH�V��ILH�caput��VFULV��GH�OD�vQFHSXW���vQ�fruntea testamentului.

,QVWLWXLUHD�PRúWHQLWRUXOXL�WUHEXLD�I�FXW��vQ�WHUPHQL�LPSHUDWLYL�úL�VROHPQL126 (cu verbis latinis imperativis et directis���DúD�FXP�RUGRQD�úL�SRSRUXO�vQ�testamenti calatis comitiis.

121 D., 28.1.22.4. 122 Inst., 2.11; Arangio-Ruiz, Bulletino dell’instituto di diritto romano, „Vittorio Scioloja”, Milian, 18, 1906,p.157. 123 Ibidem, p.366. 124 A.E.Giffard, op.cit., p.446; Vl.Hanga, op.cit.,p.321. 125 Gaius, 2.229; Ulpian, Reg. 24.15 (Ante heredis institutionem legarinom potest, quoriam vinn et potestas testament ab heredis institutione incipit); G. Archi, Rivista internationale di diritto romanae antico, Napoli, 5, 1954, p.171. 126 Ulpian, Reg. 21.1; Gaius, 2.117.

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&ODVLILFDUHD� TXDGULSDUWLW�138� � DSDUH� vQ� OHJLVOD LD� OXL� -XVWLQLDQ�� SUH]HQWkQG� XQ�

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adagiu: res inter alios acta aliis neque nocere, neque prodesse potest144 - contractul vQFKHLDW�vQWUH�XQLL�QX�YDW�P��úL�QLFL�QX�SURILW��DOWRUD�

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138 C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.230; Inst., 3.13.2. 139 Ibidem. 140 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit�� S���� úL ���� 141 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 240. 142 Ibidem. 143 Inst., 3.19.19.; C.4.50.6. 144 D. 22.14.17.6. 145 Ibidem. 146 D. 45.1.38.17.

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147 Ibidem. 148 Inst., 3.9.21.; D.45.1.38. pr. 149 C.St. Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.246. 150 Ibidem, p.249 151 Ibidem. 152 Ibidem. 153 Ibidem. 154 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit.,p. 250. 155 Ibidem.

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1. *DUDQ LL�Sersonale165

D��*DUDQ LL�SHUVRQDOH�IRUPDOH

*DUDQ LLOH� SHUVRQDOH� FRQVWLWXLH� DFHOH� SURFHGHH� MXULGLFH� SULQ� FDUH� GHELWRUXOXL�SULQFLSDO�L�VH�DO�WXU��XQXO�VDX�PDL�PXO L�GHELWRUL�DFFHVRUL�QXPL L�JDUDQ L�

5RPDQLL�� OD� vQFHSXW�� SHQWUX� D� UHDOL]D� JDUDQ LD� SHUVRQDO��� V-au folosit de FRQWUDFWXO�YHUEDO��&UHGLWRULL��vQ�VFRSXO�GH�D�IL�RFURWL L�GH�R�LQVROYDELOLWDWH�HYHQWXDO��D�GHELWRULORU�� DX� vQWUHEXLQ DW� WUHL� IRUPH� YHUEDOH166� GLVWLQFWH� GXS�� FXP� XUPHD]���sponsio167, fidepromissio, fideiussio.

E��*DUDQ LL�SHUVRQDOH�QHIRUPDOH168

GarDQ LLOH� SHUVRQDOH� QHIRUPDOH� FRQVWLWXLH� DFHOH�PLMORDFH� GH� JDUDQWDUH� D� XQRU�

REOLJD LL� FDUH� QX� QHFHVLWDX�PRGXUL� IRUPDOH� vQ� DFHVW� VHQV��(OH� VXQW�XUP�WRDUHOH�GXS��FXP� XUPHD]��� pactul de constitut, receptum argentariorum, mandatum pecuniae credendae169

2. *DUDQ LL reale170

*DUDQ LLOH� UHDOH� FRQVWDX� vQ� DIHFWDUHD�� DWULEXLUHD� XQXL� OXFUX� GLQ� SDWULPRQLXO�GHELWRUXOXL��FUHGLWRUXOXL��vQ�VFRSXO�JDUDQW�ULL�XQHL�FUHDQ H171.

a. Fiducia172

Fiducia cum creditore� HVWH� XQ� FRQWUDFW� vQFKHLDW� vQWUH� FUHGLWRU� úL� GHELWRU� SULQ�

care creditoruO�VH�REOLJ��V��UHWUDQVPLW��GHELWRUXOXL�SURSULHWDWHD�OXFUXOXL�WUDQVPLV��OXL�FX�WLWOX�GH�JDUDQ LH�SULQ�mancipatio sau prin iure cessio.

164 C.St.Tomulescu, op.cit.,p.258. 165(�0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit.,p.210. 166 Ibidem. 167 Gaius, 3.117. 168( 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit.,p.217. 169 Ibidem. 170(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p.218. 171 Ibidem. 172 Ibidem.

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b. Gajul173 *DMXO�HVWH�JDUDQ LD�UHDO��FDUH�FRQVW��vQ�UHPLWHUHD�SRVHVLXQLL�XQXL�OXFUX�GH�F�WUH�

GHELWRU�FUHGLWRUXOXL�V�X�în momentul încheierii contractului de gaj.

c. Ipoteca174 ,SRWHFD�FRQVWLWXLH�JDUDQ LD�UHDO��SULQ�FDUH�VH�ODV��OXFUXO�vQ�SRVHVLD�GHELWRUXOXL��

úL�QXPDL�GDF��DFHVWD�QX�SO�WHúWH�OD�VFDGHQ ���FUHGLWRUXO�LSRWHFDU�DUH�GUHSWXO�GH�D�LQWUD�vQ�SRVHVLD�OXFUXOXL�úL�GH�a-l vinde, valorificându-úL�DVWIHO�FUHDQ D�

Partea a VII-a

,=92$5(/(�2%/,*$�,,/25

,��&DUDFWHUL]DUH�JHQHUDO��D�L]YRDUHORU�REOLJD LLORU

&RQFHSWXO� GH� REOLJD LH� V-D� IRUPDW� vQF�� GLQ� HSRFD� IRDUWH� YHFKH� D� GUHSWXOXL�

URPDQ�� LDU� RULJLQHD� REOLJD LHL� VH� FRQIXQG�� Fu originea contractului ca fiind cel mai YHFKL�L]YRU�GH�REOLJD LL175.

3ULPXO� FRQWUDFW� URPDQ� D� FRQVWDW� vQ� vQ HOHJHUHD� GLQWUH� JDUDQW� úL� S�JXEDú��vPEU�FkQG� IRUPD� MXU�PkQWXOXL� UHOLJLRV�� FH� D� DS�UXW� vQ� FRQWH[WXO� FRPLWHULL� XQXL�delict176.

II. Contractele în dreptul roman

1. Contractele formale &RQWUDFWHOH� FRQVWLWXLH� FHO� PDL� YHFKL� L]YRU� GH� REOLJD LL�� &HOH�PDL� YHFKL� VXQW�

FRQWUDFWHOH� IRUPDOH� VDX� VROHPQH�� DGLF�� FRQWUDFWHOH� FDUH�� SHQWUX� D� OXD� QDúWHUH�� DX�QHYRLH�FD�DFRUGXO�GH�YRLQ ��DO�S�U LORU�V��ILH�vPEU�FDW�vQWU-o anuPLW��IRUP���ÌQ�GUHSWXO�URPDQ�VH�FXQRVF�SDWUX� IRUPH�FH�DYHDX�VFRSXO�GH�D� vPEU�FD�DFRUGXO�GH�YRLQ �� vQWU-o KDLQ�� REOLJDWRULH�� IRUPD� UHOLJLRDV�177� IRUPD� YHUEDO�178�� IRUPD� DXWHQWLF�� úL� IRUPD�VFULV�179.

D��&RQWUDFWHOH�vQ�IRUP��UHOLJLRDV�

&RQWUDFWHOH� vQ� IRUP�� UHOLJLRDV�� DX� IRVW� GRX��� GXS�� FXP� XUPHD]��� sponsio

UHOLJLRVD�úL�MXVLXUPDQXP�OLEHUWL.

E��&RQWUDFWHOH�vQ�IRUP��YHUEDO� &RQWUDFWHOH� YHUEDOH� VXQW� DFHOH� FRQWUDFWH� FDUH� OXDX� QDúWHUH� SULQ� URVWLUHD� XQRU�

cuvinte solemne. Sponsio sau stipulatio de fapt este cel mai important contract al 173 Ibidem, p.220. 174 Ibidem, p. 221. 175(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� RS�FLW�� S� ���� $�(� *LIIDUG� 5� 9LOOHUV� Droit romain et ancien droit francais, II, 1976, p.10. 176(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 233. 177(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHa, op.cit., p. 238. 178 Ibidem, p.239. 179 Ibidem, p. 249.

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34

URPDQLORU�� IDSW� FH� H[SOLF�� GH� FH� MXULVFRQVXO LL� VH� RFXS�� GH� UHJXOLOH� JHQHUDOH� DOH�REOLJD LXQLORU�FRQWUDFWXDOH�DWXQFL�FkQG�VH�WUDWHD]��VWLSXOD LXQHD��'HFL��UHJXOLOH�GH�IRQG�HODERUDWH� GH� MXULVFRQVXO L� SHQWUX� VWLSXOD LXQH� VH� DSOLF�� RULF�URU� contracte nu numai acesteia.

F��&RQWUDFWHOH�vQ�IRUP��DXWHQWLF�180 )RUPD�DXWHQWLF��UH]LG�� vQ�SUH]HQ D�PDJLVWUDWXOXL�OD�IDFHUHD�DFWXOXL��8Q�VLQJXU�

DFRUG�GH�YRLQ ���R�VLQJXU��FRQYHQ LH�D�GHYHQLW�FRQWUDFW�SULQ�IRUPD�DXWHQWLF���nexum181 sau contractul de aservire.

G��&RQWUDFWHOH�vQ�IRUP��VFULV�182

Contractus litteris183�� &RQWUDFWXO� OLWWHULV� QX� SRDWH� OXD� ILLQ �� GHFkW� VXE� IRUPD�

unui înscris, mai precis printr-R�vQVFULHUH��R�FRQVHPQDUH�D�FUHGLWRUXOXL�vQ�UHJLVWUXO�V�X��vQVFULHUH�FRQILUPDW��GH�GHELWRU�vQ�DFHODúL�UHJLVWUX�

2. Contractele neformale

a. Contractele reale184 &RQWUDFWHOH�UHDOH�VXQW�FRQWUDFWHOH�QHIRUPDOH�FDUH��SHQWUX�QDúWHUHD�ORU��SH�OkQJ��

FRQVLP �PkQWXO�S�U LORU��FHU�úL�XQ�HOHPHQW�PDWHULDO�QXPLW�UHV�–�FH�FRQVW��vQ�UHPLWHUHD�unui lucru corporal.

Contractele reDOH� vQ� VLVWHPXO�GUHSWXOXL� URPDQ�DX� IRVW� XUP�WRDUHOH�� GXS�� FXP�XUPHD]���mutuum, fiducia, gajul, comodatul, depozitul.

b. Contractele consensuale185

8Q� SDV� vQDLQWH� SH� FDOHD� HOLEHU�ULL� GH� IRUPH� VH� IDFH� DWXQFL� FkQG� VXQW� FUHDWH�

contractele consensuale186, contracWH� FDUH� LDX� ILLQ �� QXPDL� SULQ� DFRUGXO� GH� YRLQ �� DO�S�U LORU�

&RQWUDFWHOH�FRQVHQVXDOH�VXQW�vQ�QXP�U�GH�FLQFL��GXS��FXP�XUPHD]���YkQ]DUHD�– venditio-emptio�� ORFD LXQHD� – locatio-conductio, societatea – societas, mandatul - mandatum187, emfiteoza - emphyteusis188.

IV. Quasicontractele189

Quasicontractele� FRQVWLWXLH� IDSWH� OLFLWH� FDUH� GDX� QDúWHUH� XQRU� HIHFWH� MXULGLFH�

DVHP�Q�WRDUH�FX�FHOH�FH�LDX�QDúWHUH�GLQ�FRQWUDFW190.

180 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 275. 181(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 247. 182(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 249; C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 276. 183 Ibidem. 184 Ibidem. 185 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p.283. 186 Inst., 3. 22; Gaius, 3. 163. 187 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 283. 1886�&RFRú� Drept roman, Ed. Aripress, 1996, p.274. 1890ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p.309.

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35

-XVWLQLDQ� HQXPHU�� XUP�WRDUHOH� TXDVL-contracte: plata lucrului nedatorat, negotium gestio, gestiunea tutorelui pentru pupil, indiviziunea, acceptarea succesiunii191.

V. Delictele192

'HOLFWHOH� FD� L]YRU� GH� REOLJD LL. (YROX LD� ORU� LVWRULF�. Delictele sunt fapte

G�XQ�WRDUH� LQWHUHVHORU� VRFLHW� LL� URPDQH� úL� SHGHSVLWH� SULQ� GLVSR]L LXQLOH� MXULGLFH� DOH�statului.

RomDQLúWLL��SOHFkQG�GH�OD�GLVWLQF LD�OXL�8OSLDQ�DVXSUD�GUHSWXOXL�SXEOLF�úL�SULYDW��vPSDUW�GHOLFWHOH�vQ�GRX��FDWHJRULL��GHOLFWH�SXEOLFH�úL�GHOLFWH�SULYDWH�

Delicte private193. Acestea se subdivid în delicte private vechi194��SUHY�]XWH�GH�/HJHD� FHORU� ;,,� 7DEOH�� úL� delicte private principale noi195�� VDQF LRQDWH� SULQ� DF LXQL�SUHWRULHQH�� 6XQW� GHOLFWH� SULYDWH� YHFKL� GXS�� FXP� XUPHD]��� furtum, injuria, damnum injuria datum196.

Delicte private principale noi197. Delictele private principale noi sau pretoriene sunt acele fapte iliFLWH�� G�XQ�WRDUH� UHOD LLORU� VFODYDJLVWH� URPDQH�� FDUH� DX�IRVW� VDQF LRQDWH� GH� SUHWRU�� ÌQ� DFHDVW�� FDWHJRULH� VXQW� FXSULQVH� GXS�� FXP� XUPHD]���rapina, metus, dolus, malus, fraus creditorum198.

V. Quasidelictele199

2EOLJD LLOH�quasidelictuale sunt acelea ce se nasc din fapte nepermise, fapte

FDUH�WRWXúL�QX�VXQW�GHOLFWH� 4XDVLGHOLFWHOH� VXQW� XUP�WRDUHOH� GXS�� FXP� XUPHD]��� judex quil litem suam

faciW�� Y�UVDUHD� VDX� DUXQFDUHD� XQXL� OXFUX�� DWkUQDUHD� RELHFWHORU�� SDJXED� SURGXV�� GH�SHUVRDQHOH�DIODWH�vQ�VOXMED�FRU�ELHULORU��KDQJLLORU�úL�JU�MGDULORU200.

190 Inst�� ����� (� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit.,p.309. 191(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit.,p.309. 192 Ibidem. 193 C. St. Tomulescu, op. cit., p. 325. 194 Ibidem. 195 Ibidem. 196 Ibidem. 197 C. St. Tomulescu, op.cit., p. 336. 198 Ibidem. 199(� 0ROFX � '� 2DQFHD� op.cit., p. 334. 200 Ibidem.

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36

BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. Gh. Beleiu, Drept civil român��%XFXUHúWL������ ���,��&HWHUFKL�úL�0��/XEXULFL� 7HRULD� JHQHUDO�� D� VWDWXOXL� úL� GUHSWXOXL,

%XFXUHúWL������� ���,��&HWHUFKL�úL�,��&UDLRYDQ� ,WURGXFHUH� vQ� WHRULD� JHQHUDO�� D dreptului,

%XFXUHúWL������� ���<��(PLQHVFX�úL�FRODERUDWRULL� Subiectele colective de drept. ���6��*KLPSX�úL�&��*URVX� &DSDFLWDWHD� úL� UHSUH]HQWDUHD� SHUVRDQHORU�

fizice în dreptul R.P.R.,�%XFXUHúWL������� ���7��,RQDúFX� Tratat de drept civil��%XFXUHúWL���967. 7. E. Lupan, Drept civil – Persoanele, Cluj, 1981. ���+��/��úL�0D]HDXG�� Lecons de droit civil, Paris, 1959. 9. N.Popa, 7HRULD�JHQHUDO��D�GUHSWXOXL��%XFXUHúWL������� 10. T. Popescu, Drept civil român,�%XFXUHúWL������� ����$��3RS�úL�*K��%HOHLX Drept civil��%XFXUHúWL������� 12. C-WLQ�6W�WHVFX� Drept civil,�%XFXUHúWL������� 13. C-WLQ�6W�WHVFX�úL�&��%vUVDQ� 'UHSW� FLYLO�� 7HRULD� JHQHUDO�� D� GUHSWXULORU�

reale��%XFXUHúWL������

BIBLIOGRAFIE DE SPECIALITATE

TRATATE, MANUALE, CURSURI, STUDII

1. V. Arangio...., Inutituzioni di Diritto Romano, Napoli, 1957. 2. B. Bionoi, Corso di Diritto Romano, Milano, 1942. 3. P. Bonfante, Inutituzioni di Diritto Romano, Milano, 1932. 4. V. Brasiello, Corso di Diritto Romano, Milano, 1932. ���,��&�WXQHDQX� CurV�(OHPHQWDU�GH�'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL 6. Cicero, De Domo 7. P. Collinet, Le Patrimoine, Cours, Paris, 1931-1932. 8. E. Cuq, Manual des Institutiones Juridiques des

Romains, 1917. 9. G. Dimitrescu, 'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL������� 10. J. Gaudement, InstitX LRQHV�GH�/¶$QWLTXLWH��3DULV������� 11. Fr. Girard, Manuel Elementaire de Droit Romain,.... 12. Fr. Girard, Manuel de Droit Romain, Paris, 1927. 13. A.E. Giffaro Precis de Droit Roman, Paris, 1938. ����9O��+DQJ��úL�0���-DFRW�� Drept Privat Roman, BucuUHúWL����������� ����9O��+DQJ�� 'UHSW�3ULYDW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL������� ����9O��+DQJ�� Principiile Dreptului Privat Roman, Cluj-

Napoca, 1989.

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37

����9O��+DQJ�� ,QVWLWX LL�(OHPHQWDUH�5RPDQH��%XFXUHúWL������ ����0��-DFRW� )RUPDOLVPXO�'UHSWXOXL�5RPDQ�úL�&RQGL Lile

*HQHUDOH�1HFHVDUH�SHQWUX�DSDUL LD�XQHL�úWLLQ H�D�GUHSWXOXL��,DúL�������

����0��-DFRW�� Conflictele de Legi în Imperiul Roman, „Studii Clasice”, VII, 1968.

����0��-DFRW�� )RUPDOLVPXO�'UHSWXOXL�5RPDQ�úL�&RQGL LLOH�SHQWUX�$SDUL LD�XQHL�ùWLLQ H��Ä'UHSWXO Analele úWLLQ LILFH�DOH�8QLY��Ä$O�,�&X]D´��,DúL��(GL LH�QRX��������

21. H.Levy Bruhl, Quelquel Problemes sur le tres Ancien Droit Roman, 1934.

����0��-DFRW�� 'UHSW�5RPDQ��,DúL������� 23. J.Longinescu, Elemente de Drept Roman, 1929. 24. A. Nieillet, Histoire de la Langue Latine, 1928. 25. G. May, Elements du Droit Romain, 1909. 26. R. Monier, Manuel Elementaire de Droit Roman, Paris,

194..... ����(�0ROFX �úL�'�2DQFHD� 'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL������� ����(�0ROFX �úL�'�2DQFHD� 'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL���992. ����(�0ROFX �úL�'�2DQFHD� 'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL������� 30. I. Popescu Spineni, &KHVWLXQL�GH�'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL��������� 31. C.St. Tomulescu, 0DQXDO�GH�'UHSW�3ULYDW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL������ 32. C.St. Tomulescu, 'UHSW�3ULYDW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL�����3. 33. C.St. Tomulescu, &KHVWLXQL�GH�'UHSW�5RPDQ��%XFXUHúWL��� 34. C.St. Tomulescu, Nexum Bei Cicero, Neapole, 1966.


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