CUPRINS Alfabetul Limbii Engleze … … …

8/14/2019 CUPRINS Alfabetul Limbii Engleze

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CUPRINS

Alfabetul limbii engleze 3Vocalele limbii engleze 4Consoanele limbii engleze 5Substantivul ... 6Articolul 9Prepozitia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13Conjunctia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21Adverbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23Adejectivul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 Numeralul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38Pronumele ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43Verbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47

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Alfabetului Limbii Engleze

Engleza foloseste un alfabet latin cu literele cunoscute si in alte limbi straine de origineindo-europeana dar cunoaste grupuri de litere care se pronunta diferit. De exemplu, "th" estegrupul cel mai cunoscut.

Ceea ce este mai interesant in alfabetul englez este ca adesea "y" si "w" devin vocale siastfel intervin schimbarile necesare (articolul nehotarat "a" se transforma in "an" daca cuvinteleincep cu una dintre aceste litere).

Engleza este o limba tonala in care intonatia este importanta. De aceea, adesea, voceaajuta sa transmita ironia sau surpriza, afirmatia sau interogatia. Spre exemplu, intrebarea poate fiformata cu ajutorul inversiunii subiectului cu auxiliarul verbului dar exista si posibilitateamentinerii afirmatiei si a schimbarii intonatiei.

Diacriticele apar destul de rar in limba engleza, in special in cuvintele imprmutate(appliqu, attach, crpe, lite) si pronuntia lor este identica cu cea din limba din care provin, inmare parte din franceza.

Vocalele Limbii Engleze(the voewls)

Limba engleza are 12vocale, lungi (mai lungi decatin limba romana, pe care leindicam in transcriereafonemica prin doua puncte[:]), si scurte (mai scurtedecat in limba romana):

a scurt, intre "a" anterior si"o", ex.:nut [n at] nuca

a: mai lunga decat vocalaromaneasca, urmata de obiceide "r" (care nu se pronunta,doar daca urmatorul cuvantincape cu o vocala!), ex.:arm [ a:m] brat, c a r [c a:]masina

[a] a cu barcuta deasupra, e scurt, si intalnit in silabe neaccentuate, ex.: apen [ a pen] unstilou, at h ome [ at h aum] acas a, aft er [a:ft a] dup a, Engl and [ingl and] Anglia

Litera Transcriere foneticaa [ei] b [bi:]c [si:]d [di:]e [i:]f [ef]g [dji:]h [eitch]

i [ai] j [gei]k [kei]l [el]m [em]n [en]o [ou] p [pi:]q [kju:]r [a:]s [es]t [ti:]u [ju:]

v [vi:]w ['dablju:]x [eks]y [wai]z [zed]

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[a: ] a cu barcuta deasupra, prelungit si pronuntat printre dinti, intr-un zambet larg, ex.:girl[ga:l] fata, l earn [l a:n] a inv ata

[ae ] este un sunet intermediar intre "e" si "a", pronuntat cu gura foarte mult deschisa, ex.: Ann[ae n] Ana, h as [h aez] (el, ea) are

e similar cu vocala romaneasca, ex.:men [m en] barbati, m any [m eni] multi, multe

i scurt, intre "i" si "e"

it [ it] el, ea (pentru substantive ce denumesc obiecte, animale si notiuni abstracte), ex:big [b ig]mare

i: vocala lunga, intalnita in exclamatiile din limba romana!, ex:be [b i:] a fi, s ee [si:] a vedea

o intermediara intre o si a, ex:dog [d og] caine, n ot [n ot] nu (adverb)

o: lung, intre "u" si "o", ex: all [o:l] toti, toate, d oor [d o:] usa

u scurt, intre "u" si "o", ex:good [g ud] bun

u: lung, ex:you [iu:] tu, voi, d o [du:] a face

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Consoanele Lmbii Egleze

Unele consoane englezesti sunt deosebite de cele din limba romana:

a. urmate de aspiratie, de un "h" usor, cand sunt folosite la inceputul cuvintelor k come [c

h

am] a veni ( de regula, "e"-ul din pozitie finala nu se citeste!)p pen [p hen] stilout ten [t hen] zece

b. alveolare; varful limbii se sprijina pe alveolele incisivilor superiori d did [did] facutt ten [ten] zecen not [not] nu

c. interdentale, tine varful limbii intre dinti si rosteste "s" (consoana surda) sau "z"(consoana sonora)

["s"] thank ["s"ae nc] multumesc["z"] then [ "z"en] atunci

d. "l" velar, pozitie finala / "l" clar, apare inainte de vocale te ll [tel] a povesti like [laic] a place

e. "n" velar / "n" clar sun [san] soare E nglish [inglish] e nglez

f. "r" fricativ, nu se pronunta in pozitie finala, decat daca urmatorul cuvant incepe cu ovocala

Hen r y

g. "s"-ul dintre doua vocale, sau uneori cel aflat la sfarsitul cuvantului se pronunta "z" plea se [pli:z] va rog ( adu-ti aminte ca "e" final, dupa consoana, nu se citeste!)his [hiz] al lui

h. "sh" are ca echivalent "sh"-ul romanesc: shogun Engli sh [ingli sh] englez

i. "ts" indentic cu "ts"-ul romanesc

nu ts [na ts] nuci

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Substantivul (the noun)

Felul substantivelorSubstantivele n limba engleza se pot mparti n patru categorii:substantivecomune : cat, girl, lamp

substantiveproprii : England, London, Mr Smith, Mary substantiveabstracte : beauty, love, courage, fear, joy substantivecolective : crowd, group, team

GenulSubstantive degenul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:

Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog Substantivele degenul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:

Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffeSubstantive degenul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu

este cunoscut (pronume: it/they): Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby

Exceptii: tarile, navele, n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehiculesunt de genul feminin.

Substantivele degenul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele careintra n aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe:

Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor, profesoara).Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:

Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter,uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king - queen

Numarul Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai

multe obiecte sau fiinte.Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv:dog, girl, wife, world, storm Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unuis la forma de singular:

Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worldsPluralul substantivelor teminate nch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugndes la singular.

Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes, potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes

Pluralul neregulatSubstantive terminate nconsoana+y fac pluralul nies: Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies

Unele substantive terminate no fac plural prin adaugarea unuis. Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos

Unele substantive terminate nf saufe vor suferi la plural schimbarea nves. Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf wolves

Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves Cteva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne

Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teethPluralul substantivuluichild estechildren .

Unele substantive ramn identice la plural Ex.:aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish

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Pluralul substantivelor compusen cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvnt va trece la plural.

Ex.:boy-friends, break-ins, travel agentsExceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element esteman sauwoman vor primi semnul pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.

Ex.:men drivers, women teachers, men servants n cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie /adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.

Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unuis

Ex.:MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)

Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte

puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.Nume de substante : bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood Abstractiuni : earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news,beauty, experience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory, literature Alte substantive : baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather Substantivele unice sunt ntotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular:

Ex.:This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful.

Nu sunt precedate dea/an ; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste: some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.

Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The pieceof advice you gave me helped.

Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfeldevenind substantive comune si comportndu-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot aveaplural).

Sens Unic / Sens Comun Her hair is black . (Parul ei este negru.)She found a hair in the milk . (A gasit un fir de par n lapte.)Their house was made of wood . (Casa lor este din lemn.)We picnicked in the woods . (Am mers la picnic n padure.)

1.5. Forma posesiva

Se adauga's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina ns: Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothesVom folosi doar apostroful (' ) cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina ns.

Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence Numele proprii terminate ns vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie's

Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poemsn cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvnt va primi's

Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.

Ex.:The CEO's assistant, the PM's speech Forma posesiva se foloseste n general cnd vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de

asemenea n urmatoarele cazuri:n expresii temporale

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Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break n expresii construite dupa modelulbani + worth

Ex.:ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps n alte expresii uzuale:

Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, thetrain's departuren cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului

urmator atunci cnd sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta).Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's(office). The kids went to Bobby's (house). Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructieiof+substantiv . Aceastaconstructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci candacestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.

Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy the book.

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Articolul (the article)

Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete nteles ntr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fiensotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival estearticolul . Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:

Articolul hotart -the Articolul nehotart -a / an Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba n functie de numarul sau genul

substantivului si se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat.

Articolul hotart ( the ) se foloseste:1. inaintea unui substantiv singular numarabil sau nenumarabil sau a unui substantiv plural

numarabil pentru a face o noua referire la ceva ce a fost deja sau la care s-a facut dejaaluzie:

He wanted to go to the bank to change some money, but all the banks were on strike. Dave had a nasty accident when he was young. You can still see the scar. Do you remember the fun we had when we were at school together?

2. pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume:The American economy is suffering at the moment.The people I work with are very friendly.

I dont like the president of that company.3. in fata unui substantiv reprezentand o anume persoana sau un lucru sau un grup de

persoane sau lucruri: I dont feel well. Can you call the doctor? (= medicul personal)The kids arent at home. (= proprii tai copii)Can you pass me the butter, please? (= untul de pe aceasta masa)Shall I drive the car? (= aceasta masina)Maria Callas sang so beautifully that the audience threw flowers onto the stage.(= publicul care o urmarea a aruncat flori pe scena pe care canta ea)

4. cu referire la ceva unic in mod absolut:The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.The weather at the North Pole is very cold.The President of the United States visited the Pope last May.

5. in fata adjectivelor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clasa de oameni. In acestcaz NU este nevoie de substantiv:

Only the strong survive. (= oamenii puternici in general)The question of the unemployed came up again. Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to the poor.

6. in fata unui substantiv la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animalesau obiecte:

The Indian elephant is smaller than the African elephant.The dolphin is said to be a very intelligent animal.

Henry Ford invented the automobile.The customer is always right.

7. inaintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mari si rauri,lanturi muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de tari si deserturi:

the Middle East, the North of England, the Ivory Coast

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the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel, the River Thames, theStraits of Gibraltar the Himalayas, the Alps, the Carpathiansthe Hawaiian Islands, the Falklandsthe United States of America, the Netherlands, the Philippines

the Arizona Desert, the Mojave Desert NOTA:THE nu se foloseste cu nume de munti izolati. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.

THE nu se foloseste cu nume de lacuri. Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Ontario

8. in fata numelor de instruente muzicale: Rachmaninov began to play the piano when he was only 4 years old.The guitar has always been my favourite instrument.

9. in fata unor adjective nationalitati cu referire la oameni dintr-o anumita tara. Aici sefoloseste un verb la plural:

The Swiss have decided not to join the EU.The Spanish are doing very well in this years Olympics. NOTA: In anumite cazuri, se pot folosi numai substantive la plural.The German s were upset about losing the WW II.The American s hosted the 1994 World Football Championship.

10. inaintea adjectivelor superlative si a numeralelor ordinale: Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. Laura is the most beautiful in my class.That is the silliest thing I have ever heard. NOTA: Uneori numeralele oridinale pot fi folosite faraTHE atunci cand se facereferire la ordinea in care se petrec evenimentele.Brendan came first ad Colin second at 100 meters.We went to Manhattan first , then on to Brooklyn.

Articolul nehotart ( a / a n ).Se folosestea naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana sian naintea substantivelor

care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u ). Articolul nehotart se foloseste:1. inaintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima data:

Ive received a postcard from a friend of mine in the US. After months of searching, my brother found a job.The Jacksons live in a bungalow.

2. pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slujbe sau profesii:

My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect. Jenny doesnt eat meat; shes a vegetarian.There is a man at the door who says he is a detective.That was a kind thing to say.

3. dupa verbul be sau alte verbele copulative, cand dupa ele urmeaza locutiuni prepozitionala sau propozitii relative care ofera mai multa informatie despre cineva sauceva:

I read an interesting article about pollution in yesterdays paper. Jacks son is a talented artist. He studied law at University and became a judge. I bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.

John Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the Times yesterday.

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4. cu unele expresii numerice insemnand unu sau su expresii ale pretului, vitezei,raportului si cantitatii:

A hundred guests were invited. Petrol costs 1.50 a litre in England. Hes crazy driving at 190 kilometres an hour.

You must take this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.There was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.

5. cu substantive numarabile la singular pentru a da definitii, a face afirmatii generale,exclamatii sau cand ne exprimam dorinte:

A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms. A house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (proverb)Wow! What a pretty girl walked by just now.

Id like a nice cool glass of beer.

Articolul a / an si one1. Atunci cnd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fiea/an fie one pentru singular:

Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million poundsYou can take an/ one hour for lunch.

2. Dar a/an si one nu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru: Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).One box is no good, we need two boxes.

Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri:1. in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau numarabile la plural cand se face o afirmatie

generala (adesea precedate de determinanti ca: some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.):Water quenches thirst on a hot day.

Pollution in big cities is very worrying. Dogs make good companions.There is some luggage to be taken upstairs.

Is there any bread in the kitchen?2. in fata substativelor abstracte cand sunt folosite in mod generic: beauty, happiness, fear,

hope, knowledge, intelligence etc.; cu exceptia cazurilor cand sunt folosite cu sens mai bine specificat:

Knowledge comes to us through our senses. DAR: She got the job because shehas a knowledge of English.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. DAR: What a beauty!3. in fata substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane si numele unei companii, cu exceptiasituatiilor cand se vorbeste de familie ca un tot:

He works for Microsoft. Helen and George Parker are coming to dinner tonight. DAR: The Parkers arecoming to dinner tonight.

4. pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, in fata numelor de echipe etc: He loves football and supports Manchester Utd.

5. inaintea meselor zilei:Where did you have breakfast / lunch / dinner?

6. inaintea cuvintelor home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci cand

ele reprezinta o institutie sau o idee generala.THE se foloseste totusi atunci cand se faceo referire speciala la locul respectiv:

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Al Capone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. (ne referim nu la oanumita inchisoare, ci la institutie)

His mother went to the prison once a week to visit him. (aici ne referim la aceainchisoare unde se afla Al Capone)My mother goes to church every Sunday. (biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu

religios)She sometimes goes to the church near the Royal Palace. (acea biserica anume).Our University is 150 years old. (institutia universitatii)

Emma and Ben often go to the university to talk to their professor. (la ouniversitate anume, in cladirea ei)

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Prepozitia

1. Prepozitia de loc - s e foloseste cuverbe statice : to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc.in in, la, pentruspatii mari Ex: I livein Bucharest.at in, la, pentruspatii reduse Ex: I liveat Sinaia.within in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said withinthese walls.against rezemat Ex: The man is against the wall.

impotriva Ex: We are against them.on pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table.Pentru apropiere:

imediata:next to , close to , besideapropiere:near , near by , by

Pozitia pe verticala:over deasupraunder dedesubt (fara raportare la un punct fix )above deasuprabelow dedesubt (cu raportare la un punct fix ) Ex: above zero, below the water levelunderneath punctul cel mai de joson top of punctul cel mai de sus(prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath.(este cea mai de jos carte)

Pozitia pe orizontala:in front of in fatabehind in spate (pentrulucruri pentru a indicapozitia ) Ex: The tree is in front of thehouse. after dupabefore inainte (pentruoameni , pentru a indicaordinea ) Ex: Im before you at thequeue.between intre 2among printre (mai mult de 2)

2. Prepozitia de miscare - se folosestenumai cu verbe de miscareto la, catre (pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I goto school.towards la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I gotowards office.Into in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu) Ex: Put the baginto the house.

Onto pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se pune ondaca sta)The cat is runningonto the floor.along de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: Im walkingalong the beech.through prin (pptraversare si patrundere ) Ex: I walk through the park.across traversare (nu si patrundere) Ex: I runacross the street.about prin (arata o miscare nedefinita) Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel

precis)around in jurul (pp o miscare circulara) Ex: I dancearound the fire.out of pp iesirea dintr-un volum Ex: Getout of my house.off pp desprinderea de o suprafata Ex: The plane takesoff .up-and-down in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down thestairs.

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from de la, de pe, din Ex: Take it from my bag.past langa (pp apropierea imediata prin miscare ) Ex: I drive past the university (si nunear the university! , pt ca sunt in miscare)

3. Prepozitia de timpin pentruani , lunile anului , anotimpuri , perioade ale vietii (in my childhood),in anumite momente ale zilei (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening)at pentruora (at 10 oclock),in anumite momente ale zilei (at noon, at midday, atmidnight, at dusk), pentruvarsta (at the age of 15),mesele zilei (at lunch time),cu week-end (at the week-end) si insarbatori (at Christmas)on cu zilele saptamanii (on Sunday), data (on the 15th of June) sisarbatorile (on Christmas day cand este vorba de ziua de Craciun, nu de toata perioada)before si after inainte si dupa,cu raportare la un punct fixby nu mai tarziu de Ex: Try to arrive by ten.during in timpulover in timpul, dar pe perioade scurte Ex: Read it over the week-end.throughout / althrough de-a lungul, dar pe o prioada lunga de timp Ex: Althrough theyears.

4. Diferentiere intre prepozitiiin time on time

cu ceva timp inainte la fixin the end at the end

finally, in cele din urma la capatul (urmeaza un substantiv)in with

pentru ceva cu care esti imbracat pentru o trasatura fizicaEx: A woman in trousers. A woman with long hair.

as like pentru rol, functie, pozitie pentru comparatieEx: I work as a teacher. Ex: I talk like a teacher.

(I am a teacher) (I am an engineer)on about

in legatura cu, folosit academic despreEx: Give me a book on Economics. Ex: Lets talk about sex.

due to owing todatorita (doar dupa to be) datorita (restul inafara de to be)

Ex: My success is due to her. Ex: Owing to my work I succeeded.over across pp traversarea peste un obstacol traversare pe josEx: Im over the ocean. (cu avionul) Ex: Im across the ocean. (cu barca)

despite in spite of dupa urmeaza CD (niciodata sub.) dupa urmeaza genitivEx: Despite the bad weather I left. Ex: In spite of the bad weather I left.

made of recunosc materialul Ex: made of goldmade from deduc ceva elemente Ex: the cake is made from cocoamade with recunosc 1 element Ex: a chocolate made with milk (dar laptele nu esteelementul de baza)in in the morning, in the afternoon, in the eveningat at dawn, at midnight

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on pentru orice moment al zilei atunci cand exista un atributEx: In the morning dar On a fine day

At night dar On a starry night

5. Pentru mijloace de locomotie

by cu orice mijloc de transport, dacanu este determinatEx: by car, by bus, by plane (dar on foot! )in pentruautovehicule , dacasunt determinate

Ex: inmy fathers car, in the car that you bought meon pentru toate celelaltein afara de autovehicule daca sunt determinate

Ex: onmy fathers plane, on the tube/subway/underground

6. Expresii cu PrepoziiiPrepozitia Expresii

About (despre) About the town-prin oraAbout six oclock-n jurul orei aseA journey about the world-o cltorie prin lumeAbout my head-deasupra capului meuAbout all-mai presus de orice,n primul rnd

Across (de-a curmeziul sau de-alatul)

To walk across the street-a traversa stradaAcross the road-peste drum

After (dup) After dark-dup lsarea ntunericuluiAfter breakfast-dup micul dejunAfter five oclock-dup ora cinciDay after day-zi de zi,zi dup ziTime after time-deseori,foarte adeseaAfter theat-dup aceeaThe day after tomorrow-poimine

Against-mpotriv,contra Against the laws-mpotriva legilor A race against time-o curs contra cronometruTo lean against a wall-a se sprijini de un perete

Along-de-a lungul Along a valley-de.a lungul unei viAlong the sea shore-de-a lungul rmului

Among-ntre Among us-ntre noi(cnd este vorba de 3 sau mai multe persoane)Among his friends-printre(ntre) prietenii luiAmong the most important reasons-printre cele m.imp.cauze(motive)

Around-mprejur A trip around the contry-o cltorie prin ar

To sit around the table-a edea n jurul meseiI will come around ten-o s vin pe la zece (n jur de ora zece)At la At noon-la prnz

At day break-la revrsatul zorilor At sunset-la apusul soarelui,la asfinitAt rondom-la intmplareAt work-la lucruAt the door-la uAt the beginning-la nceputAt the end-la sfritAt the same time-n acelai timpAt the age of-la vrsta deAt first-la nceput

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At last-la sfrit,n cele din urmAt full speed-la vitez maxim,cu toat vitezaAt first sight-la prima vedereAt what time?-la ce or?At once-imediatAt least-cel puinAt my disposal-la dispoziia mea

Byfore-nainte Byfore my eyes-naintea ochilor meiByfore one aclock-nainte de ora unuTo sail byfore the wind-a naviga cu vntul n spate

Behind(bihaind)-n spate Behind the clouds-n spatele norilor To hide behind the door-a se ascunde n spatele uii

Below(bilou)-sub To strike below the belt-a lovi sub centurBelow sea level-sub nivelul mriiBelow the ground-sub pmntBelow the average-sub nivelul mediu

Beneath-sub,mai jos de Beneath ones dignity-sub demnitatea cuivaBesides-n afar de He has two cars besides this-el are dou maini n afar de aceastaBetween-ntre, se folosete cnd estevorba de dou elemente sau dou persoane

Between the two world wars-ntre cele dou rzboaie mondialeAn understanding between us-o nelegere ntre noi

Beyond-dincolo de Beyond doubt(deaut)-fr ndoialBeyond the sea-dincolo de mareBeyond limits-peste limit

By-de,de ctre,prin To open by force-a deschide cu foraTo travel by train-a cltori cu trenul

To go by car-a merge cu mainaDay by day-zi de ziStep by step-pas cu pasDrop by drop-strop cu stropPiece by piece-bucat cu bucatOne by one-unul cte unulTwo by two-doi cte doiTo learn by heart-a nva pe de rostTo go by the post-office-a trece pe lng potBy force of circunstances-prin fora mprejurrilor To sleep side by side-a dormi unul lng altul

For-pentru Good for food-comestibilTo leave for school-a pleca la coalTo look for help-a cuta ajutor To cry for help-a striga dup ajutor For a time-un timp,pentru un timpTo go for a walk-a merge la plimbareTo read for pleasure-a citi de plcereWhat is this good for?-la ce este bun sta?For all the world-pentru nimic n lumeTo have a taste for art-a avea gust artisticFor this reason-pentru(din) acest motivFor the sake of peace-n numele pciiEnough(inagh) for the present-suficient deocamdat

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Im sorry for you-mi pare ru de tine(pentru tine)From-din,de la From first to last-de la primul la ultimul

From heaven to earth-de la cer la pmntFrom bad(bead) to worse-din ce n ce mai ruFrom place to place-din cnd n cndFrom morning to night-de dimineaa pn searaLight from the sun-lumin de la soareA man free from care-un om liber de grijiA man from the country-un om de la arTo be far from home-a fi departe de casFrom theat point of view-din punctul acela de vedereFrom my point of view-din punctul meu de vedereTo be released from prisom-a fi eliberat din nchisoareSeen from above-vzut de susSeen from below(bilou)-vzut de dedesubtOn my way from Piteti to Bucharest-n drumul meu de la P.la BTo tell one thing from another-a deosebi un lucru de cellalt

In-n In the morning-dimineaaIn the shade(eid)-la umbrIn the end-la finalIn the garden-n grdinIn heaven-n cer In spring-primvaraIn summer-varaIn fall-toamnaIn winter-iarnaTo be in danger(deinger)-a fi n pericolTo lie(lai) in bed-a sta ntins n patTo live in the country-a sta la arIn our centuri(aur senturi)-In all seasons-n toate anotimpurileIn my youth-n tinereea meaIn his memory-n memoria luiEarly in the morning-dimineaa devremeIn the past-n trecutIn the future(fiucir)-n viitor In come just in time-a veni la timp

To keep(kip)in mind(maind)-a ine minteDone in haste-fcut n grabTo put in mind-a-i pune n gndTo put in order-a pune n ordineIn general-n generalTo work in vain-a munci n zadar To be in pain-a fi ndureratTo speak in public-a vorbi n publicTo take in hand-a lua n mn

Into-n,spre To lead into error-a duce n eroareTo get into difficulties-a da de greutiTo fall into the river-a cdea n ru(lac)To burst into tears-a izbucni n lacrimi

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To cook over the fire-a gti la focTo tremble all over-a tremura din toate mdularele,a tremura tot

Past Past his comprehension-peste puterea lui de a nelegeTo be past work-a nu mai putea munci,a nu mai putea s munceascTo be past danger(deinger)-a fi n afara pericoluluiHave past one-unu i jumtateIt is past five oclock-este trecut de ora cinci

Round-n jurul A round table-o mas rotundA round peg in a square hole-potrivit ca nuca n pereteRound the world-n jurul lumii

Since-de,de la Since four oclock-de la ora patruI havent seen him since-nu l-am mai vzut de atunci

Through-prin To go through thick and thin-a trece prin foc i apThrough the wood-prin pdureTo at through fear-a aciona de fricAll through the night-toat noaptea,tot timpul nopiiTo go through life-a trece prin via

Through whom?-prin cine Throughout this country-de-a lungul i de-a latul acestei Throughout our holidays-pe tot parcursul vacanei noastre,tot timpulvacanei noastre

Till-pn,pn la To be up lill late-a se culca trziu,a nu se culca devremeTill death do us part-pn ce moartea ne va despri

To-la,ctre To go to bed-a merge la culcareTo take to wife-a lua de soie(nevast)From end to end-de la cap la capFrom hand to mouth-de la mn pn la gur

To come to an end-a lua sfritTo finish-a termina,a se terminaTo be wet to the skin-a fi ud pn la pieleTo count up to ten-a numra pn la zeceFrom time to time-din cnd n cnd,din timp n timpTo dance to the musics-a dansa dup muzicI dont want to!-nu vreau

Under-sub Under lock and key-sub cheie,sub pazUnder the tree-sub copacTo swim under water-a nota sub apTo be under arms-a fi sub armeTo be under a vow(veau)-a fi sub un jurmnt,a fi legat prin jurmntTo be under sentence of death-a fi condamnat la moarteUnder what conditions?-n ce condiiiUnder these conditions-n aceste condiiiIn under ten minutes-n mai puin de 10 minuteTo be under age-a fi minor To be under treatement-a fi sub ngrijire medical a fi n tratamentUnder my feet-sub tlpile(picioarele) meleThe ball rolled underneath a table-mingea s-a rostogolit sub o mas

Up-n susul,ctre The ups and downs of life-urcuurile i coborurile vieii,geutivieiiTo run up the hill-a alerga pe deal n susTo walk up a hill-a urca un deal

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Wake up!-trezete-te,scoal-teUntil-pn la,pn n Until the end of life-pn la sfritul vieiiUpon- To refuse upon the principle-a refuza din principiu

Upon the top of the hill-n vrful dealuluiUpon our word-pe cuvntul nostru

Within-n,nuntrul,nu mai trziu de To keep within doors-a ine n casWithin the law-n limita legiiWithin a week-n mai puin de o sptmnWithin our room-n interiorul camerei noastre

Without-fr To be without help-a fi fr de ajutor To come without delay-a veni fr ntrziereTo escape without damage-a scpa nevtmatTo come without fail-a veni sigur(negreit)To come without doubt-a veni fr ndoialIt goes withaut sayng(seing)-se nelege de la sineI will leave withaut him-o s plec fr el

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Conjunctia

A. Dupa aspect1. Simple:but, if, and.2. Compuse:however, unless, otherwise.

3. De legatura:asas, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, whetheror .4. Locutiuni:as well as, as if (de parca),as though (de parca ), for instance, thats why, so long as (atata timp cat).

B. Dupa functie1. De coordonare

a) and - care leaga - propozitii intre ele- parti de vorbire de acelasi felEx: I go and stay there for a week

b)as well asEx: I work in a schoolas well as at home.

c) neithernorEx: I amneither in the kitchennor in the bathroom.

d) not onlybut alsoEx: I amnot only intelligentbut also pretty.

e) as wellEx: He is calm and goodas well .

f) eitherorEx: They areeither brother and sister or husband and wife.

g) furthermore (cu atat mai mult)Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit England.

h) conjunctii adversative:but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de) contrasteaza cu propozitia principala.Ex: I am tallbut fat.

I am talkingwhile you are righting.k) conjunctii disjunctive:or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte),otherwise (altfel).

Ex: Would you prefer coffeeor tea?Please put your coatelse you get whet.Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.i) conjunctiile concluzive:consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de

ce), therefore (de aceea).Ex: I havent slepttherefore/that is why I am tired.

j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say .Ex: Only one friend of mine left Romania,namely Ela.I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing,

2. De subordonare acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele suntspecializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii.Ex: pt. concesive:through, although (desi)

pt. conditionale:if pt. comparative:as if (de parca),as though pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, attributive

Subordonate predicative introduse prin :a) what - Ex: The question iswhat I must read.

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b)who - Ex: The question iswho is he.c) where - Ex: The question iswere I go.d) when - Ex: The question iswhen I can come.e)whatever, whoever, that, why

Subordonate subiective introduse prin:a) that - Ex: It is necessarythat you should understand this rule. b)what Ex: It doesnt matter what you believe.c) who Ex: It hasnt be decidedwho is the leader of the team.d) which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, how, why, where, if, whether.

Subordonate completive directe (cele cu forma de complement):if, that, whether,whatever, whoever, wherever, why, whichever .

Ex: She sad that she was tired.I dont know if you leave Romania.I dont know whoever wants my dog.I do whatever you want me to do.I may take whatever book you want.

Subordonate indirecte introduse prin:to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever .Ex: I may give the flowersto whom you want.

You interpretwhatever she says.

Subordonate prepozitionale introduse prin:who, whom, whoever, whichever, how dacasunt precedate de o prepoziitie .

Ex: You depend onwhat I say.You must approved of whatever she says.

Subordonate atributive introduse prin:whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that .Ex: This is the womanwho loves me.

This is the manwhose wife is pretty.This is the boywhom I greeted.

Subordonate adverbiale introduse prin:as, like, much as, how, in the manner, as if, asthough, just .

Ex: No one speakslike you do.They actedmuch as I told them. (respectand majoritatea celor spuse de

mine)Subordonate conditionale introduse prin:if, on condition that, only if .

Ex: I shall come soonif/on condition that I find my passport.

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Adverbul

Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe desprecum , unde, cnd, ct de frecvent

sau n ce msura are loc o actiune.Functia adverbelor

Astfel, adverbele determina n general verbe:Ex.:The bus moved slowly . (cum?)

I am going home tomorrow . (cnd?)Adverbele pot determina:

adjective:You look absolutely fabulous!adverbe:She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly. propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.

In general adverbul este terminat in ly, dar nu tot ce are ly este adverb. De regula seformeaza dinadjectiv + ly.

Modificari ortografice:1. daca adjectivul se termina ine , acesta se pastreazaely

Ex: nice nicelyExceptii: due duly (datorat)

true trulywhole wholly

2. daca adjectivul se termina inle , se transforma e in y/lyEx: capable capably

3. daca adjectivul se termina inll , se adauga doar llyEx: full fully

4. daca adjectivul se termina inic , se adaugaallyEx: automatic automatically

5. daca adjectivul se termina iny , indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau deconsoana, se transforma in i si se adaugaily

Ex: pretty prettilygay gaily

Exceptii: shy shylywry wryly

coy coyly (sfios)6. adjectivul good face adverbul wellNOTA: ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly

Ex: usually = usual + ly bitterly = bitter + lyawfully = awful + ly

Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)1. bright = brightly2. sound = soundly3. fair = fairly

4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)5. dear = dearly

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6. dead = deadly7. cheap = cheaply

Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.NOTA: forma in ly se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectivEx: He is deadlytired . (si nu he is dead tired ).

Adverbulcheap se va folosi in loc decheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitaticomerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)Ex: She bought it cheap.

dar We traveled cheaply.

Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferiteclean = completcleanly = intr-o maniera curata

clear = exactclearly = intr-o maniera clara

close = apropiatclosely = indeaproape

deep = adancdeeply = profund

direct = directdirectly = imediat

due = spre (la busola) Ex: They went due South.duly = punctual

easy = usor Ex: Take it easy!easily = intr-o maniera lejera

free = gratisfreely = pe sleau, deschis

full = complet

fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsahard = greuhardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc

high = sushighly = foarte

just = tocmai justly = asa cum se cuvine

late = tarziulately = in ultima vreme

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Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the mostquickly of all / very quickly

Comparatia regulata

well better the bestbadly worse the worstmuch more the mostfar farther the farthest

further the furthestnear nearer the nextlittle less the leastlate later the last

Clasificarea adverbelor

1. Adverbe de mod2. Adverbe de loc si directie3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa4. Adverbe de probabilitate5. Adverbe de grad

Adverbe de modAdverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie

dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.fairly foarte, dar nu extraordinary. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivulla gradul pozitiv.

Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.quite este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac oaprecierefavorabila.

Ex: This car is quite cheap.NOTA : cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie,

quite capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.Ex: Your dress is quite unique.

rather se foloseste cand am de facut oapreciere nefavorabila si sensul este =foarte, neasteptat de . Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Poate fiprecedat si urmat de articolul a

Ex: This car is rather expensive.Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.

This is rather a difficult exercise.pretty foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)

Ex: Im pretty tired.very Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sausuperlativ)

Ex: I do my very best.He is very much faster than I am.

much / a lot = se cupleaza cucomparativulEx: He is much faster than I am.

by far = se cupleaza cusuperlativulEx: He is by far the fastest of all.

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too se cupleaza cupozitivulEx: He is too fast.

enough se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa elEx: He is fast enough for a champion.

so se cupleaza - cumuch , many , little , few + substantiv- cuadjectiv / adverb la pozitiv

Ex: It is sodifficult .I have somany friends / somuch money.There is solittle time left.

such urmat de -substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de a- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl

Ex: He is sucha man .They are suchinteresting persons .

Adverbe de loc si directie Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau

complementul sau.Ex:

Dupa verb:I looked everywhere.John looked ...away, up, down, around...I'm going ...home, out, back...

Dupa complement:They built a house nearby.She took the child outside.

A. Here / there . Cu verbe de miscare,here exprima ideea de nspre/ cu / mpreuna cuvorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului:Ex.:Come here (= spre mine)

It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi)Put it there (= departe de mine)It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi)

Expresii cuhere/ there : down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under there, up here, up there .

B. Adverbele de loc terminate n -wards - exprima ideea de miscare ntr-o anumitadirectie:Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards,eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards .Cats don't usually walk backwards.

The ship sailed westwards.De retinut! Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfel nct va fi ntotdeauna urmat

de un substantiv sau pronume:Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.C. Adverbe care exprima att locul ct si directia : ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill,

downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors .

Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventaArata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.

Cnd:today, yesterday, later, now, last year Durata, pentru ct timp:all day, not long, for a while, since last year

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Ct de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearlyDe obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfrsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la nceputul ei:Ex.:One of my children wrote to me yesterday.

Later the boy understood the story.

Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:Ex.: She stayed in the house all day.My mother lived in France for a year.

Adverbele de frecvent a exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fataverbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fibe, have, may, must ):

I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal) You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must)

I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului principal forgotten)

Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza lasfarsitul prepozitiei:

This magazine is published monthly. He visits his mother once a week.Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,

sometimes, usually .De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.They haven't met him yet.

Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sauinterogative.

I am still hungry.Do you still work for the BBC?

Adverbe de timp usuale:ago se foloseste candraportarea se face fata de un moment prezent

Ex: I saw her one hour ago.NOTA! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before

Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before .for aratadurata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit alactiunii . Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfectcontinuu.

Ex: I havent met her for two years.

NOTA! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut Ex: I was a student for two years (Im no longer a student).NOTA! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)ATENTIE! nu se pune for dupa verbele:

to lastto taketo waitto spendto stay

Ex: Ive been waiting ten minutes, (si nu Ive been waiting for ten minutes). It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).

since aratainceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final . Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.

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Ex: I havent met her since Monday.

Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitateAcestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il

relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps, possibly, really . Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal. Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting.

Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza n debutul frazei:Ex.:Undoubtedly , Winston Churchill was a great politician.

De retinut! Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul esteconvins de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare : Surely you've got abicycle?

Adverbe de gradAceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau

adverb:almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely .Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie

in fata verbului principal:Ex.: The water was extremely cold.

He was just leaving.She has almost finished.

Enough, very, too Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau

adverb: Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv) He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)

Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului:This coffee is too hot. (adjective)

He works too hard. (adverb)Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora:The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv)

He worked very quickly. (adverb)De retinut! Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very : Very exprima un fapt: He

speaks very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me tounderstand) .

Alte adverbe asemanatoare luivery : extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite, fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly .

Locutiuni adverbialesubst + after + substday after dayyear after year month after monthduring urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cu in daca se refera la perioade detimp

Ex: during my life = in my lifefrom to poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupunecunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii

Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)

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I get up at 8 oclock and work till 10 oclock.NOTA! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from to in loc de to

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Adjectivul (the adjective)

Forma adjectivuluiAdjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu si schimba forma n functie de gen sau numar.

Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes.Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosivery, really :Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.

Pozitia adjectivuluiDe obicei adjectivul se aseaza n fata substantivului determinat:

Ex.: A good movie. Dupa verbe auxiliare cato be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, tokeep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:

Ex.: The movie is good.You seem upset.

This cheese tastes different. Dupa substantiv n expresii fixe:

Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial

Cteva adjective, ca de exempluchief, main, poor (=unfortunate ) stau numai n fatasubstantivului determinat:

Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting.That poor woman was living in a garage.

Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar:asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive,alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry

Ex.: He's asleep. I'm alone. Unele adjective si schimba sensul n functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectiveleinvolved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate n fata substantivului saudupa acesta.

Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have something to do with the matter)

They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex) I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious)The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were

there)The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current)

Functiile adjectivuluiAdjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Pot exprima:

Sentimente sau calitati:Ex.: They make an original couple.

She is a single mother. Nationalitatea sau originea:

Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian. I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas.

Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:Ex.: The table is long.


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The steel tray was a gift.

Vrsta:Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one.

He is still very young, almost a boy.

Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a very long film.

That boy is too tall. Culoarea:

Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt. Materie / material:

Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt. It was a silver tray, not a steel tray.

Forma:

Ex.: A rectangular envelope. A round table. Judecati, pareri sau opinii:

Ex.: Grammar is fascinating.The show was entertaining.

Ordinea adjectivelorAtunci cnd se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv,

ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordineeste: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material

Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming Size small, huge, tinyAge/Temperature old, hot, young, littleShape round, square, rectangular Colour red, blonde, black Origin Swedish, Victorian, ChineseMaterial plastic, wooden, silver

Ex: a green round plastic bucket an elegant little French clock a small round wooden table

Gradele de comparatie1. pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba2. comparative:

a. de inferioritate b. de egalitatec. de superioritate

3. superlative:a. relative b. absolut

Comparativ de inferioritate


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adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din:not so/not as + adj + as Ex: This room is not so big as the bedroom .

This room is not as big as the bedroom .adj lungi se formeaza:less + adj + than

Ex: The chair is less comfortable than the bed.

Comparativ de egalitateAtat pt adj scurte cat si pt lungi:as + adj + as.

Ex: The bed is as good as the chair .Ideea de egalitate mai poate fi sugerata si prin constructia:the same + subst + asNOTA! as si nulike !!!

Ex: This room is the same size as the other one.

Schimbare de valoare gramaticalaAdjectiv Substantiv big, small size (masura)long, short length (lungime) broad, narrow breadth (largime pt ceva concret)wide, narrow width (largime pt ceva abstract)high, low height (inaltime)deep, shallow depth (adancime)heavy, light weight (greutate)strong, weak strength (putere)..etc.

Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate:as brave as a lion

as blind as a batas black as coalas busy as a beeas cool as a cucumber as clear as daylightas dry as a boneas easy as ABCas fresh as a daisyas hairy as a gorillaas mad as a hatter (palarier)as poor as a church-mouse

as silent as a graveas wise as Solomonas soft as silk as smooth as grassas gentle as a lamb.etc.

Comparativul de superioritateadj scurte:adj + er + than.Modificari ortografice:

daca adj se termina in e, se adauga doar r Ex: nice nicer daca adj se termina in y precedat de consoana, se transforma y in ier Ex: pretty

prettier Exceptii: shy shyer

sly slyer


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wry wryer (stramb)daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big

bigger pt adj lungi:more + adj + than

Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie .Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate de to si nu de than

Ex: He is superior to me.

Superlativul relativadj scurte:the + adj +est

Ex: large the largest silly the silliest

adj lungi:the most+ adj Ex: This is the most expensive thing.

ATENTIE! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile of sau in Ex: He is the best of all/the best in my group.

ATENTIE! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implicasuperlativul: the + comparativ

Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.

Superlativul absolutvery + adjvery poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely

exceptionallytremendously

awfullyATENTIE! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own,

complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe:extra largeover crowdedsuper fineultra shortpriceless

Comparatia neregulatagood better the best bad worse the worstill worse the worstmany more the mostmuch more the mostlittle less the leastnear nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)far farther the farthest (in spatiu)far further the furthest (in timp)late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2). Dintre 2, primul este the

former, nu the first.up upper the upmost


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in inner the inmostout outer the outmostfore former the foremostold older the oldestold elder the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii)

Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare)

Constructii adjectivale1) cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparativ

Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today2) de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ

Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year.3) din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp

Ex: It is warmer and warmer ATENTIE! pt adj lungi se repeta doar more

Ex: It is more and more interesting.

4) cu cat mai, cu atat mai (the + comparativ the + comparativ)ATENTIE! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul to be lipseste:

Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine)ATENTIE! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin

virgula. Daca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula esteadverb.

ATENTIE! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de celesubiective (primele expuse) si de cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).

ATENTIE! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu to besau orice alt verb de perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu to be.

Ex: I am intelligent He looks happy sau He is happy.

Adjectivul demonstrativanuleza articolul substantivuluiinvariabil ca forma (M/F)se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determinadaca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ

Ex: this aceasta, acesta (singular apropiere)these acestea, acestia (plural apropiere)

ambele merg cuhere.that acela, aceea (singular departare)those acelea, aceia (plural departare)

ambele merg cu there.NOTA! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci that si

those se vor cupla cu trecutul.Ex: Thisbook is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv)

This is a good book. (this = pronume)

Adjectivul posesivinvariabil ca forma si numar anuleaza articolul substantivuluise aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determinaforme:my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their


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Ex: My book .Adjectivul interogativ

pozitie initiala in propozitieinvariabil ca formaanuleaza articoluldetermina un substantivforme:what, which, whose, how much, how many .

Diferenta:what./whichWhich presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat.

Ex: Which boy is your best friend?What nu presupune selectie.

Ex: What days of the week do you know?

Diferentahow much / how many

How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile. Ex: How much money do you want? How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile.

Ex: How many books do you want?

Adjectivul relativ pozitie medianaintroduce o propozitie secundarainvariabildetermina un substantiv anulandu-i articolulforme:

whatever (fara selectie),whichever (selectie din numar limitat),whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).

Ex: You may take1/ whatever books you want2/.

Adjectivul nehotaratSOME (unii, niste, vreo, cativa) - Utilizare:

1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural. Ex: I have some money / friends.

2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.

Ex: Would you like some coffee?3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv. Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?

4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera la some . Ex: Why are there so many people in some (so many) restaurants?

5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ. Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate .

6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul lui certain . Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.

ANY - e ste inlocuitorul lui some in:

1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi. Ex: Is there any milk left?


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2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul deoricine, oricare, orice . Ex: Any book is good for you.

3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul:hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cugreu, deloc).

Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)

4. In propozitia care contine if. (if = incertitudine) Ex: If you find any books, buy them.5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala:maybe, perhaps .

Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.

Ex: I havent any friends here.

NO - Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ. Ex: I have no friends here.

EVERY (fara particularizare) Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)

EACH (cu particularizare) Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)

EITHER (fiecare din doi)

NEITHER (nici unul din doi)ATENTIE! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la

singular iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular.

Expresii cuevery si each Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)Every bit/inch = fiecare bucaticaEvery right = tot dreptulEvery now and than = din cand in candEvery other day = alternativEvery so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.

SUCH (astfel) - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil. Ex: I have such friends/information.

SUCH A - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular. Ex: This is such a man of honor.

ALL - Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural. Ex: All books/information must be used.

WHOLE - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular. Ex: I like the whole book.

NOTA! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi si whole si all Ex: Im home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai

puternic)


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THE OTHER - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural. Ex: The other child/children can swim.

Expresia The other day = some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul. Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)

OTHER + Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural. Ex: Give me other examples.+ Daca e precedat de no poate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.

Ex: No other man is as good as you are.

ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition) Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul (diferit)?

BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi) Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural

Both are intelligent.

SEVERAL (m ai multi intr-un numar nedefinit) + substantiv numarabil la plural. Ex: We spent several days there.

MOST (majoritatea) + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil. Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.

ENOUGHATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie

mobila. Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.

ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el. Ex: He is man enough to understand me.


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Numeralul

1. Numeralul cardinal - arata numarul, cantitatea

Numeralul zero

1) zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii Ex: Its ten degrees above zero.2) love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love)3) nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal4) naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar 5) oh = zero pentru numere de telefon

De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincteDe la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu + teen), la care accentul cade pe sufix si i-ul este

lung.De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal + ty), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba.

Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are u!)

Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima Ex: 42 = forty-two

One hundred = 100 - Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantivcand:a) este urmat de of:

Ex: hundreds of pages b) nu determina alt substantiv:

Ex: hundreds are here Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitia and la englezi si fara la americani.

Ex: 210 = two hundred and tenOne thousand = 1,000 - Aceleasi reguli ca la suta.One million = 1,000,000 - Fara s la TOEFL, dar este corect si cu s (2 millions) in

engleza.One billion = 1,000,000,000 - Americanii zicmilliard.

Utilizarea numeralului cardinal:1) pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbul to be)2) pentru calcule matematice:

Addition (to add = a aduna)2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five

(acordul se face in sg si in pl)

Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea)5 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two(acordul se face doar in sg)

Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti)2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six

(acordul se face in sg si in pl)Division (to divide = a imparti)6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two

(acordul se face doar in sg)reminder = rest

Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3

- square root = radical de ordinul 2


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slot = orificiu pentru ban booth = cabina telefonicareceiver = receptor long-distance call = convorbire la distantacall collector = convorbire cu taxa inversa

operator = centralistaextension = interior to be through = a avea legaturato hang on = a ramane pe fir to hang up = a inchide Numerele de telefon se citesc cifra cu cifra cu exceptia cifrei repetate daca este la inceputul

sau la sfarsitul numarului. Regula nu se aplica pentru zero.Ex: 223700 double two, 3, 7, oh, oh

9) pentru exprimarea orei:- formal- informal

Ex: Whats the time?What time is it?Whats the time by your watch?My watch is fast = ceasul meu e inainteMy watch is slow = ceasul meu e in urmaMy watch is wrong = ceasul meu nu merge bineMy watch is broken = ceasul meu e stricat

face = cadran belt = curelusahand = limba de ceas (minutes hand, seconds hand)

Pentru ora exacta:a) Its seven oclock sharp PM/AM b) 00.00 = midnight

12.00 = middayc) Its half past (e si jumate)d) Its a quarter past/to (e si un sfert/ fara un sfert)e) Its ten minutes past/to (e si/fara zece)

Ora oficiala: 08:00 = oh eight hundred hours

23:24 = twenty three twenty four Numerale speciale:

couple = 2 (pt oameni si pt timp); couple of minutes = 2 minute pair = 2 pereche (pt imbracaminte, incaltaminte, unelte cu structuri paralele)Ex: a pair of shoesyoke = team = 2 pentru animale

Ex: a yoke of cattle = 2 vitea team of oxen = 2 boi

brace = 2 pentru vanatEx: I have brace duck (am 2 rate salbatice)

score = 20half a score = 10


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Numeralul adverbial - Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune:once = o datatwice = de 2 ori3 times4 times, etc.NOTA! nu exista twice more, ci twice as much as = de 2 ori mai mult

Numeralul multiplicativ - Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate:double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori)tenfold = inzecit


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PronumeleFunctia pronumelui

Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu aracterizeazanimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sauactiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.

Ex.: John did all the work. He did all the work.Who did all the work?

Forma pronumeluiPronumele au forme specifice in functie de:

Numar : singular -this ; plural theseCaz : Nominativ - she ; Genitiv -hers ; Dativ -to her ; Acuzativ her Gen : masculin -he; Feminin - she ; neutru -it

Pronumele pot fi simple ( you, which, many ) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one ).Clasificarea pronumelor

1. Personale2. Reflexive3. Nehotarate4. Demonstrative5. Relative6. De ntarire7. Interogative8. Reciproce

Pronumele personale Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ

Singular

I mine (to) me meyou yours (to) you youhe his (to) him himshe hers (to) her her it its (to) it it

Plural

we ours (to) us usyou yours (to) you youthey theirs (to) them them

ATENTIE! I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vinede la it is sau it has !

Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. -thou, thine, (to) theeYou / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre

oameni in general. Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain.

They say she's very clever. It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta: It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau

in contructii pasive)Ex.: It's 7 o'clock.


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It was spring.Is it Monday?How hot it is!How far is it to the station?

It demostrativ

Ex.:Who is it? It's the postman.It's the children.

Pronumele reflexiveAcestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si

complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.Forme: Singular : myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

Plural : ourselves, yourselves, themselvesEx.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.

he fell off the ladder and injured herself.

Pronumele nehotarateSome, any, every se pot combina cu-one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate:

anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything . No poate forma impreuna cu-body sau-one pronumele:nobody, no-one .NOTA! Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate

anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vederegramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.

Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some .

De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, cideterminanti substantivali.

Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish, Little is expected.

Pronumele demonstrativPronumele demostrative:this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca

determinanti substantivali.Ex.:That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)

I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)

This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe candthat si thosesugereaza ideea de departare.

Ex.:These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. Those (pancakes that I had yesterday morning) were even better.This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over there, on

the table) is trash.Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:

Ex.: Are you going to wear these ? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.)Can you belive I would have bought that ?

Pronumele relativePronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in

contextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai

multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.Pronumele relative sunt :who, whoever, which, that .


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Ex.:The student who studies hardest usually does the best.Alegerea corecta dintrewhich si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale

studentilor la limba engleza. In general,which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care aunatura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimbaintelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prinwhich sunt in general intre virgule.

Din contra propozitiile introduse dethat sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu sevor pune intre virgule.Who si formele sale se refera la persoane,which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face

referire la ambele.Ex.:The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba

The couple who live next door have the radio on all night.The team that won the championship received a great reception.This is the program which won the prize.We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell.

Pronumele de intarireInsoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu

pronumele reflexive:Singular : myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself Plural : ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Ex.: I myself don't know the answer.Mary did all this herself .Mary herself did all this.

Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself .

Pronumele interogativPronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.Forme : who? what? which? whose? (to) whom?

Ex.: Who said that?Whose are those books? I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater.

What happened? What 's the weather like?

Pronumele reciproceForme : each other si one another . Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre

fiinte, idei, lucruri.Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas,

we can say that they gave each other books.My mother and I give each other a hard time.They borrowed each other 's ideas.

De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire lamai mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.

Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another 's equipment. Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.

Pronumele IT functii:1. Pronume personal, persoana a treia sg.,gen neutru folosit pentru obiecte i noiuni

abstracte, nepersonificate, animale nepersonificate i crora nu li se cunosc sexul sau sunt

luate n sens generic. Ex: Here is a book. It is very interesting.


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How ould is your baby? It is five months ould.

2. Pronume personal-folosit pentru a indica:a. Timpul dup calendar sau ceas : It is six oclock on the 4th of February. b. Scurgerea timpului: It is getting lake se face trziu

c. Starea atmosferic : It is getting dark se ntunericete; Its rather cloudy maidegrab e noratd. Fenomene meteorologice i naturale : It is raining cats and dogs plou cu

gleata(torenial); It thunders tun; It lightens fulger; It is ten degrees abovezero sunt +10

f. Distanele: Itsnearly ten kilometres to Albota-sunt aproape 10 km pn la Albota.g. Starea lucrurilor n general : Its ok sau its all right!

3. Pronume demonstrativ (echivalent cu That sau Which rsferindu-se la ceva vzut saumenionat nainte)

Ex : He expressed his sympathies i-a prezentat condoleanele It was nice of him (to do that) drgu din partea lui (s fac asta)

4. Pronume introductiva. Introductiv anticipativ - are rolul de a introduce propoyiia printr-un subiect formal

deoarece subiectul real este deplasat dup numele predicativ pentru a-l scoate n eviden. Ex: Its nice to see /seeing such a garden este o plcere s vezi o asmenea

grdin.Subiectul real se poate exprima prin:

Infinitivul lung to seeConstrucii gerumvialeO propoziie subiectiv,de obicei introdus prin conjuncia That.

b. Introductiv de ntrire sau subliniere avnd rolul de a sublinia foarte puternic sau de ascoate n eviden oricare parte a propoziiei cu excepia predicatului. Ex: Its Peter who/that solved all the problems.- Peter este cel care a rezolvat

toate problemele.

5. Pronume nesemnificativ folosit ca, complement direct formal mai ales al unor verbeintranzitive. Acest tip de pronume apare frecvent n engleza vorbit.

Ex: Shall we cab it to the station ? S lum taxiul pn la staie.No,I would rather foot it. Nu,prefer s merg pe jos.


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Verbul (the verb)

A. Verbele auxiliare (to be, to do, to have ) Sunt verbe deosebit de puterniceAu forme distincte pt. prezent si trecutIntra in alcatuirea altor timpuri verbale:

to be la toate formele de continuuto have la toate timpurile perfecte

Nu-si pot forma participiul nedefinit (forma in ing ) cu exceptia situatiei cand verbul tohave pierde sensul de a avea, a poseda si intra in alcatuirea alocutiunilor verbale (to have abath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have talk, to have a walk, to have lunch ).Isi fac singure interogativul prin inversarea cu subiectulIsi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not Isi fac singure intrebarea disjunctiva si raspunsul scurt

Ex: He has a car. Hasnt he? Yes, he has.

Trecutul verbelor auxiliarePt. to be was la pers I si a II-a singular,were pt. toate celelaltePt. to have had

VERBUL BEBE WAS BEENUtilizare:

1. pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei pasive:The old manis taking an afternoon nap.The bridgewas destroyed by the earthquake.

2. pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoanasau un lucru:Dr. Johnsonis a dentist. Heis calm and patient.

3. pentru a exprima varsta:The babyis two months old. How oldare you?

4. BE TO + INFINITIV : pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:You are to finish your homework before dinner. (= You must finish)The chairmanis to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give)

5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV : pentru a indica viitorul imediat:Megis about to leave . (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)

6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV : pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte sau a unui lucru:There are two pieces of cake left in the fridge.There is a person outside the door.

VERBUL DODO DID DONEUtilizare:DO se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.A. DO ca verb auxiliar:

1. pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu so trecutului simplu:The kittendoesnt play with strangers.

Did they go to the opera yesterday?

2. pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:My company made a profit last year but IBMdid not.


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Mary typed that letter very badly. She certainlydid !3. pentru a sublinia un afirmativ sau imperativ:

Do eat your vegetables!Youre wrong: Idid pay you!

B. DO ca verb propriu-zis are sensul general de a duce la bun sfarsit, a realiza, a executa, aadministra, a pune in practica:Students shoulddo the exercises at the end of each unit.He alwaysdoes the job well.The office clerk did the transaction yesterday.

NOTA: A nu se confunda DO cu MAKE! Verbul MAKE are sensul general de a crea, aproduce, a construi, a cauza, a face sa fie sau a prepara. Comparati:

to do someone a favour to make a friendto do ones best to make the bedto do good to make moneyto do the dishes to make a ruleto do the shopping to make a mistaketo do ones homework to make a messto do a crossword puzzle to make a livingto do ones duty to make fun of someoneto do well/badly to make oneself at home

VERBUL HAVEHAVE HAD HAD

Utilizare:HAVE se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.A. HAVE ca verb auxiliar:1. pentru a forma alte timpuri:

Present perfect: I have worked. Past perfect: I had worked. Future perfect: I will have worked. Past conditional: I would have worked.

2. HAD BETTER + INFINITIV fara TO (short INFINITIVE):Theyhad better study hard from the first day of school. (It would be a good ideaif they studied hard from)Youd better go home. (It would be a good idea if you went home.)

3. I WONT HAVE + COMPLEMENT + -ING :I wont have thatdog sleeping on my bed! (I wont permit that dog to sleep on my bed!)

B. HAVE ca verb propriu-zis:1. posesia:

Anne alwayshas a cold.Annedoesnt alwayshave a cold.

Does Anne alwayshave a cold?CandHAVE este urmat de GOT, se intareste sensul posesiv.

Debbie s got a lovely voice. Have you got a computer?


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2. a manca, a bea sau a organiza:The twins usuallyhave dinner early.My aunt Marydoesnt have coffee often.Our neighbourshad a cocktail party last week.

3. HAVE + COMPLEMENT + PAST PARTICIPLE :

Mrs. Rileyhad her house painted . (Mrs. Riley got someone to paint her house.)My best friendhas hishair trimmed every Friday. (My best friend has someone tocut his hair every Friday.)

B. Verbele modaleVerbe puterniceAu forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut Nu au infinitiv lung (adica cuto in fata)

Ex: I can (fara to) go Nu permit dupa ele verbe la infinitiv lung

Nu apar niciodata singure, cu exceptia raspunsului scurt Nu pot avea forma in ing Nu isi pot forma toate timpurileAu inlocuitoriIsi fac interogativul prin inversare cu subiectulIsi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not Isi fac singure intrebarea disjuncta si raspunsul scurt

CANUtilizare:

1. pentru a cere, a acorda sau a refuza permisiunea, similar cumay , dar mai putin formal:You can drive at seventeen in the UK.Can I borrow your pen, please? Ive left mine at home.You cannot go hunting out of season.

NOTA: forme alternative: You are permitted / are allowed to / may drive arseventeen in the UK.

ATENTIE: la negativ, could si might au sensuri diferite.Ex: Kencould not be building the house by himself. (It is impossible, it is toomuch work.)

Kenmight not be building thehouse by himself. (He is building the house

himself, he probably has help.)2. pentru a face referire la probabilitate, posibilitate sau imposibilitate in prezent, in trecut

sau la conditional:Look, theres plenty of snow, wecan go skiing today.Lets try his office, hecould be there.Billcannot drive for a few weeks, hes broken his leg.

3. pentru a face referire la abilitate sau indemanare in prezent, in trecut sau la conditional:She is a great secretary; shecan type ninety words a minute.Can you speak English?

Tim is hopeless. Hecant even fry and egg.If he studied harder, hecould pass the exam.


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NOTA: pentru alte timpuri, se folosestebe able to :Shewill be able to / has been able to type 100 words a minute.

4. could + INFINITIV perfect , pentru a se referi la o actiune care nu a avut loc:

You could have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.I could have driven you to the airport, but I didnt have my car. cand nu stim daca actiunea s-a petrecut sau nu:

Have you seen my umbrella? Dadcould have taken it.

NOTA: forme alternative:You might have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.You would probablyhave hurt your back lifting that heavy table.

Inlocuitori:to be able to , to be capable to

MAYUtilizare:

1. cu referire la evenimente sau actiuni posibile sau probabile in prezent, adesea cu sens deviitor. Might poate fi folosit pentru a sublinia o foarte redusa posibilitate:

Theres a black cloud above us. Itmay rain.Alicemay get angry if you tell her.If you try hard enough, youmight convince him to come.

si cu forma continua:Call me after eight Imay be working hard late tonight.Alex says hemight be going on holiday without his parents this year.

NOTA: formele alternative sunt:Maybe it wil rain. Itis likely to rain.Maybe Alice will get angry if you tell her. Aliceis likely to get angry if you tell her.

2. pentru a cere, a oferi sau a refuza permisiunea politicos:May I open the window? It is very hot in this office.You may go in to see the doctor now.You may not smoke in my car.

NOTA: forme alternative: Am I allowed to open the window?You are not permitted to smoke in my car.

Can I open the window? (can poate fi si el folosit, dar este considerat mai putin politicos)3. cuwell pentru a indica o foarte mare probabilitate:

I think itmay well rain today, look at those black clouds.The Governmentmay well decide to raise the price of gas again.

NOTA: forme alternative:I think itis very likely to rain today.The Governmentis very likely to deicde to raise the price of gas.

ATENTIE:may / might as well are alt sens:There is nothing interesting on TV this evening, Imay / might as well have an early night.(= Din moment ce nu este nimic interesant la TV, e mai bine sa ma duc devreme laculcare.)


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b) Needs must sugereaza ideea de sarcasmEx: She needs must bring me now when I have

OUGHT TO1. Arata obligativitatea morala de a-si face datoriaEx: I ought to go (nu are acelasi nuanta cu must)

2. Daca e urmat dehave si verb la participiul trecut exprima o datorie care s-a indeplinitEx: You ought tohave waited till 2 oclock.

3. Nu are forma de sine statatoare de trecut. Se formeaza:ought + have + participiu trecut + toEx: Ought have invited to join the party.

4. Negativ:oughtnt

SHOULD - Este mai moale caought to1. Arata o datorie ca recomandare, e cel mai slab din cele care = trebuie

Ex: You should read this book.2. Pt exprimarea supozitiei

Ex: For his age he should be taller.3. Folosit daca e precedat de verbe ca:to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advice

Ex: I suggest that you should learn English.4. Folosit cand este precedat de o constructie impersonala:it is important/ necessary/ natural/

better Ex: It is important that you should understand.

5. Folosit dupa constructii ca: so that, in order that, for fear that, lest (ca sa nu).Ex: I got up early for fear that/ lest/ so that I should arrive in time.

6. Dupa verbe de stari emotionale:to feel sorry for, to be delighted, to be anno

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