Bazele Tehnologiilor de Fabricatie in Constructia de Masini

8/16/2019 Bazele Tehnologiilor de Fabricatie in Constructia de Masini

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/bazele-tehnologiilor-de-fabricatie-in-constructia-de-masini 1/191

LUCIAN GRAMA

BAZELE TEHNOLOGIILOR DEFABRICARE

ÎN CONSTRUCŢIA DE MAŞINI

EDITURA

UNIVERSITĂŢII “PETRU MAIOR”TÂRGU - MUREŞ



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80




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4ere /re ! /4'

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1-1- Eta/ele /"o!e&t."!! /"o&e(elo" tehnolo!&e%r&e#"/re/ ;r&#e4e,&r "en&,&+#e7 n +ener/,7 "re=(e 4 ;/r#(r+

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88




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1-2- P"!n&!/!! ene"ale #e /"o!e&ta"e a /"o&e(elo" tehnolo!&e#e /"el)&"a"ea +e&an!&. /"!n a&h!e"e

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82




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n. /R ≈ 2'?

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#r"er,e R z, R a7 R +a: 4(n" */"e *e re,/ţ,e$,&+ R z 07@ 07>9 ,&+ R a,&+ R +a: 87>9 07>: ,&+ R aR +a: ?@ R a 2':

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n"r(#" re,/ţ,e 2'8' n( 4(n" n*e/K(n4 )erf#/"e *e ;r/#"#/ (.n/,'

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89




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e"#' ;en"r( *e;4"/re/ ! &;rre/ e)en"(/, *n "; / (.nr ;e4e' În"&"*e/(n/ ;re,(#rr,e *e fn4/re 4 fe ;re#e*/"e *e ;re,(#rr*e *e+r&!/re ! #/r *e 4efn4/re' Sefn4/re/ e4"e ne#e4/r n #/.(,(n&r 4(;r/feţe f&/r"e ;re#4e ! #n* /*/&4(, *e ;re,(#r/re e4"e /re' Seenţ&ne/. r&,(, *e+r&!r ;r)"&r ,/ n,"(r/re/ 4"r/"(,( f&/r"e *(r /,4ef/=r#/"(,( ;re#( ! ;r&"e#ţ/ 4#(,e7 #( nf,(enţ *re#" /4(;r/

;re#.e ;(4e7 4e 4"e *re#" ,/ ;re,(#rr,e #&4"4"&/re 3 refer"&r ,/4#(,e,e ;r&f,/"e'

@ %r&r"/"e/ &;er/ţ,&r ! f/.e,&r n #/*r(, 4(##e4(n "en&,&+#e)/ f n)er4 n r/;&r" #( ;re#./ ;(4' A4"fe, #( #" ;re#./ (ne4(;r/feţe e4"e / /re7 #( /"" e4"e / =ne #/ 4 4e ;re,(#re.e / ,/(r' Se (rre!"e #/ n ";(, "r/n4;&r"(,( n"er&;er/ţ&n/, 4(;r/feţe,e4 n( 4e *e"er&re.e'

De /#ee/ 4e re#&/n* #/ /=/ ,e 4fr!"(, ;r&#e4(,( "en&,&+# 44e ;re,(#re.e7 *e ee;,(7 f,e"e,e' Se 4(=nţe,e+e /4"fe,7 # "&/"ere#"f#r,e 4/( ;re,(#rr,e *e ne"e.re 4e )&r ,4/ ,/ (r'

9 În"r(#" n ";(, ;re,(#rr,&r7 / /,e4 n #/.(, ,(#r(,( #(

re+(r n"en4)e *e /!#ere /;/r n ;e4 "en4(n n"erne7 4ere#&/n* #/ ;re,(#rr,e *e *e+r&!/re ! fn4/re 4 fe *e4;rţ"e *e /,"e&;er/ţ ;rn ;r&#e*ee n (r/ #r&r/ 4e e,n /#e4"e "en4(n' D/# n(

;&" f e,n/"e ;e #/,e n/"(r/,7 4e )&r ;re)e*e &;er/ţ 4;e#/,e *e*e"en4&n/re'

: În #/.(, ;re,(#rr,&r 4(;r/feţe,&r 4e"r#e *e re)&,(ţe /n" "re=(e /4+(r/" */e"r(, ! /;& ,(n+e/ /#e4"&r/'

> A,e+ere/ 4(##e4(n &;er/ţ,&r ! f/.e,&r (n( ;r&#e4

"en&,&+# "re=(e n /!/ fe, f#(" n#" r,e #(r4e,&r 4#(,e,&r 4 fene'80 În #/.(, /!n,&r 3 (ne,"e #/re /( / (,"e /e ;rn#;/,e

+en 4"r(n+(r /("&/"e (,"/ 4/( /+re+/"e 4e re#&/n* 4 4ere/,.e.e & n#r#/re #" / (nf&r *n ;(n#" *e )e*ere /, f&rţe,&r *e/!#ere / /e,&r' A#e4" ,(#r( *er) *n ne#e4"/"e/ e;,&/"r r/ţ&n/,e/ (",/K(,( ! ,/ re*(#ere/ *(r/"e *e "; / ##,(,( ,/ )/,&r ne'

În &* *e/, 4-/r ;("e/ re/,./ /#e4"e/7 */# 4e#ţ(ne/ /!#e /r f

#&n4"/n"7 ref,e#"n*(-4e /4(;r/ (.(r n&r/,e / /!n (ne,"e'88 T&" n #/.(, /!n,&r 3 (ne,"e +en /("&/"e (n*e n *e#(r4(,(ne &;er/ţ 4e re/,.e/. /"" *e+r&!r #" ! fn4r7 4e re#&/n* #/

;re,(#rr,e *e /#ee/! n/"(r *e+r&!/re 4/( fn4/re 4 4e efe#"(e.e ,/

8:




/#e,e/! ;&4"(r fe' Oren"/re/7 =/./re/ ! f/re/ 4 n( 4e &*f#e n"ree,e'

82 Se re#&/n* / 4e /#&r*/ & /"enţe *e&4e=" rr r+*"ţ

4ef/=r#/"(,( n ";(, ;re,(#rr7 / /,e4 ,/ ;e4e,e ,(n+ ! *e*/e"r( # .)e,"e' În /#e4" #/. 4e ;re4#re (",./re/ *e ;&r"4#(,e *e4(4ţnere #( r&,e 4/( fr'

T&"&*/" 4e ;re#&n.e/. re*(#ere/ 4+eţ n ";(, ;re,(#rr ;rn e"&*/ *).r n f/.e$ *e+r&!/re ! fn4/re #/r n / (,"e"re#er 3 n#,(4) 4ef/=r#/"e,e'

8? În )e*ere/ re*(#er ,(n+ #(r4e,&r7 n #/.(, ;re,(#rr ;e4e,&r n "re;"e7 4e ;refer / 4e /!#/ / n" "re/;"/ #( */e"r( #e,/ #'

8< %re,(#r/re/ 4(;r/feţe,&r fr&n"/,e 4/( / (n&r (er #( #&n*ţ*e&4e="e *e ;er;en*#(,/r"/"e "re=(e f#(" n(/ #( (",./re//)/n4(,( "r/n4)er4/,'

8 B(r+ere/ +(r,&r /*n# 4e efe#"(e/. n (ne,e #/.(r ,/ /(,"e ;&.ţ *e ;re,(#r/re n )e*ere/ ;r&"eKr =(r+e,&r' A*n#e// / ;re =(r+er n( 4e re#&/n* / f / /re *e <D ?D7#e,e *e / *&(/ ≤27D 2D ! #e,e *e / "re/ ≤2D 8D D fn* */e"r(,+(r' %r&"eK/re/ n /#e4" #/. #&n4" n"r-& /4+(r/re / =(n / r#r4#(,e,&r'

8@ B(r+ere/ +(r,&r 4(= 8 "re=(e f#(" *(; & #en"r(re ;re/,/=, #( (n =(r+( #( */e"r(, / /re *e#" /, +(r #( 4#&;(,*e / f r+*' Se ;refer (n (n+ ,/ )rf *e >00' În /#e4" #/. e4"e ne)&e*e =(#!e *e +*/re' Se (rre!"e n ;rn#;/,7 / n( 4e *e;,/4/ ;e #"

;&4=,7 // /,e./K(,(' De /#ee/7 "&"&*/"7 n( 4e ;er"e (",./re/ *re;"+/(r *e #en"r(re7 (r/ =(r+(,( r/4 *e ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ ;re#e*en"'

89 G(r,e n "re;"e 4e )&r ;re,(#r/ #( / (,"e 4#(,e' %en"r( /

#!"+/ "; ! & ;r&*(#")"/"e 4;&r"7 (rrn* ! ;r&"eK/re/ 4#(,e,&r7 4en#e;e #( */e"r( / /re' A4"fe, 4e /4+(r & r#re / =(n /4#(,e,&r n#,(4) & *(r/=,"/"e 4;&r"'

8: L/ ;re,(#r/re/ #( 4#(,e ;r&f,/"e7 n )e*ere/ e,nr (n&r /=/"er *e f&r n/*4=,e7 ,/ 4fr!"(, #(r4e ,&r *e re+(, ;e *re#ţ/"r/n4)er4/,7 4e )&r enţne f #"e)/ r&"/ţ n ;,(4'

8> În )e*ere/ /e,&rr efe#"e,&r )=r/ţ,&r ,/ ;re,(#rr,e #(/)/n4(r "r/n4)er4/,e #(ţ"e ;r&f,/"e 4/( ne;r&f,/"e 4e re#&/n* #/

re+,/re/ 4#(,e ! ;&.ţ&n/re/ /#e4"(/ 4 fe f#(" #( f/ţ/ *e *e+/K/re n K&4 e)/#(n* /4"fe, ! / (!&r /!#,e'20 T&" n 4#&;(, /e,&rr efe#"e,&r )=r/"&r7 4e re#&/n*

,(#r(, 4(,"/n #( 4(;&rţ &;(!7 ;en"r( /n(,/re/ ef&r"(r,&r'

8>




28 În #/.(, (",.r 4ef/=r#/"e,&r *n =/r7 n )e*ere/ #re!"er ;r&*(#")"ţ ;rn #!&r/re/ #(r4e #(ţ"(,( *e re"e./" 4e re#&/n* #/,ţe/ #(ţ"(,( ;r&f,/" 4/( #(r4/ #(ţ"(,( *e 4"r(nK" ,&n+"(*n/, fe

#(r4/ =(r+(,(7 4 fe ;re,(n+"e #( ,ţe/ #(ţ"(,( *e re"e./"'22 C/ re#&/n*/re +ener/, 4e ;re#.e/. # "en&,&+(, "re=(e4 4e ;re&#(;e ;er/nen" *e (",./re/ "("(r&r ;&4=,"ţ,&r "en&,&+#e/,e (",/Ke,&r7 e,een"e,&r *e #&n"r&, /#")7 e"#'

2? E4"e ne#e4/r & 4"/=,re ,&+# / f/.e,&r #/ 4(##e4(ne n#/*r(, &;er/ţ,&r n )e*ere/ n*e;,nr (n&r #&n*ţ *e =/.$

- 4#(,e,e 4 n( 4e n#(r#e n"re e,e- /!#,e 4 ;&/" f (!&r e)/#(/"e- ;re,(#rr,e 4 fe ;&4=,e n )e*ere/ &=ţner #/,"ţ

;re4#r4eSe / ;&" /*(+/ ! /,"e ;rn#;7 (rrn*(-4e 4#&;(, ;r&;(47

*/r /#e4"e/ /;/r / /,e4 n (r/ 4"(*er fe#re ;re,(#rr n ;/r"e'C&n#,(./ ;rn#;/, #e 4e *e4;rn*e e4"e # re4;e#"/re/ /n"er&/re,&r

;rn#; n( #&n*(# ,/ (n (n# ;r&#e4 "en&,&+#7 *;&"r) #ree/. =/.e*e e)"/re /,e (n&r +re!e, neren"e &r#r( n#e;("' E,e n( "re=(e4# ,(/"e#/ 5reţe"67 # /n/,./"e ! /*&;"/"e #&n#re" *e ,/ #/. ,/ #/.'

1-4- Do&)+enta*!a tehnolo!&.În #/*r(, ;r&*(#ţe n*)*(/,e ! *e 4ere #7 *&#(en"/ţ/

"en&,&+# e4"e #&;(4 *&/r *n f!/ "en&,&+#' În /#e/4"/ 4e n*#&r*ne/ &;er/ţ,&r7 /!n,&r 3 (ne,"e7 S'D''-(r,e (",./"e7 ";(, ;e

=(#/" ;e4 ! &;er/ţe7 ;re#( ! #/"e+&r/ *e 4/,/r./re / ,(#r"&r(,('În ;r&*(#ţ/ *e 4ere /re ! /4 7 *&#(en"/ţ/ "en&,&+# e4"e

/,#"(" *n f!/ "en&,&+# ! ;,/n(, *e &;er/ţ'În ;,/n(, *e &;er/ţ 4(n" #(;rn4e n &* *e"/,/" "&/"e

nf&r/ţ,e ne#e4/re ;re,(#rr (ne /n("e ;e4e ! n #&nf&r"/"e #(& /n(" #&n#e;ţe "en&,&+#' A4"fe, e4"e n*#/" 4(##e4(ne/"en&,&+# & &;er/ţ,&r ! / f/.e,&r' De /4eene/ 4e ;re#.e/.e#;/en"(, "en&,&+# #/re "re=(e (",./"7 S'D''-(r,e ne#e4/re7

;/r/e"r re+(,( *e /!#ere "747)7n77 ";(, ;e =(#/" 1 ;e47&;er/ţe 4/( f/. */# e4"e #/.(,' T&"&*/" 4e n*# ;/r/e"r *e

;re#.e #e "re=(e &=ţn(ţ +e&e"re7 "&,er/nţe7 r(+&."ţ' E4"e f&/r"e;&r"/n" #/ n #/*r(, fe#re &;er/ţ 4 4e ;re#.e.e n*#n* ;rn

4=&,(r 4#ee,e *e &ren"/re-f/re =/./re /,e 4ef/=r#/"(,('Se ;&" n*#/ n /n("e 4"(/ţ ! 4#ee *e re+,/re / 4#(,e,&r' În&* &=,+/"&r( &r#e ;,/n *e &;er/ţ "re=(e 4 #&nţn 4=&,(,/"er/,(,( ;e4e7 n(e,e ! ;ren(e,e #e,( #/re / #&n#e;("

20




"en&,&+/7 ;re#( ! ,&#(, ne#e4/r &*f#r,&r f#("e 4(= 4en"(r !*/"'

28





C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

- er&r,e n";,"&/re *e 4(r/re- er&r,e 4#(,e ,(n*(-4e n #&n4*er/re 4#=/re/ e%en"r( e)"/re/ re=("(,( "re=(e #/ 4(/ er&r,&r #/re /;/r 4 fe

/ # 4/( #e, (," e+/, #( "&,er/nţ/ ;(4' E4"e =ne 4 4e#(n&/4#7 *n /#e4" &")7 */# n ";(, f/=r#/ţe /;/r 4/( n( er&r44"e/"#e7 fe n )e*ere/ e,nr ,&r7 fe n )e*ere/ ţner 4(= #&n"r&,/ /#e4"&r/'

%/r/,e, #( er&r,e 44"e/"#e ! er&r,e n";,"&/re "re=(e#(n&4#("e ! 4";n"e'

?'8' Meto#e (tat!(t!&e #e #ete"+!na"e a /"e&!z!e! *e ;re,(#r/reSe #ere enţ&n/" /4;e#"(, # n ;r&*(#ţ/ *e (n#/"e n( ;("e4en/,/ /;/rţ/ er&r,&r n";,"&/re' În #&n*ţ,e f/=r#/ţe *e4ere ! /47 (n 4"(*( #&re4;(n."&r /, ;re#.e *e ;re,(#r/re n( 4e

;&/"e f/#e fr /n/,./ 44"e/"# / fen&en(,(7 /n/,. =/./" ;e"e&r/ ;r&=/=,"ţ,&r ! 4"/"4"# /"e/"#'Se ;(ne *e# /;e,/re/ ,/ e"&*e,e 4"/"4"#e n ;r(, rn*7*e&/re#e er&r,e 44"e/"#e ! n";,"&/re /;/r 4(,"/n7 /r 4"(*(,er&r,&r n";,"&/re n( ;&/"e f f#(" *e#" n(/ ;rn /4eene/e"&*e'

T&"&*/" re.(,"/"e,e &=ţn("e /4"fe, ;&" f #&n4*er/"e #/ fn* #e,e /re,e' De /4eene/7 #&n#,(.,e ;&" f +ener/,./"e ! ;en"r( /,"e #/.(r*e ;re,(#rr /4en"&/re7 ;e /#e,/! 44"e "en&,&+#'An/,.n* *e4f!(r/re/ ;r&#e4(,( *e f/=r#/ţe7 "re=(e 4 re.(,"enf&r/ţ ;r)"&/re ,/$

- ,e+e/ #/re +()erne/. *4"r=(ţ/ *en4(n,&r - ;&4=,"ţ,e *e ;re#.e ! re+,/re / (",/Ke,&r - 4"/=,re/ n "; / #&n*ţ,&r *e *e4f!(r/re / ;r&#e4(,( *e

f/=r#/ţe'%r/#"#/ (.n/, / *e&n4"r/" # *4"r=(ţ/ *en4(n,&r ,/ &/n(" /!n 3 (ne/," (re/. ,e+e/ n&r/, *e *4"r=(ţeG/(44-L/;,/#e #/re e;r fre#)enţ/ (ne )/r/=,e 5*6 -*en4(ne/ ;e4e */e"r(, ;rn"r-& f(n#ţe f*'A#e/4"/ e4"e re;re.en"/" +r/f# n f+' ?'8'F(n#ţ/ *e fre#)enţ #(r=/ *n f+(r e4"e */" *e re,/ţ/$

2

2

2V

**

e2WV

8*f

= ?'8(n*e$* - e*/ /r"e"# / *en4(n,&r

2?



C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

σ

- /=/"ere/ e*e ;"r/"# ;re#.e/. ;(n#"e,e *e nf,e(neω - #;(, *e ;r!"ere /, *en4(n,&r ,/ & /n(" /!n-(ne/," e4"e ;/r/e"r(, #/re #/r/#"er.e/. ;re#./ 44"e(,("en&,&+#

ω = @σ ?'2A)n* #(n&4#(" "&,er/nţ/ #/re "re=(e /4+(r/"7 ;en"r( ;re,(#r/re/fr re=(" "re=(e n*e;,n" #&n*ţ/$

ω

≤

?'?

A"" ;r/#"#/ (.n/, #" ! 4"(*,e efe#"(/"e /( #&nfr/" f/;"(, #,e+e/ n&r/, *e *4"r=(ţe +()erne/. #e, / =ne fen&ene,e,e+/"e *e ;re#./ ;re,(#rr,&r ;rn /!#ere'%(n#"e,e *e nf,e(ne 4(n" 4e"r# 4"(/"e ,/ V* ± '

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

A# )/,&r,e f(n#ţe 4(n"$

V

8072<

e

f*

2eWV

8*f /

≈ ?'<

n #/re f*σ 4e #/,#(,e/. *n re,/ţ/ ?'8 n"r&*(#n* ;e V** ±= 7/r f*/ e4"e )/,&/re/ / / e;re4e ?'8 /)n* )/,&/re/$

V

807<

2WV

8*f / ≈ ?'

/,&/re/ ;/r/e"r(,( 5σ6nf,(enţe/. /,(r/ #(r=en&r/,e *e *4"r=(ţe f+' ?'2''

Er&r,e 44"e/"#e ;&" nf,(enţ/ #/,"/") ! #/n""/") ,e+e/ *e*4"r=(ţe' A4"fe,7 er&r,e 44"e/"#e #( 5 #re!"ere (nf&r6 (.(r/4#(,e,&r f/# #/ *4"r=(ţ/ *en4(n,&r 4 fe 4(=&r*&n/" ,e+ *ee+/, ;r&=/=,"/"e' f+' ?'?'

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

O er&/re 44"e/"# #&n4"/n" *(#e,/ *e;,/4/re/ #(r=e #( & )/,&/re 5/6e+/, #( )/,&/re/ er&r 44"e/"#ef+' ?'<'

Cn* 4(n" ;re.en"e er&r 44"e/"#e ! er&r n";,"&/re7 ,e+e/ #/re+()erne/. *4"r=(ţ/ *en4(n,&r ;&/"e f *e f&r/ (ne #(r=e/,(n+"e f+' ?''7 e4"e #/.(, nf,(enţe (.(r 4#(,e /4(;r/ ;re#.e

*e ;re,(#r/re'%&" f n",n"e ! /,"e #(r=e$ - #(r=/ ,( M/Xe,, f+' ?'@'

- #(r=/ ,( S;4&n f+' ?'9''

%en"r( *&( ,&"(r *e ;e4e7 #( re+,/Ke *fer"e 4e &=4er) & *4"r=(ţe

#&=n/" f+'?':''

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

C&nf&r f+(r ?'>' *e!ω

≤

7 4e ;&/"e 4;(ne # re+,/re/44"e(,( "en&,&+# n( e4"e =ne f#(" *e&/re#e (n /n(" ;r&#en"*n ;e4e,e ;re,(#r/"e 4e )&r re=("/ R'

Re+e#!)$ */# e*/ /r"e"# * 4e )/ 4(;r/;(ne #( K,&#(, M&/, #;(,( *e "&,er/nţ T 4/( 7 /"(n# re+,/re/ e #&n4*er/"#&re#" re/,./"'

%r&#e4(, "en&,&+# 4e *e4f!&/r n&r/, */# 4(n" n*e;,n"e *&(#&n*ţ$

- 44"e(, "en&,&+# 4 fe #&re#" re+,/"* M&

- ;r&#e4(, "en&,&+# 4 fe #&n"r&,/=,ω

≤

?'@'În #&n#,(.e re.(," # ;/r/e"r

ω

! 4(n" f&/r"e ;&r"/nţ' E /r"re=( 4 fe #(n&4#(ţ *e "en&,&+ ;en"r( fe#/re /!n (ne/,"'%/r/e"r(,

ω

#;(, *e ;r!"ere 4e ;&/"e &*f#/ #/ (r/re /(.(r /!n-(ne," 4/( / 4#=r /"er/,(,( 4/( f&re4ef/=r#/"(,(7 re+(,( *e /!#ere7 e"#'ω "re=(e )erf#/" *n #n* n #n* ! #(n&4#("'

2-0-1- P"o&e()l tehnolo!& (tat!& ! #!na+!& (ta%!lC( &#/./ /n/,.e *e4f!(rr ;r&#e4(,( "en&,&+#7 "re=(e)erf#/" ! 4"/=,"/"e/ 4/'

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

Se *efne!"e ;r&#e4(, "en&,&+# #!na+!& (ta%!l #e, ,/ #/re e*/ *

! #;(, *e ;r!"ere ω 4e enţne #&n4"/n" n "; f+' ?'80'D/# e*/ * n( 4e enţne #&n4"/n"7 #/ (r/re / (n&r #/(.e44"e/"#e7 */r ω e4"e #&n4"/n"7 ;r&#e4(, "en&,&+# e4"e (ta%!l &a/"e&!z!e f+' ?'88'D/# e*/ * 4e enţne #&n4"/n"7 ! #;(, *e ;r!"ere ω n(e4"e #&n4"/n"7 ;r&#e4(, "en&,&+# e4"e (ta%!l &a "ela= f+' ?'82'D/# e*/ * n( 4e enţne #&n4"/n" ! ω n( e4"e #&n4"/n"7

;r&#e4(, "en&,&+# e4"e n4"/=, /"" #/ ;re#.e #" ! #/ re+,/K f+'?'8?'În #&n#,(.e &r#e ;r&#e4 "en&,&+# ,/ #/re #/r/#"er4"#,e*en4(n,e 4e 4(;(n ,e+ n&r/,e *e *4"r=(ţe G/(44-L/;,/#ee4"e #&n4*er/" (tat!& (ta%!l'

2-1- Dete"+!na"ea anal!t!&. a /"e&!z!e! #e /"el)&"a"e

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2>



C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

S-/ ).(" # *e"ern/re/ ;e #/,e 4"/"4"# / ;re#.e *e ;re,(#r/re#&n4" n 4"/=,re/ #;(,( *e ;r!"ere

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7 re #/re e;r"&"/,"/"e/ er&r,&r /;r("e n ;r&#e4(, ;re,(#rr'

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

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Me*/ e*,&r ;r&=e,&r ;* e4"e e+/, #( * '

Re.(," # e*/ ;* ;&/"e 4 4e /=/" f/ţ *e e*/ /*e)r/" *

/ #&,e#")"ţ +ener/,e7 #( #e, (,"$n2

]/ ±

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În /f/r *e er&/re/ ∆, / /;/r ! /,"e er&r7 #( /r f$d - er&/re/ *e 4(r/re

d; - er&/re/ *e ;&.ţ&n/re / 4#(,e n r/;&r" #( ;e4/'Er&/re/ *e 4(r/re d e4"e e+/, #( #e, (," ± )/,&/re/

(ne *).(n */" *e ;re#./ /;/r/"(,( *e 4(r' S(n" */"e "/=e,/r'Er&/re/ *e ;&.ţ&n/re d; *e;n*e *e ;re#./ #( #/re 4e f/#e

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*).(n "re=(e 4 fe #(;rn4 n"re 81@ 8180\ 'D/# ] \ 7 /"(n# re#&/n* #/ ;re#./ n4"r(en"e,&r *e

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

2-3-1- In$l)en*a e"o"!lo" #e !n(tala"e a (e+!$a%"!&at)l)! a()/"a/"e&!z!e! #e /"el)&"a"e

În/n"e/ n#e;er ;re,(#rr ;r&;r(-.4e7 &r#e ;e4 "re=(e

&ren"/" n r/;&r" #( *re#ţ/ /)/n4(,( ! 4#(,/ /!#e"&/re'S(;r/feţe,e f&,&4"e ,/ &ren"/re/ ;e4e,&r 4e n(e4# =/.e'A#e4"e =/.e 4e *)* n$- =/.e "en&,&+#e- =/.e *e 4(r/re'

N&"n* #($ = - er&/re/ *e =/./re

f - er&/re/ *e f/re #/re /;/re */"&r" &*f#r &ren"r

f#("e nţ/,! #&n4*ern* # /"" = 7 f 4(n" #( #/r/#"er /,e/"&r7 re.(,"

er&/re/ *e n4"/,/re$ 2f

2 =f ZZZ

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2-4- In$l)en*a #e$o"+a*!!lo" te"+!&e ale (&)le! a()/"a /"e&!z!e!/"el)&"."!!

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*en4(ne7 "&/"e e,een"e,e 44"e(,( "en&,&+# e,/4"# M'D'%'S'7 #(

(rr #/re *(# ,/ 4#=r /,e ;&.ţe re#;r&#e7 e"#'7 efe#"e #/re 4ere;er#("e/. /4(;r/ ;re#.e *e ;re,(#r/re'

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

F+(r/ ?'?2 ,(4"re/.&*(, *e re;/r"./re / #,*(r n.&n/ *e /!#ere'

Dn f+(r re.(," # n +ener/, #e/ / /re ;/r"e *n #,*(re4"e /=4&r=" *e /!#e7 /;& *e ;e4 ! #e/ / # ;/r"e *e 4#(,'

%re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re7 *e#7 e4"e nf,(enţ/" ne+/") n*e&4e= *e#/n""/"e/ *e #,*(r /=4&r=" *e ;e4 ! 4#(,7 /#e4"e/ rnn* n#&n"/#" "&" ";(, ;re,(#rr'

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- 4"/re/ ne4"/ţ&n/r re+ "er# "r/n."&r(

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În f+' ?'?? re4;e#") ?'?<74e ,(4"re/. *re#ţ/ *e /#ţ(ne /#&;&nen"e /,(n+r "er#e /4#(,e7 ;re#( ! er&/re/ *e+ener/re #/(./" *e /#e/4"/'

C,*(r/ *e.)&,"/" n ";(, /!#er 4e ;&/"e e;r/$

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

<29

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= _#/,

4/($<29

<78:)jFk =.

= _P

n #/re F. */N 3 #&;&nen"/ ;rn#;/, / f&rţe *e /!#ere )1n 3)"e./ *e /!#ere =j n 3 ";(, *e =/.

C/r */# n 4#(, ;"r(n*e & #/n""/"e re,/")

re*(4 *e #,*(r7 #er#e"/re/-e;eren"/, / *e&n4"r/" #/,(n+r,e "er#e re.(,"/n"e/K(n+ ;n ,/ 800 µ 0787 *e# *e,&# ne+,K/=,e'

MK,&/#e,e *e r#re-(n+ere f&,&4"e n ";(, ;re,(#rr re*(##&n4*er/=, /,(n+r,e /n"er&r enţ&n/"e' În ;r/ f/. / ;re,(#rr74#(,/ 4e /f, n"r-(n re+ "er# ne4"/ţ&n/r7 "e;er/"(r/ 4#(,e fn*n"r-& #&n"n( #re!"ere'

Se ;&/"e 4#re (n =,/nţ "er# ;en"r( /#e/4" f/.$28 kkk

(n*ek - #,*(r/ #/re n"r n 4#(,8k - #,*(r/ #e*/" n e*(, n#&nK(r"&r

2k - #,*(r/ #/re ;r&)&/# r*#/re/ "e;er/"(r

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*e"ern/ #( re,/ţ/$l^Lld,

&

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e8d,d, "Q

j

µ

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d, µ 3 /,(n+re/ / #&re4;(n."&/re e#,=r(,("er# #/,#(,/" #( re,/ţ/ ?' >@

e 3 =/./ ,&+/r",&r n/"(r/,τ 4 3 *(r/"/ *e n#,.reQ " 3 #&n4"/n"/ "er# / 4#(,e7 */" *e re,/ţ/$

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n #/re$ Q+- /4/ #(ţ"(,(# _#/,1_+m+r/* _K1mmQ & - #,*(r/ 4;e#f#, _#/,1mm+r* _K1mmQ & 3 #&ef#en" *e #&n*(#"=,"/"e "er#A 2 4(;r/f/ţ/ #(ţ"(,( ;rn #/re 4e "r/n4"e #,*(r/

În #/.(, r#r7 re,/ţ/ e4"e$"Q

j

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=

µ

?'>>C/ &=4er)/ţe7 e#,=r(, "er# 4e /"n+e *(; (n "; τ<Q "

#n* re+(, ne4"/ţ&n/r 4-/ "ern/"7 "; *(; #/re /,(n+re/ "er#re4;e#") 4#(r"/re/ 4e &;re!"e ;r/#"#'

C&nf&r f+(r ?'?@$ ,07>:d, ∆

În ";(, /!#er7 ;er&/*e,e *e n#,.re3r#re /,e 4#(,e /,"erne/.$În

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C/;"&,(, ?' %re#./ *e ;re,(#r/re

n"rer(;er ner"#e "2≠"? )/r/ţ/ d,/ ,(n+ #(ţ"(,( e4"e ,(4"r/"n f+' ?'?9'

Se ;re.n" n #&n"n(/re7 nf,(enţ/ f/#"&r,&r re+(,( *e

/!#ere /4(;r/ /,(n+r "er#e / #(ţ"(,( #&nf&r re,/ţe ?'>@7 / ;re#4 / )"e.e )7 /)/n4(,( 47 ! / /*n# *e /!#ere "'A#e4" ,(#r( 4e )e*e n f+' ?'?:7 ?'?>7 ?'<0'

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;re#( ! &*(, *e f/re / ;,#(ţe,&r n #&r;(, #(ţ"(,( f+' ?'<?'A#ţ(ne/ *e *,/"/re "er# f/#"&r(, "er# /re & )/r/ţe

#&n"r/r #( (.(r/ 4#(,e /!#e"&/re (.(r/ e4"e #&;en4/" ;/rţ/, *e*,/"/re/ 4#(,e'

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#&;&nen" / er&r "&"/,e *e ;re,(#r/re ["Z 4e ;&/"e e4"/ #( /K("&r(,

re,/ţe ?'800')4"V

A

L2C,2Z 079

r "4⋅∆ µ

?'800%en"r( / ;e*#/ nf,(enţ/ ne+/") / /,(n+r "er#e / 4#(,e

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Ş#&/,/ r&ne/4#7#er#e"/re/ !"nţf# !e;eren"/, !-/( /*(4/;&r"(, /4(;r/ ,(rrfen&en(,( ;re#( ! /,#&n"r/#/rr efe#"e,&r

ne*&r"e /,e *,/"r"er#e' ?>

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48∆

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8^ 7 #" //re e4"e #&n4"r(re/ ! (",./re/ (n&r #(ţ"e *e #&n4"r(#ţe 4;e#/, *e f&r/,"ere 5L6 f+' ?'<'

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Refern*(-4e ,/ 4"r(n+7 #,*(r/ n/+/.n/" n ;;(!/ f

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?'80:8Q 29?78 T&C

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&& ^*dld*I^Ldld, =

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&" ^Ldld,Z ;

= 4/( &" ^*dld*Z ;

=

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C/(.e,e 4(n" *&($

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;e4e n r/;&r" #( 4#(,/' A#e4"e er&r ;&" f /"" *en4&n/,e7 *e f&r

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*e ;re,(#r/re & / /re ! ne/#""/"e/ *e ee#(ţe / *4;&.")e,&r7 #/(r/re / er&r,&r ;e4e,&r #&;&nen"e 4/( / &n"r'

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Ca/!tol)l 3

O/t!+!za"ea /"o&e(elo" tehnolo!&e

3-0-P"o&e( tehnolo!&, a(/e&t)l /"o!e&ta"e;o/t!+!za"eÎn &r#e 4"(/ţe re/,7 ;en"r( ;re,(#r/re/ (n( /n(" re;er

;&" f (",./"e / (,"e )/r/n"e "en&,&+#e' C/r */# "&/"e /#e4"e)/r/n"e /r f )/,/=,e7 n(/ (n/ *n /#e4"e/ e4"e &;"' Se

;re#&n.e/. n "en&,&+/ &*ern #("/re/ ;e =/. !"nţf# /

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#ernţe n("e n #/.(, *e f/ţ #r"er' A#e4"e/ ;&" f *e n/"(r*fer"7 n f(n#ţe *e 4;e#f#(, ;r&#e4(,( *e f/=r#/ţe' A4"fe, *e#r"er #/$ ;re#./ *en4&n/, ! #/,"/")7 #&4"(, *e ;re,(#r/re7

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3-1-T!/!za"ea /"o&e(elo" tehnolo!&e

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C"!te"!)l R z 7 e4"e #r"er(,n,ţ e* /nere+(,/r"ţ,&r #/re 4e*efne!"e #/ fn* *4"/nţ/

e*e *n"re #e,e / n/,"e#n# ;(n#"e /,e )rf(r,&r !#e,e / K&/4e #n# ;(n#"e

<!-4-2-

<!- 4-3-

98



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

/,e =/.e ;r&f,(,( efe#") f+' '<'7 "&/"e #(;rn4e n"re ,"e,e,(n+ *e refernţ 5l6 'A4"fe, '2'$

BR R R R R R R R R R R 80:@<2>9B?8. =

C"!te"!)l R +a:, n(" ! #r"er(, 4e#(n*/r7 /#e4"/ 4e refer ,/n,ţe/ / / nere+(,/r"ţ,&r #/ fn* *4"/nţ/ *n"re ,n/e"er&/r e ! #e/ n"er&/r / ;r&f,(,( nere+(,/r"ţ,&r f+''?' n ,"e,e ,(n+ *e refernţ 5 l 6'E4" re,/ţ *e ,e+"(r7 en"e 4 e;re e#)/,enţ/ *n"re#r"er,e R /7 R . ! R /'

A#e4"e/ 4(n"$,&+ R .07@07>9 ,&+ R /,&+ R /87>907>: ,&+ R / '?' R /?@ R /Refer"&r ,/ re,/ţ/ (," R /fR /7 )/,&r,e / /r 4e /( ;en"r(

;re,(#rr *e *e+r&!/re7 n "; #e )/,&r,e / # ;en"r( ;re,(#rr,e *e fn4/re'

4-1- In$l)en*a ")oz!t.*!! a()/"a /"e&!z!e! #!+en(!onaleDn #(n&!"nţe,e *&=n*"e n #/*r(, *4#;,ne *e #&n"r&, "en#7ree4e # ;re#./ *en4&n/, e4"e &"r"&/re /4(;r/ ;re#.e 4/(&*(,( *e f(n#ţ&n/re' R(+&."ţ,e fn* *e f/;"#r&nere+(,/r"ţ /,e 4(;r/feţe,&r e"er&/re 4/( n"er&/re

;re,(#r/"e7 nf,(enţe/. /K(4"/K(, ;r&)&#n* *(; (n "; *ef(n#ţ&n/re 54,=re/6 4"rn+er7 re4;e#") rre/ K&#(,(7*en/"(rn* ;re4#r;ţ,e nţ/,e ";(, /K(4"/K(,('U.(r/ f(n#ţ&n/, /#ţ&ne/. /4(;r/ /4;er"ţ,&r 4(;r/feţe,&r *e#&n"/#"' C/ &r#e fen&en *e (.(r7 n ;r/ ;er&/* *e f(n#ţ&n/re7

;r&*(#e re*(#ere/ #( ;e4"e 0o / n,ţ #r&/4;er"ţ,&r7 ;r&)&#n* #!&r/re/ ,/ /r=&r 4/( rre/ ,/ /,e./Ke /*en4(n,&r' A4"fe, 4e ;r&*(#e 4#=/re/ n/"(r /K(4"/K(,(' Le+/"*e /#e/4"/ /;/re f(n#ţ&n/re/ *efe#"(&/4 / 4(=/n4/=,(,( 4/(/n4/=,(,( re4;e#") #/r *e"er&r/re/'E4" ;re4#r;ţ ! re#&/n*r ;en"r( / 4"/=, r(+&."/"e/4(;r/feţe,&r &=!n("e *e #&n"/#" #( fre#/re *e /*erenţ7 */"e *e

;r/#"#/ "en&,&+# ! #er#e"/re/ /;,#/")$R . 0780078 T g ;en"r( *7D ̀ 0R . 0780720 T g ;en"r( *7D 8:-0 '<'R . 0720072 T g ;en"r( *7D 8-:

92



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

(n*e T re;re.n" "&,er/nţ/ #&"e ;re4#r4e'

4-2- In$l)en*a ")oz!t.*!! a()/"a "ez!(ten*e! la )z)".,

o%o(eal. ! &o"oz!)ne%r)"&r ,/ )z)".7 ,/ n#e;("(, f(n#ţ&nr7 #&n"/#"(, 4ere/,.e/. ;e )rf(, #r&/4;er"ţ,&r' A#e4" fen&en ;r&*(#e5"&#re/6 nţ/, / ,&r' Le+/" *e /#e/4"/7 n# ;re4(ne/ #e 4e "r/n4"e*e ,/ & ;e4 ,/ /,"/7 n( 4e *4"r=(e ;e "&/" 4(;r/f/ţ/ "e&re"# *e#&n"/#"7 # ;e & 4(;r/f/ţ (," / #' Re.(," & ;re4(ne re/,(," / /re *e#" #e/ #/,#(,/" "e&re"#'

%e ;/r#(r4(,f(n#ţ&nr7 /4;er"ţ,e 4e"&#e4# n #&n"n(/re7 *(#n* ,/#re!"ere/ 4(;r/feţe ;&r"/n"ere/,e'

%re#. /#e/4" 4(;r/f/ţ ;rn #&"/ &r*&n/"/ 56 #re/ #&re4;(n*e ,/ (n &en" */" f+' '' .&n/ (./"'

Se ;&/"e *efn ;rn"r-(n r/;&r" #( re,/ţ/$

L

,

L

,''',,,R n?28 ∑

== ''

#ee/ #e re;re.n" ;r&;&rţ/ n 4e#ţ(ne *n"re .&n/ re/, *e #&n"/#"

∑

,

! #e/ "e&re"# L'A#e4" ,(#r( /e;r ! *e #"e &r 4ere*(#e re.4"enţ/ re/, ,/(.(r #&;/r/") #( #e/"e&re"#' Se ;&/"e )e*e/ !n f+' '@'7 *e;en*enţ/(fτ n /#e,/! "; #((fR'

<!- 4-4-

<!- 4-5-

9?



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

În (r/ #er#e"r,&r e;eren"/,e 4-/ /K(n4 ,/ #&n#,(./ne#e4"ţ &=ţner (ne r(+&."ţ 5&;"e6 *n ;(n#"(, *e )e*ere /,#&n*ţ,&r *e f(n#ţ&n/re f+' '9''

Se &=4er) # /"" r(+&."/"e/ nfer&/r /re #" ! #e/4(;er&/r # "n*e #"re )/,&/re/ &;" ##/ 87: p' De /#re.(," ;&r"/nţ/ /,e+er #&re4;(n."&/re / r(+&."ţ,&r7 re4;e#") /

;r&#e*ee,&r "en&,&+#e /*e#)/"e &=ţner #/,"ţ,&r f(n#ţ&n/,e#er("e ;r&*(4e,&r'

Rez!(ten*a la o%o(eal. e4"e *re#" nf,(enţ/" *e )/,&/re/re/ r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe,&r' S"(*/" ! ,(/" n #&n4*er/re ,/re.4"enţ/ /"er/,e,&r7 f/#"&r Q 7 7 q n"er)n *re#" n #/,#(,(,#&ef#en"(,( *e 4+(r/nţ ;rn e"&*/ S&*er=er+' A#e!" f/#"&re;r n"r-& f&r 4/( /,"/ nf,(enţe,e +e&e"re ;e4e,&r 4/(4(;r/feţe,&r /4(;r/ re.4"enţe ,/ &=&4e/,'

T&"&*/" e #(n&4#(" f/;"(, #"en4(n,e #e /;/r ,/ f(n*(,/4;er"ţ,&r 4(n" *e /;r&/") 8727 / /r *e#" "en4(n,e e*#/re /#ţ&ne/. /4(;r/ 4"r/"(,(4(;erf#/,'

În (r/ #er#e"r,&r e;eren"/,e 4-/( ;("(" efe#"(/*e"ernr #/re 4 ;re#.e.e nf,(enţ/ ;r&#e*e(,( *e ;re,(#r/re ! /re.4"enţe ,/ r(;ere r V /4(;r/ re.4"enţe ,/ &=&4e/, 8V

−

'A4"fe, n f+' ':'7 4enf#/ţ/ #(r=e,&r e4"e$8 3 ;re,(#r/re/ *e re#"f#/re

2 3 re#"f#/re fn? 3 ,(4"r(re< 3 ;re,(#r/re #( Ke" *e /,#e

<!- 4-6-

9<



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

Se ;&/"e "r/+e#&n#,(./ nf,(enţe ne+/")e /r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe /4(;r/re.4"enţe ,/ &=&4e/,7 #( #"

/"er/,(, /re & re.4"enţ ,/r(;ere / /re r V '

Se ;&/"e e;r/ /#e/4"/ ! ;rn *efnre/ (n( /!/ n("#&ef#en" *e 4en4=,"/"e ∆Q / #re e;re4e e4"e$

8

Q 8

08

_ V

VV

=∆ '@'

(n*e$ 08V

−

- re.4"enţ/ ,/ &=&4e/, / (ne e;r()e"e e"/,&n #(& r(+&."/"e n

Q 8V

−

- re.4"enţ/ ,/ &=&4e/, / (ne e;r()e"e e"/,&n

/)n* & /n(" r(+&."/"e #e/ n #/(.'Con&l)z!e ene"al.>- nf,(enţ/ ;r&#e*e(,( *e ;re,(#r/re7 re4;e#") / re+(,( *e

/!#ere /4(;r/ re.4"enţe ,/ &=&4e/, 4e /nfe4" ;rn n"ere*(,r(+&."ţ' C( #" ;r&#e*e(, *e ;re,(#r/re ;re#( ! re+(, *e/!#ere /4+(r & r(+&."/"e / #7 #( /"" / (," #re!"ere.4"enţ/ ,/ &=&4e/,'

Dn ;(n#" *e )e*ere /, "ez!(ten*e! la &o"oz!)ne7 n ";(,

f(n#ţ&nr7 4(;r/feţe,e ;e4e,&r /f,/"e n #&n"/#" 4(n" 4(;(4e ! ,//#ţ(ne/ *ferţ,&r /+enţ #&r&.) +/.e7 ,#*e7 )/;&r7 e"#''A#ţ(ne/ #&r&.) /

/#e4"&r/ )/ f #( /"" / ;("ern#7 #( #" 4(;r/f/ţ//"/#/" /re & r(+&."/"e //re re4;e#") n)er4'C&nf&r #e,&r ;re.en"/"e n

f+' '>'7 4e &=4er) /#ţ(ne// /##en"(/" / /+enţ,&r #&r&.) ,/ =/.//*n#"(r,&r7 ;r&;/+n*(-4e

<!- 4-7-

<!- 4-8-

9



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

n ,(n+(, f,/n#(r,&r7 #/ *re#ţe7 /r #/ 4en4 4;re n"er&r(,/"er/,(,('

4-3- P"!n&!/al!! $a&to"! &a"e !n$l)en*eaz. ")oz!tatea()/"a$e*elo" /"el)&"ateDn (,""(*ne/ *e f/#"&r #/re nf,(enţe/. /4(;r/

r(+&."ţ7 / /,e4 ;e #e ;rn#;/,7 n #&n"e"(, ;&r"/nţe"en&,&+#e / /#e4"&r/'

A#e!"/ 4(n"$- +e&e"r/ ;rţ /!#e"&/re / 4#(,e- #/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe ;rţ "e"&/re / 4#(,e n#,(4) (.(r/

e- re+(, *e /!#ere- *ef&r/ţ,e ;,/4"#e ! e,/4"#e /,e /"er/,(,(- r+*"/"e/ 44"e(,( "en&,&+# e,/4"# *e ;re,(#r/re- ,#*(, *e r#re 3 (n+ere'

4-3-0- In$l)en*a eo+et"!e! /."*!! a&h!etoa"e a (&)le!a()/"a ")oz!t.*!! ()/"a$e*e! /"el)&"ate

Cer#e"/re/ e;eren"/, / 4"(*/" /#e4" #/. #( referre

;rn#;/, ,/ 4"r(nKre fn* 4"(/ţ/ #e/ / /##e4=,' E4"e e)*en"# 4e ;&" "r/+e #&n#,(. ! ;en"r( /,"e ";(r *e ;re,(#rr r/=&"/re7fre./re7 +(rre7 e"#''

Se ;re.n"7 n #&n"n(/re7 nf,(enţ/ +e&e"re ;rţ /#")e /#(ţ"(,('

F+' '80' ;re.n" nf,(enţ/(n+(,( *e *e+/K/re γ & /4(;r/r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe n 4"(/ţ/

;re,(#rr (n( /"er/, OLC-< ) <2 1n7 ,/ *fer"e /)/n4(r'

Se ;&/"e #&n4"/"/ # ,/ rre/ (n+(,( *e *e+/K/re γ &7

/"er/,(, 4e *ef&re/. / ;(ţn ! /,(ne# / (!&r ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/*e *e+/K/re'

<!- 4-0-

9@



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

F+(r/ '88',(4"re/. nf,(enţ/(n+(,( *e /!e./re α&/4(;r/ r(+&."ţ

4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e'

Se &=4er) # ,/ (n+(r *e /!e./re / /r7 f&rn*(-4e ;e"! & #/n""/"e / /re *e /"er/, n 4"/re ;,/4"# */"&r"/*erenţe,&r e4"en"e ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ *e /!e./re7 /#e/4"/ 4e ;re4e/. ;e4(;r/f/ţ/ ;e4e rn* r(+&."/"e/'

De4+(r #e,e #&n4"/"/"e n f+' '80' ! f+' '88' 4(n"&ren"/")e'

Inf,(enţ/ (n+(r,&r *e /"/# ;rn#;/, ! 4e#(n*/r re.(," *nf+' '82' / ! ='

C&n4*ern* r/./ *e r/#&r*/re ,/ )rf r07 *n "r(n+(r,eANC ! BNC f+' '82'1= re.(,"$

NC

AN #"+ 8 = χ re4;e#")

NC

NB #"+ = χ '9'

e;rn* HC NC (n*e HC 3 n,ţe/ #/,#(,/" //4;er"ţ,&r re,/ţ,e '9' *e)n $

8C #"+HAN χ ! χ #"+H NB C ':'

Mer+n* / *e;/r"e $S AN NB '>'n,&#(n* ;e AN ! NB re.(," e*/" $

χ χ #"+#"+HAN 8C

<!- 4-00-

<!- 4-01-

99



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

/r *e /# $

χ χ #"+ #"+

SH

8C

'80'

C&re,/re/ *n"re n,ţe/ HC ! (n+(r,e 8 χ ! χ ;rnn"ere*(, /)/n4(,( 4 4e ;&/"e )e*e/ ! n f+(r,e '8?' ! '8<'

De#7 &*/" #( #!&r/re/ (n+(r,&r 8 χ ! χ 7 /4;er"ţ,e4#/*'

În #e/,/," 4"(/ţe #n* #(ţ"(, *e 4"r(n+ /re r/. ,/ )rf r ≠

07 *e# /K&r"/"e/ #/.(r,&r re/,e7 n,ţe/ #/,#(,/" HC )/ re.(,"/*fer" f/ţ *e 4"(/ţ,e /n"er&/re &=4er)n*(-4e =ne *n f+(r/'8'

Ge&e"r# re.(," $HC r 3 ON

'88'

r

ON^#&4 &

= *e# &^#&4rON =

'82'/4"fe, HC r 8-#&4^& '8?'Dn "r+&n&e"re 4e #(n&/!"e # $

2

^#&48

2

^4n

&

±

'8<'

/r $

2

^24n^#&48

&2&

= '8'

n,&#(n* re,/ţ/ '8' n '8?' 4e )/ &=ţne $HC

2

^4n2r

&2

=

'8@'

(rrn* f+(r/ '8' 4e ;&/"e e;r/$

<!- 4-02- <!- 4-03-

9:

+'@'8?'



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

2r

S4n^

&= 4/(

2r

S^ ≈ '89

n"r(#" e4"e )&r=/ *e )/,&r # /,e ,( α&

*e#$

<r

S

2

^

2

^4n

&&

≈

'8:'r*#n* ,/ ;"r/"$

2

2&2

8@r

S

2

^4n

≈ '8>

/r n fn/, re,/ţ/ '8@' )/ *e)en$

HC:r

S2=

'20

Re,/ţ/ '20 e;r nf,(enţ/ r/.e *e )rf /4(;r/n,ţ #/,#(,/"e / /4;er"ţ,&r7 *e;en*enţ/ #/re /r/" #7 #( #"/)/n4(, e4"e / /re7 #( /"" /4;er"ţ,e HC )&r f ! e,e /

;r&n(nţ/"e / /r' În &* #&n"r/r7 #re!"ere/ r/.e *e )rf r )/*(#e ,/ 4#*ere/ )/,&r r(+&."ţ,&r'

Re)enn* ,/ re,/ţ/ '80'7 (n*e *e;en*enţ/ er/ *e f&r/

HCf 8h 7h 7 f&,&4re/ (n&r #(ţ"e #/re /( "e&re"# (n+(, χ 4/(8 χ n(,7 *(#e ,/ /;,#/re/ n ;re,(#r/re / #(ţ"e,&r .4e 5,/"e67 /*#

#( "!(, 4e#(n*/r ;/r/,e, #( *re#ţ/ /)/n4(,( ,&n+"(*n/,' Re.(,""e&re"# r(+&."ţ n(,e 4/(

;r/#"# )&r=n* f&/r"e #' În4"(/ţ/ n #/re (#//!#e"&/re n( e4"e ;/r/,e, #(/)/n4(, *e ,(#r( )e.

f+''8@'7 /"(n# ;r&f,(,4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e )/ /)e/f&r/ (n&r *nţ *e fer4"r('În ;r/#"# /4eene/ #(ţ"e;,#f&,&4re/ (n&r 44"ee "en&,&+#e #( r+*"ţ /r' Re/,"/"e/#&nfr 4"(/ţ/ n #/re 4e &=!n(e!"e 4 4e *e/ "!(,( & n#,n/re ,/(n /n(" (n+ &

i #&nf&r f+' '89''

<!- 4-05-

9>



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

În/#e4"#/.re.(," &

4(;r/f/ţ #( ;r&f, "e&re"# #&nf&r f+' '8:' n 4e#ţ(ne

,&n+"(*n/,'

În,ţe/ #/,#(,/" / #r&/4;er"ţ,&r r(+&."ţ,&r HC )/ re.(,"/+e&e"r#7 *(; #( (re/. *n f+' '891='$HC OC3OMR3OM '28'/r *n "r(n+(, *re;"(n+# OMN 4e *e*(#e$

OM R #&4 '22'*e (n*e re.(,"$

HC R8 3 #&4 '2?'f&,&4n* /#e,e/! re,/ţ #/ #e,e *e f&r/ '8' 4e &=ţne$

8-#&4 2 4n2 2

ε '2<'

n"r&*(#n* '2<' n '2?'7 HC )/ *e)en$

HC 2R 4n2 2

ε '2'

(rrn* n4 ! f+' '89'1/ 4e &=4er) #$

R Z4n = 4/(

R Z ≈ '2@'

;e /#e,/! #&n4*eren" # ε e f&/r"e #7 /r MN

<!- 4-06-

<!- 4-07-

:0



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

*e /#$2R

2

Z

2

Z4n ≈ '29'

n"r&*(#n* /#e/4" )/,&/re / ,( 4n2

ε */" *e re,/ţ/ '29 n

f&r(,/ '2' 4e &=ţne$2R

H

2

# =

'2:'&=4er)n* n4 # )/,&/re/ ,( *n f+' '89'1/ e4"e$

"+i 2

S = '2>'

re,/ţ/ '2:' *e)ne$

:R i "+SH

22

# = 4/(<D

i "+SH22

# = '?0'

n"r(#" D 2R Ş *n re,/ţ/ /n"er&/r

'?0' 4e ;&/"e &=4er)/ r&,(,/)/n4(,( *e ,(#r( S /4(;r/r nere+(,/r"ţ,&r /;r("e ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ ;re,(#r/"'

În 4"(/ţ/ (n( ;/4 ; /re7 4e ;&/"e #&n4*er/ #/ fn* #/r n,ţe/ &n*(,/ţ,&r #e 4e+enere/. n ";(, ;re,(#rr'

În &* 4,/r 4e ;&/"e #/,#(,/ ! n #/.(, &;er/ţe *e

fre./re #,n*r# / (ne 4(;r/feţe ;,/ne f+' '8>''Ge&e"r# 4e *e*(#e$

22

C2

S

2

D

2

DABACH

'?8'

*e /#'22

C2

S

2

D

2

DH

=

'?2'

r*#n* /=e,e ;rţ ,/ ;"r/"$ 222

C2C

2

S

2

D

2

DDHH

=

'??'

<!- 4-08-

:8



C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

#&n4*ern* 0H2C ≈ */"&r" )/,&r f&/r"e # 4(=(n"/re !

re*(#n* "eren7 &=ţne$

<

SDH

2

C = '?<'

*e (n*e$

<D

SH

2

C = '?'

re,/ţe n #/re$S 1r&" 3 /)/n4(, *e ,(#r( /, fre.e ;e & r&"/ţe / 4#(,e /r D 3 */e"r(, fre.e #,n*r#e

4-3-1- In$l)en*a &al!t.*!! ()/"a$e*e! /."*!! t.!etoa"e a (&)le!a()/"a ")oz!t.*!! ()/"a$e*e! /"el)&"ate

C/,"/"e/ (#e /!#e"&/re / 4#(,e7 ;rn n4! ;r&#e*e(, *e*e+/K/re / /!#,&r ! +ener/re / 4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e7 /re & nf,(enţ*re#" /4(;r/ #/,"ţ 4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e7 /4(;r/ r(+&."ţ e7fen&en(, fn* *e #&;ere'

A#e4" ,(#r( e4"e #" 4e ;&/"e *e ).=, ! (!&r *e #&n4"/"/" //,e4 n #/.(, f&,&4r 4#(,e,&r ;r&f,/"e n ;re,(#rr e#/n#e *e

/!#ere7 #/re ,(#re/. #( /)/n4(r "r/n4)er4/,e r/*/,e7 fe n4"(/ţ/ #(ţ"e,&r ,/"e'Se 4(=nţe,e+e r&,(, (#e /!#e"&/re7 4(= /4;e#" #/,"/")

/, r(+&."ţ / /,e4 n #/.(, 4#(,e,&r *e fn4/re /,e.&/re7 =r&!e7#(ţ"e ;r&f,/"e7 fre.e *e fn4/re7 e"#'7 /#e4"e 4#(,e #/r/#"er.n*(-4e

;rn"r-& n/," #/,"/"e / 4(;r/feţe7 *e# ;rn"r-& r(+&."/"e #" /# (ne&r &=ţn(" ;rn,e;(re'

F(n#ţ&n/re/ n ";7 ;,# ! f/#"&r(, *e (.(r /, 4#(,e'A#e4" fen&en ne*&r"7 */r re/, ! ne)"/=, *(#e ,/ &*f#/re/+e&e"re ;rţ /!#e"&/re / 4#(,e7 nf,(enţn* *re#" #/,"/"e/ !*e# r(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e' F+' '20'7 ref,e#" nf,(enţ/

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

*(r/=,"ţ 4#(,e ;rn n"ere*(, (.(r /4(;r/ r(+&."ţ4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e'

C&nf&r +r/f#(,( 4e #&n4"/" # *(; ##/' 20-?0 n *e

/!#ere7 ;e f/ţ/ *e /!e./re / #(ţ"(,( f&rn*(-4e & f/ţe" *e (.(r*e 07< µ7 r(+&."/"e/ )/ #re!"e =r(4#' Se n"r /4"fe, n"r-& .&n *e(.(r ne;er47 +r/f#(, n*#n* *e f/;" *(r/=,"/"e/ e#&n&# /4#(,e / (#e e'

4-3-2- In$l)en*a "e!+)l)! #e a&h!e"e a()/"a ")oz!t.*!!()/"a$e*e! /"el)&"ate

S-/ #&n4"/"/" # ;/r/e"r(, #/re nf,(enţe/. #e, / (,"r(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe e4"e )"e./ *e /!#ere' În (r/ *e"ernr,&r*e ,/=&r/"&r 4-/ ;("(" &=ţne *e;en*enţ/ R / f)'

A4"fe, n f+' '28' ! '22' 4e ;&" (rr #(r=e,e R / f) n#/.(, 4"r(nKr$

Urrn* +r/f#e,e 4e re/r# & .&n n"er)/, *e )"e.e ) 20 ?0 1n7 (n*e 4e &=ţne & r(+&."/"e /' E;,#/ţ/ #&n4"n *e;(ner,e ;e "! #/(./"e *e re+(, *e /!#ere7 #/,"/"e//"er/,(,( ! #&n*ţ,e *e ,(#r('

E4"e *e /!"e;"/" #/ /#e4" *&en( 4 4e e)"e n ";(, ;re,(#rr,&r'

O *e;en*enţ #/n""/") n"re r(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe !)"e./ *e /!#ere n #/.(, 4"r(nKr 4e ;&/"e e;r/ ;rn re,/ţ/$

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

(n*e C)7 _ )7 ) ! ) 4(n" #&n4"/n"e #/re *e;n* *e #&n*ţ,e *e/!#ere'

De enţ&n/" # )"e./ *e /!#ere /re & nf,(enţ f&/r"e /re

! n #e,e,/,"e #/.(r *e ;re,(#rr *fer"e *e 4"r(nKre$ r/=&"/re7&r"e./re7 fre./re7 /,e./re7 re#"f#/re7 e"#' Un ee;,( , ;&/"e,(4"r/ *e"ernr,e f#("e n #/*r(, ;re,(#rr,&r *e /,e./re f+''2?' /7 =7 #'

Ce 4e &=4er)$ ,/n#e;(" /4;er"ţ,e #re4#,en"7 /;& rn*(-4e)"e./ *e /!#ere7 n#e;4 #re/4# / re;e*e'

R(+&."ţ,e #&n4*er/"e #/ fn* =(ne #&re4;(n."&/re 4e&=ţn n K(r(, )"e.e,&r ) < 1n ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ OLC-<'

Re)enn* ,/ f+' '22'7 nf,(enţ/ /)/n4(,( S /4(;r/r(+&."ţ7 f(n#ţe *e )"e. #&nfr /fr/ţ/ *(; #/re #re!"ere/,(7 *(#e ,/ nr("ţre/ #/,"ţ 4(;r/feţe' De f/;" ! re,/ţ,e 4"/=,"en #/*r(, 4(=#/;"&,(,( '<'8'7 #&nfr /#e/4" *e;en*enţ'

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

Cer#e"/re/ e;eren"/, / 4"/=," *e;en*enţe *n"rer(+&."/"e7 ;/r/e"r re+(,( *e /!#ere ;re#( ! +e&e"r//#") / 4#(,e n #/.(, ;re,(#rr ;rn /,e./re / /"er/,(,( OLC-< /4"fe,$

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R / g '?9'(n*e$ CR 3 #&n4"/n" n f(n#ţe *e n/"(r/ /"er/,(,( ;re,(#r/"

00q7^ - (n+(r,e *e /!e./re re4;e#") *e+/K/re /,e *nţ,&r

/,e.&r(,('An/,.n* nf,(enţ/ /*n# *e /!#ere "7 /4(;r/r(+&."ţ7 4e ;&" #&n4"/"/ (r"&/re,e$

- *n ;(n#" *e )e*ere ;(r +e&e"r#7 e/ e4"e (," / # n#/.(, 4"r(nKr' D/r7 ţnn* 4e// *e f/;"(, # &*/" #( rre//*n# " #re4# f&rţe,e *e /!#ere7 re.(," /("&/" #re!"ere/*ef&r/ţ,&r e,/4"#e'

Se ;&/"e ,&+# e;r/7 *e ee;,(7 n #/.(, 4"r(nKr)/,&/re/ ," nfer&/r / /*n# *e /!#ere7 ;&rnn* *e ,/ &re,/ţe #(n&4#(" ! *e*(4 n /#e4" #/;"&, 4(=#/;"&,(, '<'8'7/4"fe,$

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

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Inf,(enţ/ Rf" ;re.n" n #/.(, /,e.r & f&/r"e /re

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;re#e*en" 4e "/4e/.7 /,e.&r(, ;r/#"# n( /!#/. n #&n*ţ#&re4;(n."&/re7 *e# n4! &;er/ţ/ e nef#en" #r&;re#./fn* #&;r&4'

Re,/ţ/ *e ,e+"(r e4"e$07@

/ "27?R ⋅ g '?>')/,/=, ;en"r( "072

C&n#,(./ e4"e # *e! /*n#e/ " *e /!#ere nf,(enţe/.n # 4(r r(+&."/"e/7 "&"(! ,/ & #re!"ere 4en4=, / /*n#7r(+&."/"e/ 4e nr("ţe!"e'

În #/.(, ;re,(#rr,&r *e re#"f#/re7 #( #" )"e./ *4#(,( *ere#"f#/" e4"e / /re ! )"e./ ;e4e e4"e / #7 #( /""r(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe e4"e / =(n' De reţn(" n4 f/;"(, #

#!&r/re/ e#e4) / )"e.e ;e4e ;&/"e *(#e ,/ /r*ere/ 4"r/"(,(4(;erf#/, /, e7 #&;r&ţn* ;re,(#r/re/' În ;r/#"#7 n )e*ere/=(n"ţr n ! / /re 4(r / r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe 4ere#"f# ;e4/ n #&n"n(/re fr / / */ & n&( /*n#e *e/!#ere ,/ & n&( #(r4 *(=,7 efe#"(n*(-4e /4"fe, 2 ? 4/( /(,"e "re#er7 fr (n /)/n4 "r/n4)er4/,'

Se )e*e ne#e4/r 4"(*ere/ ! e;eren"/re/ )/r/ţer(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe,&r n f(n#ţe *e re+(, *e /!#ere ,/ *fer"e/"er/,e ! #&n*ţ *e ,(#r(7 n #/.(, *)er4e,&r ;r&#e*ee *e

;re,(#r/re7 ,/ fe#/re e4"n* *&en #/re "re=(e4# n4(!"e/;,#/"e7 fe e)"/"e'

4-3-3- In$l)en*a #e$o"+a*!!lo" /la(t!&e ! ela(t!&e ale+ate"!al)l)! a()/"a ")oz!t.*!!

%r&;re"ţ,e f.#&-e#/n#e /,e /"er/,(,( ;e4e;,/4"#"/"e/7 e,/4"#"/"e/ e"#' ;re.n" nf,(enţe /4(;r/ r(+&."ţ&=ţn("e' Re,/ţ,e /n"er&r ;re.en"/"e f/# /=4"r/#ţe *e *ef&r/ţ,e

e,/4"&-;,/4"#e /,e /"er/,(,( ;re,(#r/"7 ţnn* #&n" n(/ *e ;/r/e"r +e&e"r# / 4#(,e fe *e #e #ne/"# / ;re,(#rr'

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

A4"fe,7 r(+&."/"e/ "e&re"# #/,#(,/" HC /*n#e/ #/,#(,/"/ r(+&."ţ,&r *fer *e R / HC≠ R /' De# /#e,e re,/ţ /(#/r/#"er / (," &ren"/") ! # *e f/;" r(+&."/"e/ R /`HC7 "&#/

*/"&r" *ef&r/ţ,&r e,/4"&-;,/4"#e /,e /"er/,(,('În #/.(, 4"r(nKr7 *e ee;,(7 n"re R / ! HC e4" re,/ţ//;r&/") *e ,e+"(r$

R /Qm HC

'<0'(n*e #&ef#en"(, Q ? 82e'$Q? ;"' S0782 1r&"Q82 ;"' S070< 1r&"

"&/"e )/,&r,e #&re4;(n* ,/ " 07 ! )800 1nE4"e #er" # ;r&#e4(, *e /!#ere 4e *e4f!&/r *(; ,e+,e+ener/,e /,e *ef&r/ţ,&r ;,/4"#e n ;/r"#(,/r' În ;e47*ef&r/ţ,e ;,/4"#e 4e ;r&;/+ ;n ,/ & /*n#e &/re#/re n/#e,/! "; /)n* ,&# ! & *ef&r/ţe e,/4"# n 4"r(#"(r,e4(;erf#/,e /,e /"er/,(,(' R/;&r"(, *n"re #&;re4(n,e ;,/4"#e !e,/4"#e e4"e )/r/=, *(; "re#ere/ )rf(,( #(ţ"(,(7 )rf(r,enere+(,/r"ţ,&r *ef&r/"e e,/4"# 4e ren/,ţ re)n7 /4"fe,&*f#n*(-4e )/,&/re/ r(+&."ţ' Dn /#e4" &") R /≠ HC' /4"fe,*e fen&ene ;,/4"#e /;/r ! 4e ;r&*(# n #/.(, ;re,(#rr/"er/,e,&r *(#",e &ţe,(r #( #&nţn(" re*(4 *e #/r=&n7 #(;r(7 e"#''D/"&r" /#e4"&r fen&ene ;,/4"#e7 /"er/,e,e enţ&n/"e ;re.n"fen&ene r(+&/4e'

De /4eene/ 4-/ #&n4"/"/" # /#e,e ;e4e #( 4"r(#"(r fer"&- ;er,"# / /"er/,(,( ,&r *e =/.7 ;re.n" *(; ;re,(#r/re &4(;r/f/ţ / r(+&/4 fer"/ fn* (n #&n4""(en" #( ;r&;re"ţ*(#",e'

L/ fe,7 4"r(#"(r,e "r&&4""&-/r"en4"#e *(# ,/ &=ţnere/ (n&rr(+&."ţ / =(ne'

În &* #&n"r/r7 ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ ;rn /!#ere / /"er/,e,&r"en/#e n +ener/, #( (n #&nţn(" 4#.(" *e #/r=&n 4e &=ţne &r(+&."/"e / 4(;r/feţe / ;r&/4"' C/ re#&/n*/re +ener/, /4(;r/&ţe,(r,&r / 4r/#e n #&nţn(" *e #/r=&n7 n )e*ere/ &=ţner (ner(+&."ţ / =(ne / 4(;r/feţe7 4e re#&/n* 4 4e f/# &n&r/,./re / 4ef/=r#/"e,&r ,/ & "e;er/"(r *e :@0 :90 &C'

4-3-4- In$l)en*a "!!#!t.*!! (!(te+)l)! tehnolo!& ela(t!&a()/"a ")oz!t.*!!

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

Tre=(e enţ&n/" ! f/;"(, # )=r/ţ,e 4e #!&re/.7 #ee/ #e#&n*(#e ,/ 4#*ere/ #r&/4;er"ţ,&r' L/ ;re,(#rr #( 4#(,e

;r&f,/"e 4/( #/re ,(#re/. n #&n*ţ +re,e =(r+e7 /*n#"&/re7,r+"&/re7 4#(,e *e */n"(r/re7 e"#' 4e re#&/n* (",./re/ ,#*e,&r,/ #/re /#ţ(ne/ *e (n+ere 4 fe #e/ ;r&r*/,'

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C/;"&,(, ' C/,"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;re,(#r/"e

4-3-6- In$l)en*a #!+en(!)n!lo" /!e(e! /"el)&"ate a()/"a")oz!t.*!!

În (r/

#&n4"/"r,&r e;eren"/,e 4-/ /K(n4,/ #&n#,(./ # *eee;,( */e"re,e4(;r/feţe,&r #e 4e

;re,(#re/.7 n(nf,(enţe/. n &*e4enţ/, r(+&."/"e/*&/r n*re#" ;rnefe#"(, )=r/ţ,&r'

De!7 n */+r/e,e *n f+''2' ! '2@' 4e &=4er) f&/r"e# )/r/ţ /,e r(+&."ţ7 n #/.(, re#"f#r f+' '2@' e4"e =ne

4 4e ţn #&n" *e *e"ernr,e #&n#re"e efe#"(/"e'

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C/;"&,(, @'De"ern/re/ /*/&4(r,&r *e ;re,(#r/re ! /, *en4(n,&r n"ere*/re

Ca/!tol)l 5

Dete"+!na"ea a#ao()"!lo" #e /"el)&"a"e! al #!+en(!)n!lo" !nte"+e#!a"e

5-0- Gene"al!t.*!A#ao()l #e /"el)&"a"e> e4"e 4"r/"(, *e /"er/, #/re e4"e

;re).(" / f n,"(r/" n #/*r(, (ne &;er/ţ 4/( f/.e7 #( 4#&;(,&=ţner ;re#.e ;re).("e ,/ &;er/ţ/ 4/( f/./ re4;e#")'

A*/&4(, *e ;re,(#r/re total> e4"e 4"r/"(, *e /"er/, ne#e4/refe#"(r "("(r&r &;er/ţ,&r *e ;re,(#r/re e#/n# / (ne /n("e4(;r/feţe ;&rnn* *e ,/ 4ef/=r#/" ;n ,/ ;e4/ fn"' A*/&4(, *e

;re,(#r/re "&"/, )/ f e+/, #( 4(/ /*/&4(r,&r n"ere*/re'A*/&4(, *e ;re,(#r/re !nte"+e#!a"> , #&n4""(e 4"r/"(, *e

/"er/, #/re "re=(e n,"(r/" ,/ & /n(" &;er/ţe 4/( f/. *e ;re,(#r/re'

Se ;&/"e )&r= ! *e /*/&4(, *e ;re,(#r/re $!nal7 /#e/4"/ fn**e f/;" "&" (n /*/&4 *e ;re,(#r/re n"ere*/r7 */r 4e refer ,/ (,"/&;er/ţe f/.7 /*# ,/ /#ee/ &;er/ţe 4/( f/. ,/ #/re7 #&nf&r

;re4#r;ţe ;re).("e n *e4en(, *e ee#(ţe7 4e &=ţne ;e4/ fn"'A*/&4(r,e *e ;re,(#r/re ;&" f 4e"r#e ! /4e"r#e'Ce,e 4e"r#e 4e refer ,/ */e"r( 4/( +r&4e' E,e 4e

;re)* ,/ 4(;r/feţe,e e"er&/re ! n"er&/re *e re)&,(ţe 4/( ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;/r/,e,-&;(4e 4e"r#e'

A*/&4(r,e *e ;re,(#r/re /4e"r#e 4(n" /#e,e /*/&4(r #/re/( )/,&r *fer"e7 n",n"e ! ;re).("e ,/ 4(;r/feţe &;(4e7 #/re *e

re+(, 4e ;re,(#re/. n &;er/ţ 4/( f/.e *fer"e' De /,"fe, /#e4"e/4e ;&" refer ! n(/ ,/ (n/ *n 4(;r/feţe,e &;(4e'

L/ 4"/=,re/ /*/&4(r,&r *e ;re,(#r/re "re=(e 4 4e ţn 4e//*e "&"/,"/"e/ ;,#/ţ,&r "en#&-e#&n&#e /,e ;re,(#rr' Dn/#e/4" #/(. re/ /*/&4(,( *e ;re,(#r/re "re=(e 4 fe &;"7n f(n#ţe *e #&n*ţ,e #&n#re"e *e f/=r#/ţe7 4 fe *e# (n f/#"&r#/re 4 #&n"r=(e *e;,n ,/ &=ţnere/ n"&#/ / ;re#.e7 n#&n*ţ,e (n( #&4" *e ;re,(#r/re n'

>8




5-1- Cal&)l)l anal!t!& al a#ao()"!lo" #e /"el)&"a"e !$a&to"!! #e &a"e #e/!n#

E4"e *e ,/ 4ne nţe,e4 # re/ /*/&4(,( *e ;re,(#r/re"re=(e 4 *e;!e/4# 4(/ er&r,&r #/re ;&" /;/re /"" n &;er/ţ,e ;re#e*en"e #" ! ,/ #e,e #(ren"e' L/ /#e4"e/ 4e /*/(+ ! +r&4e/4"r/"(,( 4(;erf#/, *e+r/*/" /r4(r7 *e#/r=(rr7 ;&r&."ţ'

C/ ee;,(7 ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ 4ef/=r#/"e,&r "(rn/"e *n f&n"#en(!e 4/( /,/Ke nefer&/4e7 /*n#e/ 4"r/"(,( 4(;erf#/, *e+r/*/"4e / n #&n4*er/re n(/ ;en"r( /*/&4(, ;re &;er/ţ *e

;re,(#r/re f/.e 4/( "re#er'%e *e /," ;/r"e7 *(; "r/"/en"e,e "er&##e ! #,re

4(;erf#/,7 4"r/"(, nf,(enţ/" "re=(e ;4"r/" n #" / /re 4(r7*/" fn* ;r&;re"ţ,e (",e /,e /#e4"(/ *(r"/"e /re7 re.4"enţ ,/(.(r7 e"#'' De# n /#e/4" 4"(/ţe 4e e#,(*e ,(/re/ n #&n4*er/re /r 4"r/"(,( 4(;erf#/, *e */"/ /#e/4"/ nefn* #&n4*er/"*e+r/*/"'

Un ,(#r( f&/r"e ;&r"/n" *e reţn(" e4"e (r"&r(,$ - #/,#(,(,/*/&4(r,&r *e ;re,(#r/re 4e ;&/"e f/#e n(/ *(; #e "ner/r(,"en&,&+# n )/r/n"/ &;" / 4(##e4(n &;er/ţ,&r ! f/.e,&r e4"e

4"/=,"7 *e# #(n&4#("'S (rr f/#"&r *e #/re *e;n*e

re/ /*/&4(,( *e ;re,(#r/re7 /"" n#&nţn(" #" ! *n ;(n#" *e )e*ere"en&,&+# /, ;re,(#rr f+'@'8' ! @'2''A#e!" f/#"&r 4(n"$

- "&,er/nţ/ ,/ *en4(ne \7 &=ţn(" n &;er/ţ/ f/./ 4/("re#ere/ ;re#e*en" n&"/" #( n*#e,e 5;6'

A-4"r/"(, 4(;erf#/, *efe#"B-4"r/"(, 4(;erf#/, e#r(4/"

C-4"r/"(, *e =/.

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- n )e*ere/ 4;,f#r ! nţe,e+er ,&+#e7 &;er/ţ,e#(ren"e 4e )&r n&"/ #( n*#e,e 5#6'

- n,ţe/ nere+(,/r"ţ,&r R Z%7 /,e 4(;r/feţe &=ţn("e ,/

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- /=/"er,e *e ,/ ;&.ţ/ n&n/, ! re#;r&# / *fer"e,&r4(;r/feţe 4/( /e /=/"er 4;/ţ/,e ρ%'

De ee;,($ - ne#&//,"/"e/ *n"re & 4(;r/f/ţ e"er&/r ! n"er&/r7

ne#&//,"/"e/ "re;"e,&r (n( /r=&re7 #(r=/re/ /e ,/ 4ef/=r#/"e / ;e4e,&r *e ";/r=&re7

ne;er;en*#(,/r"/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r ;,/ne fr&n"/,e f/ţ *e //4(;r/feţe #,n*r#e *e =/./re7 e"#'

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# ; Z ; #Z @''

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ee;,( ;r/#"# *e #/,#(,'E'$ - În )e*ere/ re#"f#r *e fn4/re / (ne 4(;r/feţe #(

*/e"r(, *#?2-0708@ "re/;"/ / @-/ *e ;re#.e 4-/ &=ţn(" (n /*/&4 *e ;re,(#r/re 2A# 070>< 7 #&nf&r re,/ţe$

# ; ; ;. ;# Z2S2R \2A/

(n*e ;\ 070@2 n "re/;"/ / >-/ *e ;re#.e7 ,(/" *e ,/&;er/ţ/ *e re#"f#/re *e *e+r&!/re &;er/ţ/ ;re#e*en" fn4r

C&nf&r re,/ţe$

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7 )/ f /4"fe,$

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;re#.e'Den4(ne/ n"ere*/r re.(," /4"fe,$

?27<::07?>:?270>*/ ; =

%e 4#ţ/ &;er/ţe *e 4"r(nKre *e fn4/re 4e )/ "re#e$078@078@0 ?27?<7<::

≈

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?27>>:07<>:?27*/ ; =

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4ef/=r#/" ,/n/"7 4-/ +4" ;rn #/,#(, (n /*/&4 *e ;re,(#r/re$ 27@@@2A

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4ef/=r#/"(, ,/n/"7 f+' @'@Den4(ne/ n"ere*/r e4"e$

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Fn*# "&,er/nţ/ δ ; 87? e ;re/ /re n #/.(,4ef/=r#/"e,&r ,/n/"e7 n( 4e re#&/n* (",./re/ e;re4e

/ pd - pδ 7 #&nf&r #re/ /r (r/ 4 fe n4#r4 ;e *e4en'

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# ;#A \\\ @'82'În ;r/#"#/ (.n/,7 /*/&4(r,e *e ;re,(#r/re 4e 4"/=,e4# *(;

n&r/")e #/re /( ,/ =/. re,/ţ,e /n"er&r 4"(*/"e'%en"r( ;re,(#r/re/ 4(;r/feţe,&r #( /*/&4(r /4e"r#e7

*en4(ne/ n"ere*/r / #( // ! /n 4e #/,#(,e/. /4"fe,re)e. f+'@'?'

// =/ /#A

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,/ &;er/ţ/ #(ren"aδ - "&,er/nţ/ *en4(n &=ţn(" ,/ &;er/ţ/

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*e 4;e#/,"/"e7 r*#/"e n #&&r*&n/"e *(=,( ,&+/r"#e 4e &=4er)4#/r/ )/,&r,&r7 4e re/r# f/;"(, # *e;en*enţ/ *n"re *(r/=,"/"e/Tn ! )"e./ )1n ,/ *fer"e )/,&r /,e /)/n4(,( 41r&"n( / e4"e ,n/r f+'9'?'

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refer ,/ & 4n+(r ;e4 ! & 4n+(r &;er/ţe /)n* & 4n+(r f/. !& "re#ere

S /n/,. ;e rn* fe#/re "eren$C/( j/(mC 9'80'

(n*e$ j/( 3 "; ne;r&*(#") 3 /(,/r nC 3 #e,"(e, *e /n&;er ,e+/"e *e re"r=(ţ/ &;er/"&r(,(

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C = j =m C 9'88'(n*e$ j = 3 ";(, ;r&*(#") *e =/. nC 3 #e,"(e, *e /n&;er ,e1n

4CT

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re,/ţ/ 9'88' *e)ne$

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;re#.e /'C/ e"&*e *e 4(r/re ! *e /n/,. / ";(,( *e (n# n",n$

8' Me"&*e *e nre+4"r/re *re#" / ";(,(8'8' 3 #r&n&e"r/re/8'2' 3 f&"&+r/fere/

2' Me"&*e *e nre+4"r/re n*re#" / ";(,(2'8' 3 &=4er)r n4"/n"/nee2'2' 3 4(r/re/ ";(,( ;e #r&e,een"e

?' F,/re/<' U",./re/ /+ne"&f&n(,(' O4#,&+r/fere/@' Cen"r/,&+r/fere/7 "en&+r/fere/ ! ;r&*(#"&+r/fere/

%en"r( e;,#/ţ7 #&n4*er / ;&r"/n" 4 ne &;r ,/(,"e,e e"&*e$

- F,/re/$ - e4"e e"&*/ *e nre+4"r/re #&n"n( ! n /n(n"e /(ne /n("e ;er&/*e *e (n#7 (",.n*(-4e /;/r/"(, *e f,/"'- U",./re/ /+ne"&f&n(,($ - 4e n*# ,/ 4(r/re/ /#")"ţ,&r #/re4e *e4f!&/r ;e n"(ner#' M/+ne"&f&n(, 4e #&;,e"e/. #( (n44"e /("&/" *e /r#/re / n#e;("(,( ! 4fr!"(, /#ţ(nnre+4"r/"e ;e =/n*' T&"&*/" 4e #(;,e/. ,/ (n #&n"&r #/re ;er"e4(r/re/ #( ;re#.e #er(" (ne&r 4(" *e 4e#(n* / n"er)/,e,&r *e "; 4#(r4e n"re *&( 4en/,e 4&n&re nre+4"r/"e ;e =/n*7

(",.n*(-4e *4;&.")e *e re#(n&/!"ere / /#e4"&r 4en/,e'- O4#,&+r/fere/$ - 4e (",.e/. #n* n( e4"e ne#e4/r ;re.enţ/ (n(&=4er)/"&r' A4"fe, 4e nre+4"re/. ;e &4#,&+r/f 4en/,e,e ;r"e *e,/ /!n/-(ne/," ;rn n"ere*(, (n&r "r/*(#"&/re7 &=ţnn*(-4e4(##e4(ne/ n(r,&r7 f/.e,&r e"#' %e & */+r/ n("&4#,&+r/'- Cen"r/,&+r/fere/$ e4"e ;r&#e*e(, *e /n/,./re ;e & n4"/,/ţee,e#"r&n# #en"r/,&+r/f / (ne +r(;e ;n ,/ 20-<0 /!n' Se ;&/"e

#(;rn*e #/r & 4e#ţe n"re/+' C/ f(n#ţ&n/re ;e =/. *e"r/*(#"&/re 4e /4e/n #( n4"/,/ţ/ ! ;rn#;(, &4#,&+r/f(,('F/ţ *e #en"r/,&+r/f7 ;r&*(#"&+r/f(, ;re#( ! "en&+r/f(, 4(n"44"ee / #&;,ee *e 4(r/re'

889



C/;"&,(, :' N&r/re/ "en# n #&n4"r(#ţ/ *e /!n

7-3- E:e+/le #e (ta%!l!"e a /"!n&!/al!lo" t!+/! #e %az. la)nele o/e"a*!! #e /"el)&"a"e /e +a!n!;)nelte

O;er/ţ/ F&r(,/ *e #/,#(,S"r(nKrei

sn

l l l

bt

28 ++

=

l - ,(n+e/ ;e4e

8l - ,(n+e/ *e

;"r(n*ere

2l - ,(n+e/ *e e!re74-/)/n4(,7 1r&"n-"(r/ţ/7 r&"1n-n(r(, *e "re#er

Br&!/re

i sn

l l l

bt

28 ++

=

pl

br l l +=

br

l

- ,(n+e/ ;rţ *e ,(#r( / =r&!e

pl - ,(n+e/ *e =r&!/" / ;e4e

Fre./re/ f,e"e,&r #( fre.e *4#

88:



C/;"&,(, :' N&r/re/ "en# n #&n4"r(#ţ/ *e /!n

ig

m s

D

p

l l l

bt

α

π

#&4

28 ++

=

p - ;/4(, f,e"(,(

D - */e"r(, e"er&r /,f,e"(,( g - n(r(, *e n#e;("(r /,ef,e"(,(α - (n+(, f,e"(,(7 n +r/*e

Fre./re/

i s

l l l

bt

m

28++

=

zn s s z m =

1n

z s - /)/n4(, ;e*n"e7 n - nr' *e r&"/ţ/ fre.e7 r&"1n z - n(r(, *e*nţ

Fre./re/ #/ne,(r,&r #( fre.e *4# ;r&f,/"ec

z

f zn

z s

l l l

bt 28

++

=

f n -"(r/ţ/ fre.e7 r&"1n

c z - n(r(, *e #/ne,(r

Fre./re/ #/ne,(r,&r #( fre.e e,#c

z k

f n

p s

l l l

bt 28

++

=

p s - /)/n4(,/r=&re,(7 n1r&"k - n(r(, *en#e;("(r /,efre.e e,#

%re,(#r/re/ r&ţ,&r e,#/"e ;rn e"&*//)/n4(,( r/*/,

88>



C/;"&,(, :' N&r/re/ "en# n #&n4"r(#ţ/ *e /!n

q f n

r s

mz

bt

?=

r s - /)/n4(, r/*/, ,/ & r&"/ţe /

4ef/=r#/"(,( - &*(,(, r&ţ7 .- nr'*e *nţ / r&ţv- nr' *e n#e;("(r /,e fre.e

f n - nr' *e r&"/ţ /,e fre.e

%re,(#r/re/ #/n/,e,&r ;rn &r"e./re #( r&/" *e&r"e./"

k n

c s

D

nr

s

h

bt

π +=

h - n,ţe/ #/ne,(r7n D - */e"r(, e"er&r/, #/ne,(r n

r s - /)/n4(, r/*/, ,/ &#(r4 *(=, / r&ţ *e&r"e./" n

c s - /)/n4(, #r#(,/r ,/

& #(r4 *(=, / r&ţ *e&r"e./" n n - n(r(, *e #(r4e*(=,ek - n(r(, *e "re#er

%re,(#r/re/ */n"(r r&ţ,&r *nţ/"e#,n*r#e #( fre.e *4# &*(,

%e /!n &r.&n"/,e *e fre./" #( #/;*).&r$

zi

im s

l l l bt 28

++

=

%e /!n *e fre./" #( *)./re/("&/"

z z

im s

l l l z

im s

l l l

bt τ +

++

+

++

= 2828

z -

n(r(, *e *nţ / r&ţ *nţ/"e

im s - /)/n4(, ,/ n(" ,/ #(r4/ *e

n"&/r#ere7 n %re,(#r/re/ */n"(r r&ţ,&r *nţ/"e#,n*r#e #( fre.e e,# &*(,

820



C/;"&,(, :' N&r/re/ "en# n #&n4"r(#ţ/ *e /!n

z q

f n

p s

l l l

bt 28

++

=

p s - /)/n4(, ;e r&"/ţe /

4ef/=r#/"(,( n q - n(r(, *en#e;("(r /,e fre.e

%re,(#r/re/ */n"(r r&ţ,&r *nţ/"e#,n*r#e #( r&/" *e &r"e./"

k

nc s

mz

nr s

h

b

t π

+=

r s - /)/n4(, r/*/, ,/ & #(r4 *(=,/ r&ţ *e &r"e./" n

c s - /)/n4(, #r#(,/r ,/ & #(r4*(=, / r&ţ *e &r"e./" n m - &*(,(, r&ţ *nţ/"e n k - n(r(, *e "re#er

%re,(#r/re/ r&ţ,&r e,#/"e ;rn e"&*//)/n4(,( "/n+enţ/,

q f nt

s

z mz

bt

><72=

t s - /)/n4(, "/n+enţ/, ;en"r(

& r&"/ţe / 4ef/=r#/"(,(

Re#"f#/re/ e"er&/r n"re )rf(r ;rne"&*/ /)/n4(,( ,&n+"(*n/,

828



C/;"&,(, :' N&r/re/ "en# n #&n4"r(#ţ/ *e /!n

k t

h

p Bn

L

bt

β =

L - ,(n+e/ #(r4e,&n+"(*n/,e / e4e B3 ,ţe/ *4#(,( /=r/.)β - /)/n4(, n fr/#ţ(n *n

,ţe/ *4#(,( /=r/.)

pn n(r(, *e r&"/ţ /,e

;e4e7 n r&"1nh - /*/&4(, ;e r/.7 n t - /)/n4(, "r/n4)er4/, ,/fe#/re #(r47 n k - #&ef#en" *e #&re#ţe

Re#"f#/re/ e"er&/r n"re )rf(r ;rn e"&*/ ;"r(n*er

k

ptn

h

bt =

Re#"f#/re/ e"er&/r fr #en"re ;rn"re#ere

ik m

m s

Blm

bt

+=

l - ,(n+e/ *e ;re,(#r/"7

B - ,ţe/ *4#(,(/=r/.)m - n(r(, ;e4e,&r ,/

re#"f#/re/ #( f,( #&n"n((α π 4n

cn

c D

m s = 1n

c D - */e"r(, *4#(,(#&n*(#"&r

cn - "(r/ţ/ *4#(,( #&n*(#"&r α - (n+(, *e n#,n/re /,*4#(,(

Re#"f#/re/ ;,/n #( ;/r"e/ fr&n"/, / *4#(,( /=r/.) ;e

/!n #( e4e r&"/")e

822



C/;"&,(, :' N&r/re/ "en# n #&n4"r(#ţ/ *e /!n

k

mtn

h

bt =

mn - n(r(, *e

r&"/ţ /,e e4ek - #&ef#en"(,*e #&re#ţe

Re#"f#/re/ ;,/n #( ;/r"e/ fr&n"/, / *4#(,(/=r/.) ;e /!n #( e4e *re;"(n+(,/re k

m

l l l

bt 8

)8000

28

=

) - )"e./ e4e7

n m - n(r(, *e

;e4e ;re,(#r/"e4(,"/nk - #&ef#en" *e#&re#ţe

82?



C/;"&, > N&ţ(n *e =/. ;r)n* ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere / /,/Ke,&r fer&/4e

Ca/!tol)l 8

No*!)n! #e %az. /"!9!n# /"el)&"a%!l!tatea /"!n a&h!e"e a al!a=elo" $e"oa(e

8-0- I+/o"tan*a &)noate"!! /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!!E4"e #(n&4#(" f/;"(, # /,e+ere/ )/,&r,&r ;/r/e"r,&r re+(,( *e/!#ere 4e efe#"(e/. fe ;e =/./ e;erenţe ;er4&n/,e /"en&,&+(,( fe ;e =/./ re#&/n*r,&r #(;rn4e n ,"er/"(r/ *e

4;e#/,"/"e' În /#e/4" 4"(/ţe7 4e /;e,e/. ,/ "/=e,e7 n&&+r/e 4/(re,/ţ *e #/,#(,' Se ;&/"e #&n4"/"/ # (ne&r7 )/,&r,e n*#/"e 4/(#/,#(,/"e ;e =/./ */"e,&r *n ,"er/"(r/ *e 4;e#/,"/"e ;&" nre+4"r/*e&4e=r /"(n# #n* 4e (",.e/. 4(r4e ==,&+r/f#e *4"n#"e'A#e4"e *e&4e=r 4(n" +ener/"e n ;rn#;( fe *e #&n*ţ,e *fer"e *e&;"./re'C(n&/!"ere/ */"e,&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e ;rn /!#ere / (n( /"er/,&/re#/re7 n +ener/, /r ;er"e7 "en&,&+(,( n ;r(, rn*7 4"/=,re/r/;* ! ;re#4 / ;/r/e"r,&r re+(,( *e /!#ere7 */r ! & /,e+ere#&re#" / 4#(,e,&r #&re4;(n."&/re7 / ,#*e,&r *e r#re-(n+ere7 e"#'A4"fe,7 */"e,e *e4;re ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ (n( /"er/, n #/(.7 /rf/#,"/ &;"./re/ ;/r/e"r,&r #&n*ţ,&r *e /!#ere'Un /," /4;e#" /, ;r&=,ee , #&n4""(e ne#e4"/"e/ ;re,(#rr (n(/"er/, n&('C/ (r/re / *e.)&,"r ! *)er4f#r #&n4"r(#ţe *e /!n7/;/rţ/ *e /"er/,e n&7 #/re 4/"4f/# *n #e n #e / =ne #ernţe,e*e f(n#ţ&n/,"/"e / &r+/ne,&r *e /!n7 ;(n ! #ernţe n& ;r)n*

"en&,&+,e *e ;re,(#r/re /*e#)/"e'L/ /;/rţ/ (n( /"er/, 4/( /,/K n&(7 +re( 4/( (!&r *e ;re,(#r/"

;rn /!#ere7 "en&,&+(, n( *4;(ne7 #e, / /*e4e/7 *e#" *e 4;,e#/"/,&/+e n 4(r n #/re e,e e4" #/re 4e re;r ,/ ;re4#rere/4(/r / (n&r/ *n"re #/r/#"er4"#,e f.#&-e#/n#e /,e /"er/,(,(re4;e#")' Fn* &=,+/" 4 "re/# ,/ /!#ere/ (n&r /4"fe, *e /"er/,e7"en&,&+(, re#(r+e ,/ /n/,&+7 ,/ /;r&r7 ,/ n#er#r

e;eren"/,e *e e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 #/re n ,;4/ (nee"&*&,&+ ;re#4e ! r/;*e7 *(# ,/ (n #&n4( re,/") /re *e/"er/, ! *e ";'

82<




C(n&/!"ere/ #" / =(n / */"e,&r ;r)n* ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn/!#ere / (n( /"er/, /r *(#e ;,#" ,/ ;&4=,"/"e/ e)/,(r/n"#;/"e / #&4"(,( "&"/, /, ;re,(#rr7 ;rn ,(/re/ n #&n4*er/re /""

/ ";(,( ne#e4/r ;re,(#rr #" ! / #e,"(e,,&r ,e+/"e *e#&n4"r(#ţ/ ! e;,&/"/re/ 4#(,e,&r7 / *4;&.")e,&r ! / /!n,&r-(ne,"e n #/(.'%re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere e4"e *e;/r"e *e / f 4&#&"" & ;r&=,e*e;,n #(n&4#("7 e/ ne#e4" n ;er/nenţ & /*n#re ! &n"en4f#/re / ef&r"(r,&r #er#e"r,&r n *&en(, /!#er'În &en"(, *e f/ţ7 nee4"n* & e"&*&,&+e (n# ! (n/n/##e;"/" *e e)/,(/re7 ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere re#,/ /n/,./744"e/"./re/ ! n"er;re"/re/ */"e,&r e;eren"/,e &=ţn("e'

8-1- Cla(!$!&a"ea /"o&e#eelo" #e #ete"+!na"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!!/"!n a&h!e"eC&nf&r ,"er/"(r *e 4;e#/,"/"e7 4e nre+4"re/. #,/4f#r /,e

;r&#e*ee,&r *e *e"ern/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 n r/;&r" #( & 4eren"re/+ *e #r"er'O ;r #,/4f#/re7 *e,"e/. n#er#r,e *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e nr/;&r" #( (",./re/ 4/( ne(",./re/ /!#er ;en"r( &=ţnere/

n*#/"&r,&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e' A4"fe, 4e *4"n+$a Meto#e #!"e&te$ - /#e4"e/ 4(n" ,e+/"e *e efe#"(/re/n#er#r,&r n #&n*ţ #&n#re"e *e /!#ere ! 4e n#/*re/. n +r(;/n#er#r,e "en&,&+#e' Me"&*e,e *re#"e ;&" f #,/4f#/"e ! nf(n#ţe *e ;r&#e*e(, *e ;re,(#r/re7 #&nf&r 4#ee /,"(r/"e$

A;re#ere/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere / OL ;rn e"&*/ *re#"/ %en"r( ;re,(#rr

*e *e+r&!/re$

8'- D(r/"/ *e /!#ere #&n"n(

2'- C&n4((, *e ener+e?'- %r&#e4(, *e f&r/re / /!#e<'- R(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe

= %en"r( ;re,(#rr*e fn4/re

8'- R(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe2'- %r&#e4(, *e f&r/re / /!#e?'- D(r/"/ *e /!#ere #&n"n(<'- C&n4((, *e ener+e

# %en"r( ;re,(#rr

;e /!n-(ne,"e/("&/"e$

8'- %r&#e4(, *e f&r/re / /!#e

2'- R(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe?'- D(r/"/ *e /!#ere #&n"n(<'- C&n4((, *e ener+e

82




= Meto#e !n#!"e&te$ - n #/.(, #r&r/ n( 4e f&,&4e!"e /!#ere/ ! ,/#/re e)/,(/re/ n( ;re4(;(ne referr ;re#4e ,/ ;/r/e"r "en&,&+#*e /!#ere'

O /," #,/4f#/re / ;r&#e*ee,&r *e *e"ern/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ / n#&n4*er/re /"" *(r/"/ ne#e4/r efe#"(r e;erenţe,&r7 #" !&en"(, /;/rţe *fer"e,&r ;r&#e*ee'Se #(n&4# /4"fe,$a Meto#e &la(!&e$ - /;r("e n ;re,e *e#en *(; /n(, 8>007/)n* ,/ =/.7 n +ener/,7 4"(*(, (.(r 4#(,e,&r /!#e"&/re' E,e ;&"#&n*(#e ,/ re.(,"/"e *re#" (",./=,e n ;r/#"#/ (.n/,'De./)/n"/K(, e"&*e , #&n4""(e *(r/"/ /re / n#er#r,&r7 ;re#(! #&n4((, r*#/" *e ener+e ! *e /"er/, ne#e4/r n#er#r,&r'% Meto#e "a/!#e$ - #(n&4#("e *e <- *e#en7 e,e */( n(/n*#/ţ &ren"/")e' A#e4"e e"&*e 4(n" /)/n"/K&/4e ;en"r( #ne#e4" (n "; 4#(r" ;en"r( n#er#/re ! (n #&n4( re*(4 *e ener+e! /"er/,e' În #/*r(, /#e4"e e"&*e e4"e ;&4=, & #,/4f#/re /

;r&#e*ee,&r *e *e"ern/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 n r/;&r" #( ;r&#e*e(,*e ;re,(#r/re (",./"' e4" /4"fe, n*# *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e*e"ern/=, ;rn ;re,(#rr *e 4"r(nKre7 =(r+ere7 fre./re7re#"f#/re'

8-2- Meto#e #!"e&te #e #ete"+!na"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!! /"!na&h!e"e8-2-0- Meto#e %azate /e (t)#!)l )z)"!! (&)le! a&h!etoa"eU.(r/ 4#(,e /!#e"&/re 4e *efne!"e #/ fn* fen&en(, 4/( /#ţ(ne/

;rn #/re 4#(,/ ! ;er*e ;r&;re"ţ,e *e /!#ere 4(= /#ţ(ne/ (n&rf/#"&r *e n/"(r *fer"'U.(r/ e4"e #e, / *e4 /4&#/" #( n&ţ(ne/ *e w*(r/=,"/"e6 / 4#(,e

/!#e"&/re'%rn *(r/=,"/"e τ 4e nţe,e+e n"er)/,(, *e "; n #/re 4#(,/ !

;4"re/. ;r&;re"/"e/ *e / /!#/ n #&n*ţ n&r/,e7 n"er)/, #/ree4"e #(;rn4 n"re *&( /4#(ţr 4(##e4)e /,e 4#(,e'

8-2-0-0- Meto#a (t")n=!"!! lon!t)#!nale &) 9!tez. &on(tant.Se / n(e!"e$ ;r&#e*e(, *e ,(n+ *(r/"'Me"&*/ 4e / =/.e/. ;e re,/ţ/ ,( T/,&r )T C' C( /K("&r(,

/#e4"e/7 e4"e ;&4=, #(n&/!"ere/ )/,&r )"e.e *e /!#ere#&re4;(n."&/re (ne *(r/=,"ţ ;re4"/=,"e / 4#(,e' C/ n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e / (n( /"er/, &/re#/re 4e )/ (",./ *e# )/,&/re//#e,e )"e.e *e /!#ere #/re7 n"r-(n n"er)/, *e "; ! n #&n*ţ

82@




;re4"/=,"e *e /!#ere7 #&n"r=(e ,/ f&r/re/ (ne (.(r *e )/,&r/n"er&r f/"'În f+'>'8' 4e

;re.n" #"e)/ *nf&r(,e,e ";#e *e ;er*ere / #/,"ţ,&r /!#e"&/re *e #"re4#(,'

/(.(r/ feţe *e /!e./re =#r/"er *e (.(r ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ *e *e+/K/re

#(.(r ,/ n)e,(, feţe *e /!e./re ! ,/ n)e,(, feţe *e *e+/K/re**ef&r/ţ/ ;,/4"# / ;rţ /!#e"&/re / 4#(,e

A;re#ere/ e)&,(ţe (.(r 4#(,e /!#e"&/re 4e ;&/"e efe#"(/(rrn*(-4e fe ,ţe/ f/ţe"e *e (.(r B *e ;e f/ţ/ *e /!e./re7 fer/;&r"(, Q QT 1 QM'I;&r"/n" e4"e n4 *e"ern/re/ )"e.e *e /!#ere )@0 4/( )8207)2<07 )<:07 /*# / /#e,e )"e.e *e /!#ere ;en"r( #/re7 *(; @0 *e

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A!#,e &=ţn("e ;rn ;re,(#r/re 4e n"r&*(# n"r-(n re#;en"7n"en4"/"e/ r/*/ţ,&r /;re#n*(-4e #( /K("&r(, (n( #&n"&r G/+er74en4=, ,/ r/.e,e +//7 / #r( (",./re ;er"e ne+,K/re/fen&en(,( *e /("&/=4&r=ţe /, /!#,&r'Se *e"ern r/*&/#")"/"e/ (ne #/n""ţ #(n&4#("e *e /!#' %rn#&;/r/re #( r/*&/#")"/"e/ (ne #/n""ţ e"/,&n *n /"er/,(,4#(,e /"er/, r/*/"7 /;/re ;&4=,"/"e/ *e"ernr r/=4&,("e / (.(r 4#(,e7 #/re 4e )/ /;re#/ ;rn ;er*ere/ *e +re("/"e'

8?@




În

f+'>':' 4e ;re.n" 4#e/ *e /!#ere ;en"r( *e"ern/re/ 4e;/r/" /(.(r ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ *e /!e./re ! ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ *e *e+/K/re #( /K("&r(,.&"r&;,&r r/*&/#") n(/ & 4n+(r 4#(, / f&4" r/*/"'A)/n"/Ke,e ;r&#e*e(,($- 4en4=,"/"e e"re *e r*#/" / e"&*e7 e/ ;erţn* 4"/=,re/(ne ;er*er *e /4 / 4#(,e ;n ,/ 818000 +'- #&n4( re*(4 *e /"er/, ;en"r( n#er#/re- #&&*"/"e/ n#er#r,&r n #&n*ţ ;r/#"#e *e ,(#r(7 #/r ,/e4"enţ/ (n&r )"e.e # *e (./re- e)"/re/ ;er"(r=r #&n*ţ,&r *e ,(#r( /,e 4#(,e ;rn #(rţre7*e=/)(r/re7 &;er/ţ ;e #/re ,e re#,/ /,"e e"&*e

- ;&4=,"/"e/ *e / ,(/ 4e;/r/" n #&n4*er/re (.(r/ ;e f/ţ/ *e /!e./re! (.(r/ ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ *e *e+/K/re / 4#(,e'A!/ #( 4e &=4er) n f+'>':'7 /!#,e #(,e4e *e ;e f/ţ/ *e *e+/K/re/ ;,#(ţe r/*&/#")/"e7 f/"e e#/n#7 )&r */ n*#/ţ /4(;r/ (.(r/#e4"e 4(;r/feţe' U.(r/ feţe *e /!e./re / /#e,e/! ;,#(ţe7 )/ f ;(4n e)*enţ ;rn 4"(*ere/ r/*&/#")"ţ /!#,&r &=ţn("e #( & 4#(,/!e./" */e"r/, &;(4 ! /!#n* n (r/ #(ţ"(,( #( ;,#(ţ/r/*&/#")/"'

8-2-1- Meto#e %azate /e (t)#!)l $o"*elo" #e a&h!e"e%rn"re ;r #er#e""&r #/re /( re#&/n*/" (",./re/ f&rţe,&r *e/!#ere ;en"r( e)/,(/re/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ e"/,e,&r / f&4" S#,e4n+er <97 #/re / &=4er)/" # *&( /"er/,e ;&" f *ferenţ/"e *(;re.4"enţe,e ,&r 4;e#f#e ,/ /!#ere' Cer#e"r,e efe#"(/"e ;n n ;re.en"e)*enţ/. f/;"(, # f&rţe,e *e /!#ere "re=(e 4 fe #&n4*er/"e7 /,"(r

*e (.(r/ 4#(,e7 r(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe7 f&r/ ! &*(, *e *e"/!/re //!#,&r7 (n #r"er( ;&r"/n" *e /;re#ere / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn/!#ere / f&n"e,&r ! &ţe,(r,&r'

<!- 8-7- S&he+a #e a&h!e"e /ent") #ete"+!na"ea (e/a"at. a )z)"!! /e ()/"a$a*a #eaeza"e ! /e ()/"a$a*a #e #ea=a"e &) a=)to")l !zoto/!lo" "a#!oa&t!9! n)+a! o

(!n)". (&)l. a $o(t "a#!oa&t!9at.

8?9




În #e,e #e (re/. 4e )/ efe#"(/ & #,/4f#/re / e"&*e,&r *e /;re#ere /

;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 ;e =/./ #(n&/!"er f&rţe,&r *e /!#ere7 n r/;&r" #( ;/r/e"r(, enţn(" #&n4"/n" n ";(, n#er#r,&r' e4" /4"fe,$- e"&*e *e 4(r/re / f&rţe,&r *e /!#ere ;en"r( )"e.e *e /)/n4#&n4"/n"e- e"&*e *e 4(r/re / /)/n4(,( 4/( / /,"( ;/r/e"r(7 n #&n*ţ,e

;4"rr (ne f&rţe *e /!#ere #&n4"/n"e'

8-2-1-0- Meto#a +.()"."!! $o"*elo" #e a&h!e"e la 9!teze #e a9an(&on(tanteÎn ";(, ;r&#e4(,( *e /!#ere7 44"e(, "en&,&+# e4"e 4&,#"/" *e (n/n4/=,( *e f&rţe7 /, #r&r ;(n#" *e ;,e#/re 4e #&n4*er / f #&n"/#"(,

F+' >'>' S#e/ *e4#&;(ner f&rţe

*e /!#ere ,/ 4"r(nKre

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*n"re 4#(, ! 4ef/=r#/" f+' >'>' %en"r( *e"ern/re/ f&rţe *e/!#ere7 ,"er/"(r/ *e 4;e#/,"/"e re#&/n* (",./re/ (ne re,/ţe;r#e *e f&r/$

n

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*efne4# 4(r/ n #/re /"er/,(, ;re,(#r/" n"er)ne n re/ f&rţe*e /!#ere' D/# 4e ;4"re/. #&n4"/nţ #e,/,ţ "eren / e;re4e/*n#e/ *e /!#ere "7 /)/n4(, *e ,(#r( 4 ! e;&nenţ /#e4"&r/ ! ! 4#=n* *&/r /"er/,(, *e ;re,(#r/"7 4e ;&/"e #&n#*e # f&rţ/ *e/!#ere ;&/"e */ n*#/ţ /4(;r/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ (n( /"er/, &/re#/re'În r/;&r" #( n#er#r,e *e (.(r7 e"&*/ 4(rr f&rţe,&r *e /!#ere

e4"e (," / r/;* e/ n4 n( 4e re#&/n* / f (",./" #/ 4n+(r #r"er( *e /;re#ere / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ (n( /"er/, &/re#/re' A#e/4"/fr/ţe ! +4e!"e K(4"f#/re/ n f/;"(, # n#er#r,e e;eren"/,e /(4#&4 n e)*enţ # (n /"er/, ;&/"e +ener/ f&rţe # *e /!#ere7 fn**e# /;re#/" #/ (!&r ;re,(#r/=, *n /#e4" ;(n#" *e )e*ere7 */r ;&/"e"&"&*/" 4 (.e.e n"en4 4#(,/ /!#e"&/re' A#e4" ,(#r( /r/" # e"&*/*n/&e"r# &fer & /+ne ;/rţ/, /4(;r/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn/!#ere / (n( /"er/, &/re#/re' A!/*/r7 ;en"r( /;re#ere/ +,&=/, /

;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere7 e4"e ne#e4/r #/ ;e ,n+ re/ f&rţe *e/!#ere 4 4e / n #&n4*er/re ! #e,e,/,"e "re #r"er *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"eenţ&n/"e /n"er&r'

8-2-1-1- Meto#e %azate /e /"el)&"a"ea &) $o"*e #e a9an( &on(tanteMe"&*e,e =/./"e ;e ;re,(#r/re/ #( f&rţe *e /)/n4 #&n4"/n"e 4e ;&"

n#/*r/ n #/"e+&r/ e"&*e,&r *e 4#(r" *(r/"7 n"r(#" r*#/re/ (n&r n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e ;rn /#e4"e e"&*e ne#e4" (n "; 4#(r" *e,(#r(' În ;rn#;(7 4e (",.e/. ,/ /!#ere & f&rţ *e /)/n4 #(n&4#(" !

#&n4"/n" #( /#e/4" &#/.e e4"e ;&4=, *e"ern/re/ e;eren"/, /r /)/n4(,( #re/" *e f&rţ/ *e /)/n4' 0 )/,&/re /re / /)/n4(,( )/#/r/#"er./ & ;re,(#r/=,"/"e =(n / /"er/,(,(' e4" n4 ;&4=,"/"e/#/7 ;e =/./ n#er#r,&r7 ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ 4 ;&/" f /;re#/" ! ;rn /,ţn*#/"&r7 #( /r f$- n(r(, *e r&"/ţ /,e 4#(,e ne#e4/re ;re,(#rr (ne ;e4e ;e &,(n+e ;re4"/=," 4/( ;en"r( & (.(r ," / 4#(,e

- ";(, ne#e4/r /!#er (ne +(r *e ,(n+e ;re4"/=,"'

Meto#a .)"!"!! &) $o"*. #e a9an( &on(tant.' E4"e (n ;r&#e*e( *e4n",n" ,/ /;re#ere/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn +(rre / /"er/,(,('B(r+e,e (",./"e /(7 n &* &=!n("7 */e"re #(;rn4e n"re ? ! 80

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' Cer#e"r,e efe#"(/"e ;n n ;re.en" /( 4#&4 n e)*enţ (r"&/re,e/)/n"/Ke$- *(r/" 4#(r" / n#er#r,&r

- re;r&*(#"=,"/"e =(n / re.(,"/"e,&r- 4en4=,"/"e 4#.(" ,/ )/r/ţ re*(4e /,e #/,"ţ /"er/,(,( n#er#/"'Qee; ! L&ren. ?07@0790797 /( f&4" ;r #er#e""&r #/re /(

nţ/" /#e4" &* *e 4"(*ere / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn =(r+ere' Dre;"n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e 4e #&n4*er /*n#e/ *e ;"r(n*ere /

=(r+(,( ,8007 *(; 800 *e r&"/ţ /,e =(r+(,(' O=4er)n* # "!(, "r/n4)er4/, /, =(r+(,( nf,(enţe/. ne+/")re.(,"/"e,e 4(r"&r,&r7 A' Qe4ner @0 ;r&;(ne #/7 n/n"e *e n#er#/re74 4e ee#("e & +/(r ;re/,/=, #( (n =(r+( /, #r( */e"r( 4 fee+/, #( ,(n+e/ "!(,( "r/n4)er4/, /, =(r+(,( (",./" ;en"r(n#er#/re/ ;r&;r(-.4'

Cer#e""&r *e ,/ A/#en /( ;r&;(4 (",./re/ *re;" n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e / ,(n+ L n 7 / (ne +(r ;re,(#r/"e ;n ,/(./re/ #&;,e" / "!(,( =(r+(,(7 ,(n+e &=ţn(" ;rn n4(/re/,(n+,&r +(r,&r ;re,(#r/"e #( =(r+(, re4;e#")' Me"&*/ *e ,/ A/#en

;er"e ! f&,&4re/ #/ n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e / )"e.e )L2000 /#e/4"/re;re.n" )"e./ ;en"r( #/re7 n #&n*ţ ;re4"/=,"e7 4e ;r&*(#e (.(r/

#&;,e" / =(r+(,( *(; /!#ere/ (n&r +(r #( & ,(n+e "&"/, *e2000 ' A"" D' F&r"n& ?07 #" ! A' e"4_/ 907 re#&/n*f&,&4re/ n #/,"/"e *e n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e / ";(,( ne#e4/r ee#("r (ne +(r *e ,(n+e ;re4"/=,"'Me"&*/ e4"e ;re.en"/" 4#e/"# n f+'>'80' M!#/re/ *e /)/n4 e4"ere/,./" 4(= /#ţ(ne/ +re("ţ G 80''' 20 */N #/re )/ re/,./7 ;rnn"ere*(, ;r+e 87 & f&rţ % #&n4"/n" /4(;r/ =(r+(,('

8<0




Meto#a (t")n=!"!! &) $o"*. #e a9an( &on(tant.' Me"&*/ 4e/;,# n #&nf&r"/"e #( #e,e /r"/"e n 4#e/ *n f+'>'88' E/ 4e

=/.e/. ;e 4(r/re/ /)/n4(,( *e ,(#r( n #&n*ţ,e (ne f&rţe *e /)/n4#&n4"/n"e' %&" f (",./ţ /#e/! n*#/"&r n",nţ ! ,/ =(r+ere/ #(f&rţ *e /)/n4 #&n4"/n"'

Meto#a "etez."!! &) $o"*a #e a9an( &on(tant.' Me"&*/ &fer ;&4=,"/"e/ /;re#er ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn re"e./re ;e (n fere4"r(/,"ern/")7 (",.n* ;en"r( /)/n4(, ;n.e & f&rţ *e /)/n4 #&n4"/n"'%r&=e,e /( *en4(n ;re4"/=,"e' Dre;" n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e e4"e (",./" ";(, ne#e4/r re"e.r

;r&=e' %en"r( & #&re#" e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 e4"e ;er&4 ne#e4/r #/ fe#/re n#er#/re 4 4e ee#("e n /#e,e/! #&n*ţ *e ,(#r( 4e ;(ne*e /#ee/ #/ ,/ fe#/re n#er#/re 4 4e (",.e.e & ;n. n&( *e fer4"r(7

#( & /#ee/! +e&e"re / *nţ,&r /!#e"&r'

8-2-2- Meto#a (t)#!e"!! ")oz!t.*!! ()/"a$e*e! o%*!n)te /"!na&h!e"e

F+' >'80' S#e/ n#er#r ,/ =(r+ere/ #( f&rţ *e /)/n4 #&n4"/n"

F+' >'88' S#e/ 4"r(nKr #( f&rţ*e /)/n4 #&n"n((

8<8




R(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe e4"e f&,&4" n #/,"/"e/ *e n*#/"&r *ee)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ /"er/,e,&r n*e&4e= n #/.(,

;re,(#rr,&r *e fn4/re7 #ee/ #e / #&n*(4 ! ,/ /!/-.4 n&ţ(ne *e

wfn4/=,"/"e6 n ,=/ en+,e. wfn4/=,"6'S-/ #&n4"/"/" n &* e;eren"/, # n,ţe/ "&"/, / /4;er"ţ,&r*e ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ ;re,(#r/" e4"e *e;en*en" *e n(er&! f/#"&r7 #e/ ;&r"/nţ fn*$ a 3 f&r/ )rf(,( 4#(,e /!#e"&/re b 3r(+&."/"e/ 4(;r/feţe,&r /#")e /,e 4#(,e c 3 re/ /)/n4(,(,&n+"(*n/, d 3 fen&en(, *e *ef&r/re ;,/4"# / /"er/,(,( nf/ţ/ 4(;r/feţe *e *e+/K/re / 4#(,e e 3 re)enre/ e,/4"# //"er/,(,( *(; "re#ere/ 4#(,e f 3 .+rere/ 4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e

*e #"re /!#/ *e"/!/" g 3 r+*"/"e/ 44"e(,( "en&,&+#'În #ee/ #e ;r)e!"e &*/,"ţ,e #&n#re"e *e e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ

;rn n"ere*(, r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe7 ,"er/"(r/ *e 4;e#/,"/"ere#&/n* (",./re/ (n&r e;r()e"e *e f&r/ #e,e ;re.en"/"e n f+'>'82'Dre;" 4#(,e /!#e"&/re 4e ;refer f&,&4re/ (n&r #(ţ"e *e #&n4"r(#ţe4,/r #e,&r (",./"e ,/ 4"r(nKre/ *e fn4/re' O /4"fe, *e #&n4"r(#ţe*e #(ţ" e4"e ;re.en"/" n f+' >'8?'

<!- 8-01- <o"+. #e e/")9et. "e&o+an#a%!l. /ent") (t)#!)l ")oz!t.*!! ()/"a$e*e!

8<2






În /n("e #&n*ţ *e /!#ere7 & n4en"/"e *e&4e=" & #/;"f&r/ ! &*(, *e *e+/K/re / /!#,&r' A4"fe,7 n #/.(, ;re,(#rr ;e4"r(n+(r /("&/"e7 & e)en"(/, r4(#re ! /#((,/re / /!#,&r n

K(r(, 4#(,e 4/( / 4ef/=r#/"(,( /r ne#e4"/ &;rre/ /!n 3 (ne,"e ;en"r( n*e;r"/re/ /!#,&r7 f/;" #e /r *n(/ "&#/ /)/n"/K(,e4enţ/, &fer" *e ##,(, /("&/" *e ,(#r( /, /!n 3 (ne,"e' De/4eene/7 n #/.(, ;re,(#rr,&r *e fn4/re7 e4"e *e enţ&n/"*e./)/n"/K(, #/re /r /;/re n #/.(, n*re;"r /!#e f&r/"e 4;re4(;r/f/ţ/ ;r&/4;" ;re,(#r/" ! / #re r(+&."/"e "re=(e 4 fe #"/ 4#.(" e4"e ne#e4/r7 n /4"fe, *e #/.(r7 4 4e e)"e .+rere/ *e#"re /!# / 4(;r/feţe,&r &=ţn("e' C"e)/ *n"re f&re,e /!#,&r&=ţn("e ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ e#/n# / f&n"e,&r ! / &ţe,(r,&r 4(n"

;re.en"/"e n f+' >'8<'D/# f&re,e /!#,&r *e"/!/"e ;&" f f&/r"e )/r/"e /!# *re;"e7(,";,( r4(#"e7 e,#&*/,e7 ,(n+ 4/( 4#(r"e7 4;r/,e7 4fr/"e7r(n"e7 e"#'7 ;rn#;/, n*#/"&r *e e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ#&n#* n /#e4" #/. #( (ne,e #/r/#"er4"# /,e /!#,&r #(n&4#("e *n"e&r/ /!#er' Se /;re#/.7 #/ f/)&r/=,e (ne ;re,(#rr n #&n*ţ&;"e7 /!#,e 4;r/,e 4#(r"e ! /!#,e 4fr/"e e)/,(/re/

;re,(#r/=,"ţ (n( /"er/, ;e =/./ 4"(*(,( /!#,&r n( e4"e n4

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8






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8:




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;rn#;( *e (",./re 4e /4e/n #( #e, f&,&4" n 4(r/re/ *(r"ţ' Un)rf #&n# #( (n+(, ,/ )rf *e >0° *n #/r=(r e"/,#e e4"e /;4/" ;e4(;r/f/ţ/ /"er/,(,( n#er#/"' D/e"r(, /;ren"e &=ţn("e7#/r/#"er.n* *ef&r/ţ,e ;,/4"#e 4(;&r"/"e *e /"er/,(, n#er#/"7 &fern*#/ţ /4(;r/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ *n/#e' %en"r( ;r/re/ )rf(,(#&n# n /"er/,(, 4"(*/"7 ;re#( ! n /"er/,(, e"/,&n7 4e ;&" f&,&4

;re4e &=!n("e7 /;/r/"e Brne,, ;en"r( 4(r/re/ *(r"ţ 4/( #/r 4"r(n+(r &=!n("e n ;&"e./ e4"enţe (n&r *n/&e"re#&re4;(n."&/re' D/# 4e #(n&4# */e"re,e /;ren"e,&r re.(,"/"e ;e4(;r/f/ţ/ /"er/,(,( e"/,&n d et ! / #e,( n#er#/" d c 7 4e ;&/"e

*e"ern/ n*#/"&r(, *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e *n/# re,/") k p $2

#*

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8-2-7-1- C"!te"!)l )nh!)l)! #e $o"$e&a"e' Un+(, *e f&rfe#/re //!#e l e4"e #&n4*er/" n /n("e 4"(/ţ *re;" n*#/"&r /,

;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere 87079?' %e =/./ 4#ee 4;,f#/"e *n

F+'>'?27 4e ;&/"e *efn (n+(, *e f&rfe#/re #/ fn* (n+(, *n"re*re#ţ/ )"e.e *e /!#ere ! ;,/n(, *e4;rn*er,&r 4(##e4)e /,e/!#,&r'

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F+'>'?2' Re;re.en"r 4#e/"#e ;en"r( e;,#/re/ &*(,( *e f&r/re / /!#,&r

D/# *n ;(n#" *e )e*ere "e&re"# ;r&=,ee,e 4(n" *e4"(, *e =ne ;(4e ,/ ;(n#"7 *f#(,"ţ,e /;/r ,/ 4"(*ere/ e;eren"/, / fen&ene,&r7

4"(*ere efe#"(/" n +ener/, ;rn ;re,e)/re/ ! /n/,./ (n&r ;r&=e&=ţn("e ;rn n"rer(;ere/ r/;* / ;r&#e4(,( *e /!#ere' S-/ #&n4"/"/"/4"fe, # *efnre/ ;re#4 / (n( ;,/n (n# *e f&rfe#/re e4"e / *f#, *e

efe#"(/"7 *ef&r/ţ,e ;,/4"#e /)n* ,&# n re/,"/"e n"r-& .&n f&r/"*n"r-& f/,e *e ;r4e *4;(4e n e)/n"/ ! /)n* #/ ,/"(r #&(n(#/ 4#(,e /!#e"&/re f+' >'?27 =' M/ (,"7 n #/.(, /!#e#&n"n(e7 4e ;&/"e )&r= *e4;re & .&n / +re( *e *efn" n #/re /( ,&#*ef&r/,e ;,/4"#e f+' >'?27 #' În &r#e #/.7 & K(4"f#/re / (",.r(n+(,( *e f&rfe#/re n #/,"/"e *e n*#/"&r /, ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn/!#ere ;,e/# *e ,/ nf,(enţ/ eer#"/" *e (n+(, *e f&rfe#/re /4(;r/

f&rţe,&r *e /!#ere ! /4(;r/ r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e' În"r-/*e)r7 ;&rnn* *e ,/ *efnre/ ;,/n(,( *e f&rfe#/re 4-/ #&n4"/"/" # & #re!"ere /(n+(,( *e f&rfe#/re 4e 4&,*e/. #( & #!&r/re / f&rţe,&r *e /!#ere7#( & /n(" /e,&r/re / r(+&."ţ 4(;r/feţe ;re,(#r/"e7 #( &=ţnere/(n&r /!# #&n"n(e'

%en"r( *e"ern/re/ r (n+(,( *e f&rfe#/re7 e4" n ;re.en" ;e4"e <0 re,/ţ *e #/,#(,7 fe#/re *n /#e4"e/ /)n* ,/ =/./n("e ;&"e.e /4(;r/ fen&ene,&r /!#er' Une,e *n"re /#e4"e re,/ţ

#(;rn* ! *fer"e #/r/#"er4"# f.#&-e#/n#e /,e /"er/,(,( ;re,(#r/" *e ee;,( n re,/ţ/ ,( Te 8979?$

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/"er/,(, ;re,(#r/" n"er)ne ;rn n"ere*(, #&ef#en"(,( *e#&;r/re ;,/4"# / /!#e |'

8-2-7-2- C"!te"!)l )nh!)l)! +e#!) #e $"e&a"e' În /n(, 8>@2#er#e""&r(, B' N' C&,*n+ / ;r&;(4 f&,&4re/ *re;" n*#/"&r *e

;re,(#r/=,"/"e / (n+(,( e*( *e fre#/re 9?7 ;,e#n* *e ,/#&n4"/"/re/ #7 n #/.(, (ne *(r/=,"ţ #&n4"/n"e / 4#(,e7 )/,&/re/(n+(,( e*( *e fre#/re rne #&n4"/n" #/r */# (n+(, *ef&rfe#/re ! ef&r"(, (n"/r e*( *n ;,/n(, *e f&rfe#/re nre+4"re/.

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)/,&r )/r/=,e' De re/r#/" e4"e n4 e4"enţ/ (n&r *f#(,"ţ ,e+/"e *e*ferenţere/ /"er/,e,&r n #/.(, (n&r *(r/=,"ţ *fer"e /,e 4#(,e,&r/4"fe,7 ,/ *(=,/re/ /;r&/;e / )/,&r *(r/=,"ţ *e ,/ T 8@ n ,/ T

?0 n7 *ferenţ/ n"re (n+(r,e e* *e fre#/re7 n #e,e *&( #/.(r7e4"e *e n(/ 8{'8-2-7-8- C"!te"!)l )nh!)l)! λ' T&4&n / *efn" (n+(, λ #(

/K("&r(, (ne re,/, *e f&r/$λ = θ + φ − γ >'20

n #/re l e4"e (n+(, *e f&rfe#/re / /!#e φ - (n+(, e*( *efre#/re γ - (n+(, *e *e+/K/re /, 4#(,e'

O=4er)n*(-4e # (n *n"re "eren #/re *efne4# ;e λ /( f&4"

*eK/ enţ&n/ţ #/ ;(r""&r *e nf&r/ţ ;r)n* ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn/!#ere / (n( /"er/,7 n #&nf&r"/"e #( &;n,e (n&r #er#e""&r @>4e #&n4*er K(4"f#/" (",./re/ /#e4"(7 (n+ n #/,"/"e *e n*#/"&r *e

;re,(#r/=,"/"e'8-2-7-4- Meto#a #e #ete"+!na"e a !n#!&ato")l)! #e

/"el)&"a%!l!tate Me"&hant- O e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere //"er/,e,&r e4"e ;&4=, ! #( /K("&r(, n*#/"&r(,( *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"eMer#/n"7 *efn" ;rn re,/ţ/ <9$F+' >'?? Re;re.en"/re/ 4#e/"# / &*(,( *e f&r/re / /!#e ;en"r( *efnre/ n*#/"&r(,( Mer#/n" *e*e"ern/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere

qj2lMC >'28n #/re θ e4"e (n+(, *e f&rfe#/re F+' >'?? γ - (n+(, *e *e+/K/re/, 4#(,e τ - (n+(, *e fre#/re7 ;en"r( / #re *e"ern/re 4e f&,&4e!"ere,/ţ/$

"+qDFGF

"+qGFDFj

−

= >'22

8-2-7-5- Meto#a #e #ete"+!na"e a !n#!&ato")l)! )n!9e"(al #e/"el)&"a%!l!tate' M' Q' D/4 ! S' A' T&=/4 8> /( ;r&;(4 4 4e (",.e.e7 ;en"r( #/r/#"er./re/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere / (n( /"er/,

8@@




&/re#/re & #&n4"/n" D7 *en(" *e e 5n*#/"&r (n)er4/, *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e6 5Un)er4/, /#n/=," n*e6 *efn" ;rn re,/ţ/$

lq#&4j

q#&4jD

= >'2? n #/re lq7j7 /( 4enf#/ţ,e

/r"/"e ,/ *efnre/ n*#/"&r(,( *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e Mer#/n"'8-3- Meto#e !n#!"e&te #e a/"e&!e"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!! /"!n

a&h!e"e

În (,"e 4"(/ţ7 n ;r/#"#/ n*(4"r/,7 "en&,&+(, n( *4;(ne*e#" *e #"e)/ *n"re #/r/#"er4"#,e f.#&-e#/n#e /,e /"er/,e,&r #/re (re/. / f 4(;(4e /!#er' A#e4" f/;" / #&n*(4 ,/ f&,&4re/ (n&r/

*n"re #/r/#"er4"#,e f.#&-e#/n#e /,e /"er/,e,&r e"/,#e n #/,"/"e*e n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e'

8-3-0- C"!te"!)l "ez!(ten*e! la ")/e"e /"!n t"a&*!)ne /,&/re/ re.4"enţe 4;e#f#e ,/ r(;ere ;rn "r/#ţ(ne #&n4""(e7

/!/ #( 4e #&n4"/" n ;r/#"#7 /,"(r *e *(r"/"e7 n*#/"&r(, /f,/" #e,/ ,/ n*en #/;/=, 4 &fere & nf&r/ţe +,&=/, /4(;r/

;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere / (n( /"er/,' Cer#e"r *e */" /re#en" "n* n4 4 *n(e.e n4en"/"e/ f&,&4r /#e4"( n*#/"&r

;en"r( e)/,(/re/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere7 */" fn* e4"enţ/ (n&r ne#&n#&r*/nţe n"re re.4"enţ/ ,/ r(;ere ! (n n*#/"&r 4;e#f# *e

;re,(#r/=,"/"e' Se ;&/"e #&n4"/"/ /4"fe, # n #/.(, f&n"e,&r e4"e *f#, *e4"/=," e4"enţ/ )re(ne #&re4;&n*enţe ;re#4e ! +ener/, )/,/=,e n"rere.4"enţ/ ,/ r(;ere ;rn "r/#ţ(ne ! ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ,&r ;rn /!#ere'

8-3-1- C"!te"!)l "ez!(ten*e! la ")/e"e /"!n $o"$e&a"e E4"enţ/ (n&r 4,"(*n n"re fen&ene,e *e f&r/re /

/!#,&r ! #e,e #/re /( ,&# ,/ r(;ere/ ;rn f&rfe#/re / /"er/,e,&r /

4(+er/" #er#e""&r,&r ;&4=,"/"e/ f&,&4r re.4"enţe 4;e#f#e ,/ r(;ere ;rn f&rfe#/re *re;" n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e ;rn /!#ere' M/ (,"7#&n4"/"n*(-4e & /n(" *e;en*enţ n"re re.4"enţ/ ,/ f&rfe#/re !re/ #r/"er(,( *e (.(r ,/ ;re,(#r/re/ (n&r &ţe,(r 4-/ 4(=,n/" *ee/n"en4f#r #er#e"r,&r ,e+/"e *e 4"/=,re/ (ne #&re4;&n*enţe n"re

;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere ! re.4"enţ/ 4;e#f# ,/ f&rfe#/re'Re.(,"/"e,e e;eren"/,e /( ;er47 #e, ;(ţn *e&#/*/"7 4"/=,re/(n&r #&n#,(. *efn")e n /#e4" 4en4'

8-3-2-C"!te"!)l al)n!"!! "elat!9eÎn #/.(, (n&r #/"e+&r *e &ţe,(r7 e4"e ;&4=, &=ţnere/ (ne/+n *e4"(, *e #&n#,(*en"e /4(;r/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere7

8@9




f&,&4n*(-4e /,(n+re/ re,/") ε 7 re &=ţn(" ,/ n#er#r,e *er(;ere ;rn "r/#ţ(ne'

8-3-3- C"!te"!)l #)"!t.*!! +ate"!al)l)!

O e)/,(/re &ren"/") / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere / (n(/"er/, &/re#/re / f&4" ;&4=, n# *e (," )ree #( /K("&r(,re.(,"/"e,&r n#er#r,&r *e *(r"/"e' Re#&/n*r n /#e4" 4en4 /( f&4"efe#"(/"e *e #"re b/,,#47 #( / =ne *e !/4e *e#en n (r'

%en"r( /;re#ere/ *(r"ţ7 4e ;refer efe#"(/re/ *e &=#e / "ren#er#r ,/ #/;e"e,e ! ,/ K,&#(, (ne e;r()e"e #,n*r#e' C( /K("&r(,)/,&r e* / *(r"ţ ! (",.n* */+r/e e,/=&r/"e ;e =/./ */"e,&r e;eren"/,e7 4e ;&/"e 4"/=, )"e./ *e /!#ere re#&/n*/"7 *n /#e4"

;(n#" *e )e*ere7 ;en"r( ;re,(#r/re/ (n( /n(" /"er/,'

8-3-4- C"!te"!)l (t")&t)"!! +ate"!al)l)!O #&re,/ţe n"re 4"r(#"(r ! ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere e4"e

*e4"(, *e (!&r *e e)*enţ/"' C(n&4#n*(-4e 4"r(#"(r/ (n( /,/K fer&47 *eee;,(7 4e ;&" f/#e /fr/ţ *e4"(, *e ;re#4e n #ee/ #e ;r)e!"e#&;&r"/re/ n ";(, /!#er / /#e4"(/ / f&4" *e# n&r/, (",./re/(n&r n#er#r *e 4#(r" *(r/"7 ;en"r( /n/,./ 4"r(#"(r ! &=ţnere/ n/#e4" &* / (ne /+n ;r)n* ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere <<'

Fr / 4e e/+er/7 4e ;&/"e /!/*/r /fr/ # 4;,/ e/n/re#r&4#&;# / 4"r(#"(r (n( /"er/, e4"e *e n/"(r 4 &fere n*#/ţ

;r)n* ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ ;rn /!#ere / /"er/,e,&r'8-3-5- Meto#a #e #ete"+!na"e a )n)! !n#!&ato" #e

/"el)&"a%!l!tate /e %aza (t)#!e"!! ten(!)n!lo" ! a #e$o"+a*!!lo" la$o"$e&a"e

%,e#n* *e ,/ /n("e #&n4*er/ţ "e&re"#e 4-/ /K(n4 ,/ #&n#,(./# n"re (n+(, */ f&rfe#/re ! r/;&r"(, m&k n #/re m e4"e r/;&r"(, n"re

;/n"/ #(r=e "en4(n *e *ef&r/re ;,/4"# ;rn f&rfe#/re ! *ef&r/ţ/ ;rn f&rfe#/re7 /r k e4"e "en4(ne/ *e #(r+ere ,/ f&rfe#/re n ,(n+(, ,neAB - F+' >'?2 e4" & 4"rn4 *e;en*enţ '

%en"r( /n("e #&n*ţ*e /!#ere7 & #re!"ere / )/,&rr/;&r"(,( m&k e4"e n4&ţ" *e#!&r/re/ (n+(,( *ef&rfe#/re θ ' Or7 4e #(n&/!"e

f/;"(, # (n+(,( *e f&rfe#/re 4-/ /"r=(" #/,"/"e/ *e / &fern*#/ţ /4(;r/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ(n( /"er/, &/re#/re /#e4"

<!- 8-23- Re/"ezenta"ea "a$!&. a $o"+e! &)"%e! #e 9a"!a*!ea ten(!)n!! #e #e$o"+a"e /la(t!&. 'n "a/o"t &) #e$o"+a*!a

8@:




,(#r( / ;er4 ,(/re/ n #&n4*er/re ! / r/;&r"(,( m&k ;en"r(#/r/#"er./re/ #/;/#"ţ *e ;re,(#r/re ;rn /!#ere' De"ern/re/r,&r #/re n"r n #&;&nenţ/ n*#/"&r(,( *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e m !

k 4e ;&/"e f/#e #( /K("&r(, (n&r */+r/e *e ";(, #e,e *n F+' >'?<f&r/ #(r=e 4-/ 4"/=," ,/ n#er#/re/ (n( &ţe,' S-/ #&n4"/"/" #/"er/,e,e ;en"r( #/re /"" k 7 #" ! r/;&r"(, m&k /( )/,&r /r #( /r f#/.(, (n&r &ţe,(r n&*/=,e7 ;&" f /;re#/"e #/ /"er/,e #(

;re,(#r/=,"/"e re*(47 e,e +enern* 4&,#"r /r /,e 4#(,e /!#e"&/re'De /4eene/7 */# r/;&r"(, m&k /re )/,&r r*#/"e7 4e &=ţn7 *e re+(,7/!# n+r&!/"e7 *4#&n"n(e7 ;re#( ! & r(+&."/"e /re / 4(;r/feţe

;re,(#r/"e'8-3-6- Meto#e #e #ete"+!na"e a &o+/at!%!l!t.*!! al!a=elo" a$late

'n &onta&tÎn"re /"er/,(, 4#(,e /!#e"&/re ! #e, /, ;e4e ;re,(#r/"e 4e ;&"

/nfe4"/7 n ";(, /!#er7 /fn"ţ7 *e n/"(r f.#&-e#/n# /, #r&r r&, n ;r&#e4(, *e *4"r(+ere / (#e /!#e"&/re ;&/"e f *e&4e=" *e;&r"/n"' A;/rţ/ (n&r 4(*(r n"re /"er/,(, 4#(,e ! #e, ;re,(#r/"

;&/"e f 4&#&"" #/ (n f/#"&r #/re /##e,ere/. (.(r/ 4#(,e /!#e"&/re'I/" *e# &")(, #/re / *e"ern/" n"r&*(#ere/ n&ţ(n *e&o+/at!%!l!tate n"re /"er/,(, 4#(,e /!#e"&/re ! #e, /,

4ef/=r#/"(,('%en"r( / /;re#/ n "; 4#(r" e)en"(/,e,e /fn"ţ f.#&-

e#/n#e n"re /"er/,e,e /f,/"e n #&n"/#" n ";(, /!#er7#er#e""&r *n #/*r(, Cen"r(,( "en# /, In*(4"re e#/n#e - Fr/nţ/CETIM /( ;(4 ,/ ;(n#" & e"&* r/;* *e n#er#/re 82' În ;rn#;(7e"&*/ 4e =/.e/. ;e (r"&/re,e$ & e;r()e" *n /"er/,(, 4#(,e e4"e/;4/" "; *e 80'''?0 4 n r/;&r" #( /"er/,e,e 4"(*/"e7 ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/4ef/=r#/"(,( F+' >'?'

<!- 8-24- S&he+a #e l)&") /ent") #ete"+!na"ea &o+/at!%!l!t.*!! al!a=elo" a$late 'n &onta&t

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D/# 4ef/=r#/"(, 4e /f, n !#/re *e r&"/ţe7 )rf(, 4#(,e 4e )/*e;,/4/ ;rn fre#/re ;e 4(;r/f/ţ/ /"er/,(,( *e ;re,(#r/"7 &=ţnn*(-4e &/;ren" *e (.(r /,e #re *en4(n )/r/. n f(n#ţe *e /"er/,(,

4#(,e' Dre;" n*#/"&r *e e)/,(/re / #&;/"=,"ţ #e,&r *&( /"er/,e/f,/"e n #&n"/#"7 4e )/ f&,&4 *e# re/ /;ren"e *e (.(r'

Me"&*/ &fer /)/n"/K(, *e / 4e ;("e/ 4"/=, r/;* #e /"er/,"re=(e f&,&4" n #&n4"r(#ţ/ (ne 4#(,e ;en"r( #/ /#e/4"/ '4 /=7 ,/

;re,(#r/re/ (n( /"er/, */"7 & *(r/=,"/"e r*#/" e4"e ;&4=, *e/4eene/ ! 4"/=,re/ /#e,&r /"er/,e ;en"r( 4#(,e ;r&;r (n&r /n("e &;er/ţ'

8-3-7- C"!te"!)l &oe$!&!ent)l)! #e #!(/e"(!e te"+!&. C&n4"/"n* e4"enţ/ (ne *e;en*enţe n"re n*#/"&r #,/4# /

;re,(#r/=,"ţ (n( /"er/, ! (ne,e *n"re ;r&;re"ţ,e "er#e /,e/#e4"(/7 #er#e""&r(, P' R' EXe, ;r&;(ne (",./re/ n #/,"/"e *e n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e / /!/-n("(,( #&ef#en" *e *4;er4e "er#7 *efn"

<!- 8-25- Mo#)l #e 9a"!a*!e a &oe$!&!ent)l)! #e #!(/e"(!e te"+!&. ! a 9!teze! #e a&h!e"e /ent") &?te9a#!nt"e &la(ele #e o*el)"! +a! #e( )t!l!zate

890




;rn r/;&r"(, n"re #&n*(#"=,"/"e/ "er# / /"er/,(,( ;re,(#r/" !*en4"/"e/ /#e4"(/'

În ;rn#;(7 /#e/4" ;r&;(nere ;,e/# *e ,/ #&n4"/"/re/ # r"(,

*e n/+/.n/re ! *4;er4e / #,*(r ;r&*(4e n ;r&#e4(, *e /!#ere ;&/"e f n*e;en*en" *e 4"r(#"(r/ /"er/,(,( ;re,(#r/"7 */r /fe#"e/.n"r-& 4(r ;&r"/n" ;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ /#e4"(/' O #&nfr/re / (ne/4eene/ ;&"e.e & #&n4""(e */"e,e *n f+' >'?@ n #/re 4e ;&/"e#&n4"/"/ # /"er/,e,e7 ,/ / #r&r ;re,(#r/re e4"e ;&4=, (",./re/ (n&r )"e.e r*#/"e *e /!#ere7 *4;(n ! *e & #/;/#"/"e /re *e /=4&r=ţe !*e / "r/n4"e /;& #,*(r/ n e*(, n#&nK(r"&r7 fn* #/r/#"er./"e/4"fe, ;rn )/,&r /r /,e #,*(r 4;e#f#e ! ;rn"r-& #/;/#"/"e r*#/"*e "r/n4"ere / #,*(r'

%r&fe4&r(, r&n A' ,/4e7 *e ,/ Un)er4"/"e/ 5%&,"en#/6 *nB(#(re!"7 / #&nfr/"7 ;rn #er#e"r,e 4/,e e;eren"/,e 927997 f/;"(,# (ne&r #&n*(#"=,"/"e/ "er#7 ;&/"e #&n4""( (n n*#/"&r ;reţ&4 *ee)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere / &ţe,(r,&r n&*/=,e'

8-3-8- C"!te"!)l &oe$!&!ent)l)! #e a%(o"%*!e te"+!&.C&n4*er/ţ 4,/re #e,&r #/re /( ;er4 *efnre/ #&ef#en"(,(

*e *4;er4e "er#7 /( *e"ern/"7 n #/.(, ;re,(#rr ;rn /!#ere /4(;r/feţe,&r n"er&/re7 4"/=,re/ /!/-n("(,( &oe$!&!ent #e a%(o"%*!e

te"+!&.$ /#e4"/ re;re.n" ;r&*(4(, *n"re #&n*(#"=,"/"e/ "er# !#,*(r/ 4;e#f#'

An/,.n* /4"fe, */"e,e */+r/e *n F+' >'?97 4e ;&/"e #&n4"/"/# n"re #&ef#en"(, *e /=4&r=ţe "er# ! )"e.e,e e#&n&#e *e

;re,(#r/re ;rn /!#ere e4" fr n*&/, & /n(" ,e+"(r' D/+r/e*e ";(, #e,&r ;re.en"/"e n F+' >'?@ ! >'?9 ;&" f f&,&4"e ;en"r(4"/=,re/ &ren"/") / )"e.e,&r *e /!#ere n #/.(, (n&r r# n& *e&ţe,(r ;en"r( #/re n( 4e #(n&4# *e#" #/r/#"er4"#,e f.#e ne#e4/re

#/,#(,r #&ef#enţ,&r *e *4;er4e "er# 4/( *e /=4&r=ţe "er#'

8-4- Con&l)z!! /"!9!n# +eto#ele #e #ete"+!na"e a/"el)&"a%!l!t.*!! /"!n a&h!e"e

Ce,e /r"/"e ;n n /#e4" &en" 4(n" *e n/"(r 4 re,efe.ee4"enţ/ (n( n(r /re *e ;r&#e*ee ! n*#/"&r *e e)/,(/re /

;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere7 (ne,e ;r&#e*ee &fern* nf&r/ţ #(#/r/#"er +ener/,7 /,"e,e ;en"r( (n *&en( / re4"rn4 *e' /;,#/=,"/"e'

Se ;&/"e "&"&*/" #&n4"/"/ e4"enţ/ (n&r &;n *)er4e /,e#er#e""&r,&r *n ,/=&r/"&/re ! ţr *fer"e n ,e+"(r #( )/,/=,"/"e/ !/;,#/=,"/"e/ re.(,"/"e,&r n#er#r,&r *e *e"ern/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ

;rn /!#ere' În #e,e #e (re/. 4e ;re.n" 4(##n" #"e)/ *n"re

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;r&=,ee,e #e,e / ;&r"/n"e /=&r*/"e *e #er#e""&r7 ;r&=,ee #/re4(4#" (n n"ere4 / ,/r+'

8-4-0- In()$!&!en*ele +eto#elo" "a/!#e #e #ete"+!na"e a/"el)&"a%!l!t.*!!- Fe#re e"&*e r/;*e *e e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ 4(n" 4;e#f#e /n("e /)/n"/Ke ! *e./)/n"/Ke' Ar+(en"(, e4enţ/, /,(",.r /#e4"&r e"&*e , #&n4""(e *(r/"/ 4#(r" ne#e4/r ;en"r(r*#/re/ (n&r n*#/ţ #/;/=,e 4 &fere & /+ne7 #e, ;(ţn &ren"/")7/4(;r/ #&;&r"r *fer"e,&r /"er/,e n ";(, /!#er'

A#e4" /)/n"/K - /, *(r/"e 4#(r"e *e n#er#/re - #&n4""(e n44(=e#"(, (n&r n(er&/4e #&n"r&)er4e n ,"er/"(r/ *e 4;e#/,"/"e7 e, fn**n(/" 4/( #/r /n(,/" *(; &;n,e (n&r #er#e""&r7 *e (ne,ene#&n#&r*/nţe #( re.(,"/"e,e &=ţn("e n #&n*ţ re/,e *e /!#ere'

Cer#e""&r(, "/,/n M' G' P&n/ <0 /r/" /4"fe, # n*#/ţ,e&=ţn("e ;rn n#er#r r/;*e */( re.(,"/"e ne4/"4f#"&/re7 e,e fn*4(4ţn("e *e r/ţ&n/en"e /;r&/")e n #ee/ #e ;r)e!"e /;/rţ/ !*e.)&,"/re/ fen&ene,&r *e (./re' În /#e4" 4en47 4e /r/" # n#er#r,e

r/;*e ;,e/# *e ,/ *&( ";(r *e r/ţ&n/en"e$-;re,(#r/re/ n #&n*ţ / +re,e *e#" #e,e n&r/,e7 n #/.(,

(n&r/ *n"re n#er#r7 n 4#&;(, (ne (.r / r/;*e / 4#(,e

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892




-e/n/re/ n(/ / f&re nţ/,e /, )/r/ţe (.(r n r/;&r" #(";(,7 n #/.(, /,"&r n#er#r ! e"r/;&,/re/ n #&n"n(/re /nf&r/ţ,&r /4"fe, &=ţn("e'

În#er#r,e =/./"e ;e ;r(, "; *e r/ţ&n/en" /( n4 n )e*ere7n #&nf&r"/"e #( &;n,e #er#e""&r(,( "/,/n7 & /+ne (," ;re/4;,f#/" / fen&en(,( *e (./re7 ne+,Kn*(-4e n(er&/4ee#/n4e f.#&-##e ,e+/"e *e #&n*ţ,e *e /!#ere' D/#7 *eee;,( ,/ "e;er/"(r / K&/4e ;re)/,e/. fen&ene,e *e (./re *e ";/=r/.) ! /*e.)7 ,/ "e;er/"(r / r*#/"e r&,(, ;rn#;/, re)nefen&ene,&r *e *f(.e7 *e *ef&r/re ;,/4"#7 ! re/#ţ,&r ##e'A4"fe,7 rre/ )"e.e *e /!#ere ;en"r( n"en4f#/re/ (.r 4#(,e

;&/"e *en/"(r/ #&;,e" fen&en(, &=!n("7 f(rn.n* re.(,"/"ef(n*/en"/, +re!"e'

În ,e+"(r #( n#er#r,e =/./"e ;e #e, *e-/, *&,e/ "; *er/ţ&n/en"7 4e ;&/"e /r"/ # e,e n( ţn 4e// *e re.(,"/"e,e *4;er4e*/"e,&r e;eren"/,e' A;re#ere/ #&;&r"r (,"er&/re / 4#(,e7 *&/r ;e

=/./ #&;&r"r n ;r/ e"/; *e /!#ere7 4e ;&/"e *&)e* /4"fe,ne#&re4;(n."&/re' E4"e ne#e4/r 4 4e / n #&n4*er/re n( n(/*4;er4/ n&r/, / re.(,"/"e,&r e;eren"/,e */r ! f/;"(, #4(;r/;(nere/ ;erfe#" / *&( #(r=e *e (.(r ;en"r( ;er&/*/ nţ/,

;r/ ;/r"e / #(r=e *e (./re n( &fer n# ;e *e;/r"e +/r/nţ/ (ne#&;&r"r *en"#e n #&n"n(/re / /"er/,e,&r *n ;(n#"(, *e )e*ere /,(.r 4#(,e,&r /!#e"&/re'

%en"r( e)/,(/re/ r/;* / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ ;rn /!#ere 4e(",.e/. *e &=#e e;r()e"e *e *en4(n #7 ;re,e)/"e e)en"(/, *e ,/#/;e"e,e =/re,&r #e (re/. / f ;re,(#r/"e /#e4" ,(#r( #&n*(#e n4 ,/ (n/," *e./)/n"/K7 #e, /, ne,(r n #&n4*er/re / n(er&/4e,&r ne&&+en"ţ #/r/#"er4"#e - #e, ;(ţn *e&#/*/" - (n&r ";(r *e

4ef/=r#/"e'În (ne,e #/.(r7 n /f/r/ *e./)/n"/Ke,&r enţ&n/"e /n"er&r7 4e/*/(+ ! f/;"(, # f&,&4re/ n*#/"&r,&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e *e"ern/ţ

;en"r( (n /n(" "; *e ;re,(#r/re ;&/"e f /r/re&r e"n4 ;en"r( /,"e ;r&#e*ee *e ;re,(#r/re *e ee;,(7 re.(,"/"e,e &=ţn("e ,/ 4"r(nKre/,&n+"(*n/, #( #(ţ"e /r/"e #( ;,#(ţe *n #/r=(r e"/,#e n( 4(n"*e#" n # 4(r )/,/=,e ;en"r( =(r+ere/ #( 4#(,e *n &ţe, r/;*'

8-4-1- Ne&e(!tatea (tan#a"#!z."!! &on#!*!!lo" #e e$e&t)a"e ! #eanal!z. a 'n&e"&."!lo" #e #ete"+!na"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!!' Ce,e /r"/"e ;n /#( 4(=,n/. f/;"(, # ;r&=,e/ 4"/=,r (ne e"&*e (n#e ;en"r( *e"ern/re/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ /"er/,e,&r e4"e n( n(/ *f#,7

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# ! *4#("/=, 4(= /4;e#"(, re/,.r e' Cee/ #e 4e ;(ne *e# e4"e nre/,"/"e ;r&=,e/ 4"/n*/r*.r (n( +r(; *e e"&*e ! / #&n*ţ,&r n#/re /r (r/ 4 /= ,&# r*#/re/ (n&r n*#/"&r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e'

Ef&r"(r n /#e4" 4en4 /( ,&# n n(er&/4e ţr ! #/r ,/ n)e,(, (n&r &r+/n4e n"ern/ţ&n/,e'S-/ 4"/=," /4"fe, # ;en"r( ee#("/re/ (n&r n#er#r *e ,(n+

*(r/" ! ;en"r( & n"er;re"/re #&re#" / re.(,"/"e,&r e;eren"/,e e4"ene)&e *e ;er4&n/, =ne ;re+""7 #( #(n&!"nţe #&re4;(n."&/re n*&en(, e"/,(r+e ! /, /!#er e"/,e,&r7 #&n*ţ #e 4e ;&" re/,./ *e&=#e *&/r n ,/=&r/"&/re ! n4""(ţ *e #er#e"/re 4;e#/,./"e'

Re/,"/"e/ #&n#re" *n (.ne re#,/ n4 e4"enţ/ (n( "e4"r/;* *e e)/,(/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 #( & )/,/=,"/"e #" / ,/r+7 #(re.(,"/"e #/re 4 n( *e;n* n 4(r ;re/ /re *e ee#("/n"(,n#er#r,&r7 (n "e4" #/re 4 n( ne#e4"e n# (",/K7 n# 4#(,e 4;e#/,e

;en"r( ee#("/re/ ,(' E4"e *e# ;erfe#" K(4"f#/" "en*nţ/ /nfe4"/" n*)er4e ţr *e / 4e ;(ne ,/ ;(n#" & e"&* r/;* *e e)/,(/re /

;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 #( /;,#/=,"/"e #" / ,/r+'În #/*r(, &r+/n./ţe n"ern/ţ&n/,e *e 4"/n*/r*./re ISO7

4&,#"r,e *e 4"/=,re / (n&r n&re /( f&4" ;/rţ/, 4/"4f#("e ;rne,/=&r/re/ (n( ;r&e#" - re#&/n*/re ;r)n* #&n*ţ,e *e efe#"(/re /

n#er#r,&r *e /!#ere' În ,e+"(r #( /#e4" ;r&e#"7 */# e4"e ne#e4/r 44e re#(n&/4# r+(r&."/"e/ /r+(en"e,&r #/re /( *e"ern/" 4"/=,re/#&n*ţ,&r *e n#er#/re7 4e #()n ;re#./"e ! (ne,e *f#(,"ţ ,e+/"e *e/;,#/re/ 4/7 #( /r f7 *e ee;,(7 ,;4/7 *e &=#e7 *n n.e4"r/re/4"r(n+(r,&r /#"(/,e7 / &"&/re,&r *e #(ren" #&n"n(( #/re 4 ;er" &)/r/ţe #&n"n( / "(r/ţe /r=&re,( ;rn#;/,'

8-4-2- Ne&e(!tatea $olo(!"!! +a! +)lto" &"!te"!! /ent")a/"e&!e"ea /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!! )n)! +ate"!al, oa"e&a"e' În ,e+"(r #(

(",./re/ (ne e"&*e 4/( / /,"e/ ;en"r( /;re#ere/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ (n(/"er/,7 e4"e ne#e4/r 4 4e 4(=,ne.e f/;"(, # /;e,n* ,/ (n 4n+(r #r"er( #( /r f7 *e ee;,(7 #e, /, (.(r 4#(,e /!#e"&/re n( 4e&=ţne *e#" & /+ne (n,/"er/,7 n#&;,e" /4(;r/ /#e4"e ;r&;re"ţ"en&,&+#e' De/,"fe,7 & 4;, enţ&n/re 4/( /fr/ţe n ,e+"(r #(

;re,(#r/=,"/"e/ (n( /"er/,7 fr / 4e ;re#./ #r"er(, 4/( ;(n#"(, *e)e*ere /)(" n e)/,(/re/ ;re,(#r/=,"ţ7 n( /r ;re.en"/ ;re/ /re(","/"e "&#/ */"&r" #/r/#"er(,( #&;,e /, fen&ene,&r /#&;er"e *e

n&ţ(ne/ *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e ;rn /!#ere'În /#e4" 4en47 4e ;&/"e /r"/ # *&( /"er/,e ;&" */ n/!"ere7 n #&n*ţ/4en"&/re7 (n&r f&rţe *e /!#ere /;r&/") e+/,e7 */r ;&" /)e/ &#&;&r"/re f(n*/en"/, *fer" 4(= /4;e#"(, (.(r 4#(,e /!#e"&/re'

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A4"fe, 4e ;&" n",n #/.(r n #/re (n /"er/, * n/!"ere (n&r f&rţe *e/!#ere e+/,e 4/( / re*(4e *e#" n #/.(, /,"( /"er/,7 */r (.e/.(," / n"en4 & 4#(, /!#e"&/re7 */"&r"7 *e ee;,(7 ;re.enţe (n&r

n#,(.(n #( #/r/#"er /=r/.)'8-4-3- Po(!%!l!tatea #e &o+/a"a"e a "ez)ltatelo" o%*!n)te /"!n#!$e"!te +eto#e #e #ete"+!na"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!!' O */" #( /;,#/re/*e n& ;r&#e*ee *e *e"ern/re / ;re,(#r/=,"ţ /"er/,e,&r ! / /,e4#( #re!"ere/ n(r(,( *e ;r&#e*ee /)n* ,/ =/. (n /#e,/! fen&enf.# (rr" (n /#e,/! #r"er(7 / *e)en" ne#e4/r #&;/r/re/re.(,"/"e,&r &=ţn("e ;rn *fer"e e"&*e7 ;en"r( / 4e )e*e/ n #e 4(re4" & #&n#&r*/n" n"re /#e4"e/ 8>72>7<8 4-/ 4"/=," /4"fe, #re.(,"/"e,e *fer"e,&r n#er#r *e ;re,(#r/=,"/"e #&n#&r* n(/ n4(r/ n #/re 4e ;,e/# *e ,/ (n /#e,/! fen&en'

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a/"e&!e"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!!

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<!-8-27- Co"e(/on#en*a 'nt"e !n#!&ato")l #e /"el)&"a%!l!tate D,1 ! #atele o$e"!te#e +eto#a a+e"!&an. #e e9al)a"e a /"el)&"a%!l!t.*!! 'n &az)l $ontelo" n0466

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<!- 8-28- Co"ela*!a 'nt"e !n#!&ato")l #e /"el)&"a%!l!tate D,1 n24 "ot+!n !9!teza #e a&h!e"e 91 la (t")n=!"e (,27 ++"otJ t2,7 ++, +ate"!al)l (&)le!

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BIBLIOGRA<IE

8' AELENEI7 M'7 GHERGHEA7 I'7 %r&=,ee *e /!n-(ne,"e !/!#ere7 )&,' I ! II7 E*"(r/ Ten#7 8>9:

2' ALBERTI7 N'7 S&e &=4er)/"&n4 &n e"/, #(""n+ X" referen#e "&"e e#/n#/, #/r/#"er4"#4 &f X&r_n+ /"er/,4' In Me#/n#/7I"/,/7 )&,' 97 nr' 87 /r"e7 8>92

?' ALBU7 A'7 PEICAN7 C'7 GRUITA7 D'7 MORAR7 L'7 %r&+r//re//44"/" *e #/,#(,/"&r / /!n,&r-(ne,"e7 E*"(r/ Ten#7 B(#(re!"78>:0

<' ARTHUR7 %'7 QEANE7 D'7 Defn.&ne *e, +r/*& * ,/)&r/=,"/ *e+,/##/ /("&/"#' In Me#/n#/7 I"/,/7 )&,' 7 8>92

' BARANO7 B'A' !'/'7 N&r/re/ "en# n (.ne,e #&n4"r(#"&/re *e/!n' E*"(r/ Ten#7 B(#(re!"78>@0

@' BERNE7 H' !'/'7 De4#r;"&n *c(n "e4" *c/;""(*e /( *}#&,,e"/+e' ÎnRe)(e *e M}"/,,(r+e7 Fr/nţ/7 )&,' @:7 nr' 827 8>98

9' BONHOMME7 R'7 E44/4 #&;/r/"f4 *e #&(;e re/,4}4 ;/r ,e Cen"reTenv(e *e ,cIn*(4"re *e D}#&,,e"/+e' In C&;"e ren*( *e4 K&(rn}e4*e ,ce"(*e *e ,c(4n/=,"} *e4 /#er4 4;}#/(' %/r47 8>9?

:' BOTEZ7 E'7 M/!n-(ne,"e7 )&,' II'7 A("&/"#/7 E*"(r/ Ten#7B(#(re!"78>9?

>' BOTEZ7 E'7 DORIN7 AL'7 Ten&,&+/ ;r&+r/r n(er#e //!n,&r-(ne,"e7 E*"(r/ Ten#7 B(#(re!"78>92

80' BRAGARU7 A'7 !'/'7 - SEFA - DISROM' S4"e *e e"&*7Te&r/ ! ;r/#"#/ ;r&e#"r *4;&.")e,&r7 ;en"r( ;re,(#rr ;e/!n-(ne,"e7 E*"(r/ Ten#7 B(#(re!"78>:2

88' CALEA7 G'7 DRIMER7 D'7 AMZA7 G'7 GLADCO7 %'7Ten&,&+e e#/n# - ;en"r( 4e#ţ,e *e 4(=n+ner7 E*"(r/D*/#"# ! %e*/+&+# - B(#(re!"7 8>9:

82' CHA%UIS7 M'7 Le4 e44/4 *e #&(;e *e4 /"}r/(' Le(r (nf&r4/"&n4 /( 4en *e ,cISO' În C&(rrer *e ,/ N&r/,4/"&n'Fr/nţ/7 )&,' ?@7 nr 20>7 4e;"'-&#"'7 8>@>

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8?' CHIRACESCU7 S'T'7 S"/=,"/"e/ n *n/#/ /!#ere"/,e,&r-7 B(#(re!"7 E*"(r/ A#/*ee R&ne7 8>:<

8<' CIOCIRDIA7 C'7 UNGUREANU7 I'7 B/.e,e #er#e"r

e;eren"/,e n "en&,&+/ #&n4"r(#ţ,&r *e /!n7 E*"(r/D*/#"# ! %e*/+&+# - B(#(re!"7 8>9>

8' CIULIC~7 M'7 SL~TINEANU7 L'7 GR~MESCU7 T'7 D4;&.") ;en"r( •4(r/re/ ener+e *e /!#ere' Bre)e" R'S'R' 7 nr' @<2<18>9

8@' [[[C&;"e-ren*( *e4 K&(rn}e4 *ce"(*e 4(r ,c(4n/=,"} *e4 /#er44;e#/(7 8?-8< *e#e=re7 %/r47 8>9?

89' COZMÂNC€7 M'7 C&n"r=(ţ ,/ n"r&*(#ere/ "e&re *4,&#/ţ,&r

n #er#e"/re/ *ef&r/ţ,&r ;,/4"#e ;rn /!#ere' Te. *e *&#"&r/"7In4""("(, %&,"en#7 I/!7 8>9<

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