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CODRUŢA BADEA LIMBA ENGLEZĂ -Manual de studiu individual-
Transcript

1

CODRUŢA BADEA

LIMBA ENGLEZĂ -Manual de studiu individual-

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CODRUŢA BADEA

LIMBA ENGLEZĂ -Manual de studiu individual-

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Copyright © 2012, Editura Pro Universitaria

Toate drepturile asupra prezentei ediţii aparţin

Editurii Pro Universitaria

Nicio parte din acest volum nu poate fi copiată fără acordul scris al Editurii Pro

Universitaria

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României

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CONTENTS

UNIT I A CAREER IN LAW

1.1.Introduction...............................................................................................................................9 1.2. Learning objectives...................................................................................................................9 1.3. Topics................................................................................................................................10-22

1.3.1. Introduction to law............................................................................................10-12 1.3.2. A career in law..................................................................................................12-13 1.3.3.The legal profession...........................................................................................13-16

1.3.4. Present Simple and Continuous - presentation and practice..........................................16-22

.

UNIT 2

CRIMINAL LAW 2.1.Introduction.................................................................................................................................23 2.2. Learning objectives- allocated time 4 hours..............................................................................23 2.3. Topics...................................................................................................................................24-29

2.3.1. Classification and types of offences................................................................. ...23-25 2.3.2. White-collar crimes and blue-collar crimes...............................................................25

2.4. Criminal courts......................................................................................................................26-29 2.5. Unit tests (Units 1-2).............................................................................................................29-36

UNIT 3

TORT LAW

3.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................37

3.2. Learning objectives–allocated time 4 hours ..............................................................................37

3.3. Topics.........................................................................................................................................37

3.3.1. Classification and types of torts............................................................................37-38

3.3.2.Civil procedure.......................................................................................................38-39

3.4. Present Perfect: presentation and practice ............................................................................39-41

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UNIT 4

INTERNATIONAL LAW

4.1.Introduction................................................................................................................................42

4.2. Learning objectives–allocated time 4 hours ...............................................................................42

4.3. Classification of international law.........................................................................................43-47

4.3.1. Public international law ....................................................................................................43 4.3.2 Private international law.……………………………………………………………........43

4.3.2 Supranational Law……………………………………………………………………43-44

4.4. Future forms: presentation and practice…………………………………………………….45-47

4.5. Tests (units 3-4)......................................................................................................................48-49

UNIT 5

COMMERCIAL LAW

5.1.Introduction....................................................................................................................................50

5.2. Learning objectives - time 4 hours .........................................................................................50-51

5.3.Topics.......................................................................................................................................51-55

5.3.1. Fields, institutions and concepts in commercial law...............................................................52

5.3..2. Structure and forming a commercial contract..........................................................................53 5.4 Modals: presentation and practice............................................................................................53-55

Unit 6

Intellectual property

6.1.Introduction........................................................................................................................................56

6.2. Learning objectives–allocated time 4 hours ....................................................................................56

6.3. Topics..........................................................................................................................................57-60

6.3.1. Copyright, patent and trade marks law.................................................................... 57-58

6.3. 2. IP infringement...........................................................................................................58-60 6.4 Passive voice: presentation and practice......................................................................................60-62

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UNIT 7

EMPLOYMENT LAW

7.1.Introduction.......................................................................................................................................63.

7.2. Learning objectives–allocated time 4 hours.....................................................................................63

7..2.1. Employment contracts....................................................................................................64 7.2.2. The structure of an employment contract....................................................................65-68

7.3. General Revision.........................................................................................................................68-77 7. 5 Tests (units 5-7)..........................................................................................................................77-79

INTRODUCTION

In the last two decades, legal English has attracted increasing interest and awareness, especially

because English is predominantly the language of international legal practice. Nowadays English is

widely used in a variety of situations including the legal profession covering law-making processes, legal

service, legal textbooks, law reports, Acts, etc.

This course book addresses to law students who wish to develop and improve their knowledge of legal

English vocabulary to assist their legal studies, thus providing the necessary tools to operate with

confidence in a business-law environment.

The book also uses a grammar-based approach integrated with communicative methods providing self-

study exercises, ranging from short gap-filling exercises to more involved comprehension ones.

What are the aims of the course?

To improve students ability to read and understand legal texts

To introduce students to some of the language-related aspects of the work of a legal professional

To build and strengthen the core skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking

To familiarize students with legal documents

To increase students’ comprehension of legal English

To increase speaking practice through extensive use of interactive pair and group work

To prepare learners to communicate effectively in study or work situations

To meet specific needs of the learner

How does this course achieve these aims?

The book focuses on several aspects of legal English and include:

Skill objectives include:

The analysis and production of authentic legal texts

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Language functions common to legal texts

To ask questions, for example for clarification, while following a lecture, talk or presentation

To follow discussion with only occasional need for clarification

To deal with unpredicatable questions

To argue their case effectively and specify needs precisely

To engage in an extended conversation with colleagues and clients

Can control and sustain a topic-based discussions such as interviews, debats, contracts

To communicate effectively in face-to-face situations in a legal context

To follow and understand a range of spoken matter

To develop the skill of speaking, reading, writing

Cognitive objectives include:

Can understand the general meaning of more complex reports

Can write most correspondence they are required to

Can write a report that communicates the desired message

Can deal with subject-specific terminology

Can understand texts on complex topics

Can deal confidently with a wide variety of law-related texts

How is the book organised?

The book consists of seven thematic sections namely: A Career in Law, Criminal Law, Tort Law,

Commercial Law, Intellectual property and Employment Law which several grammar issues such as:

Each unit presents legal concepts in contexts and the topic –based activities are designed to acquaint

students with the vocabulary related to each theme. It starts with an introductory discussion aimed to get

students thinking and talking about the topic drawing attention to specific terminology and concepts.

There are also activities which exploit the grammar and vocabulary and other activities aimed to

encourage and develop students’ participation and acquisition.

Each unit also deals with important grammar topics including an explanation of grammar structures

along with contextualized practice exercises. It enables students to learn and practice English grammar in

context. There are five grammar tests so learners can identify by themselves those areas which need

improvement.

Over to you activities are designed for oral debates or writing tasks about the legal jurisdiction students

work or study in.

Teaching strategies and resources

The book combines different teaching activities such as pair or group work to get students involved in

discussing, comparing, reading different texts. They can work alone preparing ideas or making notes

before a debate, doing a brief written task, or doing grammar or vocabulary exercises.

Discussions and sharing ideas encourage students to give opinions and enlarge certain topics,

information gap activities stimulate individual participation. Problem solving assignments also stimulate

meaningful communication, especially if students work together to solve them. Grammar and vocabulary

exercises provoke lively conversations.

The teaching strategies pay great attention to active learning which is stimulated by solving exercises or

other written tasks.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Coursebooks and study guides

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1. Business Goals 1-3, Cambridge University Press, 2004

2. Dooley, J. & Evans, V. Grammarway 3, Express Publishing, 1999

3. Dudley-Evans, T. & St John, M. Developments in English for Specific Purposes, Cambridge

University Press, 1998

4. Eastwood, John Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1999

5. English for Legal Purposes, Part I, Cavallioti Publishers, Bucharest 2007

6. Frost, A. English for Legal Professionals, Oxford University Press, 2009

7. Haigh, R. Legal English, Second Edition, Routledge-Cavendish, 2009

8. ILEC, University of Cambridge, ESOL Examinations

9. International Legal English, Amy Krois-Lindner andTransLegal,Cambridge University Press,

2006

10. Introduction to International Legal English, TransLegal, Cambridge University Press, 2008

11. Mascull, B. Business Vocabulary in Use, Cambridge University Press 2002

12. Mickay, R. W & Charlton, E. Helen, Legal English, Pearson Education Limited, 2005

13. Riches, S. & Allen, V. Business Law, Pearson Longman, 2002

14. Swan, M. Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press,1995

15. Truşcă, P. - Drept civil. Introducere în dreptul civil. Persoana fizică. Persoana juridică, ediţia

a V-a, Ed. Universul Juridic, 2010

II. Internet resources

1. Law. Com Law Dictionary: http://dictionary.law.com/

2. Onestopenglish ESP Lesson Bank (law)

3. Moneyworld Dictionary (UK): http//www.moneyworld.co.uk/dictionary/

4. The Law Society Gazette (UK): http//www.lawgazette.co.uk/home.law

5. The Lawzone/Lawyer.com (UK): http://lawzone.thelawyer.com/

Assessment

The students’ performance is measured by means of an overall criterion taking into consideration the

communicative skills and the language functions, grammatical and lexical items, accuracy and

appropriacy of the grammatical and lexical items, as well as fluency and promptness of response.

The tests enable students to find out how well they have mastered vocabulary and grammar offering at the

same time the students’ overall performance indicating the areas that need improvement.

UNIT ONE

A CAREER IN LAW

INTRODUCTION

The first part of the unit presents a general introduction to studying law listing the ways in which the

law may be classified, offering, at the same time, a wide range of legal terms and concepts as well as an

excellent introduction to the topics that law students need to deal with and understand.

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The unit provides some basic features of the Romanian legal system with reference to brief descriptions

of legal profession in our country.

The session includes language work on a range of grammar and functional areas such as present tense

simple and continuous.

Learning objectives

After studying this unit, students will:

Deal with the nature of law

Classify the branches of law

Make the difference between public and private law

Describe core activities of legal professionals

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses

1.1 LEAD-IN

The study of law differs from country to country to country, but

most law degree programmes include core subjects which all

students must cover.

1. Which core subjects are typical in our country? How long does it take to complete a law degree?

READING I

A. Read the texts below and answer the following questions:

1. Which courses do law students in Romania have to take? 2. Which courses are compulsory for all law students? 3. Which are the optional courses?

The study of law is intellectually stimulating and

challenging at the same time and can result into a variety of

interesting careers. Each country has its own educational

system, its own different requirements for certain types of

work and different titles for its lawyers. Most degree

programmes include core subjects such as: The General

Theory of Law, criminal law, Roman law, financial and tax

law, employment law, family law. There is also a wide

range of optional courses available extremely useful to

students’ future careers: environmental law, transport law,

conflicts’ mediation, business law, consumer’s protection

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law, etc.

In Romania, law degree programmes usually take four

years to complete and obtain a four-year graduation degree

diploma in Law.

The Romanian legal system is based on the old Roman law

which is divided into two main areas: public law and

private law. This division also represents the basis for the

Roman-Germanic law systems.

Public Law covers the following branches: constitutional

law, administrative law, fiscal and financial law,

criminology, judicial psychology, human rights, General

Theory of Law, forensic law, public international law, etc

and regulates the juridical aspects between a legislative,

executive or enforcement authority and a natural person or

a legal entity which is under its subordination.

General Theory of Law is considered to be a social

science which deals with the study of the state and law: the

organizational structure of the state, its working system, its

organizational entities, its internal and external structure,

the sources of law, law rules, the normative law etc.

Constitutional law legislates the social status of

organizational structure and enforcement of state power,

namely those activities which define the bodies of power

according to the principle of separation of the three state

powers: legislative, enforcement and court.

Administrative law deals with the organization of the

public administration, the election procedures, the

responsibilities of the administrative bodies and of the

public officials.

Criminal law includes the subsystem of legal regulations

which legislate the social defence by banning as crimes all

the actions considered dangerous to social values. These

values are defended either by prevention or by punishing

the doers.

Criminal procedural law is tightly connected to criminal

law and deals with the legal rules which establish the

activity and relationships between the juridical bodies and

the parties to identify all deeds considered as being crimes

and to correctly apply the punishments stipulated by the

legal rules governing the practice and procedure of the

courts when conducting lawsuits.

Financial and tax law includes the rules that regulate the

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forming, distribution and utilization of state and public

institutions financial criminal law, resources to ensure the

economic needs of the society. Private law legislates the juridical relationships between parties

with the same legal status and covers the following branches:

international commercial law, tort law, private international law,

employment law, family law, procedural civil law, intellectual

property law, community law, transport law, etc.

Employment law is an expansive area including all areas of

the employer/employee relationship except the negotiation

process covered by labor law and collective bargaining

.Laws to establish fair wages, limit the number of hours

worked in a week, and prevent children from being

exploited are some of the areas covered by employment

law.4

Family law represents the body of law related to family

relationships especially divorce, child custody and adoption

in order to protect the family and its status.

Procedural tort law establishes the legal rules governing

the practice and procedure of the courts when conducting

civil lawsuits. READING II

B. Read the texts again and decide whether these statements

are true (T) or false (F). If the statement is false, correct it.

1. A course in business law is considered a core subject. 2. Tort law is included in the public law area. 3. The Romanian legal system originates in the old Roman

legal system.

4. Employment law covers all areas of the employer. 5. General Theory of Law studies the state and law

C. How many collocations with the words law and legal can

you find in the text? Can you give other examples? READING III

D. Read this short description of legal professions in Romania

and discuss the following: 1. Name five legal careers mentioned in the text. 2. Where can students experience the work of a lawyer before

deciding on a career?

3. Name at least three advantages and disadvantages of

working as sole practitioners, for law clinics and running a

partnership.

Professions

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Students, future students or graduates of a law school can

follow different legal careers according to opportunities

and interests. Nevertheless, they have to attend a one-year

post university training session before starting working for

a law firm or work within the court system. Pursuant to

their professional background, they can become: lawyers

(members of the Bar), judges, notaries, mediators,

enforcement law officers, prosecutors, legal advisers,

policemen working either for the private system or for the

state-owned public sector. They can work alone as sole

practitioners, run a small partnership or get involved in law

clinics.

Besides the specialized theoretical approach, many

universities offer courses on legal practice within different

legal institutions such as: district courts, city courts, public

prosecutor’s offices, notaries, law clinics, The National

Institute of Forensic Sciences” Mina Minovici”, The

Institute of Criminology of General Inspectorate of

Romanian Police, public administrative institutions which

provide a useful introduction to some of the day-to-day

work of a lawyer.1

SPEAKING I- Law firms and courses:

Discuss these questions with a partner: a) What type of law firm would you like to work in?

b) Which optional courses are you taking? Useful language – Express your point of view:

I’d like… I think/believe/suppose… In my opinion… My personal view is that… This this/year, I’m taking an elective (optional)

course in… COMPARING TEXTS: Read the job descriptions and choose the correct title for each

category: 1. Judge

2. Enforcement law officers 3. Public officials 4. Legal advisers 5. Notaries

5 Petrică Truşcă - Drept civil. Introducere în dreptul civil. Persoana fizică. Persoana juridică, ediţia a V-a, Ed. Universul Juridic, 2010.

14

6. Mediators 7. Lawyers

8. Prosecutor

……….play an important role in society, and they

specialize in a variety of fields ranging from patent law to

criminal law. They serve as both advisors and advocates to

the general public. Their primary responsibilities include

counseling individuals on their legal rights and obligations

and representing individuals in various legal matters.

Depending on his or her specialization, he/she may act as a

defense attorney (defending a client against criminal or

civil charges) or a prosecuting attorney (representing the

alleged victim of a criminal act). They spend the majority

of their time outside of court conducting research,

composing and filing legal documents and interacting with

clients. Those who have private legal practices or who are

partners in law firms must also oversee business

operations, including billing, advertising and human

resources duties. 5

A .........is a lawyer who usually works for the government

to try criminal cases. His/her job is to initiate and carry out

legal proceedings against a person who has been accused of

a crime. On behalf of his national, regional, or local court

system, he/she works to convict criminals or secure other

forms of justice. This differs from a defense attorney, who

typically has the job of working on behalf of an accused

criminal, helping him to avoid conviction or at least seek a

lesser penalty.

A ....... is an elected or appointed official who conducts

court proceedings. They must be impartial and strive to

properly interpret the meaning, significance, and

implications of the law. They must also recognize that

justice means more than just interpreting the law — they

must also show compassion and understanding for the

people on both sides of the case.

The National Institute of Magistracy is the public

institution which is exclusively subordinated to the

Ministry of Justice. This institution deals with specialized

training of future judges and prosecutors, as well as with

extended professional development of magistrates

according to law provisions.

The first and his/her most important duty, obviously, is to

advise his minister, sometimes the government, Parliament

or even the head of state, of the existing international law

in respect to a particular issue, problem or situation. The

purpose is, of course, to give the proper legal framework in

making appropriate foreign political decisions, so that the

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country’s policy does not come in conflict with

international law and the broad interests of the international

community. She/he is also involved in providing legal

counselling for anr juridical entity or natural person.

A .........upholds the laws of his her or her country, and the

jurisdiction in which the officer works. This may mean

being responsible for more than one set of laws. His/her

responsibilities also include evaluation of private properties

and public grounds against local codes, answer citizen

questions about the codes, and issuing citations for code

violations.

A public...... witnesses the signing of the documents and

asks each party for a sworn oath of authenticity. A notary

license holder is a person legally authorized by a state to

administer oaths, take acknowledgments and certify

documents. She/he shall exercise no power or jurisdiction

in criminal cases and must ensure that the person signing a

document to be notarized is who s/he says s/he is. Because

identities are critical, they may also spend some time

verifying the names of the parties involved in the signing.

Authentication of a Notary Public's signature is often

required when foreign and other jurisdictions are involved.

The public may access this record and verify the "official"

signature of the notary at the county clerk's office.6

READING IV

You are going to read about a trainee lawyer who works for

an international law firm talking about his six-month

placement in the firm’s Zurich office.

The six months I spent in Zurich were amaizing. It wasn’t

just that I was part of a smaller team, it was also that I had

to work with other local firms. I had worked with the Swiss

office before, during a banking deal, but being on the spot

meant that I could really grasp how things worked out

there. That experience helps a lot when you return home. I

strongly believe that the firm’s smaller European offices

are different from Hong Kong or Singapore, so the Swiss

experience was a good asset to me.

Tasks:

A.1. He feels that the Swiss office was a good choice for the

6 Day, Jeremy-Introduction to International Legal English, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008

16

placement because:

a. he had already had contact with some of the people

there

b. it proved a contrast to his usual working

environment c. it gave him the chance to work in new areas of the

law

2.He believes that as a result of his placement he is now

d. more accurate in his work generally e. more able to delegate work efficiently f. more aware of the value of some of his usual work

B. Provide synonyms for the underlined words.

C. Fill in the sentences with the correct word:

1. Lawyers can often give......legal advice. 2. She is ready to...any opportunity to expand her business. 3. A short opening paragraph enables the reader to

quickly....what the article is about. 4. I think the new trainee lawyer would be an asset to the

department.

5. The value of the company ....... rises up to $ 9 billion. 6. The EU negotiators have .....a set of proposals . 7. We have to....how much food we need for the conference. 8. They made....to sell the land to a real estate developer. 9. Last week there were rumors that the company closed....

with Microsoft to market its products.

SPEAKING II

Prepare a short conversation on the legal profession

covering the following aspects:

The legal training system in your country

The types of work opportunities for lawyers

WRITING: Short email

Write a short email for an international law firm

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giving some information about yourself, your

professional and academic background and why

you are interested in working for the company

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Present Simple (+) They live in a flat, but Tom lives in a house. (--) Teddy doesn’t like green tea and I don’t like it either. (?) Do you speak Chinese? Does your brother speak German?

TO LIVE TO TEACH TO STUDY

I live I teach I study

You live You teach You study

He, She, It lives He, She teaches He, She, It studies

We live We teach We teach

You live You teach You teach

They live They teach They teach

Affirmative: I, You, We, They +V1 He, She, It + V1+ - s/-es Negative: I, You, We, They + do+not+V1 He, She, It +does+not+V1 Interrogative: Do + I, You, We, They + V1 Does +not+he, she, it+V1 Spelling of the 3

rd person singular:

Verb Rule Examples Most verbs +-s (walks, starts) Read-reads Verbs ending in a consonant +-y Change-y to –i (tries, flies) Study-studies Verbs ending in a vowel+-y +s (plays, stays) Buy-buys, play-plays Verbs ending in:-ch,-sh,-ss, -s, -x +es (watches, washes, kisses,

mixes, Fix-fixes, miss-misses, teach-

teaches, finish-finishes Verbs ending in - o goes, does Go-goes, do-does

Present Simple is used to express:

1. Habits: We walk to school every day.

2. Frequent activities: They play chess every weekend.

3. Something that is always true: It usually snows in winter.

4. Thoughts and feelings: My sister things Chinese is a

difficult language.

5. Core activity of a business: Microsoft manufactures

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computers.

6. Fixed events, timetables, schedules (future meaning):

Next Monday is in the twentieth.

The term starts in October.

Present Simple is used with the following time

expressions:

a. Always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally,

rarely, not very often, hardly ever, never

b. Every (day, week, Monday, holiday, etc)

c. In the morning/ afternoon/evening, in

spring/summer/winter, in July

d. at dawn/noon/night/midday/midnight, at the weekend,

at Christmas, at Easter, at 10 o’clock

e. on Saturday(s), on the 21st August

Present Continuous

(+) I am attending a legal course this week.

(?) Where are you staying during the course?

(-) I am not staying at the hotel.

TO WORK TO PLAN

I am working I am planning

You are working You are planning

He, She, It is working He, She, It is planning

We are working We are planning

You are working You are planning

They are working They are planning

Affirmative: I am +V+ ing You,we,they +are+V+ -ing He, she, it + is+V+ -ing Negative: I am+not +V+ ing (I’m not) You,we,they +are+not+V+ -ing (You aren’t/You’re

not) He, she, it + is+not+V+ -ing (He’s not/He isn’t) Interrogative: Am+I+V+ -ing? Are +they, you, we +V+ -ing? Is +he, she, it+V+ -ing?

Present Continuous is used to express:

A. Temporary situations:

19

I usually live in Bucharest, but this month I’m

living in Paris.

B. .Actions happening at the moments of speaking”

Can I ring you back in 10 minutes? I’m talking to

someone on the other line.

C. Projects

Virginia Airlines is currently expanding its flights

to Asia.

D. Trends

Cars are getting smaller and smaller.

E. Arrangements (future meaning)

I’m flying to Cuba tomorrow morning.

Time expressions:

At the moment, right now, now, nowadays, currently

Always + present continuous to make complaints or point

out annoying habits:

You’re always borrowing money from my sister!

PRACTICE

I. Answer the following questions.

a. What do you do in the mornings?

b. When do you start work?

c. Do you always get up early?

d. What do you have for lunch?

e. What do you do at the weekend?

f. Who is having an exam today?

g. What are your colleagues working on?

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h. How often do you go abroad on holiday?

i. What are they having for lunch?

j. Who is your boss talking to?

k. What subjects are you studying this year?

l. What is the first thing you do when you arrive at the office?

m. What does a journalist/management consultant/lawyer do?

n. How much do you usually spend on books?

o. When does the last train to Oxford leave?

p. Why is Ann waiting?

q. Why is Paul working so hard?

r. Why do you want to leave now?

II. Discuss these questions.

- Is a student’s daily schedule different from a businessperson’s schedule?

- Are their weekend routines the same or different?

III. Complete the dialogues.

a. I need to speak to Mary about the new brochure. (you/know) where she is?

She (not/work) on Fridays. She only (have) a part-time job . When (she/come) to the office? She

(come) in from Monday to Thursday, but she (not/stay) all day. She usually (start) at 9.00 and

(finish) at about 13.30.

b. I need to be in Norwich for a meeting tomorrow by 2.30. Have you got a train timetable? There

(be) a train at 11.45 and arrives at 2.45. Is there another one that (get) there earlier? No, but there

(be) an Intercity that (get) in at five past. When (it/leave)? It (go) at 1.15. (be) there any busses to

East Street? Yes, there’s a bus that (run) every ten minutes.

c. We (have) a terrible holiday. It (rain). I (sit) in the hotel and I (watch) TV. To and Peter (play)

computer games, Ann (read) a book and Susan (make) a cup of coffee and the baby (cry). I want

to go home.

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d. Laura …… her office every night at 5.00 and ......get on a bus to go home. She…a regular

schedule every evening. She…….dinner and then…..down to eat at 6.00. After she….the dishes,

she…..on the TV. She usually….the news and then a movie. At 9.00, she….a shower. Then she

……up a book and…….in bed for a while. She usually …..asleep before ten.

e. Tobias (enjoy) cooking. He (try, often) new recipes. He (like) to have company for dinner. He

(invite) me to dinner once a month. When I (arrive), I (go) to the kitchen and (watch) him cook.

He usually (have) three or four pots on the cooker. He (make) a big mess in the kitchen when he

(cook). After dinner, he (wash) all the dishes and (clean) the kitchen. I (cook, never). It (be) much

trouble.

f. I (write) to my parents. I (write) to them every weekend.

g. Normally, I (start) work at seven, but I (start) at six this week. We’re very busy at the moment.

h. I haven’t got a car at the moment, so I (go) to work on the bus this month. Usually I (drive) to

work.

i. He (always/get up) before 6.30.

j. Please be quiet! I (read) a very interesting book.

k. Carol is busy. She (study) for a test.

l. (you, study) a lot? I (study) at least three hours every night. My roommate (study) at least five

hours. She’s very serious about her education. How about (you, spend) a lot of time studying?

No, I don’t. I (spend) as little time as possible. I (like, not) to study. Then why (you, be) a

student? My parents (want) me to go to school. I (want, not) to be here. In that case, I (think) that

you should drop out of school and find a job until you decide what to do with your life.

IV. Translate into Romanian:

1. De obicei luăm prânzul la cafeneaua din central oraşului, dar în după-amiaza aceasta

mâncăm la un restaurant mexican.

2. Colegul meu este în biroul şefului acum şi îi cere o mărire de salariu.

3. Mai mulţi oameni de afaceri şi câţiva localnici ajută în prezent poliţia în efectuarea

anchetei.

4. La fiecare două săptămâni avem şedinţă cu colegii din departamentul juridic.

5. Anul acesta petrecem Paştele în Cuba.

6. Helen pleacă de la birou în fiecare seară la 5.30 şi ia metroul spre casă. De obicei

calătoria durează 15 minute.

22

7. Noua marcă de cafea solubilă are o aromă specială, motiv pentru care este din ce în ce

mai căutată pe piaţă.

8. Este seară, iar familia Smith este acasă. Phil stă pe canapea şi citeste editia de seară a

ziarului preferat. Katie e la birou şi studiaza pentru examenul la istorie.

9. De obicei Karl se trezeşte la 7.00, dar săptămâna aceasta se trezeşte mai devreme întrucât

are foarte mult de lucru la birou.

10. De obicei nu împrumutăm bani de la bancă, dar anul acesta ne renovăm apartamentul aşa

că avem nevoie de ei.

11. Carla pleacă la o conferinţă internaţională mâine.

12. Mă întâlnesc cu directorul companiei peste două zile pentru a discuta noul contract de

servicii.

13. De obicei sunt extrem de ocupată în timpul săptămânii, dar întotdeauna îmi găsesc timp

să merg la teatru sau la film cu familia.

14. Părţile încearcă să ajungă la o soluţionare amiabilă a tuturor dificultăţilor ce decurg din

prezentul contract.

15. Încerc să economisec ceva pentru a putea pleca in vacanţă, aşa că pun de-o parte puţin

câte puţin în fiecare lună.nu mai mănânc în oraş în fiecare zi.

16. Esti cam strâmtorat? Deseori eşti nevoit să imprumuti bani de la prieteni sau rude?

17. David nu plăteste niciodată cu numerar.

18. Este de necrezut câţi bani cheltuieşte in fiecare lună pe haine.

19. Aşteptaţi autobuzul spre Oxford?

20. Cine conduce aceea maşină sport parcată afară?

23

UNIT TWO

CRIMINAL LAW

INTRODUCTION

Most lawyers and law students need English to deal with international clients and communicate in a

multicultural working environment, not only on commercial issues, but also on a variety of legal aspects

regarding criminal or tort offences as well. They might also have to deal with international treaties in

criminal law and procedure, international terrorism and other cross-border organized crime.

Reading covers some of the differences in concepts between criminal law and civil law. For example,

in civil cases, a claimant files a lawsuit against the defendant, who may be found liable on the balance of

probabilities. In criminal law, a prosecutor who represents the state, prosecutes a defendant in the criminal

courts. The defendant must be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The unit also enumerates and

explains several types of crimes and also emphasizes the difference between crimes and torts, and

between felonies and petty crimes. The session includes language work on a range of grammar and

functional areas such as past tense simple and continuous.

Learning objectives

After studying this unit, students will:

Elicit the characteristics of criminal law

Classify the types of crimes

Explain the difference between criminal and civil procedures

Describe the basic concepts of criminal law

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses

24

1. LEAD-IN Reading

I. A crime is an act which is committed against society.

Depending on the offence and the jurisdiction, courts appeal to

various punishments to punish an offender: execution (death

penalty), corporal punishments, imprisonment,, suspend the

sentence, fines, put the wrongdoer under supervision through parole

or probation, or community service. Some jurisdictions distinguish

between felonies (graver offences) and misdemeanours (less

serious offences)

Criminal law, rarely called penal law, involves the prosecution by

the state of a person for an act which has been labeled as a crime.

Prosecutions are initiated by the state through a prosecutor who has

to persuade the trier that the accused is guilty beyond a reasonable

doubt of every element of the crime charged. If the prosecutor fails

to prove this, a verdict of not guilty is given. Criminal sanctions are

rendered to make society safer and keep people from committing

certain acts.

II. There are various offences or crimes.

Look at the list and discuss the difference between them:

armed robbery

arson

assault and battery

bribery

burglary

domestic violence

drug trafficking

drunk driving

embezzlement

extortion

forgery

fraud

homicide

insider dealing

joyriding

kidnapping

manslaughter

money laundering

murder

25

mugging

obstruction of justice

rape

shoplifting

tax evasion

theft

vandalism

III. Match each description with the corresponding crime:

Execution Go to prison for a crime

Community

service

Pay an amount of money as a

punishment

Prison Kill as a legal punishment for a crime

Put on

parole

Perform unpaid work in spare time

Put on

probation

Buy and sell illegal narcotics

Fine Illegally trying to avoid paying taxes

Murder Release before the sentence is finished

Drug trafficking Give a period of time to behave

well and avoid to commit any

more crimes

Insider dealing Use confidential information to

gain personal benefits

Tax evasion Unintentionally killing somebody

White collar-crimes vs. Blue-collar crimes

Read the text and decide which offences can be included in

the two categories:

Traditionally, companies’ workforce is divided into blue-collar

workers, who normally perform manual work such as operating or

repairing machines, are paid on weekly basis and often wear blue

uniforms, and white-collar workers who typically do managerial or

administrative work in an office, are monthly paid and wear suits.

Crimes committed by the latter category as also known as business

or corporate crimes. Most believe that white-collar crime is a less

punishable offence, than for example street crime,and drive more

people to white-collar crime because they risk less for big rewards.

However, corporate crimes like embezzlement, the stealing of

company funds, may ultimately harm and affect more people.

Speaking:

1. How serious do you think white-collar crime is?

2. What are the most important effects of white-collar crime

26

on society?

3. Should people who commit corporate crimes be punished

in the same way as people who commit other crimes?

4. Do you agree with the idea that business crimes affect a

large number of people? Why/ why not?

Practice:

I. Translate into English

Mai mulţi localnici ajută în prezent poliţia în

ancheta efectuată.

Juraţii s-au retras pentru deliberare.

Directorul societăţii a fost acuzat de deturnarea

fondurilor companiei.

Doi funcţionari publici şi mai mulţi oameni de

afaceri sunt cercetaţi pentru corupţie.

Comerţul internaţional a determinat o creştere a

infracţionalităţii în rândul funcţionarilor publici.

El riscă să fie învinuit de trafic de influenţă.

Compania a fost acuzată de falsificarea

documentelor vamale şi de trafic de influenţă.

Infracţiunile ce include furtul de identitate au

devenit din ce în ce mai frecvente.

Fondatorul companiei a fost acuzat de evaziune

fiscală şi acum îşi ispăşeşte pedeapsa.

Procurorul nu a putut să demonstreze că acuzatul a

fost complice la furt.

Dezvoltarea tehnologiei şi a telecomunicaţiilor a

determinat o creştere semnificativă în ceea ce

priveşte infracţiunile în rândul angajaţilor ce deţin

diverse funcţii în cadrul companiilor. Fără

îndoială, infracţiunile corporative au un impact

imens atât asupra investiţiilor, a imaginii publice a

companiei, cât şi asupra milioanelor de oameni

afectaţi direct sau indirect. Aşadar, având în

vedere numărul de victime şi impactul devastator

asupra acestora, infracţiunile corporative sunt

considerate foarte periculoase.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Past Tense Simple

Past Tense Simple is used to talk about past actions or states which

happened at a definite time in the past. Time expressions:

Yesterday, last (week, holiday, summer, Christmas), a year ago, 20

27

years ago, when I was young/little (+) Last year we signed a very important contract. Two years ago my uncle won 50000 $ on the lottery. (-) They didn’t sign the contract last year. My uncle didn’t win on the lottery. (?) What did they sign last year? How much did your uncle win on the lottery? Verbs:

1. Regular (adding –ed)

2. Irregular (having an irregular past form)

Structure

(+) S + V2 (-) S + did + not + V1 (?) Did + S + V1

regular irregular Live-lived Come-came-come Study-

studied Cut-cut-cut

Play-played Build-built-built Stop-stopped Read-read-read Work-

worked Fly-flew-flown

Past Tense Continuous

Past Tense Continuous is used:

1. To talk about activities at in progress a particular time in

the past

I was working at ten o’clock last night.

2. To describe the background in a story

The sun was shining and the young couple was walking on

the beach.

3. A past action in progress interrupted by another past

activity

Yesterday morning while I was driving home, I had a flat

tyre.

28

4. Two/more actions in progress in the past

The boss was talking, while the secretary was writing

down the details.

E.g. (+) He was sleeping yesterday morning while his friends

were playing tennis.

(-) He was not (wasn’t) sleeping and his friends were not

(weren’t) playing tennis.

(?) Was he sleeping ? Were his friends playing tennis?

Structure:

(+) S + was/were + V+ ing

(-) S + was/were + not + V+ ing

(?) Was/Were + S + V+ ing

PRACTICE

I . Put the verbs in the Past Simple:

1. Last Monday Helen (fly) from Paris to Madrid. She (get

up) at five o’clock in the morning and (have) a cup of

coffee. At 5.30 she (leave) home and (drive) to the airport.

When she (arrive), she (park) the car and then (go) to the

airport canteen where she (have) breakfast. Then she (go)

through passport control and 9wait) for her flight. The

plane (depart) on time and she (arrive) in Madrid two

hours later.

2. Yesterday Mary (walk) along the street when she (meet)

George. He (go) to the station to catch a train and he

(carry) a bag. They (stop) to chat for a few minutes.

3. Thanks for the email that you (send) last Saturday. I (not

have)) time to reply at the weekend because Paul and I

(redecorate) our cottage. Firstly, we (have) to go to the

shop to make some supplies, then we (start) work. Paul

(had) an accident while he (paint) the roof. We (work)

hard al the weekend and (not finish) everything until

Monday morning. What (you, do) at the weekend? (you,

go) to the Opera?

II. Ask questions for the underlined words:

1. They went to Alaska ten year ago.

2. The expedition took 3 months.

29

3. My parents lived in this mansion when they were very

young.

4. Because I wanted to sail around the world.

5. Mrs. Adam bought a house near the sea.

6. He joined the company 20 years ago.

7. Lisa began looking for a job a long time ago.

8. She met an old classmate yesterday morning.

III. Translate into Romanian:

1. Domnul Smith a condus compania acum 20 de ani.

2. Poliţia a arestat un infractor periculos săptămâna

trecută.

3. Prietenii mei au cumpărat un apartament anul trecut şi

l-ai vândaut câteva luni mai târziu.

4. Noua angajată a purtat o rochie superbă la petrecerea

de aseară.

5. Nu am vorbit cu directorul financiar, întrucât era plecat

în delegaţie.

6. Încercam să redactez un eseu când prietenii m-au

invitat la un grătar.

7. Săptămâna trecută pr vrema asta, bunicul fuma pe

verandă.

8. Unde eraţi când a avut loc accidentul?

9. Noii acţionari ai companiei l-au numit pe domnul

Meyer in funcţia de director.

10. Partea vătămată a intentat process foştilor proprietari.

Spelling rules for verbs + - ING

verb examples

Most verbs + -ing Dreaming, visiting

Make, take Making, taking

See, agree Seeing, agreeing

30

Lie, die, tie Lying, dying, tying

Sit, stop Sitting, stopping

!

TESTS

UNITS 1-2

TEST I

A. Cross out the incorrect word / phrase, or the odd word out, in each group.

1 say hello / do a prize / tell a lie / go crazy

2 on my own / by chance / on a hurry / by mistake

3 in the winter / at night / on Friday night / on May

5 go in holiday / take sugar / tell jokes / get excited

6 niece / nephew / godmother / cousin

5

B. Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the word in capitals.

1. Avatar was the most successful film of the year in 2009. SUCCESS

2. We’re quite a small family, so we have very few . RELATE

3. The Sixth Sense is one the best thrillers I’ve ever seen. PSYCHOLOGY

4. Paul can’t stand being an any more, so he’s starting his own business. EMPLOY

5. Her grandparents had eight children and twenty grandchildren so she has a very large

family. EXTEND

6.My favourite comedy is The Holiday with Kate Winslet and Cameron Diaz. ROMANCE

5

C. Complete the interview tips with the words in the box.

prepared briefly references on research show full smartly clearly making firmly

1. Before you go to the interview, it’s important to be prepared .

2. Do some and don’t forget to send with your CV.

31

3. You should dress quite and make sure you arrive time.

4. Make a good first impression by shaking hands and eye contact.

5. It’s a good idea to enthusiasm when you answer questions.

6 Don’t answer questions . Speak and try to give answers.

5

D. Complete the questions with the correct auxiliary verb where necessary

What did he tell you just now?

1. Which students –– come from Italy?

2. they arrive late last night?

3. Who ate my cakes?

4. What he talking about? I don’t understand.

5. What happened to your hair?

6. Who stole my dictionary?

7. she speak Spanish well?

8. When they arriving?

9. you had breakfast yet?

10. What your decision depend on?

10

E. Underline the correct alternative.

1. He hasn’t heard the news already / yet.

2. Does this belong / Is this belonging to anybody in the class? I found / find it on the floor.

3. Did they visit / Have they visited London in 2007? I thought they’d already / already had moved

to Australia by then.

4. Who does eat / eats dinner before 10p.m.? In Spain, we never do / does.

5. . My grandmother’s yet / just learnt to ski. Before that, she learnt / ’s learnt to skateboard.

6. I met / ’ve met her in the shopping mall when I did / was doing some shopping.

5

F. Choose the correct answers to complete the text: a), b), c) or d).

Last call! 1 d you ever missed a plane? I nearly did last summer. I

2 from Paris to Singapore and had to

change planes in Amsterdam.

The plane 3 there at 6.30 in the morning and my flight to Singapore was at 9.30.

4 been to

Amsterdam airport before so I walked around 5 I was waiting. Then I had some breakfast in a

coffee shop, read my book and 6 emails on my iPhone.

By 8.15, I 7 rather bored, so I decided to find out which gate my Singapore flight was leaving

8 . I saw a screen on the wall and went to look at it.

9 my flight on the screen and saw ‘Last

call’ written next to it. I couldn’t believe it! Then I looked at my watch and 10

that when I’d

32

changed it from CET time to Singapore time I’d made a mistake – it wasn’t 8.15, it was 9.15. So I ran to

the gate as fast as I could and was the last person to 11

the plane. How embarrassing!

1. a) Did b) Are c) Was d) Have

2 .a) flown b) was flying c) ’m flying d) fly

3. ) arrives b) lands c) ’s landed d) landed

4. a) I’d never b) I’ve ever c) I never d) I’m

5. a) during b) until c) while d) by the time

6. a) checked b) listened c) written d) saw

7. a) seemed b) was feeling c) am d) ‘d been

8. a) to b) at c) from d) in

9. a) I’ve found b) I was looking c) I’d found

d) I found

10.a) was realising b) remembered c) realised

d) had realised

11.a) get b) get on c) take d) go on

10

G. Write a news report about one of the headlines below. Use the prompts to help if necessary.

Write 100–120 words.

1 80 people homeless after floods

2 Airline employees strike demonstration

3 Film star shot outside London home

1 Introduction – what happened

2 Background details

3 Quote(s) of people’s opinions

4 Conclusion – the current situation

10

33

TEST II

A. Underline the correct alternatives.

1 He doesn’t win / earn a very big salary.

2 She gossips / complains about her boss so much, she ought to get another work / job.

3 Can you give me a head / hand with this report? I’m working against / for the clock.

4 I think I put my foot / arm in it when I said her flat was really exhausted / tiny.

5 Indian food is not usually my cup of coffee / tea, but this curry is absolutely delicious / awful.

6 He didn’t forget / leave his homework at home for once. His mum reminded / remembered him to take

it.

10

B. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the word in capitals.

1 It isn’t necessary for me to get up early tomorrow. HAVE

I don’t have to get up early tomorrow .

2 That pizza won’t be enough for six people. GOING

That pizza .

3 Tim used to play outside every day when he was younger. WOULD

Tim .

4 You should wear a suit for the interview. OUGHT

You .

5 He probably won’t travel much in his new job. UNLIKELY

He .

6 We hope the business will start making money in about six months’ time. NEAR

We hope the business

. 10

C. Choose the correct answers to complete the sentences: a) or b).

1 She a to start work next Monday.

a) ’s going b) will

2 You carry liquids through airport security.

34

a) don’t have to b) mustn’t

3 I don’t know why she doesn’t travel any more. She love going to Asia.

a) used to b) would

4 Business to improve in the long term.

a) won’t b) is unlikely

5 You really to see them more often.

a) ought b) must

6 We’ll probably move a week or two.

a) by b) in 5

D. Choose the correct answers to complete the text: a), b), c) or d).

Fly me to the moon!

Where 1 c billionaires going for their holidays nowadays? Instead of taking luxury cruises or renting

private islands, very wealthy people are now quite 2 choose a trip into space. Space travel

companies 3 Space Adventures and Virgin Galactic

4 now offering a range of space travel

experiences, including a trip to the far side 5 Moon. People who choose this trip will take a seven-

day flight and travel at speeds of 17,000 miles an hour. They 6 the Earth from 250,000 miles away.

However, it isn’t enough just 7 a billionaire. You also have to be fit enough to travel in a spaceship.

Candidates for the trip 8 to train for four months with experienced astronauts

9 they are

allowed to fly. But why 10

have to be a billionaire to go to the moon? Because it 11

100

million US dollars.

1 a) will b) do c) are d) is

2 a) likely b) to c) going to d) likely to

3 a) as b) such as c) such d) such like

4 a) are b) will c) are going to d) could

5 a) in a b) of c) of the d) in the

6 a) probably see b) will see c) are seeing

d) do see

7 a) be b) been c) to being d) to be

8 a) will have b) must c) should d) ought

9 a) then b) after c) before d) when

10 a) you b) do you c) are you d) you will

11 a) cost b) is costing c) will cost d) has cost

10

E. Reading

Read the messages and notices and underline the correct answers: a), b) or c).

David – your meeting at 12 is likely to be delayed. Are you free after 2.30 this afternoon? Let Mr Bates’

secretary know before 12.30.

1 The meeting will take place .

a) at 2.30

b) later, if David is free

c) before 12.30

35

DO NOT TOUCH THE ITEMS ON DISPLAY. BROKEN GOODS WILL HAVE TO BE PAID

FOR.

2 a) You don’t have to pay for items you break.

b) You mustn’t touch the items.

c) You can touch the broken items on display.

Sara, sorry I got the date of the concert wrong. It’s tonight not tomorrow! If you can’t come, call Mark.

He’ll buy your ticket. Chris

3 What should Sara do?

a) Tell Mark if she doesn’t want the ticket.

b) Call Chris if she can go to the concert.

c) Call Mark and tell him the concert is tomorrow.

Wanted: experienced dog walker (18+) for three dogs. Mon–Fri: 10–11a.m. and 4–5p.m. and occasional

weekends. Good references required.

4 To apply for the job, you .

a) must have three dogs

b) don’t have to provide references

c) must be over 18 and free at weekends

Hi George,

Going to cinema at 7. Won’t be home until 10. Please put dinner in the oven at 9.30. Mandy xx

5 a) Mandy won’t be home for dinner.

b) Mandy wants to eat when she gets home.

c) George is meeting Mandy at the cinema.

Football team – St Kitt’s vs Hurlington

Saturday – 14.30

The bus leaves at 11.30 prompt.

Bring spare socks and sweatshirts.

Lunch will be provided by St Kit’s at 1p.m.

6 The hockey players .

a) have to take extra clothes and boots

b) don’t have to take food

c) will start the match at 1 o’clock

15

F. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use the words in the

box.

things Why don’t we tell me say

what you mean is I think we should

1 The way I see it, we don’t have a choice.

The way I see things , we don’t have a choice.

2 Can you repeat the last part?

Can you the last part again?

3 So you’re saying you don’t love me any more?

So you don’t love me any more?

4 I suggest we focus on one thing at a time.

36

focus on one thing at a time.

5 How about if we ask the bank for a loan?

we ask the bank for a loan?

6 Do you mean to say that I’m fired?

Do you mean to that I’m fired?

5

G. Complete the conversation with sentences

a)–f).

A: First of all, I suggest we discuss Nick’s proposal for the new restaurant

B: 1 c

A: But didn’t you say that the decision about the restaurant was a priority?

B: 2

A: What exactly do you mean? Why?

B: 3

A: I’m not sure I agree, actually. I really feel it’s a very good business opportunity. We should discuss it

again with Nick.

B: 4

A: What?! When?

B: 5

A: So you mean to say you made the decision without telling me? I thought we were working together! I

resign!

B: 6

a) Last night.

b) It’s too late. I told him we weren’t interested in working with him any more.

c) No, let’s talk about that later. We’ve got more important things to talk about.

d) That’s fine by me.

e) Did I? Well, I‘ve changed my mind.

f) Well, the way I see it, a restaurant would be too much work. And it’s a big risk.

10

H. Writing

11 Cross out six more words that can be left out of these messages. Contracted forms count as one

word.

1

I’m going to the theatre at 7.30. Do you want to come? Call me. Sue xxx

2

Tammy, I’m sorry I can’t come out for dinner tonight. I’ve got to go to music practice. I hope you enjoy

the meal. I’ll see you later.

Martin

5

Write a covering letter for the job in the advertisement. Use the prompts to help you. Write 100–

120 words.

Cabin crew wanted for spaceships

37

Space tourism company requires cabin crew for monthly trips to the Moon. Applicants should be between

21–26 years old, cheerful, sociable and in good health. They must be free to travel when required.

Training will be provided, but experience of working in tourism or catering would be an advantage.

Apply to: Mike Tebault at Space Travel Inc.

Dear Mr Tebault,

I am writing to you

I am

If you require

Yours

10

Total: 100

UNIT THREE

TORT LAW

INTRODUCTION

The unit deals with the tort law concepts and terminology, also paying attention to some differences

between tort law and other areas of law such as contract law or criminal law. It also gives examples of

torts, pointing out the difference between negligent torts, intentional torts and strict liability torts.

The law of tort aims to provide a legal remedy for the injured parties of certain forms of harmful

conduct. Several areas of tortuous liability have been developed to protect people from many forms of

wrongful conduct which may take place in modern society.

Learning objectives

After studying this unit, students will:

Elicit the characteristics of tort law

38

Classify the types of torts

Explain the difference between different branches of tort law

Describe the basic concepts of tort law

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses

1. LEAD-IN

Reading What does tort mean?

A tort is a civil wrong that can be remedied by awarding

damages and which can result in physical, emotional or financial

harm to an individual or property.

Torts fall into three major categories: intentional, negligent and

strict liability torts.

Negligence torts (car accidents) cover a wide range of accidents

and incidents which are committed unintentionally, but which

cause physical, emotional or financial harm.

Intentional torts, as the name suggests, include any wrongful acts

deliberately performed by a wrongdoer/ tortfeasor. Unfair

competition or trespass are some of the crimes covered in this

section.

Strict liability torts refer to businesses making and selling defective

products. In such situations, it is not necessary to prove that the

claimant’s actions were deliberate or negligent, but to prove that

the tort happened and the defendant was responsible. For example,

if someone works with explosives and accidentally harms others,

the person is responsible for the harm caused.

In any of these situations, the plaintiff may seek punitive damages

to punish the claimant as well as compensatory damages to

compensate the victim and can be awarded for: pain and suffering,

medical expenses, future expected loss, loss of earnings capacity.

In tort law the injured party brings an action against the wrongdoer

and the tort is resolved in civil courts.

39

Sometimes the same deed may be both a crime and a tort. In a

crime the state prosecutes the offender through a prosecutor, while

in a tort the victim sues the tortfeasor.

! Damage: harm/hurt (damage your car if you drive into

something)

Damages: compensation for loss, money a person gets

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the name of a person who commits a tort?

2. According to the text, how can a civil wrong can be

remedied?

3. Who brings an action in a tort law?

4. What three types of harm are mentioned?

5. What three general categories of torts are mentioned?

Translate into Romanian:

Organizarea firmelor de avocatură şi a parteneriatelor îşi are

originea în legislaţia engleză, mai précis în rolul tradiţional al

avocatului ca reprezentant personal al clientului. Pentru a se asigura

că sistemul funcţionează efficient, avocaţii trebuiau să depună un

jurământ în faţa instanţei menţionând că vor apăra interesele

clientului. Din acest motiv, avocaţii nu aveau dreptul de a forma

parteneriate şi erau obligaţi să lucreze singuri.Erau deopotrivă

răspunzători pentru acţiunile lor atât în faţa instanţei, cât şi în faţa

clienţilor.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

PRESENT PERFECT

We use Present Perfect: 1. for activities which happened at an indefinite time in

the past. They have bought a very expensive yacht. She hasn’t won a Pulitzer yet.

2. for experiences I have never been on a safari. We have visited the Great Wall twice.

3. activities that started in the past and still continuous at present

He has worked for this company for 25 years now. I’ve been very busy since February.

40

4. for past actions with a result in the present I’ve (I have) already read this book. She’s (she has) lost her car keys.

We use the present perfect with:

just, already, yet, ever, never, for, since, first (second) time, etc

Eg. This is the first time I have forgotten to give her a message.

He has defended dangerous criminals for 10 years now.

He has defended dangerous criminals since 2002.

Structure (+) I, you, we, they + have +V3

He, she, it + has + V3

(-) I, you, we, they + have + not + V3

He, she, it + has + not + V3

(?) Have + I, you, we, they + V3

Has + he, she, it + V3

PRACTICE

I. Write the verbs in the present perfect:

There (be) good and bad times, but frankly speaking I (have) a good life. I (be) married for almost 30

years now and I (have) four children and nearly all of them (find) good jobs. My youngest daughter (still,

not, graduate). My husband (often, work) abroad and I (manage) to visit all the places where his company

(send) him. I (visit) more than 25 countries and I (spend) several weeks in most of them. In my free time,

I (write) guides to three of them and one of them (already, sell) 15,000 copies.

I hope you are having a great time at university. I’m sure you (study) really hard. Everything is fine at

home. Mark (just, receive) his school report. It was bad, as usual. He (decide) to leave school and find a

41

job in town. Carla (go) to the dance club daily for the past three weeks. She (already, enroll) in a summer

dance completion. Grandpa (sell) his old car and (buy) a new one.

II. Fill in for or since

1. I have lived in this old town…..I was born.

2. It has been snowing…….January.

3. My brother has been the manager of this firm……10 years.

4. Fiona has been my best friend…..many years.

5. We’ve been in Madrid……..we were married.

6. He’s worked for me……..he left school.

7. I haven’t talked to my mum…..10 days.

8. Jake is tired because he has been painting the roof …… early this morning.

III. Write complete sentences using the prompts:

1.I/not/hear/from her/she left

2. He/not speak/ to Ella/ since Friday

3. You/ not check/ emails/ seven days

4. I/ be /very busy/ February

5. You/hear/ the news/ about David?

6. They/pass/ all their exams?

7. We/not/ go/ to work/ this week.

8. She/ not/ save/ enough/ to go to Harvard.

IV. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or present perfect:

He (become) a lawyer in 2003.

She (go) to India last Tuesday and (not, come back) yet.

They (start) working together in 2005 and (win) several important cases since then.

We (not buy) tickets for the festival yet.

I (never be) on a safari.

She (come) to this school ten years ago.

I (burn) the steak a bit.

You (write) two really long essays this term.

My mum (make) some time. Would you like

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UNIT FOUR

INTERNATIONAL LAW

INTRODUCTION

This unit deals with the three branches of international law: public international law, private international

law and supranational law.

Legal changes are determined by political, social and economic factors, technological progress and moral

beliefs, so the law must be responsive to new contexts and attitudes. Moreover, the working environment

requires stable conditions to operate which can be accomplished in a law governed society.

It also discusses the sources of legal change emphasizing the role of the European Union in applying its

legislation in member states.

Learning objectives

After studying this unit, students will:

43

Elicit the characteristics of international law

Discuss about the ways in which international law can be classified

Explain the difference between public international law, private international law and

supranational law.

Point out the most important development in European legislation

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses

1. LEAD-IN

Reading

International law is divided into three main branches: public

international law, private international law and supranational law.

Public international law or the law of nations covers the legal rules

that apply between sovereign states and international organizations.

These intergovernmental organizations whose members are states

are the main vehicle for making, applying, implementing and

enforcing public international law. The most widely known

international organizations are the United Nations , the

International Court of Justice, the World Trade Organization, the

International Monetary Fund. Public international law has

developed significantly after World War II stemming from the

countries’ desire to manage trade and disagreements between them

in a more civilized manner and in written form. These written

forms can be: conventions, agreements, charters, framework

conventions. Early examples of public international law are the

Hague Convention which deals with the rule of war declarations,

Geneva Conventions referring to human treatment of prisoners,

civilians and the sick and wounded in war time. Countries

voluntarily submit to or withdraw from these conventions and if a

country chooses to ignore a particular international law, the law

will no longer have any force. Apart from military and trade issues,

public international law also regulates the law of the sea, space,

environment and intentional criminal law.

Setting up the United Nations meant a great step in the

development of international law.

Private international law, also known as conflict of law, regulates

disputes between individuals and businesses belonging to more

than one jurisdiction

Supranational law or the European Union law prevails over the

laws of the member states. If the laws of a nation state are in

conflict with those of a supranational legal framework, then the

laws of that particular state are not applicable.

European Union Law

44

The European Union was set up in 1992, by the Treaty on

European Union, also known as the Maastricht Treaty, and it

consists of three different Communities: the European Coal and

Steel Community (ECSC), the European Community (EC) and

European Atomic Community Treaty (EURATOM).

The original purpose of the Community was economic integration:

to create a common market (Single Internal Market) in which there

can be free movement of goods, persons, services and capital. This

was achieved by creating a free trade area where Member States

agree to remove all import taxes and quotas (restrictions on the

amount of goods imported) across member states borders.

Answer the questions:

1. What are the three branches of international law?

2. What areas of law does public international law regulate?

3. What intergovernmental organizations are mentioned?

4. How can a nation state be forced to obey international law?

5. What is the difference between public international law and

private international law?

Translate into English

A.Când un stat refuză să respecte legislatia internaţională,

comunitatea internaţională recurge fie la sancţiuni economice

(statele sunt de accord să înceteze comerţul cu statul respectiv), fie

la ameninţarea unui conflict armat împotriva statului respectiv.

B.Organizaţia Mondială a Comerţului monitorizează şi

supraveghează comerţul internaţional, asigurându-se că toate ţările

implicate respectă standardele unei competiţii libere şi loiale.

I. Complete the text by providing a form that fits in the gap:

World Trade Organization

The WTO exists to create the conditions in which trade between

nations flows as smoothly, (0) (predict )……and freely as possible.

To achieve this, the WTO provides and regulates the legal (1)

frame….which governs world trade. The legal documents of the

WTO pins down the various (2) oblige…..of the member states.

Thus, producers and exporters know that foreign markets will

remain open leading to a more (3) prosper…..peaceful and (4)

account…..economic world.

The Court of Appeal

The Court of Appeal has ruled that lawyers do not have to report

their clients under the money laundering rules if they suspect them

of tax (1)….. or even the most minor financial (2)….. . Lawyers

45

had been taking the view that to avoid…..proceedings or

prosecution when in receipt of suspicious information from clients

under circumstances of legal privilege, they had to make a……to

the National Criminal Intelligence Service and obtain consent to

continue.

Over to you

How does the EU impact on member states?

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Future forms

I. Be going to + infinitive

II. Will + infinitive

III. Present simple with future meaning

IV. Present continuous with future meaning

V. To be about to

Be going to

(+) She is going to buy some books tomorrow. They are going to attend the conference next week. (-) She is not (isn’t) going to buy some books tomorrow. They are not (aren’t) going to attend the conference next

week. (?) Is she going to buy some books tomorrow? Are they going to attend the conference next week? Structure

(+) S + am/is/are + going to + V (-) S + am/is/are + not + going to + V (?) Am/Is/Are + S + going to +V Be going to is used to express:

Intentions, plans

I’ m going to take a day-off.

Something is going to happen based on evidence

Look at the sky! It’s going to rain.

Present Continuous

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We use Present Continuous for arrangements.

(+) I’m staying at home this evening.

(-) She is not having dinner with Tom tonight.

(?) Are you meeting Gary tomorrow evening?

Present Continuous vs be going to

I’m having lunch with Tom this weekend. (I have

arranged to do it)

I’m going to have lunch with Tom this weekend. (My

intention is to do it)

Present Simple with future meaning

It is used for timetables, programs, fixed events officially

organized: (+) The ferry leaves at six o’clock tomorrow morning. (-) They aren’t playing tennis on Sunday. (?) What time does your flight take off?

Will (Future Simple)

Predictions about the future usually with believe, think,

probably

I think in 50 years medical science will eliminate most

diseases.

On-the-spot decisions

We have run out of sugar. Ok, I’ll buy some this afternoon.

Situations, events which will definitely happen in the future

and which cannot be controlled

Summer will set in early this year.

Promises, threats, warnings

Don’t steal those apples! I’ll call the police!

Structure

(+) She will (she’ll) phone you tomorrow.

(-) She will not (won’t) phone you tomorrow.

(?) Will she phone you tomorrow?

(+) S + will + V (-) S + will + not + V (?) Will + S + V

Words used for future time:

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Tomorrow (morning, afternoon, evening, night)

Next (week, month, year, winter, holiday,

Christmas/Easter, Monday)

In….(minutes, weeks, months, years, hours, days)

eg. Paul is going to finish his report in 10 minutes.

PRACTICE

I. Write five sentences about what you are going to do

in the next few days.

eg. I’m going to the theatre on Saturday.

II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct future

tense.

1. My grandfather is very old. He (be) ninety next month.

2. The competition (start) at 6 p.m.

3. Sister (go) to the supermarket tonight. She has already

made her shopping list.

4. I (help) you carry your suitcases.

5. What (you, wear) to the party tonight?

6. I think Gina (pass) her exams.

7. Erin can’t meet us on Sunday. He (work).

8. (you,be) at the office tomorrow morning?

9. Jimmy (buy) a new car. He told me last week.

10. I’m sorry I’ve broken your vase. I (buy) a new one

tomorrow.

11. In a few years, scientists (find) ways to produce cheap

energy.

12. My neighbours (go) on holiday in two weeks. They have

already chosen the spot.

III. Choose the most suitable future form:

Why are you going to buy/ will you buy a new piano? Look out! The roof is going/ will fall!

According to this timetable, the tube is going to arrive/

arrives at 8.

I can’t see you on Wednesday afternoon. I’m visiting/ will

visit our London Branch.

Can you call me at 6, because I’ll leave/I’m leaving

48

tomorrow.

In the year 2100 a lot of people are going to live/ will live

on the Moon.

I don’t think we are having/ will have any problems at the

airport.

What will you buy/ are you going to buy with the money

you won in the lottery?

Will you take/ are you going to take your cat with you in

Austria?

Kevin won’t be back/ is not going to be back till 7. Can I

take a message?

IV. Complete the sentences with your own words:

Tomorrow afternoon later today

Tonight in a couple of hours

Next week in four years

Next Saturday in a few months

TESTS

UNITS 3-4

TEST I

A. Underline the correct alternative.

1 I ’m having / will have a party tonight. Do you want to come?

2 A: What are you going to / will you do tomorrow?

B: I might not / will do anything! I’m so tired, I think I ’ll just relax / ’m relaxing.

3 A: How are you going to go / getting to the party?

B: I’m not sure. We might phone / ’re phoning for a taxi.

A: I ’m going to / ’ll take you if you like. I won’t do / ’m not doing anything else.

4 A: Pete and Sarah are going / will go to the USA.

B: Might they go / Are they going to New York?

A: No, they’re going to visit / won’t visit Mike’s brother in Florida.

10

B. Complete the predictions with the words in the box.

won’t ’ll be unlikely going likely ’ll

’re going probably might not going to will

49

1 They won’t be here for at least another hour. They’re always late.

2 We should go, or we to miss the train.

3 It’s hard to predict exactly how life change in the future, but any change is to be dramatic.

4 A: Do you think they buy the flat?

B: It’s . It’s too expensive.

5 I don’t like the look of those black clouds. There’s to be a storm.

6 John’s doing very well at university. I’m sure he a very good lawyer.

7 It’s not be easy to sell our house at the moment so we move for a while. We’ll wait to see

what happens.

10

C. Complete the time phrases with the words in the box.

next long future time in shortly

1 He’s likely to lose his job next week.

2 We might all have videophones in the near .

3 I think space travel will be very common a long from now.

4 The films starts ten minutes’ time.

5 I’m busy now. I’ll call you back ,

6 Robots could play an important part in our lives in the term.

5

D. Underline the correct alternative.

1 Short skirts aren’t my cup / pot of tea.

2 I’ll give you a hand / an arm with that suitcase – it looks heavy.

3 He didn’t tell us he had a new job. He’s a black / dark horse.

4 I’m sure we’ll get there, but we’re running out of / from time.

5 Your sister looks worried. Is there something on her heart / mind?

6 I’m not very good at doing / making small talk.

5

E. Choose the correct alternative

Sorry, can you say that again? (say / tell)

2 Do you to say we aren’t going out for dinner after all? (want / mean)

3 You’ve me. What is it you want to do? (understood / lost)

4 Sorry, I didn’t that. What was your last name again? (say / catch)

5 What do you mean? (exactly / really)

6 I don’t what you’re saying. Is there a problem? (know / get)

10

F Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets

Sorry I didn’t answer the phone earlier. I was sleeping. (not answer / sleep)

2 I dinner in a restaurant when she last night. (have / phone)

3 They much about their grandmother. She when they were very young. (not

remember / die)

4 She with her mother at the moment because she a job. (live / not have)

5 you that noise a few minutes ago? It like a door opening. (hear / sound)

6 Stephen the piano very well. He after his father. (play / take)

50

10

UNIT FIVE

COMMERCIAL LAW

INTRODUCTION

Commercial law covers most aspects and transactions of the business environment including

management, accounting, bookkeeping, contracts, sale, marketing, commerce, paying particular attention

to forming contracts emphasizing the most important terminology connected to what constitutes a legal

contract and when it is enforceable.

Learning objectives:

After studying this unit, students will:

Elicit the characteristics of a binding agreement

Classify the fields, institutions and concepts in commercial law

Point out the importance of contracts in the legal profession

Describe the essential elements of a binding contract

51

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses and topic-related vocabulary

1. LEAD-IN What do you understand by the term “ globalisation”?

What are the implications of globalisation for businesses and

commercial lawyers?

Reading

Read the text and decide if the statements are true or false:

Commercial Law is the body of law which governs trade and

commerce and includes some of the major fields such as: contract

law, company law, tax law, intellectual property law, banking,

bankruptcy, competition law, real property law. In general, lawyers deal with a variety of legal aspects and fields

because their role is to facilitate commercial transactions of their

clients. They also may provide legal advice on both contentious

and non-contentious work. Contentious work deals with the

consequences of breach of contracts, whereas non-contentious

work involves counseling clients on drafting of contracts.

Commercial law is governed by international treaties and

conventions. The United Nations Commission on International

Trade law, in cooperation with the WTO, regulates international

trade. The trade agreements are signed by the majority of the

world trading nations and ratified by their legislatures.

1.The WTO monitors global trade.

2.Commercial lawyers should be familiar with a large law area.

3. Commercial law governs international trade and commerce.

4.Trade agreements mustn’t be ratified by member states.

Language spot:

Trade= the exchange of goods

Commerce=buying and selling for money

I.Match the definitions with the correct term:

To be in accordance with Terms

Conditions (in an agreement) exceed

To apply a clause in a contract binding

To state/describe something in writing invoke

52

To impose an obligation Set out

To go beyond a set limit (quantity or time) Comply with

II.Complete the contract by inserting phrases1-7 into boxes .

Delivery Failure on the part of seller to meet the terms of delivery shall

entitle purchaser to invoke the following penalty clause term for

every week or part by which the delivery date is exceeded.[.....]

Minimum orders Purchaser undertakes to purchase during the first 12 months

following signature of this agreement.[.....]. The minimum amount

order each calendar month shall be according to the details set out . Price The price charged for the goods shall be in accordance with the

price list set out in Annex 1.The stated price shall be binding on

both the seller and the purchaser for the duration of this

agreement.

Duration This agreement shall be for a period of two years from the date of

signature.[…..]

The agreement shall be renewed automatically for a further period

of one calendar year unless either seller or purchaser terminates in

accordance with the provisions contained in the article below.

Termination Should seller fail to provide satisfactory performance of this

agreement or fail to fulfil any of its obligations hereunder or

become bankrupt.

In all other cases, notice to terminate must be made in writing by

either seller or purchaser no later than 60 days in advance of the

expiry date .

Warranties

Seller warrants that the goods will comply with the specifications

as set out in Annex 1and will be free of defects (other than those

caused by incorrect usage or operation by purchaser) […..]

Seller guarantees that after receipt of written notice from

Purchaser it will repair or replace to entire satisfaction of

Purchaser. […..]

Warranty of title

Seller warrants that the goods [….] seller shall indemnify

purchaser on demand against any claims made by third parties in

this regard.

53

Applicable law and jurisdiction

This agreement shall be governed by the laws of England. […..]

1. Purchaser my reduce the agreed price for the order by 1%

2. subject to the provisions for termination

3. for a period of three years after delivery

4. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of English

courts for the determination of disputes arising under this

contract.

5. Are free from the rights of third parties

6. Any defective goods at no additional cost to purchaser

7. The number of items specified in Annex 2.

Over to you

What are the advantages of using a standard form of contract

based on common business practices rather than on domestic

laws?

GRAMMAR FOCUS

MODALS The verbs: must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall,

should and ought to are modal verbs

CAN

Meaning Example Ability He can fly a plane. Permission Can I have a look at

this report? Offers/requests Can I get you

anything from the

shop? Possibility Tom can be stuck in

traffic. Suggestions We can go to the

circus tonight. Negative logical

assumption It’s 10 pm. He can’t

be in his office.

COULD

Meaning Example

Past ability Tom could play the piano well when he

was 6.

Polite questions Could you help me with translation?,

54

MAY

Meaning . Example Permission May I leave earlier today? requests May I have a cup of tea, please? possibility It may snow tomorrow.

Might

Meaning Example

possibility It might snow

tomorrow

MUST

Meaning Example

Internal obligation I must have my hair cut.

Prohibition You mustn’t park here. You must take

your shoes off.

Strong advice You must come home at 10 pm.

Necessity You must have a visa.

Positive logical

assumption

The lights are on in his office. He must

be working.

HAVE TO/HAS TO

Meaning Example External

obligation I have to wear a uniform at

work. When do you have to arrive

at the office? We don’t have to finish the

report today. She has to be polite with

customers.

55

SHOULD/ OUGHT TO

Meaning Example Advice/recommendation You look pale. You should

take some days-off. You ought to give up sweets.

SHALL

Meaning Example offers Shall I help you with the cooking? suggestions Shall we have a pizza for dinner?

WILL/ WOULD

Meaning Example Polite requests Will you answer the phone, please?

Would you please open the door

PRACTICE I. Rephrase the following sentences using a modal:

Perhaps they are at work.

It is possible that Jane will call me tonight.

I advise you to read this book.

You are obliged to clock in and out every day.

How about having a party on your birthday?

I’m sure Bill isn’t at the ar.

Perhaps David is in hospital.

It isn’t necessary for Mary to cook tonight.

Let’s meet again tomorrow morning.

You are not allowed to take pictures.

56

I’m sure he has gone on holiday.

It’s possible he has been delayed in traffic.

I’m sorry, but it’s impossible to use the fax.

I advise you to book a room in advance.

UNIT SIX

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

INTRODUCTION

The unit provides a general introduction to the area of law which deals with intellectual property rights,

one of the fastest-developing areas in the world.

Intellectual property is one of the most expanding areas of the law that focuses on the formulation, usage

and commercial exploitation of original creative works. Often known under the abbreviation ”IP”, the

term refers to inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names and designs used in commerce.

The three main fields of IP are patents, trade marks and copyrights.

Learning objectives: After studying this unit, students will:

Elicit the nature and scope of the legal framework which regulates the intellectual property law

Classify the areas of intellectual property law

Explain the difference between copyright, patent and trade mark

Describe situations of IP infringement

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts and terminology

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses and topic-related vocabulary

57

LEAD-IN

READING

What is the difference between real property law and

intellectual property?

Which of the items listed below can be given law

protection?

a new perfume

a new drug substance

a chocolate product

running tracks

waves sound

a scientific theory

coffee with unmistakable flavor

a photo of the Colosseum

Intellectual property law is a fast-expanding area of law which

deals with the formulation, usage and commercial exploitation of

original creative works. From a traditional view, intellectual

property rights fall into three main categories: copyrights, patents

and trade marks.

Copyright is an exclusive right granted to someone who creates

artistic, musical, literary work and which allows its author to

reproduce or sell the respective creation. The right can be granted

to publishers or record companies and the period of protection in

the EU depends on the type of work under copyright. Copyright

protection lasts for a definite period of time, depending on the

jurisdiction For a novel it is the author’s lifetime where we add 70

years, if we refer to a song, we calculate 50 years from the date

when the song was first released or broadcast. For works created

within the purpose of employment, the period of copyright is

generally 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation.

After the duration expires, the works enter the public domain and

can be used, copied and exploited freely.

Copyright is secured when a work is created and it must be an

original idea to qualify for copyright.

A patent gives its inventor the exclusive right to exploit an

invention for a period of 20 years starting from the moment when

the patent application was made and not when the product

58

appeared on the market. Most patent legislation requires that a

patentable invention must fulfil some conditions: it is novel,

involves an invention step, it is useful or capable of industrial

application and it is an invention. Many things are not patentable

because of unsuitability, public policy and morality. If the

patentee’s rights are infringed, then the infringed party files a

lawsuit to be awarded damages.

Patent protection is available for almost all manufactured items.

An invention is considered useful if it provides some benefit or

can be manufactured on an industrial scale.

A trade mark is a design, logo or wording which distinctively

identifies a product. After registering the trade mark, the owner

gets the exclusive right to use it. If somebody else starts to use a

trade mark similar to the registered version creating confusion in

the mind of the public, this offence is called passing off.

Original designs are protected using a design right.

A. Complete the texts by inserting the words in the box

competitor, copyright, damages, format, general, infringement,

patented, plaintiff, trade mark, validity

A TV show…….in which members of the public could

perform a stage act and viewers could vote for their

favourite was designed by an Australian TV producer.

The defendant claimed that the show format was too……

to be given…….protection.

A disposable type of tissues was…….by an English

inventor. A ……started to produce an almost identical

design for mass consumption, so the inventor

claimed…….of its patent. The manufacturing company

changed the……..of the patent.

The owner of a Japanese restaurant called TAGAMAMA

filed a lawsuit against the owner of a Thai restaurant for

……..infringement and passing off, when he named his

restaurant JAJAMAMA. The…….said that the name

TAGAMAMA means healthy eating and living, whereas

JAJAMAMA has no meaning.

B. Read the following extracts and choose the best option

to complete each of the statements below.

An agreement made between International Music (hereinafter

Publisher) of the one part and Kevin Ruth (hereinafter Composer)

of the other part.

1. Composer agrees to compose and write music and lyrics

for and during the period of this agreement for and on

behalf of Publisher and undertakes to assign, transfer and

59

deliver to Publisher or its successors the whole of the

copyright to such music and lyrics and also to such music

and lyrics written by Composer for all countries of the

world insofar as such copyright is not held by third

parties.

2. Composer makes the following productivity commitment:

he will endeavor to deliver as minimum of ten

compositions each of which comprising three minutes of

music on average, every year for the duration of this

agreement

3. The rights of publisher include the right to make

translations of song texts in foreign languages in

consultation with Composer. Publisher is also entitled to

grant licenses or to authorize others to exercise rights in

whole or in part and to assign in whole or in part the

composition hereunder. However, publisher shall not be

entitled to assign the whole burden of this agreement

without the prior consent of Composer.

4. The term of the agreement shall be for a period of three

years from the date hereof. Publisher shall have the

options to renew this agreement for a further period of

three years.

5. Publisher agrees to pay fees in respect of the compositions

acquired hereunder to composer as follows:

- 12,5% of net receipts of publisher from sales of

reproductions to public

- Publisher shall divide performing fees and broadcast

fees between publisher and composer in the ratio 20%

and 80%.

- 12.5% of net receipts including the licensing of

compositions for use in films, television programmes

and commercials.

6. The royalty and free statements shall be made up to 30th

June and 31st December yearly and shall include all

receipts by Publisher in that period. Such statements will

be sent to composer within 28 days of the relevant date.

I. The composer is transferring copyright to the

publisher….

a. for all works composed during the lifetime of the

agreement

b. for all works which the composer has already

composed , where the copyright is available

c. but not to a third party which might acquire the

rights of the publisher.

II. The publisher needs the composer’s prior written

60

consent…..

a. To make written translations of song texts.

b. To assign selected compositions to third parties

c. To assign the entire agreement to a third party

III. The agreement is drawn up so as to be able to run….

a. for three years only

b. for six years

c. for more than three but less than six years

IV. When the composer performs his music in a concert,

he will…..

a. receive 20% of the performing fees

b. get possibly less than 80% of the performing fees

c. collect more than 80% of the performing fees

V. The performer will be paid his fees…

a. twice a year

b. whenever he likes

c. no later than 28 days after the publisher has

received them

Over to you

What remedies are available in your country for IP

infringements?

THE PASSIVE

ACTIVE PASSIVE They founded Rome in 753

BC. Rome was

founded in 753

BC. Thousands of tourists visit

Rome every year. Rome is visited

by thousands of

tourists every

year.

We form the passive with :

to be + past participle (V3/ V+- ED)

Present simple: The house is dusted every week.

Present continuous: The house is being dusted

now.

Past simple: My house was dusted two weeks

ago.

Past continuous: The house was being dusted

when I arrived.

Present perfect simple: The house has already

61

been dusted.

Future simple: The house will be dusted next

Saturday.

Modals: The house must be dusted before

holiday.

PRACTICE:

I. Rewrite the sentences in the passive:

1. Do they teach Spanish at this university?

2. Is Tim cleaning the garage?

3. Who built the Pyramids?

4. Mary took these photos.

5. Everyone must learn its part by heart.

6. A week ago somebody stole Kim’s motorbike.

7. The police arrested the thieves.

8. My sister decorated this room

- Someone broke into the National Gallery late last night. The

thieves had broken the alarm system before they climbed through

a window. They stole some priceless works of art and they used a

getway car to escape. The police have questioned some suspects.

They have not caught the thieves yet.

- A few days ago, somebody stole Tom’s motorbike. Tom had left

it outside his house. Tom reported the theft to the police. The

police told him they would try to find his motorbike. This

morning, the police called Tom and asked him to go to the police

station. They had found hid motorbike. The thieves had painted it

and sold it to someone else.

62

II. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs

in brackets.

1 Oh no! My mobile ’s been stolen ! (steal)

2 Famous people to have a private life. They

everywhere they go. (not allow / photograph)

3 Be careful what you say. She hates what to do.

(tell)

4 The museum over the weekend and several

priceless objects . (rob / take)

5 He’s too scared to go out. He thinks he . (follow)

6 Teenagers don’t like . (advise)

7 The order must by tomorrow or the cheque

. (deliver / cancel)

8 Ten people in a tragic motorway crash this

morning. (kill)

63

UNIT SEVEN

EMPLOYMENT LAW

INTRODUCTION

Employment law is a fast expansive area covering all aspects of the employee-employer relationship.

Employment law in Europe is influenced by EU law which sets out a legal framework and standards that

must be fulfilled by all member states.

The unit provides an introduction to concepts related to employment law and recruitment, including

factors that should be taken into consideration when signing or drawing up an employment contract, when

dismissing employees or terminating a contract.

Learning objectives: After studying this unit, students will:

Elicit the legal rules by which the relationship of employer and employee is established

Classify the fields, institutions and concepts in employment law

Point out the special nature of the contract of employment

Describe the essential elements of a an employment contract

Demonstrate the ability of using correctly the legal concepts

Appropriately and correctly use the tenses and topic-related vocabulary

64

LEAD-IN

READING

Employment law covers contractual provisions and

legislation regulating the relationship between employer and

employee, and governing labour relations between employers and

trade unions with regard to collective agreements and collective

bargaining about conditions at work. Living and working in

different jurisdictions mean that legal professionals have to refer

to international conventions to establish legal requirements.

The main statutory rights of employees include entitlement to:

A national minimum wage

Equal pay for similar pay

A written statement of employment particulars

An itemized pay statement

Time off and holidays

Statutory sick pay

A healthy and safe working environment

Family and parental leave

Protected rights on transfer of business to another

employer

Notice of termination of employment

Not to have unlawful deductions from wages

Not to be discriminated against on grounds of sex,

race, sexual orientation, disability, religion, age, part-

time or fixed term employment or trade union

membership.

Both employers and employees enter into a written agreement

which sets out obligations and rights and which represents a

contract of employment. Such a contract comprises clauses related

to pay, deductions, working hours, place of work, absence,

confidentiality, notice period.

Termination of employment like unfair dismissal, discriminatory

dismissal or redundancy are governed by the Employment Rights

Act 1996 and are addressed to an employment tribunal. The

tribunal has the power to render decisions and issues orders in

respect of the parties’ rights in relation to complaints. It may

award damages for loss of earnings or injuries or injured feelings.

65

Vocabulary

A. Match the words with their corresponding definitions:

notice, complaint, wage, sick leave, absence, confidentiality,

redundancy, unlawful

1. formal information or a warning about something that is

going to happen

2. not allowed by the law

3. money payable under statute as compensation by an

employer to an employee who is dismissed because his

job no longer exists

4. a situation in which someone must keep a secret or not

give private information to anyone else

5. a document submitted to the court by a claimant to start a

civil legal action

6. salary paid when an employee cannot work because of

illness

7. organization which represents the workers

8. not satisfied with something or someone

B. Match the headings with the correct paragraph:

ABSENCE DUTIES

APPLICABLE LAW LEAVE ENTITLEMENT

COMPETITION SEVERANCE

CONFIDENTIALITY WORKING HOURS

DURATION OF CONTRACT

CLAUSES

1.

The employee shall not make known to any third party any

information in respect of patents, know-how, trade secrets or other

confidential matters which relate to company or its clients or its

suppliers or its co-operation partners. The originals of any

documents relating to such information are to be surrendered to

the company immediately upon termination of employment.

2.

For the duration of this contract of employment and for a period

of two years thereafter the employee undertakes not to be

employed in any way either by firms which compete either the

company or conduct similar business to that of the company or by

firms which are connected to or associated with such firms

without the consent of the company.

66

3.

The employee’s service with the company commences on May

22st 20 and continues for an unlimited period of time, but until no

later than the statutory retirement age.

4.

Should the employee be unable to work on account of certified

illness, full pay will continue according to the length of service

scale set forth in the attached Staff Handbook. Irrespective of the

length of service, there is a minimum full pay entitlement of 30

days.

5.

The employee is entitled to 30 days’ paid leave in the calendar

year plus public holidays. In arranging the dates of this leave, the

employee will take into consideration the needs of the company.

6.

The employee, as External Project Coordinator, will manage the

company’s projects with external partners in the field of IT

software development.

7.

The construction, validity and performance of this contract shall

be governed in all respects by English law.

8.

The invalidity or unenforceability of individual provisions does

not affect the validity or enforceability of the contract as a whole.

In lieu of any such inoperative provisions, agreement shall be

reached by the parties on replacement provisions which

approximate as closely as possible to the stated commercial

intentions of the parties.

C. Replace the highlighted words in the text with their

corresponding version in plain English:

a. agreement

b. holiday

c. have the right to

d. terms

e. promise

f. in place of

g. length of time

h. invalid

i. give back

67

j. begin

Useful expressions to refer to a legal document

It says in clause 2 that

The clause states/stipulates that

According to clause

It says here

This simply means that

Contracts and agreements consist of clauses, subclauses and

paragraphs and are used to refer to parts of national legislation: e.g. Section 3 subsection 4 paragraph a [s.3(4)(a)] of the Act

contains provisions about the employee’s remuneration.

D. Fill in the gaps with the words below choosing those

which are formal:

Please, discuss, getting in touch with, wish, apologize, sort out,

sorry, talk about, reasonably, resolved, contacting, unfortunately,

returned, pretty, you see, am attaching

Dear Mrs. Taylor,

Regarding our meeting last week, I…………….1 for

not……………2you earlier. ………………….

3, our solicitor was

in court for most of last week and only……..4 yesterday.

As we agreed, I………….. 5 the amendments to your contract as

suggested by him. I think you will find that overall they……… 6.the issues we discusses about last week………..

7 well.

Could you have a look at them and let me know by the end of the

week if there are any points you still………8 to…………

9? I can

then try to have the contract ready for signing by the middle of

next week.

Meanwhile, if there are any other matters you wish to clarify,

………10

don’t hesitate to contact me.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely,

Sandra Ronetti

68

Over to you

What are the main statutory and contractual rights in

employment in the jurisdiction you are familiar with?

What rights do employers and employees have on

termination of an employment contract?

REVISION

USEFUL VERBS

I. Complete the sentences with the correct verb:

reach, testify, evict, bribe, approve ,rescind, employ, obligate, put,

withdraw

1.The jury was to……..a unanimous decision.

2.The new landlord started proceedings to……….all the tenants.

3.I’m sure the board will……..your proposal.

4.The tribunal will …..until tomorrow at 9.

5.How many people does the company……..?

6.This contract will……..you to buy a minimum quantity of

goods.

7.The prisoner’s behavior was good so he is going to be………for

parole.

8.The committee had to…….its earlier decision on the use of local

premises.

9.The minister tried to………the policeman to drop the charges.

10.Are you ready to……. In court?

II.Match the verbs on the left with the nouns on the right and

then fill in the gaps:

break A case

commit Market

Cross examine A fee

charge An interest

enter A law

evade A crime

hear A verdict

negotiate Terms

return A witness

declare Taxes

69

1. He must know that he……….when he parks on the alley.

2. The joint venture will be successful if both

parts………they are happy.

3. After two days deliberation the jury…..of not guilty.

4. They are going to……….with a cutting-edge product next

month.

5. Most legal advisors do not…….for the first consultation.

6. Accountants can save money by finding ways to……

7. When they were……they contradicted their testimony.

8. We have to……..for the prosecution.

9. She is innocent and she didn’t……….

10. The company director failed to…….of his employment

contract.

Prefixes

H. Choose the right prefixes for the following adjectives

and complete the sentences:

admissible, capable, competent, confirmed, correct, dependent,

insured, just, lawful, legal, legitimate, moral, movable, perfect,

professional, proper, reconcilable , recoverable, regular, relevant,

reliable, sane, solvent, valid

Un- Il- Im- In- Ir-

1.Can you check these accounts? Some figures seem……

2.The witness was completely………… . He kept changing his

story.

3.It’s………for a lawyer to enter into personal relations with a

client.

4.They returned the goods because they were…… .

5.It is ……to sell strong drinks without a licence.

6.He could not pay his debts and was declared…… .

7.The contract is…..without the signature of the financial director.

8.At 18 she left home and became……. .

II. Odd one out

a.

lawyer………………judge…………criminal……………policem

an

b. divorced…………..married……….separated……alone

c. judge……….counsel…..barrister……solicitor

70

d. robbery……..arson…..shoplifting…..burglary

e. murder…….blackmail……..manslaughter……..homicide

f. joint venture……..partnership……contract…..merger

g. accused…….witness…..defendant…..prisoner

h. admit…..permit….allow….deny

III. Read the definitions and provide the

corresponding word.

1. A type of lawyer (s…….)

2. Concerning money (f……)

3. An official occasion (c…..)

4. Opposite of guilty (i….)

5. Income (r…..)

6. Not able to pay debts (i….)

7. Commercial spirit (e….)

8. Having a legal duty to do something (o…..)

WRITING

Formal or informal?

Rewrite the emails by replacing the words in italics with more

informal phrases:

Email 1

I am afraid I will not be able to attend the meeting on Monday. As

I will miss the meeting, I was wondering if you could send me a

copy of the minutes? I will write to Anna as well, to inform her

that I will not be there. Once again, please accept my apologies for

this, and I can assure you that I will be at the next meeting.

Sorry I can’t…….

Email 2

Thank you for your email of 15 April where you were requested

assistance on line ordering. It is necessary for me to know your

order number before I can give you a helping hand. I would be

grateful if you could also provide details of which version you are

using.

Email 3

With reference to your order number we received this morning,

but you have not filled in the sections with size and colour. Please

let us know your exact requirements. These products are selling

very well at the moment and we regret to advise you that the small

71

size is out of stock. However, we are expecting more supplies in

the near future. Would you like me to email you when they arrive?

After reading the abbreviated forms, rewrite the emails in

full:

Email 1

Subject: Yr order ref no KX 342

In relation to yr order rec’d today, we cannot supply the qty’s you

need at this moment. Pls confirm asap if a part delivery wd be

acceptable, with the rest to follow. B&D. Rgds, Tom

Subject:

Email 2

Subject: Thx for yr msg

Re your msg left on my ans machine-yes, I’m free 4 lunch on Th

next wk. Btw, good news about yr interview. Hv 2 work now. CU

Hellen

Subject:

A. Match the verb forms a-h with their uses 1-6

a. I’m in Denmark. I’m working as a shop-assistant.

b. He’s got a new job. He starts at 9 and finishes at

4.

c. I have never got a new job.

d. I have been working for this company since 2000.

e. Look at him! He’s going to fall.

f. Yesterday afternoon while I was shopping, I met

my school teacher.

1. Habit/routine

2. Temporary action in progress at the moment

3. An action in progress in the past

4. An action in progress from the past up to the present

5. Future actions based on evidence

6. Experience

B. Choose the best word to fill in the gaps:

Hello, Maria thanks for your email. I……..from you ages.

Was it really a year………that we…..at the Language Centre? Do

you know, I have……..forgotten the name of our teacher!

Anyway, I’m pleased to hear that you’re…enjoying your job and

that your relation with Tom…..well. It’s been ages….I last

emailed to you, but I’ve been really busy. ….the last few

months.….at the fitness centre. I start work at six every morning

and ……until midnight. I’m trying to save some money to go to

72

Jamaica, but I haven’t got enough….. .

By the way, I…….. to Angela on the phone the other day and

she…..you might come over here for a visit. You are always

welcome to stay at our house.

1. A. have heard B. don’t hear C. did hear D. haven’t

heard

2. A. before B. ago C. previous D. since

3. A. have been B. did be C. were D. are

4. A. still B. yet C. already D. however

5. A. yet B. still C. longer D. soon

6. A. is going B. goes C. went D. gone

7. A. for B. already C. while D. since

8. A. for B. as C. while D. since

9. A. I work B. I had worked C. I worked D. I have been

working

10. A. I don’t’ leave B. I’m not leaving, C. I haven’ t left D. I’m not

going to leave

11. A. already B. still C. yet D. soon

12. A. talk B. have talked C. have been talking D.

was talking

13. A. mentions B. mentioned C. has mentioned D. Has been

mentioning

C. Arranging a meeting

Cross out the word that is not natural:

1. What time would be convenient for/ be convenient/ suit

you?

2. Are you free sometime/anytime/one time next week?

3. Could we meet on/-/at Saturday during/on/in the

afternoon?

4. I think I shall/should/would be able to make next Monday

morning.

5. He’ll email/return to/get back to you later to confirm it.

6. I’m out of the office for/until/till 3pm.

7. I’m afraid I’m busy/occupied/ tied up all week.

8. Sorry, I’ve already got an arrangement/an appointment/a

promise on that day.

9. What if/ What about/How about Friday?

10. I look forward to see/seeing/speaking to you next week.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

73

I. Match the definitions on the left with the words on the right

1. Money claimed by someone as

compensation for harm done. prosecute

2. To send someone to prison or

to a court. plead

3. An adjective referring to a

judge or to the law. offence

4. Not guilty of a crime. legal

5. Any act which is not legal. lawyer

6. A person who has studied law

and can act for people on legal

business.

jury

7. A disagreement or argument

between parties. judicial

8. A specialist court outside the

judicial system which examines

special problems

judge

9. A set of arguments or facts put

forward by one side in a legal

procedding

innocent

10. An official who presides over

a court. injunction

11. To make an allegation in legal

proceedings. hearing

12. Someone who is accused of a

crime in a criminal case. guilty

13. A person who makes a claim

against someone in a civil court. fine

14. An agreement reached after an

argument. evidence

15. To hold someone legally so as

to charge them with a crime. dispute

16. A case which is being heard

by a committee, tribunal or court

of law.

defendant

17. To find that someone is guilty

of a crime. defence

18. Failure to carry out the terms

of an agreement. damages

19. To bring someone to court to

answer a criminal charge. criminal

20. To ask a high law court to crime

74

change its decision or sentence. 21. To say that someone has

committed a crime. court

22. Having the legal ability to

force someone to do something. convict

23. An adjective referring to the

rights and duties of private

persons or organisations

contract

24. The arguments used when

fighting a case. case

25. A legal agreement between

two or more parties. claimant

26. An adjective referring to

crime. civil

27. A group of 12 citizens who

decide whether or not someone is

guilty in a trial.

charge

28. A written or spoken statement

of facts which helps to prove or

disprove something at a trial

breach

. 29. To order someone to pay

money as a punishment. arrest

30. A court order telling someone

to stop doing something, or not to

do something.

appeal

II.Complete this text with words or expressions from

the box.

accepted agreement breach consideration contractual liability

damages express implied intention obligations offer reward

signed stated sue terms under seal verbally voided writing

A contract can be defined as 'an __________ between two or more

parties to create legal __________ between them'. Some contracts are made '__________': in other

words, they are __________ and sealed (stamped) by the parties involved. Most contracts are made

__________ or in __________. The essential elements of a contract are: (a) that an __________ made by one

party should be __________ by the other; (b) __________ (the price in money, goods or some other

__________, paid by one party in exchange for

75

another party agreeing to do something); (c) the __________ to

create legal relations. The __________ of a contract may be __________ (clearly stated) or __________ (not

clearly __________ in the contract, but generally understood). A __________ of contract by one party of

their __________ entitles the other party to __________ for __________ or, in some cases, to seek specific

performance. In such circumstances, the contract may be

__________ (in other words, it becomes invalid).

III.Look at the following extracts, and decide what kind of

contract is presented

I went into the supermarket and chose the items that wanted. As soon as my basket was full, I headed for the

checkout.

My cousin mentioned that he was going to get rid of his

car and buy a new one. I said that I needed a car and

suggested I bought his old one. Anyway, we agreed on a

price, I gave him a $1500 deposit, and agreed to pay the

balance in instalments over the next four months. I'm

taking the car this evening.

The property is unfurnished, and the rent is £750 pcm,

which has to be paid monthly. Electricity, gas and phone

bills are extra. There's a communal garden and a

communal parking area, for which I also have to pay a fee

for its maintenance. The landlord is responsible for any

repairs to the property. I'm not allowed to leave at any

time. I've signed the lease for 18 months.

We're opening our own branch in the town centre next

week. The deal is fairly simple: we get the right to use the

company's name, their trademark, their trade names and

products, wear their uniform sand use their stationery.

They also provide our staff with all the necessary training,

give us invaluable managerial assistance and provide

advertising materials. In return, we have to meet specific

requirements,such as quality of service, maintaining good

customer relations, and following the company's standard

procedures. Oh, and buy all the products we sell from

them, naturally.

This appointment is for a period of two years, following a

4-week probationary period. Your emuneration package

includes an annual gross salary of £32,000. You are

entitled to sick pay and 6 weeks annual leave after you

have been with us for 3 months. Your hours of work are 9

to 5 Monday to Friday,although you may be asked to

work overtime during busy periods. The company has its

own medical and pension schemes

76

IV.Name the offence

1. TV Newsreader: Police believe the fire was started deliberately

at around 2 o'clock this morning when burning paper was pushed through the letterbox. They are

appealing for witnesses to the event. 2. Crown Prosecutor: Tell us in your own words exactly what

happened. Witness: We were in the bar when a man walked up to the victim,

pointed a gun at his head and said 'You're a dead man.' Then he pulled the trigger three times. 3. Police constable: You were going in excess of 60, and this is a

30 zone. Man in car: I think you're mistaken, constable. I was well within

the speed limit. 4. Woman: When I got home, I discovered that my back door had

been broken open. Police officer: Had anything been stolen? Woman: Yes, my new laptop, £200 in cash and my pet parrot. 5. Police officer: I'm sorry sir, but I have to report your actions to

the proper authorities. Man: Look, officer, here's £50. Let's just pretend this didn't

happen, eh? 6. Extract from a newspaper article: The two men were arrested

and detained after police checks revealed that they had been distributing pornographic material

over the Internet. 7. Interviewing detective: All right, Dagsy. We know you didn't do

the Cornmarket Street bank job yourself, but we know that you were involved somehow. Police suspect: I was just driving the car Mr Regan, honest. And I

didn't know what the others were up to until they came back with bags of cash. 8. TV newsreader: The car bomb went off in a busy marketplace,

injuring several shoppers. 9. Radio newsreader: The police raided a house in New Street this

morning and recovered 250 illegal copies of the latest Harry Potter film, along with professional film

copying equipment. 10. Man reading newspaper: I don't believe it. The Foreign

Minister has been caught giving government secrets to another country! 11. Political agitator: Now is the time to rise up and overthrow

the running dogs that call themselves our government. Death to the Prime Minister and his cronies!

Death to the Royal Family! Death to the system that bleeds us dry and abandons us! Unwashed anarchist hordes: Hooray! 12. Shop assistant: I can't accept this £20 note, madam. It's a fake. Customer: What? You mean it's counterfeit?

77

Shop assistant: I'm afraid so. Do you have any other means of

payment? 13. Extract from a newspaper article: The investigation into the

rail accident confirmed that it occurred because the rail company had failed to maintain the tracks

properly over a five-year period. Eight people died when the train left the tracks and hit an embankment. 15. TV newsreader: A journalist working in the city disappeared

this morning. Police later received a note from a militant faction claiming that they had taken him and

were holding him hostage. 16. Woman: The graffiti around here is getting really bad. Last

week somebody wrote 'Chelsea are rubbish' on our garden wall. Man: That's not good. It should say 'Chelsea are complete

rubbish'.

V.Complete the conversation with words from the list

come, core find, involve, on, in, package, speciality, charge,

try

- What line of production are you......1.?

- Our business..........2 is corporate accountancy and my

department is in........3.of international inssurance. We

offer full.......... 4. We..........

5 to develop insuarance

policies based....... 6our clients real needs and to..........

7up

with real solutions. We............8 that most of the problems

our clients have to deal with are not difficult to solve. - What does your package.........

9?

- My is............10

customizing the insurance policy.

TESTS

UNITS 5-7

I. Complete the conversations with the words in the box.

suggest good we by asking agree

sure feel way on point

1 A: I suggest we think about the cost first.

B: Exactly!

2 A: The I see it, we need more staff.

B: I’m not sure that I , actually.

3 A: I really that they need to think outside the box.

B: That’s a good .

4 A: Why don’t discuss this later?

B: That’s fine me.

5 A: I suggest we focus salaries first.

B: That’s a idea.

78

6 A: What about the bank for help?

B: I’m not that’s a good idea. [ /10]

II.Choose the best way to complete the sentences:

1. I’ve been a student....... one year. A since B for 2. Have you cleaned the car...... ? A already B yet 3. Pablo has ....... doing his homework for hours. A been B being 4 When I got to the meeting, it already....... started. A had B has 5. I hate pizza now but I ......to like it. A used B use 6. I’m..... lunch with Taka tomorrow. A having to B having 7. I’ll come and see you..... I’m in town. A when B until 8. Sara is going to stay with us...... Saturday. A after B until 9. When Fadi....... , we’ll start the film. A is arriving B arrives 10. If I work hard, I .......pass my exams. A will B am going to [ /10]

III. Complete the table.

crime person

mugging 1 mugger

stalking 2

arson 3

4 vandal

5 hacker

kidnapping 6

pickpocketing 7

8 tax evader

9 identity thief

counterfeiting 10

11

shoplifter

[ /10]

79

1

IV. Speaking topics

What are the advantages and disadvantages of drafting legal texts in „plain” English?

What are the basic elements of a contract in a jurisdiction you are familiar with?

What types of trade marks may be registered in your area?

Describe the appointment and training of judges in your legal system.

Talk about our experience of legal education and training.

Describe the process of a criminal trial in your legal system.

Describe the process of a civil trial in your legal system.

Explain the organistion of your profession. What is the function within your organistion?

Talk about your responsibilities and a typical working day.

Describe the structure and practice of a law firm you are familiar with or would like to work for.

[ /15]

V. Complete the sentences with a relative pronoun where necessary.

1 That woman lives in the house where I was born.

2 One of my classmates, father is our teacher, never does her homework.

3 She only realised the depth of the pool she’d jumped in.

4 They had two cats both lived until they were over twenty years old.

5 The first holiday we ever took together was our honeymoon in Italy, we now have a

holiday home.[ /5]

80

CONCLUSION

The book is aimed at legal professionals, law students and other persons intrested in developing language

skills in legal English. It represents a practical reference and self-study resource which contributes to a

better understanding of English legal language in contemporary written and oral contexts as well as to

clear and accurate use of English in daily legal and business situations.


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