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CARACTERISTICILE

MICROORGANISMELOR DE

INTERES BIOTEHNOLOGIC  A EFECTUAT: JOSAN ANA

  GRUPA: BM31

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De ce microorganismele?

Diversitatea acestora este enorm! Microor"anisme#e care $ot % &ti#i'ate:

( $rocariote )*acterii#e+  ( e&cariote ),ro-,ii#e .i /&n"i+

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Drojdiile

0a $ro,&cerea a#coo#&#&i eti#ic .i a ,ioi,&#&i ,e car*on $rin/ermenta2ie se /o#ose.te s$ecia Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Drojdiile

Pentr& o*2inerea vin&#&i se /o#osesc s$ecii ,e S cerevisiae4 .iellipsoideus4 %e s&* /orm ,e t&#$ini se#ec2ionate4 %e $rin/ermenta2ie s$ontan rea#i'at c& ,ro-,ii e$i%te

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Drojdiile

0a /a*ricarea *erii se /o#osesc cerea#e "erminate ca or'&# 5n E&ro$a4$or&m*&# 5n America .i sor"&# 5n A/rica Ce#e mai &ti#i'ate t&#$inis&nt S cerevisiae .i S uvarum care a& /ost se#ec2ionate tre$tat 5n,i/erite #a*oratoare

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Drojdiile

0a /a*ricarea $6inii se &ti#i'ea' S cerevisiae4 care 5n tim$&# ,os$ir

$6inii $ro,&ce o /ermenta2ie a#coo#ic c& ,e"a-are ,e ,ioi, ,ecar*on ce $ermite a/narea a#&at&#&i

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Drojdiile

Proteine#e /&ra-ere se o*2in $rin c&#tivarea ,ro-,iei $e s&*$ro,&sein,&stria#e )a#cani4 metano#+ .i re'i,&&ri a"rico#e )'er ,e #a$te4me#as+ A,&"ate 5n /&ra-e#e anima#e#or4 $roteine#e a,&c &n a$ort,e aminoaci'i

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Fngii

Materii $rime: s&*$ro,&se a#e in,&striei a#imentare .i re'i,&&ri a"rico#e )'er4 m

#a /a*ricarea 'a7r&#&i ,in s/ec#a ,e 'a7r4 ,ro-,ia ,e #a ,isti#rietc+!

m&#te s$ecii sa$ro%te4 care se ,e'vo#t $e rest&ri#e or"anice anve"eta#e ,esv6r.in, ast/e# mare#e cic#& *io#o"ic nat&ra#

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Fngii8n in,&stria *r6n'et&ri#or /&n"ii a& &n ro# im$ortant 5n 5nm&ierea .iaromati'area $astei4 t&#$ini#e ce#e mai &ti#i'ate s&nt: Penicilium

roquofortii )*r6n' c& $ast ver,e+4Penicilium camembertii  .iGeotrichium candidum )$ast $resat+

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Fngii

8n in,&stria sa#am&ri#or /o#osirea &n&i strat a#* ,e Peniciliumnalgiovense $e s&$ra/a2a sa#am&ri#or $revine ,e'vo#tareamicroor"anisme#or care ,e"ra,ea' $ro,&s&#

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Fngii

9i,ro#i'a ami,on&#&i ,in ore' care $rece,e /ermenta2ia serea#i'ea' c& ami#a'e *iosintetice ,e Aspergillus oryzae

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Fngii8n in,&stria c7imic .i /armace&tic $rin *iosinte' se $ro,&c:

En'ime ( $rotea'e4 ami#a'e c& t&#$ini ,in "en&# Aspergiilus;

aci'i or"anici ( aci, citric c& Aspergillus niger;

anti*iotice ( $enici#ina c& t&#$ina Penicilium chrysogenum, ce/a#os$orine#e c&t&#$ini ,in "en&# Cephalosporium!

7ormoni!

*iomas 5n sco$&# o*2inerii &nei s&rse com$#ementare ,e $roteine $entr& /&ra-eanima#e

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Bac!erii

Bacterii#e acetice (Gluconobacter, Acetobacter

/a*ricarea tra,i2iona# a o2et&#&i ,e vin4 ci,r&4 carto%!

o*2inerea ,e vitamin C )oi,area sor*ito#&#&i #a sor*o'+

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Bac!erii

Bacterii#e #actice )!actobacillus, !actococus4 "reptococcus

/ermentea' $ro,&se#e #actate )ia&rt4 *r6n' ,&#ce+ E#e s&nt$re'ente 5n mo, o*i.n&it ( 5n #a$te .i a& ro#&# ,e aci,i%a #a$te#e)trans/orm #acto'a 5n aci, #actic+!

 5n $re$ararea *r6n'et&ri#or $artici$ #a /ormarea c7ea"&#&i .i #amat&rarea #&i!

con/er &nt&#&i "&st&# .i aroma s$eci%ce4 $rin $ro,&cerea ,e aci,,iacetic!

$ro,&cerea ,e aci, #actic #a scar in,&stria#

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Bac!erii

Bacterii#e *&tirice )Clostridium butyricum

intervin 5n 5nm&ierea in&#&i .i a c6ne$ii ,eoarece ,istr&" $ectina.i ast/e# e#i*erea' %*re#e teti#e

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Bac!erii

Gen&# #acillus

 #accilul thuringiensis $ 5n tim$&# s$or&#rii $ro,&ce s&*stan2e toicecare s&nt toice $entr& #arve!

$ro,&cerea ,e en'ime: $rotea'e termosta*i#e $entr& in,,eter"en2i#or4 a(ami#a'e4 "#&co'o i'omera'

 Actinomicetele

Bacterii#e ,in "en&# Corynebacterium .i #revibacterium .i

m&tante#e ,erivate Bacterii#e meti#otro/e c&#tivate $e metan sa& metano#

Propionibacterium

Bacterii#e termo%#e metano"ene

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Meta*oiitii micro*ieni $rimari

Proces&# micro*ian ti$ic 5n care 5n tim$&# /a'ei ,e cre.teree$onen2ia# )$erioa,a ,e #a"+ se /ormea' &n meta*o#it $rimar sen&me.te /ermenta2ie a#coo#ic

Eem$#&:

etano#&# este meta*o#it&# $rimar $ro,&s 5n /ermenta2ia a#coo#icaero* a ,ro-,ii#or sa& a &nor *acterii 5n ace#a.i tim$re$re'ent6n, .i &n meta*o#it ener"etic

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Meta*o#itii micro*ieni sec&n,ari

S&nt meta*o#i2ii care se /ormea' 5n tim$&# /a'ei sta2ionare ),e cre.tere sa&tro/o/a'a+ sa& #a %na#&# acesteia

Caracteristici%

s&nt sinteti'a2i ,e &n n&mr mic ,e microor"anisme!

n& s&nt im$ortan2i $entr& cre.terea .i ,e'vo#tarea microor"anism&#&i!

$entr& sinte'a #or necesit $re'en2a &n&i n&mr mare ,e reac2ii

en'imatice! /ormarea #or este ,e$en,ent ,e con,i2ii#e ,e cre.tere .i ,e com$o'i2ia

me,i&#&i!

se $re'int s&* /orma &n&i amestec ,e com$&.i c& str&ct&r c7imic 5nr&,it!

,e o*icei se o*2in 5n cantitate m&#t mai mare ,ec6t meta*o#i2ii $rimari

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Contro#&# meta*o#ism&#&i

Necesarl de n!rien"i

Ma-oritatea n&trien2i#or4 c& ece$2ia oi"en&#&i .i a c6torva s&rse,e car*on4 s&nt $re#&ate ,in me,i&# ,e c&#t&r $rin sisteme ,etrans$ort s$eci%ce Aceste $rocese $ot % contro#ate ,eoarece o,at ce ce#&#a .i(a #&at n&trient&# 5n cantitatea necesar rest&# ,en&trient $oate % 5n,e$rtat sa& ,irec2ionat $e o a#t ca#e ast/e#

 5nc6t s n& %e 5n ,etriment&# ce#&#ei Aceste sisteme ,e trans$ortactive necesit &n a$ort ,e ener"ie

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Contro#&# meta*o#ism&#&i

Com#ar!imen!area

re$re'int a ,o&a /orm ,e contro# meta*o#ic eem$#e:

mitocon,ria ce#&#e#or e&cariote care se$ar reac2ii#e cic#&#&iaci'i#or tricar*oi#ici ,e a#te reac2ii ,in cito$#asm!

 5n $eroi'omi se "sesc en'ime care ,e"ra,ea' aci'ii "ra.i .icare s&nt se$arate ,e en'ime#e ,in cito$#asm care ,eterminsinte'a aci'i#or "ra.i Se$ararea ce#or ,o& set&ri ,e en'ime$revine recic#area oricr&i interme,iar com&n!

a#te or"anite )vac&o#e4 n&c#e&4 c#oro$#aste etc+ contro#ea' 5nmo, simi#ar a#te reac2ii care a& #oc 5n ce#&#

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Ran,ament&# ,e cre.tere ace#&#e#or ,e$in,e ,e &rmtorii/actori: nat&ra s&rsei ,e car*on!

ca#ea cata*o#ic $e care o &rmea' s&*strat&#!

$rovi'ii#e ,e s&*strate com$#ee )5n,eose*i &ne#e ci ana*o#ice+

s&*stan2e#e in7i*itoare4 contra*a#ansarea ec7i#i*r&#&i ionic4 sa&a#te com$onente a#e me,i&#&i care interac2ionea' c& sistem&#

,e trans$ort! vite' ,e cre.tere $resta*i#it

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