Cum Scriem o Lucrare Stiintifica

8/12/2019 Cum Scriem o Lucrare Stiintifica

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Corin Badiu, 2011

Redactarea unei lucrri tiinifice


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Tipuri de lucrri tiinifice

Articol tiinific

Poster

Prezentare oral

Lucrare de diplom / master / doctorat

Grant de cercetare

Articole de educaie continu

Book review


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Structura: Strategia Stilului

Beginning

Ending

Middle

If a man can group his ideas, then he is a

writer.Robert Louis Stevenson


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De ce scriem ?Publicatie / Propunere de grant

Produs final pentru ungrant de cercetare

Pentru a ne facecunoscuta activitatea

Pentru a obtine finantarepentru un grant de cercetare

Pentru a incepe / continuaproiecte de cercetare


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Cursul publicatiei

Abstract

Comunicare scurta

Articol local/ international Revista de varfobservatiirevista tinta

Articol Nature/ Science

Teza (MD/ Ph.D) Raport


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Cum scriem?

Singur sau in grup Intreaba coautorii / colegii de grup

Exemplu: A schiteaza draftul de articol si rezultateleprincipale, B scrie detalii etc.

Doar A poate scrie 1-2 articole pe an, impreuna potscrie mai mult.

Ce care scrie doreste ca articolul sa atraga cititori,deci poate trece in postura de cititor sau solicitaobservatii de la un coleg care nu a citit inca articolul


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Authorship

Autorii Toti autorii trebuie sa aiba contributie

stiintifica Cati autori?

Procesul de recenzie Observatiile obtinute sunt utile; articolul

poate fi publicat dupa ceva munca

suplimentara de orgabizare / argumentare


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Authorship*

Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or

general supervision of the research group,alone, does not justify authorship.

*Intl Comm of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for

Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing forBiomedical Publication. November 2003.


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An Underlying Principle of theAuthorship Requirements

Those credited with authorshipshould be able to take publicresponsibility for the research.


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Author Requirements*

Authorship credit should be based on:1) substantial contributions to conception and design,

or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation ofdata; and

2) drafting the article or revising it critically for importantintellectual content; and3) final approval of the version to be published.

Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.

*Intl Comm of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for

Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for

Biomedical Publication. November 2003.


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Cum se scrie un text tiinific ?

Logic, astfel incat alti cercetatori sa poatarepeta studiul !

Afla ce se stie deja (limita cunoasterii); obtineliteratura relevanta

Referinte bibliografice!

Material / Metode

Rezultate Discutia rezultatelor

Concluzii


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StructurePublication / Proposal

Abstract summary including main

results

Introduction why and short litterature

review Materials and Methods

instruments, equations etc

Results your results

Discussion comparison with other

results

Conclusions focus on new things and

wide connections

Summary Introduction / background Aims, objectives Methods

Research Group Best publications Significant results

Links to other research lists

Scientific education, reseachtraining lists

Schedule Budget


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SubmissionPublications / Proposals

To which Journal Look the format and other

instructions carefully Citation index

more than 1 Nature around 20 JGR ~4

How much it costs ? Do you expect to have

reasonable editors/revievers

Private foundations National science foundation

(like Finnish Academy) NMR, NoRFA EU, ESF Private Companies TEKES type (You need

companies to find outnational funding)

Ministry of


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Anatomia unui articol stiintific Titlu: Descriptiv, concis, interesant Abstract: Include toate componentele manuscrisului Corpul articolului:

Introduction: Enunta obiectivele, arata necunoscutele, motiveazapublicatia

Material si Metode: detalii suficiente Rezultate: se prezinta faptele care au semnificatie logica Discutia: se analizeaza rezultatele, comparativ cu alte studii. Concluzia

Referinte: Se includ studii din articole publicate; atentie la format !

Tabele: Nu se includ in text, se urmeaza recomandarile; sa fie catmai simple Figuri: Nu se includ in text, rezolutie grafica buna Legendele figurilor si tabelelor: descriptive si concise


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Componentele unui articol

My paper

Introduction

Results

Materials and

Methods

References

Discussion

Hypothesis

Reading

Aims & Obj.

References

Figures

Analysis

Tables

statisticsText

Title &

abstract

Relevant background

to the problem


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Gasirea literaturii adecvate

Reference manager, End note

Verifica formatul referintelor conform

instructiunilor pentru autori si sunt incluse pemasura ce se scrie protocolul

Se pastreaza copii ale tuturor referintelor

PubMed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed

Comunicari personale (cine si cand)

Date nepublicate (Cel mai bine se evita)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed


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Reference manager

Sistem de documentare si editare a referintelor in articol

Formarea unei baze de date: import din sisteme internationale, sau prin filtre

(NLM medline), introducere manuala (Ins). Tipuri de baze de date: tematice

(KW), abstract, autori, reviste, date,

Prelucrarea bazei de date: duplicate, cautari, reference list display, link catre PM,

pdf, url; copieri intre baze de date.

Modulul Cite While You Write (CWYW) in Word.

Alegerea si editarea stilului

Scrierea referintelor in text si lista bibliografica; schimbarea paragrafelor in text.


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Se incepe din laborator

Note detal iate desp re materiale, reactivi, metoda.

n laborator, datele se pastreaza atat n formascrisa cat i organizata electronic!

Date precise + uniti de masura

Valori normale, kit de lucru

Ne asiguram ca am trecut toate datele necesarepentru articol.


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Inregistrarea datelor

Note de laborator:

Materiale folosite Metoda urmata

Rezultate observate

Observatii in timpulexperimentelor

Esential!

Inregistrarea informatiei estefacuta cu grija si precizie.


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Alte tehnologii de inregistrare:

Audio

Video Baze de date

Fotografii

Aceleasi cerinte:Inregistrari precise, organizate, suficient de clare

pentru a da informatii cand sunt citite mai tarziu


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Consecventa de inregistare este Vitala

Se inregistr eaza acelasi tip d e date

Formu lare t ipizate pentru stud iu

Se completeaza integr al, fara spati i

l ibere

Se transcr iu in fo rmat electron ic


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Pastrarea datelor

Caiet de laborator semnat si datat

Scris LIZIBIL

Fara pasta corectoare Se taie cu o linie, se semneaza si se

dateaza.

Fara Postit (sticky notes).

Fara pagini albe.


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Incepem sa scriem articolul

Scop

Audienta

Target

Format

Structura

Etica si Politica

Proces si Termene

Cine sunt?Ce stiu?

De ce vor citi?

Cum vor citi?

Pentru a informa

Pentru a convinge

Caiet de laborator

U t t tii tifi 4


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Un text stiintific are 4componente.


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I. Introducere

Fondul problemei, nivelul de cunoastereinternational /national

Conduce cititorul catre ipoteza de lucru


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Introducerea pregateste cititorul pentru actiune

Topic?

Importanta?

Introducere

Structura?

Fondul problemei?


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a majority of = most

at the present time = now

give rise to = cause

in some cases = sometimes

is defined as = is

it is believed that = I think

on the basis of = by

pooled together = pooledsubsequent to = after

with the result that = so that

Simplifica limbajul


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Use and Misuse of English

Tense

-Previously published work: present tense

-Your own work: past tenseVoice

-Active more precise and less wordy thanpassive

-Name the agent, even I or we

Singulars and plurals


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Introducerea defineste scopul si limitele cercetarii

Efectele alcooluluiasupra sperantei de viata

Trei categorii de subiecti:nu consuma alcoolconsum moderat

alcoolici

Studiu de 10 ani

Alte efecte,Comorbiditati,Efort fizic

Nu se consideraIstoricul medicalFemeile pot aveaalte efecte

Sunt supravegheatibarbati

scop

l imite


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II. Material si Metode(sau Sectiune experimentala, Metodologie, Metoda)

INTOTDEAUNA descrie si enumera materialelesi aparatura folosita

INTOTDEAUNA descrie procedura folosita,

INTOTDEAUNA foloseste ordinea cronologica


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III. Rezultate

Rezultatele corespund metodelor folosite

Prezinta rezultatele testelor cu calculele relevante

Se recomanda sa se insoteasca de elemente grafice:tabele, grafice, figuri etc.

Pentru expunerea rezultatelor se foloseste ordineacronologica


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Types of Data

Body temperature

Body weight

Room temperature, humidity Food/water use

Animal behavior (e.g., sleeping,aggression)

Assay data
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.thomasregister.com/olc/10493500/quantmen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.thomasregister.com/olc/10493500/genassy.htm&h=259&w=297&sz=27&tbnid=G7tfR9Sfi-0YjM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dassay%2Bprintout%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3Dhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/images/clipboard.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.activityvillage.co.uk/clipboard_note.htm&h=800&w=620&sz=21&tbnid=eo9OvJ113f53uM:&tbnh=142&tbnw=110&hl=en&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dclipboard%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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Data Selection & Retention

Be careful how you pick and chose

Be consistent with regard to high

background, artifact, low confidence

values, and noise (versus signal) When reporting your data, disclosewhat you

did:

Two obese rats were excluded because The first three data points were excluded

because


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Dilemmas with Gels & Digital Data

Gels, X-Rays, photos are considered DATA
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/sah/images/stif_eff_xray.jpg&imgrefurl=http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/sah/conditions/cruciate.htm&h=249&w=188&sz=30&tbnid=v3iE7TScHIAJ:&tbnh=106&tbnw=80&hl=en&start=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddog%2Bx-ray%26start%3D100%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN


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Digital Data Ethics

Simple adjustments to the ENTIRE image are usuallyacceptable.

Selectively manipulating one area of the image is

questionable.

Cropping an image is usuallyacceptable.

If used, software filters must be noted in the figurecaption.

The more processing you have to do, the moreethically problematic the manipulations become.


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Who Owns Your Data & Materials?

Employees & medical students that relate in any way tohis/her job/research responsibilities must be assigned tothe Clinic.

Exchanges of research material with outside researchersmust be framed in written agreements, since furtherdiscoveries may be made using the material. Clinic maybe compensated for such exchanges.


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III. Discutii

Intotdeauna se discuta rezultatele, explicand datele incontextul situatiei experimentale, se mentioneaza ceeste semnificativ

Pentru discutia rezultatelor se foloseste ordinea cauza- efect.

Se trec datele personale in comparatie cu datelestudiilor similare din literatura

Se aduc argumente explicative pentru diferente, sesubliniaza noutatea informatiilor.


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IV. Concluzii

Un rezultat este descrierea a ceea ce s-a intamplat;concluzia este dincolo de orizontul practic, este

inferenta extrasa din analiza experimentala

INTOTDEAUNA includ un sumar care subliniaza in cemod rezultatele testelor si analiza acestora auindeplinit obiectivele studiului mentionate in

introducere.

Se poate folosi ordinea cronoogica sau a prioritatilor;


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Conflict of Interest

Financial Equity interest, consultant, paid speaker

Non-financial Recognition, desire to advance ones

theory

You might not be able to eliminate yourconflicts of interest, but there are otheroptions: reduce, avoid, disclose


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Common Barriers to Writing

Finding the time to write Selecting a topic

Finding colleagues to collaborate with Funding Intimidation by the publication process

Following author instructions Internal review process Peer review Acceptance, modification, resubmission

Rejection!


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Making the Time to Write

Make it a priority Schedule time to write each day

Outline your concept Create a schedule and stick to it Work with collaborators Get supervisors buy-in

If you get stuck, talk with your publisher Dont bite off more than you can chew


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Authorship Issues

Select a lead author at the outset Decide how work will be divided

Select co-authors based on what they bringto the project Plan regular contact with co-authors Avoid the ego trap

Be professional, not political Writing is a commitment Acknowledge contributions appropriately


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Tips on Writing

Work from an outline Dont kill your own creativity

Use active voice Enlighten, dont anesthetize Have your work reviewed prior to

submission Aim for an error-free final manuscript Have fun with it


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General Tips

Read good writing Discuss your work, and the work of

others Visit poster sessions Welcome your editors input

Read and reread Elements of StylebyWilliam Strunk, Jr. and E.B. White Write every day

Did I mention have fun?
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020530902Xhttp://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020530902X


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Complete Proposals Should Contain

Statement of scope and intent

Physical specifications of the publication

Draft table of contents Sample material

Curriculum vita


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Statement of Scope and Intent

Purpose Approach

Subject Audience Timing Considerations

Illustrations and Features Delivery Elements Competition


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Physical Specifications

Trim Size

Printed Pages

Illustrations Other special design elements


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Reference to Get You Started

Huth EJ. Writing and Publishing In Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: LippincottWilliams & Wilkins; 1999

Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB et al.American Medical AssociationManual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD:Williams & Wilkins; 1998

Hamilton, CW. How to Write and Publish Scientific Papers: Scribing Informationfor Pharmacists. Am J Hosp Pharm 1992; 49:2477-84

Miller LG. Research Guidelines for the Pharm.D. Practitioner.Pharmacotherapy 1994; 14(6):740-2

Zellmer WA. How to Write a Research Report for Publication. Am J HospPharm 1981; 38:545-50

Woodward DK, Clifton GD. Development of a Successful Research GrantApplication. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 51:813-22

Motheral BR, Jackson TR. Understanding and Evaluating Original ResearchArticles. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999; 39:759-74

Scientific Writing Links. http://spot.colorado.edu/~carpenh/links.htm International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for

Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing forBiomedical Publication. Updated November 2003. www.icmje.org
http://spot.colorado.edu/~carpenh/links.htmhttp://spot.colorado.edu/~carpenh/links.htm

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