axatnelis etnogenezi.indd

aleqsandre axatneli

Tbilisi

2010

qarTvelTa eTnogenezi

(logikuri istoriis sakiTxebi)

`saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom qarTveli xalxis

genezisis sakiTxi yovlad Seuswavlelia~1, sinanuliT

aRniSnavda sulmnaTi batoni niko berZeniSvili.

arian erebi, romelTa ganviTarebis istoriac cnobilia

da maTi istoriis filosofiac vrclad ganxiluli.

qarTvelobas am mxriv dafiqreba da garja ar moWarbdeba.

ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas bevri ram

gakeTda, bevric axal cxovrebas eloda.

qarTvel mecnierebs mSobeli eris vali awevs. yoveli

cda misasalmebeli iqneba.

winamdebare naSromi upretenzio monaxazia problemisa,

romelsac momavalSi bevri SeeWideba. garkveul mosazrebaTa

gamo igi moculobaSi Seikveca da ise waredgineba

dainteresebul mkiTxvels.2

1 n. berZeniSvili, saq. istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. 1990, gv. 225.

2 naSromSi zogi debuleba mizanmimarTulad meordeba.

redaqtori:

iulon toliaSvili.

damkabadonebeli:

koba bedoiZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:

qeTevan grZeliSili

©èTnopolitika~

3

I. logikuri istoria

fiqreb i g eografiuli g aremos m n iSvn elobaze

mzis diametri 1 392 000 kilometria. dedamiwis SedarebiT

umniSvnelo, mxolod 12756 kilometri. mzis diametri dedami-

wisas 109,125-jer sWarbobs. ra Zala amyofebs da ra icavs am

pataras goliaTis agresiisagan? manZili mzidan dedamiwamde 150

000 000 kilometri? rogoria maTi urTierTobis momavali?

pasuxi mxolod maT istoriul warsulSia.

adamianisaTvis globalur kiTxvebze pasuxebs ubralo in-

teresis mniSvneloba rodi aqvs. patara planeta _ dedamiwa misi,

jer xanobiT mainc, erTaderTi sacxovrisia. rodis daesaxla is

aq? ra istoriuli warsuli gamoiara dRevandlamde? ras unda

moelodes momavalSi? es kiTxvebis kiTxvebia da mecnierebaTa

mecniereba. istorias da istoriis filosofias Tavisi mokrZa-

lebuli adgili aqvs am saqmeSi. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom Zveli

moazrovneni RmerTebis mefis zevsis cxra muza (moazrovne) qal-

iSvils Soris istoriis mfarvel klios gamoyofdnen da saweri

joxiT xelSi warmoidgendnen.

istoria yvelafris momcvelia da amsaxveli. yvelafer ar-

sebuls aqvs istoria. misi codnis gareSe arsebulis gaazreba

arasrulia. rodesac astofizikosebi cdiloben samyaros, mzis

sistemis, dedamiwis warmoSobaze Sexeduleba Camoayalibon _ amiT

maTi istoriis gageba surT. rodesac fiqroben, rom yvelafris

sawyisi, e. w. didi afeTqeba, xuTi Tu TxuTmeti miliardi wliT

gansazRvron, amiT mis warsulSi Caxedvas cdiloben. ramdenad

zustia maTi mixvedrebi sxva sakiTxia, magram procesi istoriis

gagebas emsaxureba.

pelazgiur-berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, zevsma (RmerTebis

mesame Taobis mefem) moindoma heliosis (mzis RmerTis) savali

gza gamoekvlia. or arwivs ubrZana aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT

dedamiwis dasasrulamde efrinaT. ukan mobrunebuli arwivebi

korinTos yelTan delfos samisnosTan e. w. omfalo-s (osis)

qvasTan Sexvdnen. amiT gairkva, rom delfosi msoflios centria,

4

misgan yoveli mimarTulebiT Tanabari manZilia. mecnierebi erTi

mxriv laparakoben samyaros usazRvrobaze drosa da sivrceSi,

meore mxriv ki misi warmoSobis TariRs àzusteben~ da mzis

sistemis centralur Tu ganapira mdgomareobaze `saubroben~.

amiT isini zevsis meTods imeoreben:

imis mixedviT Tu rogor SevxedavT yovelives, aris isto-

ria obieqturi (faqtobrivi) da istoria asaxviTi (subieqturi),

istoria TavisTvis da istoria CvenTvis. ramdenadac arsebulis

Sesaxeb istorias adamiani obieqturTan miaxloebuls asaxavs,

amdenad istoria realuria, zusti mecnierebaa.

adamianTa samyaro materialuri samyaros ganuyofel da ga-

sakuTrebul nawils warmoadgens. rogorc Semadgeneli nawili,

sazogadoeba samyaros arsebobisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas

emorCileba. rogorc gansakuTrebuli nawili, moqmedebs Sinagani

kanonzomierebis Tanaxmad. maT Soris zogadisa da konkretulis

urTierT mimarTebaa. zogadi uciloblad vrceldeba da moqmedebs.

konkretuli ukumoqmedebs, magram ver cvlis zogads.

garkveuli gagebiT, samyarosagan, garemomcveli bunebisagan

adamianTa sazogadoebis gamocalkeveba da misi istoriis kvleva

pirobiTia. mtkiceba, rom bunebaSi brma Zalebi moqmedeben, bunebas

ara aqvs mizani, yvelaferi stiqiurad xdeba uazro mizez-Sede-

gobis safuZvelze, araa marTebuli. aseve umarTebuloa mtkiceba,

rom sazogadoebas aqvs mizani, Segnebulad, gaazrebulad axdens

mis realizacias. orive istoria Seicavs gaazrebulobisa da

stiqiurobis elementebs.

adamianis mier sakuTari warsulis kvleva realurad arsebu-

lis asaxvis mcdelobaa, garkveul cnebebSi gadatanaa. es asaxva ar

SeiZleba SiSveli faqtebis aRricxvaze iqnas dayvanili. istoria

Tanabrad moiTxovs faqtis sizustis dadgenas da mis Sefasebas.

igi sam kiTxvas unda pasuxobdes: rodis, sad, ra. ra _ farTe

Sinaarsis matarebelia. ubralod CamoTvlis drosac ki TavisTavad

Seicavs mizezisa da Sedegis gaTvaliswinebas.

adamianTa sazogadoeba harmoniulad erwymis garemo samyaros

da mis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. georg vilgelm hegelis mier

Camoyalibebuli dialeqtikis kanoni dapirispirebulTa erTobisa

5

da brZolis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas calmxrivad.

brZola ar aris wamyvani mxare. mcdaria azri sazogadoebisa da

bunebis dapirispirebis, maT Soris brZolis, rogorc progresis

mamoZravebeli Zalis Sesaxeb. sazogadoeba bunebis nawilia da

SeTavazebuli SesaZleblobebis miReba-moxmarebac bunebrivi pro-

cesia, wesia arsebobisa. sazogadoebis mier garemos Secnobadobis

zrda, moxmarebis formebis mravalferovneba ar arRvevs maTi er-

Tobis harmoniulobas, ar iwvevs gaucxoebas. mecnierul-teqnikuri

progresi erTi mxriv TiTqos aTavisuflebs sazogadoebas bunebaze

mijaWvulobisagan, iwvevs mis xarisxobriv zrdas, meore mxriv,

moRvaweobis diapazonis zrdis kvalobaze ufro gaazrebulsa da

harmoniuls xdis am urTierTobas. sazogadoeba inteleqtualur-

fizikuri xarisxobrivi ganviTarebis procesSi wvdeba TandaTan

bunebis mier Seqmnil-SemoTavazebul im SesaZleblobebs, romelic

adre dafaruli iyo arcodnis saburveliT. garemo samyaros

usazRvrod bevri ram aqvs Seqmnili, rasac adamiani momavalSi

gaecnoba da gamoiyenebs. es iqneba bunebasTan miaxloebis, harmo-

niuli urTierTobis miRwevis usasrulo procesi.

samyaros kiTxvebi da problemebi ar gaaCnia adamianTa sazoga-

doebis arsebobis mimarT. adamiani arsebobs misi SemoqmedebiT, misi

nebiT da kanonzomierad. bunebis is nawili, romelic amowuravs

sakuTar SesaZleblobebs _ qreba. adamiani ki jer mxolod Zalebs

ikrebs da fexze dgeba. amitom kiTxvebi da problemebi adamians

aqvs da pasuxebis Ziebac sirTuleTa gamo brZolad miaCnia.

zogadad adamians Tavisi arsebobisa da samyaros mimarT

mravali globaluri kiTxva awuxebs, romlebsac pasuxi Tavisave

arsebobiT unda gasces: ra kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba adamianis

warmoSoba? aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis, obieqturobisa

da subieqturobis ra Tanafardobas Seicavs mis mier ganvlili

gza? ra azri da mizani aqvs adamianis arsebobas? Tvisobrivad

winsvlaa Tu ukusvla, an wrebrunva adamianTa warsuli? Tu aqvs

sawyisi adamianis istorias, rodis daiwyo da rodemde gagrZel-

deba es procesi da a. S.

adamianis garemomcvel bunebas (samyaros) ara aqvs dro da

sivrce im gagebiT, rom is yovelTvis aris da yvelgan. dro da

sivrce aqvs adamianis arsebobas. sxvanairad, am kategoriebis ga-

6

reSe mas saerTod arseboba ver warmoudgenia. amitom cdilobs

yovelive drosa da sivcis CarCoebSi moaqcios.

samyaros (garemomcveli bunebis) gaazreba drosa da sivrceSi

aucileblad midis kiTxvebamde: usasrulo samyaroSi moazrovne

arseba, mxolod adamiani ratom iqneba? rodis gaCnda adamiani?

ram ganapiroba misi gaCena? ra gza gaiara man dRevandlamde?

es kiTxvebi Tanabrad Seexeba yoveli rasisa da erovnebis

adamianTa sazogadoebas. gamonaklisi arc qarTvelobaa.

qarTvelobis genezisis Seswavla iwyeba Tanamedrove tipis

adamianis warmoSobisa da eTnosebad dayofis garkvevidan.

adamianis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb uamravi ram

aris gamokvleuli. aseve mravladaa, mosazrebebi, mwiria marTe-

buli daskvnebi.

q arTveloba ?

arian eTnosebi, erebi, xalxebi romelTa warmoSobisa da

ganviTarebis (genezisis) sakiTxebi yovlad Seswavlilia. es axal-

gazrda eTnosebs, erebs, xalxebs Seexeba. arian iseTebi, romelTa

gaCena-Camoyalibeba advilad dasadgenia. samwuxarod arian iseTebi,

romelTa warsuli Soreul dros ganekuTvneba da istoriul

WeSmaritebis dadgenac TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeba. am ukanaskne-

lebs miekuTvneba dRes qarTvelebad wodebuli eris warsuli.

SeuZlebelia eTnosze raimes danamdvilebiT Tqma Tu mas

an mis Sesaxeb kacobriobas ar Semounaxavs raime cnobebi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mxolod varaudebis safuZvelze logikuri

istoriis Seqmna. istoriuli logika ki werilobiT da utyuar

materialur cnobebs unda eyrdnobodes.

logikuri istoria kacobriobisa Soreul warsulSi ikargeba.

mecnierTa erTi nawili am warsuls 70 mln. wliT gansazRvravs.

meore nawils miaCnia, rom asaki 5-6 mln. weliT Semoifargleba.

Tanamedrove tipis adamianis arsebobas zogni 50 000 wliT

farglaven. saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi, aRmoaCines 1 800 000 wlis

winandeli adamianis naSTebi. ra iwvevs SexedebulebaTa sxvaobas?

adamiani bunebis Svilia da mis kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba.

Sesabamisad, igi icvleba bunebasTan erTad. buneba ki mraval mec-

7

nierebaTa daskvnebis Tanaxmad periodulad mkveTr cvlilebebs

ganicdis. fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis Secvla asaxulia

gamyinvareba-daTbobis periodebis morigeobaSi.

geolog-geografebi yinvareuli, mdinareuli da sxva na-

leqebis Seswavlis Sedegad askvnian, rom Cvenamde gamyinvarebis

sami periodi iyo da axla varT meoTxeul periodSi. magram Tu

droTa viTarebaSi ufro adreuli gamyinvareba-daTbobis naSTebi

waiSala, ar unda vivaraudoT, rom es procesi SeiZleba mudmivad

mimdinareobs? ratom unda daveTanxmoT daskvnas, rom gamyinvarebis

geofizikuri procesi mxolod 3 500 000 wlis win daiwyo?

miT umetes, rom mecnierebs damajereblad ver daudgeniaT aseTi

cvlilebebis mizezebi. kosmiur-astronomiuli da geografiul-

geologiuri hipotezebi mravalia, sakiTxi ki gaurkveveli.

mecnierebis erTi nawili dedamiwaze gamyinvarebis periodu-

lobas mzis sistemis raRac nislovanebSi Sesvlas ukavSirebs.

meore nawils es movlena mzeze laqebis gaCenasTan aqvs dakavSire-

buli. mesame nawils miaCnia, rom dedamiwa periodulad moZraobas

icvlis. meoTxe nawili dedamiwis polusebis Secvlaze miuTiTebs.

mexuTe nawili mizezs atmosferos Semadgenlobis cvlilebebSi

xedavs. meeqvse nawili Zlier teqtonikur cvlilebebze miuTiTebs.

meSvideni okeaneebi mdinarebaTa Secvlas asaxeleben da a. S.

yovelive isea, rogorc u. Seqspiri ambobda: bevri ram xdeba

horacio qveynad iseTi, rac Cvensa brZenebs sizmarSic ar mo-

landebiaT.

problema ki saxumaro rodia. imis mixedviT Tu rogoria

sinamdvile, SeiZleba msjeloba saerTod adamianisa da maT Soris

qarTvelobis warsulze.

problemis axsnasTan ver gvaaxloebs mravali hipoTeza

dedamiwis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. i. kantidan da p. laplasidan

moyolebuli, aTasi cnobili mkvlevaria sakiTxs SeWidebuli da

uSedegod. samwuxarod, umravlesoba misdevs erT mizans: daadginon

dedamiwis, mzis sistemis, Cveni galaqtikis warmoSobis mizezi

da asaki. mivlen ki sasurvel WeSmaritebamde?

didi mcdelobis miuxedavad, ususurad gamoiyureba gamyin-

varebis an daTbobis xangrZlivobis gansazRvris sakiTxic. zogi

mecnieris azriT gamyinvarebaTa Soris periodi 21 000 wels

8

moicavs. sxvaTa mtkicebiT es periodi 40 000 wels aRwevs da

saboloo anagariSiT SeiZleba milion welsac gadaaWarbos.

ar aris azrTa erToba im sakiTxSic ki, Tu rodis moxda da

ramden xans grZeldeboda bolo gamyinvareba.

erTni amtkiceben, rom 250 000 wlis win daiwyo mesame da

yvelaze mkacri gamyinvareba da gagrZelda 125 000 wels. cen-

tralur evraziaSi temperatura gayinvis doneze iyo. tundra,

romelic axla ukidures CrdiloeT ganedebs moicavs, maSin af-

rikis Sida raionebamde vrceldeboda. orive naxevarsfero sqeli

yinuliT iyo dafaruli.

125 000 wlis win gamyinvareba dasrulda da 50 000 wliT

SedarebiT daTba. aman xeli Seuwyo adamianis axali tipis-nean-

dertaleli arsebis Camoyalibeba, gamravleba, gansaxlebas. mas

ueWvelad hqonda gagebis da mosazrebis unari. icoda cecxlis

gaCaReba-Senaxva, qvis iaraRebis gakeTeba-moxmareba. iyo momTabare

da monadire, asrulebda garkveul ritualebs.

am tipis adamianis naSTebis arealis sidide iZleva daskvnas,

rom 100 000 wlis winaT maTi raodenoba 10 mln-de unda yo-

filiyo, xolo 50 000 wlis win 20 milionamde.

neandertalelebi garkveulad rTul cxovrebas misdevd-

nen. stabiluri xdeba Sromis danawileba, daxvewilia Sromis

iaraRebi, Cndeba dakrZalvis ceremonia, ibadeba magia, mkiTxaoba,

mizez-Sedegis gansazRvra. sisxliT naTesaobis safuZvelze gaer-

Tianebuli jogebi garkveul Sida ganawess amkvidreben.

uZvelesi adamianebis Semswavleli mecnierebi or ZiriTad

msgavs gaerTianebaze laparakoben. maTi azriT aRmosavleTis

jgufis gansaxlebis areali indoeTidan aRmosavleTiT terito-

riebs moicavda. am tipis adamianTa nakvalevi CineTSi, pekinis

maxlobladaa mikvleuli. dasavleTis jgufis sacxovrisi bevrad

farTodaa warmodgenili da moicavs afrika-azia-evropis did

teritoriebs.

mecnierTa mtkicebiT adamianTa es jgufebi, neandertalelebis

saxeliT cnobili, bolo gamyinvarebis dros gaqrnen da adgili

dauTmes axali tipis adamianebs, romlebic kro-manionebad iqnen

wodebulni (kro-manioni-mRvimea safrangeTSi, sadac pirvelad

iqna mikvleuli axali tipis adamianis naSTebi).

9

bevri cnobili mkvlevaris mixedviT gamyinvareba, iseve ro-

gorc daTboba mraval aTeul aTas wels grZeldeba da erTi

Taobis adamianisaTvis praqtikulad SeumCnevelia klimatis cv-

lileba. ram gamoiwvia Zveli tipis adamianTa gaqroba da axali

tipis adamianebiT Secvla mecnierebisaTvis gaurkvevelia. gamy-

invareba da daTboba ar aris stabiluri procesi. gamyinvarebis

dros SeiZleba adgili hqondes SedarebiT daTbobis periodebs

da daTbobis dros SedarebiTi aciebisas. ase magaliTad, bevri

mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom daaxloebiT 75 aTasi wlis win dam-

Tavrda daTbobis periodi da daiwyo gamyinvareba, romelic 10

aTas wels gagrZelda. Semdeg moxda SedarebiT daTboba, rasac

mohyva Zlieri gamyinvareba da gagZelda 40 aTas wlamde. 40 aTasi

wlis win gamyinvareba klebulobs, meryeobs, nawilobriv daTboba

xdeba. 20 aTasi wlis win gamyinvareba maqsimums aRwevs. yinuli

faravs planetis did nawils. 13 aTasi wlis win gamyinvareba

swrafad meryeobs, ukan ixevs da 2 aTasi wlis Semdeg mTavrdeba

es procesi, iwyeba swrafi daTboba. es procesi daTbobisa erT-

droulad mimdinareobs CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsferoebSi

da dResac grZeldeba.

bolo gamyinvarebis dros ram gamoiwvia neandertaleli ada-

mianis gaqroba da kromanionis tipis adamianis gamoCena, sabolood

gaurkvevelia. moxda adamianTa sxvadasxva tipebs Soris Sejaxeba

da erTis daRupva an Serwyma da gadaqmna Tu sulac garemosTan

Seguebis aucileblobam Zvelis mospoba ki ar gamoiwvia, aramed

aTaswleulebis manZilze Zveli ise Seicvala, rom axal, Taname-

drove tipis adamianad Camoyalibda, am kiTxvebs pasuxi albad

momavalSi gaecema.

gamyinvareba-daTbobis periodebis dadgenas gadamwyveti mniSvn-

eloba aqvs adamianis gansaxlebisa da cxovrebis wesis Seswavlis

saqmeSi.

mkvlevarTa gaangariSebiT, gamyinvarebis dros dedamiwis mesa-

medi yinuliT iyo dafaruli. yinuls 13-jer meti farTi ekava,

vidre dResaa. Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad dabali iyo haerisa

da wylis temperatura. gamyinvarebis centrebi marto planetis

CrdiloeTi da samxreTi polusebi ki ara, mTebis masivebic iyo.

10

wliuri temperatura 10º ar aRemateboda. dRes es maCvenebeli

22º utoldeba.

gamyinvarebis dros adamianis sasicocxlo areali ekvatoris

midamoebiT Semoifargleboda. evropa-aziis CrdiloeTi yinuls

ekava. alpebis, kavkasiis, pamiris mTebis CrdiloeTiT periodulad

da sezonurad Tu SeiZleboda adamianTa cxovreba.

qarTvel mecnierTa mtkicebiT, ukanaskneli e. w. viurmuli

gamyinvarebis dros myinvarTa sidideebi kavkasiaSi 25-40 km.

aRwevda. maTi kvali darCenilia zRvis donidan 700-800 m. si-

maRleze. aseT dros sakiTxavia, SeiZleboda Tu ara kavkasiaSi

mudmivi cxovrebis pirobebis arseboba?

gamyinvarebis dros yinuls dafaruli hqonda daaxloebiT

62 380 aTasi km3³. es 57 380 aTas km3³ wylis eqvivalentia. am

moculobidan evraziis mTian yinulebs 1548 aTasi km3³ ekava. es

daaxloebiT 1424 aTas km3³ wyals utoldeba. aseTi miaxloebiTi

gaangariSebac ki sakmarisia, raTa mecnierebma daaskvnan, rom daax-

loebiT 12 aTasi wlis win msoflio okeanis done 65 m. dabali

iyo. Sesabamisad sxvanairi iyo kontinentebis ara mxolod moxa-

zuloba, aramed moculoba da dacilebac. ukanasknel monacems

emateba is faqtic, rom kontinentebis moZraoba weliwadSi 4 sm

Seadgens da bolo 10-11 aTasi wlis manZilze 400-500 metramde

aRwevs.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio okeaneSi wylis moculobas

1305, 5 mln. km3³angariSoben. yinulebis dadnobis SemTxvevaSi

wylis done 66 m. moimatebs. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadi xdeba,

rom gamyinvarebis dros wylis done 120 m. dabalia vidre maTi

dadnobis SemTxvevaSi. es ki mniSvnelovnad zrdis miwis xvedriT

farTs da sanapiroebze civilizaciebis dafuZnebis SesaZleblobas.

imave mecnierebis daangariSebiT xmelTaSua zRvis done gamyin-

varebis dros 50 m. dabali iyo dRevandelTan SedarebiT. evropaSi

pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulebi iyo yinulisagan

Tavisufali, xmeleTis sanapiro zoli SedarebiT farTed da Rrmad

iWreboda zRvaSi. aseve Tavisufali da sacxovreblad vargisiani

iyo mTeli wina azia kavkasiis mTebis samxreTiT. mecnierebi

varaudoben, rom nayofier, floriT da fauniT mdidar adgilebs

11

warmoadgendnen dRevandeli arabeTis da saharis udabnoebi.

mecnierTa mtkicebiT swored am adgilebSi, CrdiloeT afri-

kaSi, samxreT evropaSi da wina aziaSi Camoyalibda da ganviTarda

adamianis tipi, romelsac pirobiTad xmelTaSuazRvispireTis

rasas uwodeben. maT ganviTarebuli qvis iaraRebi hqondaT, mis-

devdnen monadireobas, miwaTmoqmedebas, hyavdaT moSinaurebuli

cxovelebi.

mecniereba moklebulia SesaZleblobas, rom daadginos am ti-

pis adamianTa eTnikuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi, Tumca

garkveuli mixvedrebi da hipoTezebi logikurobas moklebuli

araa. pirvel yovlisa dgindeba, rom es rasa ganfenili iyo Zalze

did teritoriaze moyolebuli eTiopiidan, CrdiloeT afrikaSi,

pirineis naxevarkunZulze, dRevandeli safrangeTis teritoriaze,

irlandiaSi, britaneTis samxreT nawilSi, apeninebze, balkaneTSi,

xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze, wina aziaSi kavkasiisa da Suamdi-

nareTis CaTvliT da indoeTamde aRwevda.

e. w. xmelTaSua zRvispireTis rasa, mecnierTa mtkicebiT,

CrdiloeT afrikidan gavrcelda da indo-evropelebis gamoCenamde

warmatebiT viTardeboda Zalze vrcel teritoriebze. swored am

faqtoridan gamomdinare unda iqnes daangariSebuli calkeuli

rasebisa da mTlianad msoflio mosaxleobis raodenoba. winaaRm-

deg SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevelia ra logikas efuZnebian mkvlevarebi,

rodesac erTni amtkiceben, rom 40 aTasi wlis win msoflios

mosaxleobis raodenoba 0,5-an 1 mln. adamianamde meryeobda, xolo

meoreni miiCneven, es raodenoba 20 mln. aWarbebda.

erTi periodi, mecnierebs Soris farTed iyo damkvidrebuli

azri, rom xmelTaSua zRvispireTis rasidan TandaTan iwyo

Camoyalibeba samma Stom: semitebma, qamitebma da iafetebma. es

dayofa, cxovrebis niris es cvllilebebi aisaxa jer SumerTa

warmodgenebSi da Semdeg bibliaSi damkvidrda miTologiuri noes

vaJebis gayris saxiT.

600 w. iyo gadacilebuli noe, rodesac warRvnas gadaarCina

adamianTa da cxovel-frinvelTa modgma da kidobani araratis

mTas miayena. aqedan gamravldnen da gansaxldnen adamianebi.

iafeti, rogorc ufrosi, mamis memkvidred darCa. qamma, saSua-

12

lom, samxreTs miaSura, gamravlda da egviptel-afrikelebi mis

STamomavlobas warmoadgenda. semi, umcrosi, jer aRmosavleTiT

wavida, Semdeg ki samxreTiT. misi STamomavlobaa samxreTis

semitebi-arabebi; CrdiloeTis semitebi-babilonebi, arameelebi,

asirielebi, ebraelebi.

igive mecnierebi amtkicebdnen, rom iafetidebis tipi, ro-

melic mkvidrobda SuamdinareTidan (Sumerebi) da kavkasiidan

moyolebuli balkaneTis, pirineis, apeninebis naxevarkunZulebis

CaTvliT, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba, rogorc semitebisagan, aseve

indo-evropelebisagan da Seadgens erT gansakuTrebul jgufs.

am safuZvelze Seiqmna hipoTezebi kavkasiel iberTa da pirineis

iberTa erTobis Sesaxeb, qarTvelTa da baskeb-gaskonelebis saerTo

warmomavlobaze, sardebis, etruskebis, balkaneTis tomebis na-

Tesaobaze da a. S.

imisaTvis, raTa dadgenil iqnas realoba, pirvel rigSi unda

ganisazRvros adamianis mier ganvlili gza. istoriuli wyaroebi

am xaziT ar arsebobs. logikuri azrovneba logikur istorias

mxolod zogadad da fragmentulad warmogvidgens.

pirvel rigSi unda daveTanxmoT mtkicebas, rom aTeuli aTa-

sobiT, aseuli aTasobiT da milionobiT wlis winandeli namarxebi

ar SeiZleba romelime rasis an eTnikuri jgufis winapars ekuT-

vnodes. es naSTebi zogadad adamianTa arsebobaze miuTiTebs da

ara raime erovnul kuTvnilebaze.

Semdeg, unda daveTanxmoT azrs, rom ar viciT ganviTarebis

ra dones aRwevda adamiani wina daTbobis dros. ra ispoboda mom-

devno gamyinvarebis dadgomisas da ra rCeboda adamians gonebrivi

da fizikuri ganviTarebuli SesaZleblobebis garda. SemorCe-

nili qvis iaraRebi mxolod imis dasturia, rom qva uZlebs

mkveTr klimatur da drois cvlilebebs, xe da sxva sagnebi ki

ispoba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevia, rogor moxda rom

milionobiT wlebis manZilze adamiani qvis iaraRs ver gascda,

bolo ramdenime aTaswleulSi ki kosmiuri siswrafiT aviTarebs

teqnikur saSualebebs.

unda warmovidginoT, logikurad ra SeiZleboda momxdariyo

bolo gamyinvarebis dros, rogor SeiZleboda momspariyo neander-

13

taleli adamiani da mis nacvlad kromanioneli damkvidrebuliyo.

axal pirobebSi saidan gaCnda es axali tipi. neandertaleli

milionobiT weli viTardeboda da jogur cxovrebas ver gascda.

axlad damkvidrebuli Tavidanve didi potencialis mqonea. mokle

droSi SeZlo wina tipis adamianis SesaZleblobebis, sacxovre-

beli arealis, iaraRebis aTviseba da ganviTareba. rogor?

aseulobiT aTasi weli adamianuri arseboba, cxovreba,

SesaZleblobebi Senelebuli tempiT mimdinareobda. axali tipis

adamiani ramdenime aTasi wlis manZilze aCqarebs ganviTarebas.

igive qvis iaraRebi ufro mravalferovani da moxerxebuli xdeba.

kaJis qvis firfitebisagan amzadeben Subis wverebs, gasatyavebel

danebs, safxekebs, saTlel iaraRs. arqeolegebs kaJis qvisagan

gakeTebuli mravalaTeuli saxeobis iaraRi aqvT mopovebuli. spe-

cialistebi midian im daskvnamde, rom kaJis iaraRi ar Camouvardeba

metalisas. swored aseTi iaraRebis damzadeba uyris safuZvels

xelosnobas, aRrmavebs Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebas.

axali tipis adamianma Zvelisagan cecxlis gaCaReba-Senaxvis

wesi SeiTvisa da gaaumjobesa. igi cecxls ukve gaazrebulad

iyenebs gaTbobis, sakvebis momzadebis, saWiro sagnebis damzadebis

saqmeSi.

aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda moxetiale-momTabare cxovre-

bidan myar cxovrebaze gadasvlas. es iwvevs miwaTmoqmedebis,

xelosnobis, gacvlis gacxovelebas, xels uwyobs informaciuli

gacvlis saSualebebis warmoSobas.

Sromis danawileba, miwaTmoqmedTa, xelosanTa, mecxoveleTa

sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Camoyalibeba adamianuri ganviTarebis

maRal doneze miuTiTebs, rasac unda mohyoloda urTierTobaTa

da Tanacxovrebis axali formebis Seqmna.

mecnierTa mtkicebiT, ukve 18-17 aTasi wlis win moxda ada-

mianTa socialur jgufebad dayofa. gaCndnen SedarebiT uzrunve-

lyofili da Ratakebi. ganviTarda mkiTxaoba, gaCnda magia, saWiro

gaxda adamianTa gaerTianebis meqanizmis SemuSaveba. gamocdilebis,

codnis dagroveba mis gadacemas saWiroebda. TaobaTa Soris in-

formaciuli gacvla Tavis mxriv xels uwyobda bunebis movle-

nebis, sagnebis saxeobaTa Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmavebas, ubiZgebda

14

mecnieruli (gazomviTi, ariTmetikuli, astronomiuli da sxv.)

elementebis SemuSavebas, rac Tavis mxriv damwerlobis Seqmnis

aucileblobamde mivida.

socialuri urTierTobis ganviTareba ar arRvevda bunebas-

Tan damokidebulebis xasiaTs. am damokidebulebis elementebi

socialur cxovrebaSic iWrebian. pirvel rigSi es totemizmSi

gamoixateba. mecnierebi (z. froidi) amtkicebdnen, rom war-

modgeniTi warmomavloba cxovelebisagan, frinvelebisagan maT

gafetiSebamde midioda da bolos mkvidrdeboda, rogorc ama

Tu im jgufis ganmasxvavebeli niSani. miaCndaT, rom winaparTa

suli gadadioda ama Tu im cxovelSi, frinvelSi, mwerSi da

a. S. da bolos maT gaRmerTebamdec midiodnen. n. berZeniSvilma

mniSvnelovani dakvirvevebi awarmoa jogis goraze dasaxlebidan

gvarad Camoyalibebis da tomad gadaqcevis procesze.

damwerlobis ama Tu im formis Seqmnamde TaobaTa gamocdile-

ba, codna, miswrafeba zepirisityvierebis meSveobiT gadaicemoda.

realuri movlenebi droTa manZilze erwymoda religiur, magiur

warmodgenebs da miTebad yalibdeboda.

mkvlevarTa azriT, jer kidev 40 aTasi wlis win adamianebma

SeimuSaves garkveuli niSnebis gamoxatvis gziT informaciis

gadacemis saSualeba. garkveuli saxis da formis sagnebi ama

Tu im informaciis matareblebi iyo. daTqmuli sagani garkveul

safrTxeze Tu qmedebaze mianiSnebdnen mis mimRebs. droTa viTa-

rebaSi miniSneba-gafrTxilebis sistemebi ixveweboda da bolos

ieroglifur damwerlobad Camoyalibda, iseT niSnebad, romlis

gageba ukve mraval adamians SeeZlo. aman gamoiwvia damwerTa da

gadamwer-wamkiTxavTa jgufebis Camoyalibeba. es funqcia, Ses-

rulebis specifikidan gamomdinare qurumebis kastis sakuTreba

da Semosavlis wyaro gaxda.

ieroglafiuri, lursmuli damwerlobis SemorCenili nimuSebi

uZvelesi istoriis pirvelwyaroa. miTebad qceuli realoba misi

meSveobiT Seiswavleba. damwerlobis paralelurad viTardeboda

Tvlis da angariSis sistemebi. dadgenilia, rom 60-iani Tvlis

sistema Sumerebma SeimuSaves. momdevno periodSi sistema safuZ-

vlad daedo drois aTvlas: 60 wami 1 wuTi, 60 wuTi 1 saaTi,

15

60- dRe mTvaris ori Tve, weliwadi eqvsjer samoci, bibliuri

noes da mamamTavarTa asaki garkveul dromde _ 10 jer samoci,

15-jer samoci, 1,5-jer samoci da a. S.

qarTvelebma dRemde Semoinaxes aTvlis oc-obiTi sistema. igi

arsebiTad gansxvavdeba farTed gavrcelebuli aTobiTi aTvlis

sistemisagan. oc-obiTi aTvla ufro daxvewilia da gasagebi,

vidre samoc-obiTi (Sumeruli). amave dros ufro martivia da

ioli, vidre aTobiTi ara hqonodaT qarTvelTa winaprebs saku-

Tari, oco-biTi aTvlis sistema, isini gaimeorebdnen Sumeruls

an mogvianebiT damkvidrebuls.

samwuxarod, ar aris gamokvleuli codnisa da Tanacxovrebis

ra done iyo wina daTbobis dros. ciuri sxeulebis Tu miwieri

movlenebis Sesaxeb aqa-iq SemorCenili iseTi saxis cnobebi, rac

Tanamedrove mecnierebisTvisac auxsnelia da zogjer adamianTa

sxva planetidan gadmosaxlebis SegrZnebas badebs, arasakmarisia

obieqturi daskvnebis gasakeTeblad. yovelma momdevno gamyinva-

rebam bevri ram waSala an gardaqmna. adamians rCeboda mxolod

SedarebiT ganviTarebuli _ me. es SesaZleblobebi usazRvroa,

iseve, rogorc usazRvroa misi saarsebo areali.

fiqreb i eTnogen ezis are alze

adamianTa eTnikur jgufebad Camoyalibebis Taobaze mravali

Tvalsazrisi arsebobs. mecnierTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom wina

azia unda iyos saerTo samSoblo indoevropelebis, semitebis,

iafetidebis, qamitebis. iyo dro, roca isini erTian dedaenaze

metyvelebdnen. aris am ZiriTadi enis elementebis dadgenis mcd-

eloba. samwuxarod mecnierebis ganviTarebis dRevandeli done

WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas ar

iZleva. danamdvilebiT mxolod imis mtkiceba SeiZleba, rom ar

arsebobs eTnosi, romelsac ar ganecados mravaljeradi Sereva-

Sejvarebis procesi da darCenili iyos pirvandeli umwikvlo

saxiT.

am winaswari daskvnis gaziarebis gareSe azri ekargeba qar-

Tuli eTnosis safuZvlebis Ziebas.

16

pirvel rigSi unda gaviazroT qarTvelebis sasicocxlo are-

ali. sad SeiZleba ecxovraT im tomebs, adamianTa im jgufebs,

romelTa Tanacxovrebam saboloo angariSiT qarTvelobis Camoya-

libeba gansazRvra.

mecniereba adasturebs im istoriul faqts, rom adreul

periodSi, Zalze didi teritoriebi ekavaT im jiSis tomebs,

romlebic arc semitebs miekuTvnebian da arc indoevropelebs.

cnobilia, rom Sumerebi, finikielebi (es sadaoa), maT Crdilo-

eTiT mcxovrebi tomebi kavkasielTa CaTvliT, dRevandeli Turqe-

Tis, saberZneTis, italiis, espaneTis, irlandiis (esec sadaoa)

teritoriebze cxovrobdnen _ tomebi, romlebic bevri saerTo

da sxvebisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT xasiaTdebodnen. aqedan

gamomdinare qarTvelebis eTnogenezis areali am teritoriaze

unda moiZebnos. teritoria ki Zalze vrcelia. kidec rom erTi

warmomavlobis tomebs ecxovraT am did sivrceSi, droTa viTa-

rebaSi maTi daSoreba da gaucxoeba garduvali iqneboda.

didi xania, mecnierTa erTi nawili, aviTarebs azrs kavka-

siis iberebisa da pirineis naxevarkunZulze mcxovreb iberebs

Soris naTesauri kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb. jer kidev anti-

kur xanaSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli azri dasavleTisa da

aRmosavleTis iberibis eTnikur erTobaze. SemorCenilia Zv. w. a.

mweral apolodoris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavleTis iberebi

gadmosaxldnen pirineis naxevarkunZulidan kavkasiaSi da isini

kolxeTsa da somxeTs Soris vrcel adgilebSi mosaxleobeno.

maT, kolxeTisagan mTebi, xolo somxebisagan md. araqsi yofs.

IV-V ss. moazrovne sokrate sqolastikosi aseve adasturebs

im azrs, rom pontos (Sav) zRvasTan mdebare iberiis qveyana

dasavleTidan (pirineis naxevarkunZulidan) wamosulebiT aris

dasaxlebulio. evsevi kesarieli (III s. mwerali) eyrdnoba ra

Zv. w. aR. IV-III ss. moRvawe megasTenes gamonaTqvams, ambobs, rom

`… nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri iyo, mis

Semdeg, rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia libielTa qveyanaSi

da iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaacamtvera da daimorCila, erTi

wili maTgani gadaadgila man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq

daasaxla~. (s. yauxCiSvili. georgika. t. 1. gv. 30, Tb.,1961 w.).

Tu am cnobas seriozulad miviRebT, gamodis, rom qarTveloba

17

espaneTis teritoriidan Zv. w. aR. VI s. gadmousaxlebiaT. dad-

genilia, rom nabuqodonosori 604-561 ww. Zv. w. cxovrobda.

mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili varaudobs, rom iberiuli

modgmis tomebi cxovrobdnen CrdiloeT afrikaSi (karTageni),

pirineis da apeninebis naxevarkunZulebze, safrangeTis teri-

toriaze, xmelTaSua zRvis did kunZulebze: sardinia, korsika,

sicilia. Zveli welTa aRricxvis XV saukuneSi maT Seqmnes

tomTa didi gaerTianeba da zRvaze batonobisaTvis ebrZodnen

egviptesa da finikielebs.

Zveli drois (I-II s. ax. w. aR.) mwerlebi apiane, pliniusi,

dionise periegeti aseve amtkiceben dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-

Tis iberebis naTesaobas. amasTan, gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom

SeiZleba azieli iberebi iyvnen evropeli iberebis winaprebi da

ara piriqiT. azri SeiZleba mravalnairad Camoyalibdes, magram

arsi erTia: Zveli drois mravali mwerali, istorikosi, geografi

miuTiTebda ori iberiis mosaxleobis naTesaur kavSirze.

etyoba arsebuli Canawerebis gavleniT, aseTi azri qarTvel

moRvaweebs Sorisac iyo damkvidrebuli. kerZod, giorgi mTawmind-

eli aRniSnavda, rom aTonis iveriis monastris damaarsebelma io-

ane mTawmindelma. Tavis Ze eqvTimesTan da ramdenime sxva qarTvel

moRvawesTan erTad ganizraxa dasavleTis iberiaSi gamgzavreba 985

w. mas swamda, rom SeZlebda pirineis naxevarkunZulze mcxovrebi

iberebis monaxulebas da maTTan naTesauri kavSiris aRdgenas.

VIII s. moyolebuli naTesauri erTobis idea dResac cocxa-

lia qarTvelebs Soris da arc mcdelobas akleben, raTa daadas-

turon baskebisa da gaskonelebis erTi mxriv da qarTvelebis

meoresi, erTiani warmomavloba da Zveli kavSirebis aRdgenis

aucilebloba. es sasiqadulo mcdeloba Tu Zveli erTobis da

mtkicebas ver moereva, axal kavSirebs mainc ganamtkicebs, rac

TavisTavad sasaxelo saqmea. am SemTxvevaSi ki unda iTqvas, rom

dronisa da manZilis siSoris gamo qarTvelobis eTnogenezis

gamorkveva kelt-iberebis warsuli kvleviT Sedegiani ver iqneba.

SesaZlebelia momavalSi mecnierebam raime xelSesaxebi moipovos,

magram dRes mtkiceba naadrevia.

igive unda iTqvas apeninebis naxevakunZulze mcxovreb

etruskebis misamarTiTac. fukidide maT tirenebs an tirsenebs

18

uwodebs. herodotes miTiTebis mixedviT etruskebi wina aziidan,

q. tiridan arian gadasaxlebulebi dasavleTSi. TviTon etruskebi

ki Tavs Tesaliidan (Sua saberZneTidan) gadasulebad miiCnevdnen

da Tavis winaprebad Tesaliel pelazgebs miiCnevdnen. cnobilma

mecnierebma tomsonma da marma etruskuli ena kavkasiuris monaTe-

saved miiCnies. amis da miuxedavad qarTvelobis eTnogenezisis

procesSi azri etruskebis raime rolze safuZvels moklebulia.

amrigad, rCeba balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, egeosis zRvis kun-

Zulebi da iqidan moyolebuli teritoriebi Zveli SuamdinareTis,

vanisa da urmiis tbebis mimdebare miwebis, kavkasiis CaTvliT

da iq mcxovrebi uZvelesi tomebi. am teritoriebze uZveles

dros ramdenime civilizacia arsebobda. yoveli maTgani sakmaod

axlos iyo ara Tu qarTvelebis winaprebis Zvel gansaxlebasTan,

aramed dRevandel saqarTvelosTanac ki da amitom SeuZlebelia

gamoiricxos maTi kavSiri an gavlena mezobel tomebze.

mecnierebSi popularulia gamoTqma: civilizacia iwyeba Sum-

eridan. uZvelesi civilizacia, romelsac dRevandeli mecniereba

icnobs Sumerulia. bolomde gaurkvevelia saidan movidnen isini

SuamdinareTis dablobze, movidnen Tu mudmivad aq saxlobdnen,

magram bevri ram maT Sesaxeb dadgenilad iTvleba: is, rom maT

Seqmnes im droisaTvis didebuli qalaq-simagreebi, religiuri,

kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobebiT damS-

venebuli: eridu, uri, lagaSi, nipuri, kiS-i da sxva. is, rom maTi

civilizacia kvebavda egvipturs, babilonurs, Semdeg asiriuls,

finikiurs, ebrauls, egeosur-balkanurs. dRemde kiTxvis niSnis

qveS dgas maTi gavlena da kavSirebi inkebis civilizaciasTan.

(SemorCenilia herodotes mier mocemuli aRwera Sumeruli pi-

ramidebisa, romelic ar hgavs egvipturs, magram hgavs meqsikis

teritoriaze arsebul piramidebs. amas emateba inkebs Soris moa-

ruli legenda, romlis mixedviT arsebuli piramidebi Seqmnilia

im adamianebis mier, romlebic maT misvlamde cxovrobdnen. orive

cnobas emateba mesame, romlis Tanaxmad, Sumerebma Semoiares

dasavleTi xmelTaSua zRva. mkvlevarebs Soris aris is versiac,

rom Sumerebi SeiZleba zRviT mosuliyvnen SuamdinareTSi. is,

rom maT Seqmnes damwerloba da dagvitoves pirveli cnobebi

19

warRvnis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdeg ebraelebma bibliaSi Seit-

anes Secvlili saxiT. is, rom Sumerebi iyvnen daxelovnebuli

astronomebi, maTematikosebi, eqimebi, uZveles kanonTa krebulis

Semqmnelebi da a. S.

logikuria vifiqroT, rom es uZvelesi civilizacia Tu Tavis

gavlenas aseT Soreul mxareebSi avrcelebda, ufro advili iqne-

boda kavSirebis damyareba mezobel winaaziur-kavkasiur tomebTan.

ufro meti, Sumeruli civilizacia izolirebuli ver iqneboda

garemo tomebisagan, miscemda maT da miiRebda sapasuxod.

rodis Caisaxa da rogor viTardeboda es civilizacia uc-

nobia, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom TurqeTis teritoriaze

mikvleulia Zv. w. aR. VIII aTaswleulis droindeli qalaqis

naSTebi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom pirveli civilizaciebis asaki

10 aTas wels scildeba. da Tu am aRmoCeniT SeiZleba Sumerebze

msjeloba, upriania, rom TuqeTis teritoriaze ucnobi civili-

zaciis arseboba vivaraudoT. miT ufro, rom dadgenilad iTvleba

IV-III aTaswleulebSi mtkvar-araqsis midamoebSi originaluri

kulturis arseboba. mecniereba jer xanobiT uZluria danamd-

vilebiT imsjelos misi macxovreblebis enobriv kuTvnilebaze,

magram calkeul kavkasiur elementebze miuTiTeben. am monacemebze

dayrdnobiT Znelia raimes mtkiceba, magram ramdenadac arqeologia

da miTologia sxva rameze ar mianiSneben, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

es kavkasiel tomTa kulturaa.

niSnavs es Tu ara, rom dRevandeli kavkasielebis winaprebi

mudmivad cxovrobdnen am arealSi? periodSi, rodesac gamyinvareba

ukan ixevda da adamianebi sul ufro CrdiloeTiT iwevdnen da

axal teritoriebs ikavebdnen, albaT kavkasiaSic adgili eqneboda

migraciul procesebs. mcxovreblebTa tomobriv-eTnikurobis

ucvlelobis mamtkiceblad ver gamodgeba Sromis iaraRTa erT-

nairoba. qvis iaraRebi yvelgan qvisa iyo da maTi damuSavebis

teqnikac, iseve rogorc Tixis sagnebisa met-naklebad sayovelTao.

es ar niSnavs, rom sxvadasxva mxareebSi qvis iaraRs ar axasiaTebs

rigi Taviseburebani, magram ramdenad SeiZleba es eTnosis niSnad

iqnes miCneuli adreul periodebSi, jer kidev sadaoa.

20

bevrad mogvianebiT, fiqroben, meore aTaswleulis bolos,

Sumerebis arealSi babilonis samefo yalibdeba. babilonis mo-

saxleoba semituria. mkvlevarTa daskvnis Tanaxmad igi Zvel

ebrauli da Zvel arabul enebTan didi siaxloviT xasiaTdeba.

fiqroben, rom isini dasavleTidan mividnen, Sumerebs Seerivnen

da bolos hegemonebi gaxdnen. Sesabamisad maT SeiTvises SumerTa

kultura da am niadagze did warmatebebsac miaRwies. arqeolo-

gebma aTas nivTmtkicebebTan erTad, aRmoaCines nangrevebi, ro-

melic Tavis zomebiT bibliuri babilonis godolis realurad

arsebobaze miuTiTebs. aRmoCenili iqna biblioTeka 100 aTasiani

lursmuli damwerlobis firfitebiT. am nimuSebis gaSifvram

daadastura Zalze maRali donis kulturis arseboba kavkasiis

samxreTiT. es imis maniSnebelia, rom qarTvelTa winaprebis

sacxovrisis uSualo siaxloes mravali aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi

arsebobda civilizacia, romelsac ar SeiZleba TviTizolacia

moexdina mezoblebisagan.

Sumerebisagan, Semdeg babilonelebisagan, dasavleTiT,

xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze Zvel droSi hyvaoda

kultura, romelsac berZnulad finikiuri ewoda. tvirosi, bib-

losi, ugariti, sinoni mis qalaq saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen.

finikielebi, rogorc daxelovnebuli gemTmSeneblebi, mezRvaurebi

da vaWrebi mTel xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebs iyvnen modebuli.

dadgenilad iTvleba, rom isini koloniebs aarsebdnen dasavleT

afrikaSi giblartalis srutis gavliT. dasavleTis iberiaSi maTi

daarsebulia qalaqi gadesi (axla kadesad wodebuli), samxreT

galiaSi q. marseli, Zv. w. aR. 825 w. daaarses q. karTageni. tvi-

roselma hiramma moawyo mogzauroba indoeTis okeanis sanapir-

oze. finikielebma Seqmnes grZeli xomaldebi, romliTac afrikas

Semouares sam weliwadSi. maT gacxovelebuli vaWroba hqondaT

etruskebTan (apeninebis naxevakunZulze), kretelebTan, mikenel-

ebTan, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis da balkaneTis naxevarekunZulis

mcxovreblebTan. emezoblebodnen da eomebodnen Zveli egviptisa da

xeTebis samefoebs (es ukanaskneli ki mdinare halisis Suawelze

da kabadokiaSi mdebareobda).

21

da bolos, finikielebma uamrav miRwevasTan erTad kacobrio-

bas aCuqes asoTi damwerloba, romelic mogvianebiT berZnuli

civilizaciis gavleniT mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli.

sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeiZleboda mowyvetili yofiliyo am

kulturebs kavkasiis samxreTiT mcxovrebi tomebi? da es im vi-

TarebSi, roca ara mxolod Sumerebi, babilonelebi, Semdeg asiri-

elebi, aramed Soreuli egviptelebic laSqrobdnen am mxareebSi.

mecnierebis dRevandeli done saSualebas ar iZleva garkveuli

iqnes civilizaciis calkeuli kerebis aRmocenebis zusti dro.

didad saeWvoa, rom sakmaod gacxovelebuli urTierTobebis pi-

robebSi civilizaciis erT keras meoresaTvis stimuli ar mieca.

isic ararealuria, rom meore mxolod pirvelis dacemis Semdeg

aRmocendeboda. am mxriv lokaluri civilizaciebis Tvalsazrisi

dausabuTebelia. ufro realuria vifiqroT, rom axlo aRmosav-

leTis da balkaneTis civilizaciebi paralelurad viTardebodnen

da saerTo progress aCqarebdnen.

balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, kunZul kretaze, egeosis kun-

Zulebze civilizacia iseve Zvelia, rogorc Sumer-egviptisa. es

civilizacia dasavleTis mxridan emezobleboda im areals, sadac

qarTvelebis winapari tomebi SeiZleba vigulisxmoT. amasTan,

Zveli berZnuli Tu berZnebamde arsebuli wyaroebi SedarebiT

farTedaa Semonaxuli da Seudareblad mraval cnobebs Seicavs

qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxebze.

pirvel rigSi unda mieTiTos kavkasiur-mcireaziul da

balkanur-kretul siaxloveze. Tu SumerulTan kavkasiuri enebis

siaxlove savaraudoa, berZnulamdel civilizaciasTan axlo ka-

vSirebze TviT berZeni mwerlebi miuTiTebdnen.

am civilizaciis Semqmnelebs berZnebi pelazgebs uwodebdnen.

pe-laz-guri ena, damwerloba, miTologia iyo is mZlavri safuZve-

li, romelzec ZvelberZnuli sakacobrio mniSvnelobis kultura

gaiSala da ayvavda.

balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis pe-laz-ge-uri tomebi axlo

naTesaur da sulier kavSirebs amJRavnebdnen mcireaziur da

kavkasiur tomebTan.

mecnierTa mtkicebiT sakuTriv berZnebis winaprebi Zvel

22

welTa aRricxvis meore aTaswleulidan Cndebian balkaneTis

naxevakunZulze ionelebi awydebian ra adgilobrivi tomebis did

winaaRmdegobas, ver axerxeben maT damorCilebas da garkveul

Tanacxovrebis wesze gadadian.

mecnierebi fiqroben, rom berZenTa winaprebis meore talRa,

aqavelebis saxiT Zv. w. aR. XVI saukuneSi unda gamoCeniliyo

pelazgebs Soris. mesame da yvelaze Zlieri damangreveli Zala-

dorielebi Zv. w. aR. XII s. Seesien sapelazgios, ramac sab-

oloo angariSiT gamoiwvia winaberZnuli mosaxleobis gandevna

an asimilacia.

fiqroben, rom pelazguri ena, damwerloba Zv. w. aR. IV

saukuneSic ar iyo ucxo. TviT homerosi (VIII s.), Tu ar iyo

pelazgi, yovel SemTxvevaSi icoda es ena da damwerloba, da

warmatebiT iyenebda mas ukvdavi ̀ iliada~-sa da ̀ odisea~-s Seqmnis

procesSi. am codnis gareSe is ver SeZlebda ramdenime saukunis

win momxdari ambebis zust asaxvas. ingliseli mecnieri j. Ced-

viki aRniSnavda, rom ̀ mikenis periodis mosaxleobaSi sxva enebis

kvali ufro aRmoCndeba vidre berZnulisa~ (j. Cedviki. mikenuri

samyaro, Tb. 1989 w. gv. 42). mikenuri periodis dasasrulad ki

Zv. w. aR. XIII s. iTvleba. ufro meti, kunZul kretaze warwerebi

araberZnul enazea Sesrulebuli Zv. w. aR. IV s. da sasaubro enac

araberZnuli iyo da kidev meti _ araberZnuli warmoSobisadaa

miCneuli iseTi cnobili qalaqebi, rogoricaa: aTeni, mikeni, knosi,

korinTo, fivi, troa, tirinfi da sxva.

Tu balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze macxovrebeli tomebi pe-

laz-ge-bad arian cnobili, k. kretaze macxovrebel tomebs

zRvis xalxs uwodebdnen. berZeni mwerlebis mtkicebiT, aravis

ar SeeZlo iseTi grZeli gemebis ageba, rogorc kretelebsa da

kolxebs. kretelebis floti uZlieresi iyo da amis wyalobiT

isini atlantikis okeaneSi kanaris kunZulebsac aRwevdnen. ufro

axlo isini pirineis naxevarkunZulis mosaxleobasTan amyarebdnen

kavSirs kidev ufro axlo maT eqvemdebarebodaT siciliis,

balkaneTis, egeosis zRvis kunZulebis mosaxleoba. maT mWidro

urTierToba hqondaT Savi zRvis (pontos) auzis qveynebTan.

fiqroben, rom Zv. w. aR. V aTaswleulSi kretuli damw-

erloba hiqtografiuli (naxati) iyo. III-II aTasawleulisaTvis

23

igi daixvewa da sabolood Camoyalibda e. w. a-da b tipis dam-

werlobad.

darwmunebiT amboben, rom kretelebi periodulad Tavs es-

xmodnen egviptes XIII-XII ss. kreteli likielebi, mcireaziel

karielebTan da lelegebTan erTad ikaveben dRevandeli izrael-

palestinis teritorias da iReben filistimlianelTa saxel-

wodebas. (egviptis faraonis tyveobidan ebraelTa gamosvla da

dRevandel istoriul teritoriaze damkvidreba dakavSirebulia

e. w. filistimlianebTan orsaukunovan brZolebTan). kretelebi

iyvnen likielebi, karielebi, lelegebi. karielTa mowmobiT ki

piriqiT mcire aziis mosaxleobis nawili gadasaxlda kunZul kre-

taze. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia mcireazieli da kretuli tomebis

saerTo warmomavloba da ara is, romeli tomi saiT migrirebda.

mkvlevarTa Soris arian iseTebic, romlebic varaudoben,

rom ara mxolod k. kreta, aramed balkaneTis naxevarkunZulic

Tavdapirvelad karielebs da lelegebs hqondaT dakavebuli da

am teritoriaze pelazgebi SedarebiT gvian gadasaxldnen mcire

aziidan.

aseTi problemebis garkvevis dros Zalze rTul, magram

arsebiT sakiTxs periodis dadgena warmoadgens. rodesac msj-

elobaa zRvis xalxis Seseva-gadasaxlebaze, asaxeleben XIII-XII

ss. es maSin, rodesac, meore mxriv msjeloben ebraelebis mier

filistimnelTa damorCileba-asimilireba-gandevnaze da maTi teri-

toriebis misakuTrebaze. igulisxmeba, rom ebraelobas aRTqmul

miwaze sxva mosaxleoba daxvda da maTTan brZola iyo saWiro.

imasac aRniSnaven, rom adgilobrivma mosaxleobam ukve icoda

rkinis iaraRis Seqmna-gamoyeneba, ebraelma ki ar icodnen da

amitom gauWirdaT da mTeli ori saukune gagrZelda dapyrobis

procesi. balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze pirvel macxovrebelTa

sakiTxs ki didi mniSvneloba aqvs kavkasiis mosaxleobis warmo-

mavlobis garkvevisaTvis.

iyvnen likielebi, karielebi, lelegebi balkaneTis pirveli

cnobili macxovreblebi Tu ara. Tu ho, maSin rodis unda misu-

liyvnen iq pelazgebi da saidan, dasavleTidan Tu aRmosavleTidan.

ra urTierToba iyo am ori (pirobiTad) sxvadasxva warmomavlobis

24

tomebs Soris. ratom aris, rom am tomebis meomrebi troas omis

dros troelebis gverdiT ibrZvian, rogorc naTesauri warmo-

Sobis tomebi. xom cnobilia, rom troelebi warmomavlobiT

dardanidebi e. i. pelazgebi arian. pelazgebad cnobili arian

kunZul kretas, egeosis zRvis auzis kunZulebis da balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulis Zveli macxovreblebi. Tu pelazgebad cnobil

tomTa gaerTianebaSi likielebi, karielebi, lelegebi Sedian,

maSin gamodis, rom am gaerTianebis sacxovris arealSi unda igu-

lisxmebodes mcire aziis dasavleTi nawilic. is teritoriebi,

sadac Semdeg izrael-iudevelTa samefoebi, finikia, didi da

mcire frigia, meonia (SemdegSi lidiad wodebuli), paflagonia

mdebareobda. amave teritoriaze Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulSi yal-

ibdeba xeTebad wodebul tomTa gaerTianeba da samefo. iqve, Zv. w.

aR. IV-III aTaswleulebSi, xeTebamde hyvaoda e. w. mtkvar-araqsis

kultura, xeTebis imperiis damxobis Semdeg ki, kavkasiur tomTa

gaerTianebani, bolos ki urartus samefo.

logikuria vamtkicoT, rom pelazgiuri warmoSobis tomebi

uSualo kavSirSi iqnebodnen kavkasiur tomebTan. am mxriv sa-

gulisxmo masalebs iZleva ara mxolod arqeologia, aramed

antikuri miTologiac.

eTnogen ezis are ali

ara indoevropul da ara semitur tomTa sacxovrisi ar

niSnavs ueWvelad iberiul-kavkasiur tomTa sacxovrisad mis aRi-

arebas. Tu erT dros am tomebis naTesaur kavSirebs realurad

hqondaT adgili, es ar gvaZlevs uflebas xelaRebiT vamtkicoT

dRes maTi STamomavlobis axloblobis Sesaxeb. istoria cxady-

ofs, rom droTa viTarebaSi mimdinareobda eTnosTa Camoyalibebis

da paralelurad enobrivi da genetikur-fsiqikuri gaucxoebis

procesi. ramdenic ar unda iyos cxadi arabebisa da ebraelebis

semituri erToba, es maT enobriv da erovnul daaxloebas ar

moaxdens. ramdenic ar unda moiZion e. w. iafeturi eTnosebis

erTobis elementebi, es maT gaucxoebas ver waSlis.

mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom semituri modgmis CrdiloeTiT

25

iyo, e. w. iafeturi tomebis sacxovrisi, magram saxeldobr

romeli tomebisa sad, es ucnobia. ramdeni tomisagan Sedgeboda

Sumerebad wodebuli sazogadoeba, ra erqvaT am tomebs, dRemde

gaurkvevelia. amitom, maT axloblobaze qarTvelebis Soreul

winaprebTan, mxolod didi sifrTxiliTa da raRac calkeul

elementebze miTiTebiT Tu SeiZleba msjeloba. daaxloebiT ase-

Tive mdgomareobaa xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan

mcxovreb tomebTan mimarTebiTac. is faqti, rom ebraelebs

teritoriuli kamaTi nanatr teritoriaze misvla-damkvidrebis

dros hqondaT zaqarebTan da danunebTan, eTnikuri tomebrivi

kuTvnilebis mxriv bevrs verafers warmoadgens. isini SeiZleba

likiel-leleg-karielTa erT Stod iqnen miCneulni. es sami

tomi ki mosaxleobda qanaanis, finikiis teritoriaze, anatoliis

samxreT nawilSi da kunZul kretaze. am did teritoriaze isini

ki ar momTabarobdnen an mxolod laSqrobdnen, aramed mkvidrad

cxovrobdnen da albaT bevr wvril erTeuladac iyofodnen.

gamravlebis kvalobaze tomTa gayofa iseTive bunebrivi movlena

iyo, rogorc gvarebis (gorebis) tomebad gaerTianeba.

ara nakleb rTuladaa balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis uZvelesi

mosaxleobis sakiTxi. cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom pelazgebi nax-

evarkunZulze gvian mividnen da iq mosaxle tomebi gaaZeves, bevr

verafer sasikeTos ver Seicavs qarTvelobis eTnogenezis arealis

gansazRvris saqmeSi. berZnul wyaroebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi

iq mosaxle tomebis Sesaxeb ufro geografiuli gansaxlebis

Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, vidre maT warmomavlobaze. am mxriv

sicxade sakiTxis garkvevaSi, verc homeross Seaqvs. ìliadaSi~

mocemuli daxasiaTebisaTvis. CamoTvla: arkadielni, Trakielebi,

rodoselebi, da a. S., Seexeba ara tomebs, aramed mxareebs. kreb-

siTia CamoTvla: helenebi, aqavelebi da sxv. aqilevsis mSobliuri

tomi mirmindonelebia (WianWvelebi) da aqavelebis erT tomTagania

mxolod. homerosi gemTa katalogSi miuTiTebs, rom aqavelebs 50

xomaldi hyavdaT. es xomaldebi mxolod mirmindonelebisa rom

yofiliyo maSin poemaSi ar iTqmeboda aqavelebisad.

erTi SexedviT am sakiTxs arca aqvs mniSvneloba qarTvelebis

eTnogenezis arealis gansazRvisaTvis, magram erTi SexedviT. Tu

26

gaviTvaliswinebT berZnuli miTologiis monacemebs, aRmovaCenT,

rom ulumbos (olimpos) mTis ZirSi mosaxleobda kavkonTa tomi.

varaudoben, rom kavkonebi pelazgebs warmoadgendnen da Tu manamde

ar iyvnen aq, yovel SemTxvevaSi sxva tomebTan erTad unda ga-

dasaxlebuliyvnen balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze. sainteresoa, rom

amave saxelwodebis tomi mosaxleobda mcire aziaSi (paflago-

niaSi) da warmatebiT monawileobda omSi troelebis mxares. kidev

ufro sainteresoa is, rom bibliur-qarTuli versiiT, Targamosis

erT-erT vaJs erqva kavkas-osi da mas, mamis qveynis ganawilebis

dros, ergo kavkasionis qedis gadaRma mxare. am mxareSi mas Tan

unda waeyvana misi mosaxele tomebi da axali miwebi daepyro.

kavkasianelebi (zogadi saxeliT-mTis iberebi) mxolod saxeliT

enaTesavebian paflagoniel da ulumboel kavkonebs Tu aris maT

Soris sxva ram saerTo, es farTe msjelobis sagania, magram am

SemTxvevaSi cxadi unda gaxdes, ratomaa aseT vrcel arealze

saZebneli qarTvelTa eTogenezis sakiTxebi. iseve, rogorc

msjelobis sakiTxia heliosebis (mzis Svilebis) da kavkasieli

henioxebis urTierT mimarTeba.

am ori tomis raobis garkveva uaRresad mniSvnelovania dro-

nis TvalsazrisiTac. rodis SeiZleba isini mosuliyvnen balka-

neTidan kavkasiaSi Tu kavkasiidan balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze,

amis mixedviT bevri sxva sakiTxic SeiZleba gairkves.

berZnuli miTologia uxv masalebs iZleva mcire aziaSi

mcxovrebi tomebisa da maTi pelazgebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb.

samwuxarod es cnobebi Seexeba Zv. w. aT. II aTaswleuls da

ufro adreul periodze mxolod masze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba

saubari. amasTan, garkveuli azric SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mi-

graciebis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb. erTi ki Tavidanve cxadia,

mcire aziaSi mcxovrebi tomebi, romlebic TavianTi warmoSobiT

pelazgebTan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, ar SeiZleba ucxoni yofili-

yvnen kavkasieli tomebisaTvis. dardanebi, Tevkrebi, frigielebi,

paflagonielebi, haliZonebi (xalibebi), mizielebi (misielebi),

kavkonebi, lelegebi, driopebi, dolionebi, da sxva. cxovrobdnen

kavkasielebTan uSualo siaxloves da SesaZlebelia (winaswari

daskvniT) qarTvelTa (iber-kolxTa) eTnogenezSic iyvnen CarTuli.

27

ra SeiZleba iTqvas uSualod kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi tomebis

Sesaxeb? samwuxarod Zalze cota. erTad erTi risi utyuari

mtkicebac SeiZleba, es aris uwyveti ganviTareba, rasac arqe-

ologiuri masala cxadyofs. rac Seexeba tomebs, cnobilia,

rom hirkanebs da kaspiebs hqondaT Sexeba aq mosul tomebTan.

gaurkvevelia vin iyvnen hirkanebi an kaspiebi, saiT wavidnen isini

an xom ar moxda maTi Sereva gvian mosul tomebTan. arc isaa

cnobili, iyvnen isini indoevropuli modgmisa Tu enaTesavebodnen

iafeturi modgmis tomebs. samwuxarod, swored isea, rogorc

cnobili enaTmecnieri paul kreCmeri ambobda: Tu `Cven win eno-

brivi gadmocema ar gviZevs, Tavis qalebi ver gvetyvian, Tu ra

enaze laparakobdnen odesRac maTi matareblebi.~

amrigad, tomobrivi TvalsazrisiT Semoxazulia is areali,

sadac uSualod moxdeboda qarTvelTa eTnogenezi. esaa CrdiloeT

mesopotamia, urmiisa da vanis tbebidan dasavleTiT, kavkasiis

CaTvliT, teritoriebi egeosur samyaromde da nawilobriv am

samyaros CaTvliT.

ras gvimtkicebs arqeologia kavkasiaSi da mis mimdebare

teritoriebze eTnikur-kulturuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb?

arqeologiuri monace m e b i

eTnogenezis sakiTxebze arqeologias Tavisi mtkice pozicia

aqvs. erTi mxriv, TiTqos SeuZlebelia danamdvilebiT codna

imisa qvis xanis adamianebi ra enaze saubrobdnen, romel toms

ganekuTvnebodnen, romeli eTnikuri jgufis CamoyalibebaSi

iRebdnen monawileobas. ramdenadac qvis da Zvlis iaraRebis garda

araferia SemorCenili, msjeloba rTuldeba. miT umetes, Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am iaraRTa erTtipiuroba SeiZleba konkre-

tul areals gascdenoda sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo. meore mxriv,

arqeologebi swavloben rig Taviseburebebs, rac maT dronis

TvalsazrisiT, daskvnis saSualebas aZlevs gaarkvion qvis xanis

kulturaTa gavrcelebis arealisa da ganviTarebis wyvetilobis

sakiTxi. saintereso da yuradsaReb daskvnebs Seicavs arqeologia

qvis xanis kulturisa da eTnogenezis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.

imis mixedviT Tu rogor warmoudgenia arqeologias adamianTa

28

sazogadoebis ganviTareba pirvelyofili jogis mdgomareobidan

civilizaciamde, aRiniSneba sxvadasxva periodi:

qvis xana: a. Zveli qvis xana: 1. qveda paleoliTi; 2. zeda

paleoliTi; 3. mezoliTi. b. axali qvis xana: I. adre neoliTi;

2. gvian neoliTi. II. eneoliTis xana. III. brinjaos xana: adre-

brinjaos xana; Sua da gvian brinjaos xana.

es mokle CamoTvla saWiroa dasarwmuneblad, rom ganviTarebis

qveda safexurebze gamoiricxeba eTnikur kuTvnilebaze msjeloba.

mxolod mezoloTis periodSi Cndeba gvarovnuli wyobilebis

niSnebi, safuZveli eyreba adamianTa jogebis dayofas gorebad

(gvarebad), da Semdeg tomebad.

bunebrivia, rom pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobilebis dros, ada-

mianTa gaerTianeba gorebad, Temebad, tomebad, tomTa kavSirebad

yalibdeba droTa viTarebaSi. paralelurad myardeba urTier-

Tobani. mimdinareobs eTnikuri erTobis Camoyalibebis procesi,

misTvis maxasiaTebeli materialuri da sulieri urTierTobebiT.

mecnierebi miiCneven, rom bolo gamyinvarebis damTavrebis

droisTvis kavkasiaSi ukve aris mkvidri mosaxleoba, romelsac

axasiaTebs materialuri da sulieri kulturis erToba. aris

azri am kulturis Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb xmelTaSua zRvispireTis

kulturasTan. ufro meti, mxedvelobaSi misaRebadaa miCneuli

kavkasiur-baskuri urTierTobebis safuZvlianoba. kidev ufro

met saerTos pouloben kavkasiur da SuamdinareTis Sesabamisi

perolidebis kulturebs Soris. bolo xanebSi ki didi intere-

siT mimdinareobs kvleva kavkasiur (qarTvelur) da kreta-mikenis

kulturebis naTesaobis sakiTxebze.

mecnierebi amave dros yuradRebas amaxvileben kavkasiuri

kulturis Taviseburebebze, rac imis dasturi unda iyos, rom

adgili hqonda kulturaTa miRwevebis ganviTarebas da ara mx-

olod Semotanas. saerTo kavkasiuri kulturis SigniT, rom-

lis Sedareba Tamamad SeiZleba egeosis auzSi da mcire aziaSi

arsebulTan, ikveTeba regionaluri Taviseburebanic. es iTqmis

dasavleT saqarTvelos, daRestnis, Crdilo kavkasiis, kavkasiis

samxreTiT mimdebare teritoriebis mimarT.

bunebrivia varaudi, rom kulturaTa ganfena vrcel teri-

toriaze, wamoSobs Taviseburebebs da iwvevs eTnikur cvlile-

29

bebs. am dros mimdinareobs erTiani enis (deda enis) dayofa

dialeqtebad da Semdeg, maTi daSorebis kvalobaze, damoukidebel

enebad Camoyalibeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia intensiuri Zieba calkeul

enaTa danaSrevebis gamovlinebis da erTiani deda enis Tundac

miaxloebiTi dadgenis mizniT.

arqeologiam kavkasiaSi gamoikvlia Zv. w. aR. V_IV aTas-

wleulebis kultura. Sromis iaraRebi, miwaTmoqmedebis, nadi-

robis iaraRebi, sacxovrebeli kerebis Taviseburebani, saojaxo

WurWeli, samkaulebi da sxva. farTe Seswavlis sagani iyo da

daskvnac Sesabamisi gakeTda. yuradReba mieqca im faqts, rom misi

winare periodis monacemebi jerac mikvleuli araa. am mxriv mkv-

levarebi, jer xanobiT mainc, saaboloo daskvnas ver iZlevian.

aseve wyvetilobas xedaven mecnierebi mtkvar-araqsis kul-

turis dasasrulsa da momdevno periodebs Soris. IV-III aTas-

wleulebSi arsebuli es kultura moicavda ara mxolod kavka-

sias, aramed urmiisa da vanis tbebidan moyolebuli dasavleTiT

Tanamedrove TurqeTis aRmosavleTi naxevris teritoriebs. misi

dasasrulis periodidan xdeba wyvetiloba. aris mosazreba, rom

es SeiZleba migraciis Sedegad momxdariyo. SeiZleba es iyos Sum-

eruli kulturis dasavleTSi gavrcelebis Sualeduri periodi.

wyvetilobis Semdeg am arealSi Cndeba e. w. ubeidis kultura,

romelic winasagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, magram garkveul erTo-

bas amJRavnebs siria-palestinis da CeCen-inguSeTis teritoriaze

arsebul kulturasTan. savaraudebelia, rom am kulturis aseTi

ganfenac migraciul procesebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. es miT

ufro niSandoblivia, rom adreuli, mtkvar-araqsis kultura

bevr saerTos amJRavnebs ukve evropaSi arsebul kulturasTan.

aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken migracia iseve logikuria, ro-

gorc samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. kavkasia ki am procesebSi,

Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, gariyuli ver iqneboda.

am kulturebisagan garkveulad calke dgas dasavleT saqarT-

velos teritoriaze arsebuli kultura. misi kavSirebi yvelaze

metad saerTos avlens Sumerebisa da maikopis kulturebTan.

yovelives miuxedavad III aTaswleulis dasasrulamde Znelia

garkveviT iTqvas, ama Tu im teritoriaze arsebuli kultura

30

swored ama Tu im eTnosis kuTvnilebaa. arqeologiuri monapovari

ar aris Semagrebuli lingvinisturi monacemebiT. kavkasiaSi, sadac

eTnosTa didi simWidrovea es sakiTxi ioli gadasawyveti araa.

aq yoveli kuTxis kulturaSi moiZebneba axlo Tu moSorebiT

macxovrebeli eTnosebis maxasiaTebeli elementebi. am niadagze

SeiZleba mxolod frTxili mosazrebis dafiqsireba, magram ara

mtkiceba.

lingvistTa mxridan karga xania mimdinareobs saerTo kavka-

siuri enis (deda enis) aRdgenis cda. ras miaRwevs mecniereba

dRes ucnobia. Cven isic ki ver SevZeliT, rom iberiuli, qar-

Tus leqsikisagan gamogveyo. jerac ar arsebobs dialeqtebis,

dialeqtebze toponimebis, miTologiis da a. S. leqsikonebi.

zogjer piriqiTac xdeba. cdebi, Seiqmnas megrul-saliteraturo

qarTuli, svanur-saliteraturo qarTuli leqsikonebi separa-

tizmad inaTleba. ara da es samuSao saSuria da principuli

mniSvnelobis. globalizaciis procesSi SeiZleba daikargos di-

aleqtebSi daleqili Zvirfasi memkvidreoba. ukiduresad ususur

donezea kavkasiur enaTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebis kvleva.

ra kvlevaze SeiZleba msjeloba, roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

Semdeg, imperialisturma Zalebma kavkasiel eTnosTa Zalismieri

dapirispireba moaxerxes principiT: gaTiSe da ibatone.

kavkasiaSi mcxovreb eTnosTa enebi droTa viTarebaSi ise arian

daSorebuli, rom maT erTobaze IV-III aTaswleulebSi, msj-

eloba Zneldeba. axloblobis, naTesaobis is done rac arsebobs,

logikurad mianiSnebs maT Soreul erTobaze, magram kvlevisaT-

vis auRebel barierebs qmnis. ara, da Tu ver dadasturda kavka-

siur enaTa Soreuli erToba, kidev ufro gaZneldeba Sumerul,

pelazgur Tu baskur-gaskonurTan naTesaobis elementebis daZebna.

unda daematos, rom is, rac Tanamedrove tradiciuli mec-

nierebisaTvis dauZlevelia, xvalis mecniereba SeZlebs barierebis

gadalaxvas da Soreuli warsulis gacocxlebas. dRes ki unda

iTqvas, rom Tu dadgenilad iTvleba semituri enebis erTi war-

momavloba, Tu utyuaria isic, rom indoevropul enebs erTi fuZe

aqvT, ratom unda gamoiricxos e. w. iafeturi enebis Soreuli

naTesaoba. imitom xom ara, rom misi fesvebi ufro Rrmad saZe-

baria. Zv. w. a. V aTaswleulidan ki imdeni dronia gasuli, rom

31

erTobis damadasturebeli niSnebis moZebna SeuZlebeli xdeba.

dRes mecnierebs mxolod dasaSvebad miaCniaT Sumerulisa

da kavkasiur-iberulis genetikuri kavSiri. msjelobaa xaTurisa

da adiReur enebis siaxloveze. xaTebi (protoxeTebi) samxreT

kavkasias uSualod emezoblebodnen da Zneli dasaSvebi araa maTi

nawilis CrdiloeTSi migraciis warmodgena. aseve msjelobaa

xuri-urartuli enis siaxloveze naxur-daRestnurTan. xuritebis

migrireba mesopotamiis mTianeTidan kavkasiis mTianeTisaken Zalian

rTuli da SeuZlebeli ar iqneboda.

yvelaferTan erTad saWiro iqneba imis gaTvaliswineba, rom

kavaksiuri enebi ara mxolod erTimeores iyvnen mowyvetilebi,

aramed maT istoriis manZilze imden ucxo eTnosTan hqondaT

xangrZlivi Sexeba, rom Rrma cvlilebebis gamowveva Zneli war-

mosadgeni ar aris. amitom sakvirveli aRaraa, rom kavkasiel

eTnosebSi sami ZiriTadi enobrivi jgufi Camoyalibda: adiReuri,

daRestnuri da qarTveluri.

arqeologebi im daskvnas emxrobian, rom es samive jgufi

maTi ZiriTadi sacxovrisis adgilas Zv. w. a. V aTaswleulSi

mainc unda gamoCeniliyvnen. amis safuZvels maT aZlevs maikopis

da mtkvar-araqsis kulturebis IV aTaswleulebSi Camoyalibebis

Sesaxeb debuleba.

anTropologia, lingvistika, arqeologia erTxmad aRiareben,

rom iberiul-kavkasiuri am adgilebSi yovelTvis iyo. yovel

SemTxvevaSi sxvanairi daskvnis realuri safuZveli ar Cans,

es ra Tqma unda ar gamoricxavs raRaca nawilebis migraciul

procesebs. ufro meti, ar gamoiricxeba semiturisa da indo-

evropuli elementebis am arealSi moxvedrisa da damkvidrebis

SesaZlebloba. wminda, Seuryvneli Seureveli eTnosebi ar arse-

boben da garkveuli ucxo elementebis arsebobas verc kavkasiaSi

macxovrebeli eTnosebi acdebodnen.

mecnierebs sarkvevi da samsjelo ar daelevaT. am SemTxvevaSi

arsebiTia, rom arqeologia adasturebs kavkasiis da mis mimdebare

regionebSi adamianuri cxovrebis uwyvet arseboba-ganviTarebas.

romel tomebs SeexebaT es? sadamde unda veZioT maTi sacxovrisi?

am sakiTxebze saintereso masalebi aqvs Semonaxuli miTologias.

32

5 . Rm erTeb i

( m iTologiuri cnobe b i )

qarTvelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxTan uSualo kavSirSia mi-

Tologiuri Teologiis problemebi. adamianTa sazogadoebis

dasawyisi, maTi gaerTianeba gorebad, Temebad, tomebad, qalaq

saxelmwifoebis da bolos saxelmwifoebis Seqmna Tanxvdeba re-

ligiuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas, totemizms, sagvareulo,

satomo da a. S. RmerTebis gaCenas. adamianebis crurwmena da rw-

menis simboloebis arseboba iseve Zvelia, rogorc Tavad adamiani.

Sesabamisad sazogadoebis ganviTarebis paralelurad viTardeboda

religiuri Sexedulebebis sistema. amdenad, RmerTebis panTeo-

nis srulyofileba eTnosis civilizaciis donis maxasiaTebels

warmoadgens.

qarTvelobis sacxovrebeli arealis maxloblad Sumerebis,

finikielebis, pelazgebis civilizciebis arseboba ukvalod ar

Caivlida ara mxolod materialuri cxovrebis ganviTarebulo-

bis, ara mxolod politikuri momwifebulobis, aramed sulieri

amaRlebis TvalsazrisiTac. amdenad, savaraudebelia, rom Tu

qarTvelebis im Soreul winaprebs hqondaT kavSirebi maxlobel

civilizaciebTan, maSin maT mexsierebaSi mezoblebis miRwevebi

unda asaxuliyo.

ramdenadac gansaxilveli sakiTxis fesvebi midis im Soreul

warsulamde, romlis Sesaxeb werilobiTi, enobrivi Zeglebi ar

arsebobs, saWiro xdeba im gadmocemebze dayrdnoba, rac religiur

miTologias aqvs Semonaxuli.

uZvelesi civilizaciis adamianebs, Sumerebs RmerTebis mTeli

panTeonis Sesaxeb hqondaT rwmena da Tayvaniscema. ramdenad sru-

ladaa amokiTxuli mecnierebis mier es istoria, es jer kidev

kvlevis amocanaa, am SemTxvevaSi ki suraTi aseTi isaxeba: jer

iyo okeane, sadac binadrobda RmerTebis deda namu. man Sva maRali

mTa, romelzec daesaxla cis RmerTi ani. masTan dakavSirebuli

iyo miwis RmerTqali gi. sinaTlis RmerTma enlil-ma gaTiSa ani

gi-sagan da cam zeviT aiwia. cisa da miwis kavSirma warmoSva

33

Svidi Zlieri da mravali susti RmerTebi. bolos ani Seiqmna

cis meufe, enlili dedamiwisa.

mkvlevarebi RmerTebis saxelebs zogjer araerTgvarad afiq-

sireben, imis mixedviT Tu damwerlobis romel niSans rogor

amoikiTxaven.

Sumerebis RmerTebia: cisa ani (nana, ana). mzisa _ SamaSi,

naTesTa da nayofierebis, dedobis_inana (ninana), miwa-gi da miwis

RmerTi enlili, ea. wylisa-enqi (engura), mTvarisa-sini, utu-

naTelisa, dRisa; nanSe-winaswarmetyvelebisa, sizmrebis axsnisa;

damu-janmrTelobisa, mkurnalobisa; gala (galu)-miwisqveSeTis

demoni; mami-kacTa mSobeli; bau (baba)-nayofierebisa. RmerTebis

tolia pap-suqali-mrCeveli papa.

RmerTebma Seqmnes adamiani. wylis RmerTma enqi-m, Tixis mi-

wisagan gamoZerwa agurisa (adamiani), romelsac Semdeg ea ewoda.

Sumerebs hqondaT mwyobri warmodgena warRvnis Sesaxeb. Rmer-

Tebma enlilma da eam Tavgasul adamianebs mouvlines 7 dRiani

warRvna. gadarCa mxolod maTgan gafrTxilebuli uTnafiSTimi,

romlisganac gamravlda adamianTa axali modgma.

Sumerebma Seqmnes uZvelesi eposi RmerTebis naSob mokvdav

gmir gilgameS-ze, romlis Tavgadasavali iseve momxiblavia, ro-

gorc finikiel melkartisa da pelazg heraklesi.

SumerTa RmerTebis Zveli Taobis winaaRmdeg miwis RmerT ea-s

STagonebiT janydebian axalgazrdebi, daamxoben maT batonobas

da axali batonis-mardukis xelmZRvanelobiT ganageben adamianTa

momavals. unda vivaraudoT, rom RmerTebis TaobaTa cvla ar

moxdeboda sazogadoebaSi Sesabamisi social-politikuri Tu

eTnikur-tomobrivi cvlilebis gareSe. es miT ufro savaraude-

belia, rom Sumeruli enis adgils male akadiuri ikavebs, rasac

Semdeg Zveli babilonis xana mosdevs.

qarTul Sumeruli urTierTobebis kvleva araa im doneze,

rom kategoriuli daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZlebodes. ufro meti,

zogi ram viciT Sumerebis Sesaxeb, magram TiTqmis araferi im

periodis qarTvelebis (an maTi winaprebis) Sesaxeb. ara da Tu ka-

vkasia da misi mimdebare mxareebi iseve dasaxlebuli iyo, rogorc

mcire azia, SuamdinareTi an balkaneTi, maSin varaudis doneze,

34

logikuria azri, rom Sumeruli kultura ar aisaxa qarTvelebis

winaprebis maxsovrobaSi imitom: a) qarTvelebis winaprebi jer

kidev ar mosaxleobdnen am arealSi; b) qarTvelebis winaprebi

ganviTarebis iseT dabal doneze iyvnen, rom ver gaiTavises ucxo

kultura; g) qarTvelebis winaprebma miiRes Sumeruli kultura,

magram droTa viTarebaSi igi daikarga an Seicvala.

arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic iziareben wina qarTvelurisa da

Sumerulis mWidro naTesaobis ideas. enaTmecnierul-lingvisturi

elementebi amis sailustraciod TiTqos kidevac moiZebneba, magram

ramdenad sakmarisia es mecnieruli daskvnisaTvis?

qarTveli specialistebi miuTiTeben im faqtze, rom qa-

rTvelebis winaprebs hyavdaT RmerTebi ur-nina da ur-bau. es

saxelebi TiTqo kidevac exmaureba Sumerebis RmerTebs bau-s da

inana-s (nina na-s) ramdenad sarwmunoa maTi identuroba-ar viciT.

SeiZleba momavalSi kidevac moiZebnos sarwmuno mtkiceba. aseve

SeiZleba varaudi, rom Sumeruli wylis RmerTi enki (engura) iyo

cnobili kavkasiaSi da aq mcxovrebma tomebma Tu ar aRiares is

Tavis RvTaebad, yovel SemTxvevaSi adgili mainc miuCines mdin-

are engurSi. SeiZleba sruliad SemTxveviTad miviCnioT is, rom

Tixisagan gamoZerwils Sumerulad agurisa (adamiani) ewodeboda

da is, rom Tixisagan iZerweba aguri (saSeni masala). calkeul

sityvaTa JReradoba mtkicebis safuZvels ver Seqmnis Tu maT

Sinaarsobrivad erTnairi datvirTva ar axlavs.

kidev ufro umniSvneloa finikiur da qarTul Teologiur-

miTologiur panTeonebs Soris msgavsebis elementebi. eli,

vaali, astarta, dagona, aSera qarTul siZveleebSi msgavsebas

ver pouloben. is, rom zneobis qalRmerT aSeras salocavi xax-

matSi hqonda, verafer damaimedebels ver iZleva. qarTvelebSi

arsebuli xaxmatis salocavi da saxelwodeba SeiZleba ubralo

damTxvevac ar iyos, magram arc arafris momcemia Tu yovelives

damatebiTi axsna ar moeZebna.

sxvanairadaa saqme balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis, egeosis zRvis

auzis kunZulebis, mcire aziis dasavleTi nawilis teritoriebze

arsebuli tomebisa da maT mier datovebuli miTiur-religiuri

memkvidreobis mimarT. aq macxovreblebma Seqmnes Zalze rTuli

da yovlismomcveli panTeoni RmerTebisa da naxevrad RmerTebisa.

35

am SemTxvevaSi mizania ara am RvTiuri arsebebis samefos-

olimpos sruli daxasiaTeba, aramed im calkeuli elementebis

warmoCena romelTa kavSiri qarTvelebis eTnogenezTan axlos

iqneboda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom pelazgebis mier Seqmnili

RvTiuri panTeoni Zveli berZnebis mier warmatebiT iqna SeTvise-

buli da bevrad srulyofili. es procesi ki daiwyo Zv. w. aR.

II aTaswleulSi, rodesac qarTvelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxi ukve

werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT ikiTxeba da amdenad am wyaros

mniSvneloba aqtualobas kargavs.

pelazgiuri miTologiis ZiriTadi, sicocxlis warmomSobi

RmerTebia ge-a (ge-o) da urani. ge-o an gea miwis qalRmerTia,

deda miwaa, rogorc svan-xevsurebi eZaxian dea-a. Znelia mtkiceba,

aqvs raime kavSiri Sumerul miwis qalRmerT gi-s, pelazgur mi-

wis qalRmerT ge-sTan Tu ara. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom orive

erTi funqciis matarebelia, orive daaxloebiT erT epoqaSi iyo

pativSi, orive sakmaod axlo sivrceSi `moRvaweobda~ da maT

`mflobelobaSi~ myof tomebs Soris informaciuli kavSirebi

ver gamoiricxeba, maSin SeiZleba garkveuli kavSiris daSvebac.

es kavSiri SuamdinareTidan balkaneTamde moiazrebs winaaziis im

teritoriebs, sadac qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealia.

urani zecis RmerTia. igi aRniSnavs raRac did, gauval

sivrces qarTulad mas uRrani ewodeba. dRevandelobaSi sityva

uRrani didi tyis misamarTiT gamoiTqmis, magram ra diapazoni

hqonda mas uZveles droSi? xom ar iyo igi uranis Sesatyvisi?

ge-o (a) uranTan kavSirSi warmoSobs titanebs, romlebic

Tavis mxriv safuZvels udeben helio-ss (mzes), selenas (mTvares),

eoss (ganTiads), qarebs, varskvlavebs.

heliosis (mzis) umcrosi da eosia, romelic ganTiads, ri-

JraJs, aiss niSnavs. vardisferi eosi samyaros misi Zmis heliosis

mosvlas auwyebda. ra kavSirSia eosTan aisi, ras niSnavs maTTan

mimarTebaSi daisi, es Zalze dasafiqrebeli sakiTxia. ubralo

damTxvevaa? Tu ara saidan saiT aris wasuli eosi? ratom ar

aris pelazgiur miTologiaSi daisis an deosis adgili?

gavidnen droni da ge-as (ge-os) SegonebiT titanma kronma

daamxo, mamis, uranis batonoba da Tavad gamefda RmerTebs Soris.

36

Tu urani usazRvro zecis RmerTi iyo, kroni usazRvro dro-is

RmerTia. mokled, kroni Sinaarsobrivad dronis gamgebelia.

ge-am (ge-om) da dronma (ukacravad kronma) Sves RmerTebi:

tanata-sikvdilis, erida-SuRlis, ata-motyuebis, ker-mter-obis.

es RmerTebi kronis Tanmxleblebad iTvlebian anu dronis

damaxasiaTebelia motyueba, SuRli, mtroba, sikvidili.

qarTvelebSi SemorCenilia gamoTqma micvalebulis misamarTiT:

suli tatanam gaafrTxobinao. sikvdilis RmerT tanatas aqvs

raime kavSiri am gamoTqmasTan Tu es sityvaTa JReradi damTxvevaa?

erida-s pelazgiur RmerTTa panTeonSi gansakuTrebuli

safrTxilo misia ekisra. igi SuRlis Camogdebis, mtarvalobis,

Seurigeblobis sakiTxebs wyvetda. masTan urTierTobaSi sxva

RmerTebic ki frTxilobdnen. Sarian kacs CvenSi yvela erideba.

erideT afrTxileben erTi-meores. erida RmerTis funqcia Si-

naarsobrivad emTxveva im safrTxes, razec qarTvelebi eride-s

ityvian. erida RmerTi da eride sityvaTa damTxvevaa Tu SeiZleba

maT Soris uZvelesi erToba moiazrebodes?

ata dabneulobis, gonebis dabindvis, motyuebis RmerTia.

mogvianebiT man miTologiaSi zevsis qaliSvilis saxeli daim-

kvidra, romelic adamianebSi tyuils, sicrues Tesavs. man TviT

zevsic moatyua. ganrisxebulma RmerTebis mefem atas yurSi xeli

Caavlo da olimpodan Zirs isrola. RmerTebs Soris ata cnobili

iyo, rogorc sicruisaTvis yuriT gadagdebuli. qarTvelebSi

sicruis mTqmels matyuaras eZaxian. ata yuriT gadagdebuli

sicruisaTvis matyuaraa, atayuraa. dronma icis bevri ramis da

maT Soris sityvis cvlileba. atayura matyuarad SeiZleboda

qceuliyo Tu ubralo damTxvevaa? sakiTxi Riaa.

umSvenieresi, silamazis qalRmerTad miCneuli afrodita zR-

vis qafidan gamosulad da Tavdapirvelad zRvaosnobis mfarvelad

iTvleboda. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli afra, romelsac gemebze

iyenebdnen da romelic mogonebad SemorCa. pelazgur-berZnuli

miTologiis Tanaxmad uZveles periodSi ganTqmuli zRvaosnebi

kretelebi da kolxebi iyvnen da arc unda iyos gasakviri rom

afra mxolod qarTuli leqsikonis kuTvnileba gaxda.

TviT RmerTebis didi dedofali hera, Tavdapirvelad imis

qalRmerTi iyo, rasac adamianebi sunTqaven-haeris. diax, hera

37

haeris mfarveli iyo. hera-haer-i. esec SeiZleba SemTxveviTi

damTxvevaa? vin icis.

SeiZleba SemTxveviTia: is, rom RmerTebis deda geas qaliS-

vili, skviTeTSi (kilikiaSi) gamoqvabulSi mcxovrebi gvelTevza

eqidna borot, daundobel, saSiS arsebad iTvleboda, romelic

adamianebs daeqadna, rom sikeTiT ar gaaxarebda; is, rom eoli

qarTa mbrZanebeli, mudam eulad daexeteba; is, rom niqsi sibne-

lis, nislis qalRmerTia da a. S.

yuradReba misaqcevia is kavSirebi, rac mcireaziul da kre-

tul-pelazgur kulturaTa urTierTobaSi aSkarad SesamCnevia.

pelazgiuri miTologiis Tanaxmad RmerTebis deda gea (geo)-s

adgils kreteli rea ikavebs. zevsis mSobel rea-s xSirad rea-

kibelas uwodeben. kibela ki mcireaziaSi RmerTebis dedadaa

miCneuli. ratom unda momxdariyo es Serwyma? imitom xom ara,

rom olimpieli RmerTebis umravlesoba warmoSobiT balkaneTi-

dan ar arian? TviTon zevsi kunZul kretaze daibada. misi aR-

mzrdelebi kuretebi da (kolxi koribantebi) iyvnen. afrodita

kunZul kviprosidanaa, apoloni da artemida kunZul delosze

iSvnen da frigiidan mividnen olimpze, dionisec frigiuli

dafdafebis TanxlebiT mogzaurobda da a. S. calke unda iTqvas

nimfa makrisze. igi iyo kunZul evbeas mfarveli da kunZulsac

adre makrisi erqva. aqedanaa mzis RmerTi, cis kabadonze ce-

cxlovani etliT moaruli heliosi. makrisidan aRmosavleTiT

gadainacvles makriselebma (makronebma), helioxebma (henioxebma),

xalibebma (alibebma _ ìliadas~ mixedviT).

yuradReba misaqcevia qalRmerTi fasiane. berZeni avtori

argonavtebis mogzaurobis aRwerisas mianiSnebs imaze, rom md.

fazisSi Securebis dros argonavtebs warmoudgaT qalRmerT

fasianes qandakeba, zustad iseTi, rogoric q. aTenSi datoves.

erTi RmerTis erTnairi qandakeba, amayad mjdomare, winwiliT

xelSi, romelsac mrisxane lomebi icaven, Tu SemTxveviTi igi-

veobaa, maSin mcdarad damjerebeli gergetoze (wyevlis adgili

sapelazgoSi) unda iqnes gadacemuli, xolo marTali kunZul

delosze delias dResaswaulebze (apolonis sadidebeli dRe-

saswaulebi) unda adidon.

calke kvlevis saqmea promeTesa da amiranis identurobis

38

sakiTxi. am sakiTxze bevri dawerila da daiwereba. am SemTxvevaSi

mxolod mSralad mieTiTeba zogierT momentze, raTa wamkiTxavs

iseve eamos, rogor Svebasac daWrils mohgvrida RmerT apolonis

mkurnali vaJi iamosi.

promeTe, pelazguri miTologiis Tanaxmad titan iapetis Zea

(zogi mkvlevari iapets miTologiuri noes Ze iafetTan aigivebs).

erTi versiiT misi dedaa okeanidi klimena, meore versiiT samar-

Tlianobis qalRmerTi Temida. igi daibada, rodesac olimpze Rmer-

Tebs sabrZanebeli ar hqondaT. zevss daexmara kronis daZlevaSi,

magram Zalaufleba da olimpze adgili mainc ar ergo. piriqiT,

zevss eSinoda misi da sZulda. amitom, rodesac promeTem kunZul

lemnosze, mosxos mTis wverze arsebuli hefestos samWedlo-

dan cecxli moitaca (es iyo sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli) da

adamianebs misca, zevsma igi dasaja da kavkasiis mTebSi kldes

miajaWva. promeTes am danaSauls isic amZimebda, rom man zevsis

meomari qaliSvili aTena moitaca. kldeze mijaWvuli promeTes

sanaxavad yovel wels Camodioda Ze devkalioni. (devkalionis

saxeli dakavSirebulia warRvnasTan. Sumeruli miTologiis ms-

gavsad, bibliuri noes darad, devkalionic gadaurCeba warRvnas

da amravlebs kacobriobas).

miTologiur-Teologiur panTeonSi calke adgili ukavia aT-

enas. aravin icis aqvs kavSiri Tu ara mis saxels mTa-xevsureTSi

aTen-genobis (aTena-genobis) dResaswaulTan. am dResaswaulis

Tanamedrove, qristianuli gageba aradamajerebelia iseve, rogorc

lomisoba, zedaznoba (zeda zadenoba, Tu zadenoba) da a. S.

sakuTriv qarTuli sinamdvile RmerTebis iseT mwyobr pan-

Teons ver qmnis, rogorc es misi eTnogenezis arealis mezobel

civilizaciebs axasiaTebda. ra unda yofiliyo amis mizezi?

a) qarTvelebis winaprebi ganviTarebis iseT dabal doneze

iyvnen, rom maTi msoflmxedveloba religiur-primitiul war-

modgenebs ver scildeboda; b) qarTvelebis winaprebi imdenad

axlo kavSirSi iyvnen civilizaciis sxva kerebTan, rom saerTo

religiuri panTeoniT kmayofildebodnen; g) qarTvelebis winaprebs

hyavdaT sxvaTa RmerTebis Sesatyvisi sakuTari RmerTebi, magram

droTa viTarebaSi xsovna maT Sesaxeb istorias ar SemorCa.

RmerTebis is wyeba, romelTa kulti iyo qarTvelebSi da

39

romelTa Sesaxeb informacia sakamaTo araa, SedarebiT gviandeli

periodisaa. V_III aTaswleulebis Sesaxeb praqtikulad arafris

Tqma ar SeiZleba. Sumeruli bau (baba) _ nayofierebis qal-

RmerTi da qarTvelebis ur-bau, iseve rogorc inana (ninana)- cis

mflobeli RmerTi da qarTvelebis ur-nina mxolod logikuri

daSvebiT SeiZleba davakavSiroT. rac Seexeba xeTur telefin-

uSs da svanur telefia melias, xeTur armas da qarTTa-armazs,

iseve rogorc taros, zadens, kretaze mcireaziuli warmoSobis

kibela (kubele), xeTuri kupala da qarTvelebis kopale es

SedarebiT gviandeli periodia (II_I aTaswleulebi) da Zvel

periodze informacias ar Seicavs. kolxuri odi (miwis RmerTi),

svanur-kolxuri dali (nadirobis qalRmerTi), aRmosavleT qa-

rTuli alale, berika da sxva. Zvel periods ar ukavSirdebian.

rac Seexeba urartul xaldes (qaldes), misi kulti, rogorc

mTavari RmerTisa did sivrceSi iyo pativdebuli da mis ymebs

xaldevelebs (qaldevelebs)-ac eZaxdnen, magram arc is scildeba

II aTaswleuls. Zv. w. aR. urartus (arianas) qarT-is nawilidan

RmerTebi ga-ci da gaemi azonma mxolod Zv. w. aR. IV s. daamkvi-

dra qarTvelebSi (iberebSi). saqmes ar Svelis is, rom am gae-ms

pelazgiur gea-s (geos) Sesatyvisad miiCneven. farnavazis mier

aRiarebuli armazi, misi Zis, saurmagis mier movlenili ainana,

danana, farnajomis mier dadgenili zadeni sruliad axalgazrda

RmerTebia da verc uZveles warmodgenebs exmianeba da arc qa-

rTvelebis eTnogenezis sakiTxs matebs sicxades. isini, urartuli

RmerTebi, naTesaur niadagze Semoexiznen qarTs arian qarTidan

gadmosaxlebulTa meSveobiT).

sakiTxs garkveulobas matebs herodote, romelic miiCnevda,

rom afrodite mcire aziul miTras utoldeboda. misive mt-

kicebiT iberebi da xalibebi gansakuTrebul pativs pelazgiur

RmerTebis panTeonis gamorCeul figuras, omis RmerT aress

miagebdnen. xazi aqvs gasmuli im faqts, rom gvian periodSic ki

aress axal samisnoebs uSenebdnen da eTayvanebodnen. (herodote,

istoria, t. II, gv. 435).

amorZalebi (amazonebi) miTologiis mixedviT aresisa da nimfa

harmonias asulebad iTvlebodnen. gadmocemiT maT mcire aziaSi

40

sami qalaqi ekuTvnodaT centriT Temiskira (kapadokia. md. Ter-

modontis auzi). amorZalebi kolxi mamakacebisagan yoliobdnen

Svilebs. gogonebs TavisTan itovebdnen, biWebs mamebs atandnen.

omis RmerT aresis asulebi ratom unda dasaxlebuliyvnen xa-

libebs, kolxebs da muSkebs Soris?

am cnobas emateba is, rom raki aresi muxanaTuri omis Rmer-

Tad iyo warmodgenili, miTologiam igi ganxeTqilebis qalRmerT

eridas daukavSira. erida iqca aresis Tanamgzavrad. imitom xom

ara, rom gonieri muxanaTobas unda eridos? vin icis.

tome b i

qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealis mezoblad mcxovrebi tomebi

ar iyvnen mowyvetilni mis SigniT damkvidrebulebisgan. savarau-

doa, rom adgili eqneboda maT Sereva-Serwymas, migracias, omebs

da a. S. arqeologia adasturebs am arealis farglebSi adami-

anuri arsebobis da ganviTarebis kvalis uwyvetobas. teritoria,

romelic urmiisa da vanis tbebidan moyolebuli, kavkasiis CaTv-

liT, tigr-evfratis saTaveebis moculobiT dasavleTiT egeosis

auzamde vrceldeboda, sakmaod did sivrceze iyo ganfenili da

iq mcxovreblebs materialuri da sulieri ganviTrebis yvela

pirobas uqmnida.

arqeologia adasturebs, rom aq jer kidev 30 000 wlis win

icodnen kaJis gamoyeneba. 9-7 aTasi wlis win Zveli welTa aR-

ricxviT, ukve hyavdaT moSinaurebuli cxovelebi. 5 aTasi wlis

win aq ukve icodnen brinjaos metalurgiis saidumloebani da

metalis sxva mxareebSi gatanasac axdendnen. daaxloebiT amave

dros am teritoriaze Cndeba galavniani dasaxlebebi, mrgvali

keriebi da a. S. aq arsebul kulturis elementebs xedaven Sua-

mdinareTis (mesopotamiisa) da egviptis sivrceebSi. am arealSi

IV_III aTaswleulSi maRal dones miaRwia e. w. mtkvar-araqsis

kulturam.

am kulturis samxreTiT, amave periodSi hyvaoda e. w. Sum-

eruli civilizacia. magram Sumerebi ar dasaxlebulan ukacriel

teritoriebze da damoukideblad ar SeuqmniaT Tavisi samyaro.

Znelia raimes Tqma, ra urTierTmimarTebaSi unda yofiliyo Su-

41

merebamde arsebuli sazogadoeba CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb tomebTan,

magram urTierToba rom eqnebodaT es bunebrivia.

romelime eTnosis kulturaze, maT gavlenaze, monawileobaze

civilizaciis saerTo procesSi calkeuli vazebis, qoTnebis an

samkaulebis mixedviT Zalze rTulia. aseve rTulia da ara sa-

surveli msjeloba imaze, rom am arealis mcxovreblebi, flobdnen

ra brinjaos warmoebis teqnologias, cdilobdnen am liTonis

gavrcelebis gzebze Tavisi batonobis damyarebas. cnobili mx-

olod isaa, rom III aTaswleulis Sua periodSi am sivrceSi ar

SeimCneva semituri an indoevropuli elementebi.

mecnierebi irwmunebian, rom qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealSi

III aTaswleulSi cxovrobdnen kutiebi, maT dasavleTiT xuritebi,

Semdeg xaTebi. kutiebs ekavaT urmia-vanis tbis midamoebi. xu-

ritebs_Crdilo mesopotamiidan sevanis tbamde. maT dasavleTiT

xaTebi. swored maT teritoriebze Seiqmna Semdeg xeTebis mZlavri

saxelmwifo, Semdeg ki, mogvianebiT urartus samefo.

miaCniaT, rom xaTebis kultura gavrcelda SavizRvispireTi-

dan. amasTan, am kulturis naSTebi moipoveba rogorc samxreTiT,

aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, maikopSi, yubanispireTSi.

am arealSi uxvad moipoveba wylebis maxloblad mcire zomis,

galavniT daucveli dasaxlebebi gorakebze, aseve mcire farTis

keriebiT. iqve axlo samarxebi, TiTo maTganSi oTxamde micvale-

buliT. miwaTmoqmedeba-mesaqonleobis niSnebiT: qeris, xorblis,

vazis mravali jiSebiT, agreTve qvisa da Zvlis Sromis iaraRebi

Toxebi, namglebi, tyavis gamomyvani danebi, sanadiro isrebi.

SemorCenilia msxvilfexa saqonlis, aseve nanadirevi irmis, Roris,

melas, frinvelebis naSTebi. mogvianebiT, IV_III aTaswleulebis

mijnaze Cndeba uxeSad damuSavebuli brinjaos iaraRebi, safx-

ekebi, saWrelebi, religiuri kultebis figurebi, mZivebi da sxva.

mravladaa Tixis WurWeli sxvadasxva daniSnulebis, Tvliani

transporti da sxva.

vin unda yofiliyvnen am periodis civilizaciis matarebeli

tomebi? danamdvilebiT raimes Tqma SeuZlebelia. erTi ki na-

Telia, am tomebma Seqmnes e. w. mtkvar-araqsis kultura IV_III

aTaswleulebSi. maT moicves e. w. iafeturi modgmis sivrce. maT

42

saTave daudes kavkasiur-iberuli modgmis eTnosebs. ramdenadac

am arealSi SemorCenilia daRestnur, vainaxur, svanur, adiReuri

elementebi. unda virwmunoT, rom es tomebi im droisaTvis Se-

darebiT samxreTiT iyvnen ganfenilni.

erTi ram udaoa. sapelazgoSi RmerTebis mesame Taobis dam-

kvidrebis periodisaTvis helioxebi (mzis Svilebi) da kavkonebi

am arealSi ukve mkvidrad cxovrobdnen. maT mWidro kavSirebi

hqondaT iseT Soreul adgilebamde, rogorsac balkaneTis nax-

evarkunZuli warmoadgenda. am codnis, kavSirebis gareSe promeTe

ver iqneboda `mijaWvuli~ kavkonebis mTebSi_kavkasionze. udaoa

isic, rom es tomebi naTesaur kavSirSi imyofebodnen iafeturi

arealis tomebTan. cnobilia, rom geografiuli istoriis mama-

mTavrad aRiarebuli straboni ara mxolod samxreTis, aramed

Crdilo kavkasiis tomebsac iberebs uwodebda. araa gamoricsuli,

rom ori aTasi wlis win am tomebs ufro kargad axsovdaT Ta-

vianTi warmomavloba da naTesauri kavSirebi.

Zveli dronis cnobili avtori korneli taciti, Tavis ana-

lebSi araorazrovnad amtkicebs, rom kavkasiaSi mcxovreb iberebs

da albanelebs kargad axsovT TavianTi warmomavloba balkaneTis

Tesaliidano. am mtkicebis saimedobas xels ver uSlis misi ia-

zonTan da medeasTan dakavSireba.

kidev ufro mniSvnelovania bibliaSi motanili cnobebi

uZveles tomTa Sesaxeb. Zveli aRTqmis Sesabamis nakveTSi, noes

STamomavlobaSi uxucesi Zmis, iafeTis STamomavlebSi, romelTagan

gamravldnen tomebi da gaifantnen `queyanasa maTsa~, naxsenebi

arian Tobeli da mosoqi. ioseb flaviosi SeniSnavs, rom Toba-

lebs axla iberebi ewodebaTo, xolo mosoqi (mosoxi, meSeki)

kapadokielebis winaprebad arian warmodgenili. Tubalebs da

meSexebs, rogorc tomTa did gaerTianebebs. Zv. w. aR. II aTas-

wleulSi asaxelebs asuruli wyaro. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia

tomTa arsebobis uwyvetoba bibliaSi dasaxelebuli periodidan

ax. w. aR. I saukunemde.

pirvel yovlisa, mkvlevarebs arasodes SeutaniaT eWvi bib-

liis im nawilis utyuarobaSi, romelic semitebis warmomavlobasa

da istorias aRwers. ebraeli eri Tavis istorias mamamTavari

43

abraamisagan iwyebs. STamomavlobiTi xazi semidan abraamamde de-

taluradaa gadmocemuli da WeSmaritebadaa miRebuli. semitebi

da semitizmi, anti semitebi da antisemitizmi sayovelTao msj-

elobis kategoriebia.

Tu semi da semitebi imsaxureben ndobasa da pativiscemas,

ratom unda uariyos misi ufrosi Zmis iafetis da iafetidebis

realoba? ratom unda gaxdes eWvis sagani iafetidebis bibliuri

CamonaTvali da maT Soris Tobel-Tubali, mosoq-meSexi. biblia

roca CamoTvlis Tu vin iyvnen `Zeni iafeTisani~, erTad axsenebs

`Tobel da mosoq~-s. saintereso da problematuria, dronis ra

periods exeba es CamoTvla? am sakiTxze mkvlevarTa erTiani

mosazreba ar arsebobs. gansakuTrebiT ararealurad isaxeba

Tanafardoba ufrosi Taobisa da momdevno TaobaTa asakebis

gansazRvrisas. bibliis mixedviT mamamTavari noe 600 w. iyo ga-

dacilebuli, roca araratis midamoebSi daefuZna. amave asakisa

iyo misi STamomavlebis mexuTe Taobis warmomadgeneli Targamosi,

rodesac Svilebs gauyo Tavisi samflobelo. ufro realuria

semis STamomavlebis dasaxelebuli asaki-saSualod 30 weli. am

xazis daangariSebisas gamodis, rom bibliuri noe-dan abraama-

mde 370 welia gasuli. ebraelebma SesaniSnavad ician abraamis

dabadebis weli (Zv. w. aR. 1813 weli). icocxla 175 weli da

gardaicvala 1638 w. sems Svilebi asi wlis asakSi eyola, esenia:

àlim da assur da arfaqsad da lud da aram da kainan~. aseT

SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom sems pirveli Svilebi eyola Zv. w. aR.

2083 w. Tu paralels gavavlebT iafeTis STamomavlobaSi, maSin

Tobelisa da mosoqis dasaxeleba III aTaswleulis kuTvnileba

xdeba, e. i. am dronisaTvis qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealSi

damkvidrebulebi unda vigulisxmoT Tobel-Tubali mosoq-meSexi,

meore mxriv, iafetis modgmis Taobebidan mxolod Targamosis

asakia cnobili-601 weli. Tu viangariSebT, rom aseTive xnieri

iyo noe da SeiZleba misi STamomavloba Targamosamde, maSin To-

belisa da mosoxis xseneba V aTaswleulSi gadadis. gamova, rom

qarTvelebis uSualo winaprebi am arealSi ukve V aTaswleulSi

saxlobdnen.

aseTi msjelobis aucilebloba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom im

44

tomebis Sesaxeb, romlebic qarTvelebis eTnogenezSi monawil-

eobdnen mxolod zogadi warmodgena arsebobs. werilobiTi cnobebi

ki II aTaswleulidan Cndeba.

Targamoss Tu realur pirovnebad miviCnevT, risi sinamdvilis

dasturs iZlevian ara mxolod qarTuli wyaroebi, maSin unda

miviRoT mis mier SvilebisaTvis samefos danawilebis realoba.

bibliis monacemebis safuZvelze es faqti SeiZleba ukidures

SemTxvevaSi III aTaswleulis dasawyiss ganekuTvnos. meore varian-

tiT es TariRi SeiZleba IV_V aTaswleulebamde gaizardos, imis

mixedviT Tu rogor iqneba gaangariSebuli Targamosis, TarSisis,

TviT iafeTis asaki da rogor daTariRdeba babilonis godolis

mSeneblobis periodi (Tavad godolis realoba, Tanamedrove

arqeologiis monacemebiT, ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs).

pirveli rasac yuradReba unda mieqces, esaa Targamosis

samefos sidide `xolo queyana igi, romeli wiliT xdomoda,

es ars sazRvari queyanisa misisa: aRmosavliT zRua gurgenisa,

dasavliT zRua pontosa da samxriT zRua oreTisa da CrdiloT

mTa kavkasia~. leonti mrovelis mier moxazuli sivrce TavisTavad

didi qveynis arsebobaze miuTiTebs kavkasiis mTebidan oreTis

(xmelTaSua) zRvamde.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Targamoss Tavisi mamuli rva SvilisaT-

vis gauyvia. am mamulSi mravali saxelwodebis tomi Tu tomTa

gaerTianeba Sedioda, magram ara dapyrobili, aramed erTi warmo-

mavlobiT da erTiani xelmZRvanelobiT Sekruli. ar unda iqnes

daviwyebuli herodotes (bevrad gviani periodis misamarTiT

naTqvami) sityvebi: `sparselebi cxovroben da aRweven samxreTis

zRvamde, romelsac uwodeben mewamuls. amaT zemoT CrdiloeTis

mimarTulebiT cxovroben midielebi, midielebs zemoT saspeirebi,

saspeirebs zemoT kolxebi, romlebic aRweven CrdiloeTis zR-

vamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazisi. es oTxi tomi mosaxleobs

zRvidan zRvamde~. (T. yauxCiSvili herodotes cnobebi saqarT-

velos Sesaxeb, T. 1960 w. gv. 82). ramdenadac sparsel-midielebis

zeviT Sav zRvamde sxva ucxo tomebi ar ixsenieba, unda vifiqroT,

rom tomTa simravlis da miuxedavad, avtori maT erT naTesaur

kavSirad miiCnevs. Tu herodotes dros tomTa da mosaxleobis

45

simravlis da miuxedavad jer kidev SeiZleboda msjeloba maT

erTobaze, im donemde, rom isini erTi saxelwodebiT warmovidgi-

noT. miT ufro meti erToba iqneboda Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulSi.

da ara mxolod mcire aziis teritoriaze.

uZvelesi (uxnesi) berZeni avtori hesiode, exeba ra promeTes

Sesaxeb arsebul miTs, xazs usvams im faqts, rom igi kavkasiis

(kavkonebis) mTebs miajaWves zevsis (Weqa-quxilis RmerTis) qal-

iSvil aTenas motacebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba,

rom arsebobs promeTes aseTi dasjis sxva motivis Sesaxeb miTi.

arsebiTia is damTxveva, rac SeiniSneba miTTan amiranis Sesaxeb.

amirani aseve itacebs Weqa-quxilis RmerTis (taro-sis) asul

yamar (kamar, Semdeg Tamar) qaliSvils da am danaSaulisaTvis

masac kavkasiis mTas miajaWvaven. miTebis aseTi siuJeturi dam-

Txveva SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom araferi iTqvas mijaWvis

adgilze, ra zevss balkaneTSi ulumbos mTa ar akmayofilebda?

promeTes da amiranis erToba uZveles miTologiaSi gamonak-

lisi ar aris. didi damTxvevaa Sumerul, bibliur, pelazgiur

(aqedan ki ZvelberZnul) miTebs Soris warRvnis Sesaxeb. samive

SemTxvevaSi RmerTi sjis adamianebs, magram gadaarCens erTis

STamomavlobas. aseve bevri saerTo arsebobs Sumerul, finikiur

da pelazgur (aqedan ZvelberZnul) gadmocemebSi gilgameSis,

melkartes da herakles Sesaxeb. amas emateba gadmocema kadmosis

Sesaxeb. finikiis mefis agenoris vaJi kadmosi aRwevs balkaneTis

naxevarkunZuls, aarsebs qalaqs da rac mTavaria avrcelebs asoTi

damwerlobas finikiuris msgavsad. Zveli berZnuli miTologia

gadmogvcems, rom im periodSi farTed iyo gavrcelebuli pelaz-

giuri damwerloba. am damwerlobis qomagi linosi xels uSlida

finikiuri damwerlobis gavrcelebas. saqme mxolod maSin wavida

win, roca kadmosma linosi mokla. mkvlevarTa erT nawils miaCnia,

rom miTologiis Tanxvedr gavrcelebas moZraoba hqonda mcire

aziidan balkaneTis naxevarkunZulisaken. miTologia fexs ver

aidgamda. igi miitanes mcire aziidan balkaneTze gadasaxlebulma

tomebma. aqedan, pelazgebi-mcire aziidan, SeiZleba kavkasiidan

gadasaxlebuli tomebi iyvnen. (aqeT lazebi an lazgebi, iqiT

pelazgebi?).

46

Cven SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ara imas, balkaneTidan

gadmosaxldnen mcire azia-kavkasiaSi Tu piriqiT, mniSvnelovania

im uZveles droSi legendebisa da miTebis doneze maTi mWidro

kavSiris (SeiZleba erTobis) aRiareba.

yovelive amas unda miematos miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb.

mokle siuJeti: balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze qalaq saxelm-

wifo orqomenis mefe aTamants hyavda Svilebi friqse da hele.

mitovebulma aTamantma Svilebs ucxotomeli dedinacvali ino

mouyvana. inom gerebis daRupva ganizraxa da xrikebis meSveobiT

mizansac miaRwevda, magram axloblebma bavSvebi gaapares.

amave dros aTamants evaleboda saRvTo verZis aRzrda,

romelsac wesisamebr oqros sawmisi efara. sawmisi gardamavali

iyo da im mefes ekuTvnoda, romelsac verZis aRzrda daekis-

reboda. im dros verZs aTamanti zrdida. rodesac friqsem da

helem mamis sabrZanebeli miatoves oqros sawmisiani verZi Tan

waiyvanes, rogorc Zalauflebis simbolo.

hele gzaSi daiRupa. friqsem kolxeTSi, mefe aietTan hpova

TavSesafari. verZi RmerTebs Seswires, rogorc wesi iyo, sawmisi

Seinaxes. aieti adre korinTos mefe iyo kolxeTTan erTad. Ses-

abamisad mis mamulSi iyo delfos cnobili samisno. mas iseTive

ufleba hqonda verZis Sewirvisa, rogorc sxva pelazg mefeebs,

iseTive ufleba hqonda sawmisis flobisa, rogorc nebismier

pelazg mefes.

friqse aietis qaliSvil qalkiopes colad irTavs da oTxi

vaJi eyolebaT: argo, melasi, frontisi da kitisore. roca

Svilebi wamoizardnen, moindomes mamis kuTvnili samefos orqo-

menis daufleba. am mizniT isini balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze

gaemgzavrnen.

oqros sawmisis, rogorc saRvTo Zalauflebis simbolos,

dakargvis gamo pelazgiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs evalebodaT misi

ukan dabruneba. Seikriba vaJkacTa gundi, magram aravin icoda

gza kolxeTisaken da verc iseT swraf gems aagebda, romelic

kretulis an kolxuris msgavsad SeZlebda sruteebis dinebis

(saaTSi 4-8 km) gadalaxvas. aseTi pirovneba aRmoCnda aietis

badiSi argo. man aago gemi da Tavisi saxeli uwoda. aTamanti

47

ki Sepirda samefo Zalauflebis gadacemas, Tu oqros sawmiss

daubrunebdnen.

argonavtebi kolxeTSi Cadian da aietis umcrosi qaliSvilis

medeas daxmarebiT oqros sawmiss xelSi Caigdeben. aiets, iseve

rogorc mis Svilebs surdaT korinToSi mefobis dabruneba.

argonavtebis Camosvla medeasTvis iyo SesaZlebloba, ganexor-

cielebina Canafiqri.

esaa arsi, danarCeni formaa misi.

aieti erTdroulad iyo kolxeTisa da korinTos mefe, es xom

ar mianiSnebs am ori samefos mosaxleobis erTobaze? mdinare

fazisSi (rionSi) Securebul argonavtebs qalRmerT fasianes

iseTive skulptura SexvdaT, rogorc iyo aTenSi. xom ar mianiS-

nebs es, mosaxleobis, maTi kulturis, religiurobis erTobaze?

miTologiis Tanaxmad aietis erTi da kirkea (circea) romis

damaarseblebis didi dedaa. meore da pasifae kretis legenda-

ruli mefis, minosis meuRlea, androgeas, fedras, ariadnasa

da minotavris dedaa. CenCo rom CamovaciloT am gadmocemebs,

gvrCeba cnoba kolxeTisa da kretis, kolxeTisa da etruskebis

kulturebis axlo urTierTobis Sesaxeb. amas Tu daemateba cnoba

RmerTebis mefis, zevsis aRzrdaSi kolxi kor-abantebis (tyavis an

tyavze weris specialistebis) monawileobis Sesaxeb, gamyarebuli

arqeologiuri monacemebiT (erTtipiuri amforebi, culebi da

sxva), maSin SeiZleba daveTanxmoT mosazrebas am kulturaTa da

maTi Semqmneli tomebis eTnikuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb.

sakiTxavia, ramdenad Zvelia argonavtebis istoria? kiTxva

ubralo interesis sagani rodia. argonavtebma ixiles kolxeTis

iseTi Zlieri samefo, romelsac sapelazgoSi badali ara hyavda.

rodis Seiqmna es samefo? mxolod isaa cnobili gadmocemebiT,

rom kolxeTis samefos gverdiT iyo tavridis samefo, sadac

aietis Zma persi mefobda. maTi mama RvTiuri mzis RmerTi helio-

sia, dedas ki perse erqva. maTi miwieri mama mermeroa, papa-ili

(ilo?). amave dros isini afrodites axloblebad iTvlebodnen.

(dadgenili tradiciebis Tanaxmad mefuri, mdgomareobis adamians

RvTiuri STamomavloba unda hqonoda).

pelazgiur miTologiaSi yvelaferia mocemuli, saWiroa

mxolod CaRrmaveba-Sedareba. promeTe RmerTebis meore Taobis

48

STamomavalia. igi exmareba zevss (mesame Taobis RmerTebis ba-

tons) Zalauflebis mopovebaSi, magram imdenad ucxoa, saSiSia,

miuRebelia axalgazrda RmerTebisaTvis, rom arc Zalauflebas

unawileben da arc olimpze adgils ar sTavazoben. maSin man

kunZul lemnosze mosxos mTis wverze samWedlodan (sadac mud-

mivi cecxli enTo) moitaca cecxli da adamianebs misi moxmareba

aswavla. (promeTe ise Zveli RmerTia, rom misi kulti cecxlis

gamoyenebis codnasTanaa dakavSirebuli?)

promeTe, Svili iapetisa (iafetisa?), aris devkalionis mama.

pelazgiur miTologiaSi devkalioni bibliuri noes msgavsad

warRvnas gadarCenili mamamTavaria. igi yovel wels Cadis kavka-

siis kldeze mijaWvuli promeTes sanaxavad. (es tomTa da kul-

turaTa uZveles kavSirebze miTiTebaa?). devkalionis STamomavali

dardani korinTos mefe iyo. aqedan igi elinma gaaZeva da aiZula

dardanelis srutiT mcire aziaSi SvilebTan erTad gadasuliyo.

aq igi Tevkrebis mefe Tevkross CaesiZa da safuZveli daudo

dardanebis modgmas. mis Semdeg mefobda vaJi erixToni. erixTons

hyavda ili da trosi. ili iyo uSvilo da mefoba darCa tross,

romelsac eyola kleopatra, ili, asaraki da ganimedi. am ilis

vaJi iyo laomedoni, xolo misi memkvidre priame (cnobili troas

mefe da omis monawile).

varaudis doneze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kolxeTis mefe aieti

dardanis erTi xazis gamgrZelebelia (erixioni-ili-mermero-

aieti).

varaudis ra safuZveli arsebobs? herodote. herodotes

gadmocemiT parisma (aleqsandrem), priames vaJma, pirmSvenieri

elenes motacebiT Suri iZia argonavtebze, romlebmac aietis

asuli medea gaitaces. araa saWiro imis mtkiceba, rom Surs

mxolod axloblis gamo iZieben. am naTqvams daemateba meore,

minosisa da pasifaes qaliSvil ariadnas motaceba Tezeis mier.

pasifae iseTive axlobelia troelebisa, rogorc aieti.

naTqvams kidev erTi elementi unda daematos. argonavtebis

Svilebi troas omSi Rebuloben monawileobas. gamodis, rom

argonavtTa laSqrobis daTariReba SesaZlebelia troas omis

daTariRebis safuZvelze. Tu es davadgineT, zeviT aTvla _ rodis

ra SeiZleba momxdariyo did siZneles aRar Seadgens.

49

mkvlevarebs Soris troas omis daTariRebaze erTiani azri

ar aris. erTni fiqroben, rom troa daeca Zv. w. aR. 1183 wels.

meoreni am TariRs 1209 wlamde sweven. aqedan gamomdinare, ar-

gonavtebis kolxidaSi laSqrobis TariRad 1225 an 1250 wlebi

miaCniaT. Tvalsazrisi mravalia, daskvna arazusti.

am daTariRebas Tundac imitom aqvs wuni, rom Zalze bevr

Seusabamobas Seicavs: homerosis ìliada~-s mixedviT troas omi

brinjaos iaraRebiT warmoebda. rkina jer kidev cnobili ar iyo.

ara da Zv. w. aR. XIII saukuneSi rkina sakmaod cnobili liTonia.

troelebis winaaRmdeg oms awarmoeben sxvadasxva tomebis warmo-

madgenlebi. maT Soris dorielebi (ZiriTadi birTvi berZnebisa) ar

Canan. ara da am dros isini balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls ipyroben.

am droidan xdeba pelazgiuri mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi gaqroba

da berZnuliT Secvla. troas omSi aqavelebi mxolod aqilev-

sis tomelebad arian warmodgenili (mirmidonelebi). homerosi

arafers ambobs peloponesis tomebis aqavelobaze, rom aRaraferi

iTqvas kretelebze. ara da mecnierTa mtkicebiT Zv. w. aR. XVII-

XVI saukuneebSi peloponesSi (mikeni) ukve aqavelebi batonoben.

kunZuli kreta maT XV s. Sua xanebSi daipyres. Sesabamisad,

SeuZlebelia homeross aseTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba ver SeeniSna

da ìliada~-s Sesabamis adgilas, sadac CamoTvlilia romeli

tomi ramdeni gemiT movida troas dasalaSqrad, es faqti ar

aReniSna. momxdurTa mTavarsardali anu mefeTa-mefe agamemnonic

ki pelazgia an minieli, rac saboloo angariSiT erTi da igivea.

agamemnoni da menela osi mcire azieli, meoniis miTiuri mefis

tmolosis Camomavlebia. tmolosis memkvidre iyo mefe tantali

(tantalosi). Zalze mdidari, amayi, mousvenari. RmerTebs eji-

breboda yvelaferSi, ris gamoc igi zevsma Serisxa. troas mefe

ilim tantalis vaJi pelopi meoniidan (qalaq sipiladan) gaaZeva.

damarcxebulma didi qoneba aitana gemebze da sapelazgioSi

gaiqca. aq man muxTlobiT Caigdo xelSi mefoba da ise SeiZlo,

rom sapelazgios am nawils misi saxelis mixedviT peloponesi

ewoda. mamas da papas qceviT arc misi vaJebi aTrei da fiesti

Camouvardebodnen. maT sikvdilamde miiyvanes dis qmari, mikenis

mefe sfenela. aq aTrei gamefda siZis sikvdilis Semdeg. Suriani

fiesti Zmis cols SeuCnda da maT erTad moitaces Zalauflebis

50

simbolo oqros sawmisiani verZi, magram mefoba ver waarTves.

amis Semdeg Zmebi mxolod imis cdaSi iyvnen Tu riT eZiaT er-

Timeoreze Suri. aTreis vaJebi iyvnen agamemnoni da menelae.

SurisZiebas garidebulebma maT spartis mefe tindares Seafares

Tavi. aq agamemnonma mefis ufros qaliSvils qmari moukla, Svili

gaugdo da qvrivi colad SeirTo. Semdeg simamris jariT mikenis

mefoba waarTva biZas. meore Zma menelaem tindares umcrosi qa-

liSvili elene moiyvana colad da misi qmrobiT gaxda spartis

mefe. xolo, roca elene pariss gahyva troaSi da Tan samefo

ganZi gaiyola, menelaes sxva gza ar hqonda, an elene unda dae-

brunebina an sxvisi samefo mietovebina.

homerosi ̀ iliada~-Si aRwers ra oms troas winaaRmdeg arsad

ar ambobs berZenTa xelmZRvanelobaze, agamemnonis berZnobaze.

mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze berZnuli

ena Zv. w. aR. XIV saukunidan ikidebs fexs, xolo pelazgiuri,

zogis TqmiT araberZnuli IV saukunemde inarCunebs arsebobas.

TviTon agamemnonis winapar pelopsze, Tukidide (berZeni avtori)

ìstoriaSi~ aRniSnavs, rom peloponesis damaarsebelma pelopsma

Zalaufleba im simdidris wyalobiT daimkvidra, aziidan rom

moitana RaribTa qveyanaSio.

yovelive imitom iyo Tqmuli, rom wamkiTxveli darwmunebu-

liyo: troas omis TariRi, Sesabamisad argonavtebis laSqrobis

da aietis kolxeTis arsebobis periodi jer kidev dasadgenia.

uxeSi daangariSebiT yovelive Zv. w. aR. XV saukuneze adre unda

momxdariyo, magram ver gascildeboda Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleuls,

ramdenadac Targamosis memkvidreTa Soris misi samflobelos

gayofa III aTaswleulis dasawyisSi moxdeboda.

51

zogierTi cnobe b i

warsulis kvleva kompleqsur midgomas saWiroebs. mxolod

werilobiTi an materialuri Zeglebis Seswavla sakiTxs ver

amowuravs. bolo xanebSi eTnogenezis kvlevis erT ZiriTad

mimarTulebad enis lingvisturi analizi iqca. kvlevis es meTodi

Zalze perspeqtiulia, magram dReisaTvis dauxvewavi. indoevro-

puli, semituri, iafeturi enebis erTi fuZe enis areali da

dayofis dro Rrma analizs moiTxovs. aseve meti CaRrmavebaa

saWiro, roca lingvistebi amtkiceben, rom Zv. w. aR. mesame aTas-

wleulisaTvis, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis dacemis dronisaTvis,

kavkasiis arealSi iafeturi fuZe ena ukve dayofili iyo sam

mimarTulebad: dRevandeli terminologiiT, qarTvelur, adiReur

da naxur-daRestnurad. amas emateba is realoba, rom TviTeuli

maTgani Semdeg fuZe enebad Camoyalibda da daiyo tomTa simrav-

lis mixedviT.

Zalze perspeqtiuli da saSuria calkeuli kuTxeebis di-

aleqtebis kompleqsuri Seswavla. globalizaciis procesi

ueWvelad daRs daasvams da rig SemTxvevaSi waSlis kidec fuZe

enebis gaazrebis SesaZleblobas.

enobrivi siaxlove da rig SemTxvevebSi damTxvevebi jer

kidev ar iZlevian daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas. Sumeruli

da kavkasiur-iberiuli, xaTuri da svanuri enobrivi, Tundac

ritualuri siaxlove garkveul kavSirebze miuTiTeben, magram

mecnieruli dasabuTebis safuZvels ver qmnian.

uZvelesi damwerlobiTi cnoba qarTvelebis eTnogenezis

tomebis Sesaxeb sargon I (2334-2284 ww.) periods exeba. naTq-

vamia, rom sargonma 2300 w. Zv. aR. ioma CrdiloeTidan SemoW-

eril tomebTan. vin iyvnen es tomebi am cnobidan ar Cans, magram

Semdgomi dronis cnobebi mxolod or gaerTianebas asaxelebs.

am mxriv pirvel rigSi kvlav bibliuri monacemebia aRsaniSnavi.

bibliur-miTologiuri Tubali da meSexi SemdegSi araerTgzis

ixseniebian, rogorc istoriulad arsebuli Tubal-tabal-iberebi

da muSqi-muski-mesxoi.

mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom

qarTvelTa eTnogenezis bibliuri versia myarad fexs mxolod

52

qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdeg ikidebs, magram amitom am mt-

kicebas undobloba ar SeiZleba gamoecxados. jer erTi imitom,

rom bibliis es nawili istoriul realobas asaxavs da meore,

Semdgomi dronis istoria am mtkicebas (tomTa ori didi gaer-

Tianebis Sesaxeb) Zv. w. aR. meore aTaswleulidan moyolebuli,

araerTgzis adasturebs.

bibliis am debulebis Tanaxmad, asureTis samefos damaarsebel

sargon I, Zv. w. aR. 2300 w. omi SeiZleba hqonoda Tobal-ta-

balebTan (asurulad). ufro nakleb savaraudoa mosox-muskebTan

(asurulad), romelnic bevrad ufro dasavleTiT mosaxleobdnen.

bibliur cnobebzea agebuli qarTuli versia iafetis STamoma-

val (IV TaobaSi) Targamosis mier saqaldevelos teritoriebisa

da tomebis SvilebisaTvis ganawilebis Sesaxeb. ukve aRiniSna,

rom es gayra Targamosianelebisa, ukidures SemTxvevaSi Zv. w.

aR. III aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba.

winaswar unda iTqvas, rom mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawili

undoblad ekideba mrovelis mier TargamosianelTa arsebobisa da

maT mier saqaldevelos gayofis aRwerilobas. erTni miiCneven,

rom mrovelma Tavisi versia Seqmna, raTa saqarTvelos mier mezo-

beli qveynebis mierTeba ideologiurad gaemarTlebina. meoreTa

azriT mroveli tendenciuria, prosomxuri avtoria da somex

istorikosTa gavleniT aRwers yovelives. mesameni miuTiTeben

werilobiTi wyaroebis ar arsebobaze.

mrovels rom Tavad gamoegona TargamosianelTa erTobis

sakiTxi, imisaTvis, raTa qarTvelebis garSemo sxva erTa Semokreba

gaemarTlebina, sakiTxavia, ratom mianiWebda upiratesobas araqa-

rTvel hao-s (haiks somxurad) an, da ratom gamotovebda skviT

alanebs (osebs), Sirvanelebs, afxazebs da a. S. ueWvelia mas

hqonda werilobiTi wyaro, romelic dRevandlamde mainc ucnobia.

SexsenebisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom qristianoba brZoliT, iZulebiT

damkvidrda da Sesabamisad manamde arsebuli bevri ram gaanadgura.

maT Soris ar unda iqnes miviwebuli istoriuli cnoba ùw-

minduri~ wignebis Sesaxeb. isargebla Tu ara leonti mrovelma

romelime ùwminduri~ (araqristianuli) wigniT, araa cnobili,

magram Tu gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba gayris is detaluroba rac

mis mieraa mocemuli, SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxis gacema. yvelafers

53

garda, cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi Tavs uwinares afxazTa

mefeebs uwodebdnen. ra motiviT gamotovebda mroveli afxazebs,

ratom ar miakuTvnebda maT Targamosis Svilebs?

egeba ar hqondaT qarTvelebs qristianobamde damwerloba?

maSin ra vuyoT berZen avtorTa cnobas imis Sesaxeb rom kolxebs

hqondaT `koribiSebi~, tyavze naweri da naxazi dokumentebi,

romlebzec ara mxolod ewera, aramed gamosaxuli iyo zRva da

mdinareebi. ra vuyoT cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom Zv. w. aR. VIII s.

frigiaSi iyo anbanuri damwerloba, romelic muSqebma finikiidan

Semoitanes. ra vuyoT im faqts, rom semitur da berZnulTan

SedarebiT qarTuli bgeraTa sistema ufro srulyofilia da

asevea asoTa sistemac. ra vuyoT im faqts, rom davaTis stelaze

amotvifruli anbani qristianobamdelia. da bolos ra vuyoT im

gadmocemas, rom Zv. w. aR. IV s. farnavaz mefem axleburad gaawyo

anbani. rogor moxda, rom finikielebisagan muSqebis meSveobiT

aRebuli damwerloba Zvelma berZnebma msoflioSi ganavrces,

kavkasia ki gamorCaT? kiTxva mravalia, pasuxia Zv. w. aR. III s.

poeti apolonios rodoseli: ̀ kolxebs dRemde Semonaxuli aqvT

TavianTi mamaTagan naweri kirbebi, romlebzedac mogzaurTaTvis

naCvenebia zRvisa da xmeleTis yvela gza da sazRvari~. roca

Seni ukeTesia, sxvisa aRar gindeba.

msoflio avtoritetis mqone mecnier a. ainStains kiTxvaze,

ras ityodiT eqsperimentma, Tqveni debulebis siswore rom ar

daadasturos? upasuxia: me daskvnebi logikuri azrovnebis safuZ-

velze maqvs gakeTebuli. Tu eqsperimenti mis siswores sadaos

gaxdis, niSnavs eqsperimenti mcdaria. aseTia logikis Zala.

leonti mrovelis mier mocemuli saqaldevelos ganawilebis

suraTi ise zustia, rom SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi asaxva weri-

lobiTi wyaros uqonlad. gana vinmem daamtkica, rom homeross

gemTa katalogis gadmocemisas werilobiTi wyaro hqonda? magram

iseTi detalebiTaa yovelive mocemuli, rom aseTi daskvna logi-

kuri xdeba. aseve logikuria, rom mroveli 3 (sami) aTasi wlis

Semdeg ver SeZlebda TiToeuli Svilis kuTvnili sagamgeblos

sazRvrebis zust aRweras, werilobiTi wyaro rom ar hqonoda.

rac Seexeba mrovelis prosomxurobas. Zv. w. aR. III aTas-

54

wleulSi somxoba ar arsebobda. Targamosis ufrosi vaJi haosi

iseTive Tobeli (tabali, Tabali, iberi, sasperi-saxelwodeba

icvleboda, eri rCeboda) iyo, rogorc misi Zmebi. Sesabamisad mas

kanonierad miekuTvna mamis samflobelos saukeTeso naxevari. rac

Seexeba somxebs (armianebs), somex istorikosTa mtkicebiT es eri

yalibdeba Zv. w. aR. VIII_VI saukuneebSi. mroveli Targamosian-

elTa gayrisas gulisxmobda Targamosis ufros vaJs haos da ara

somex ers, romelic kimerielebTan Tobalebis nawilis Serevis

Sedegad Camoyalibda, Tobalebs Camoscilda, daupirispirda, ma-

gram maxsovrobaSi darCa, rom maTi nawili haosis Camomavalia da

TviTonac haosis miwebze cxovroben. mroveli rom prosomxuri

istorikosi yofiliyo, ar aRniSnavda, rom haosa da qarTlosis

samflobeloebis sazRvaria mTagrexilze, saidanac gamomdinare

wyali mtkvars uerTdeba da md. araqss misdevs.

ufro metad mniSvnelovania is cnoba, rom qarTloss da mis

mier moyvanil qarTebs (karduxTa nawils) aq mcxovrebi mTis

iberebi daxvdenen. qarT-osi (qarTlosi) mivida adgils `sada

SeerTvis aragv mtkuarsa, da ganvida mTasa mas zeda, romelsa

Sina ewodebis armazi da pirvelad Seqmna simagreni mas zeda,

da iSena mun zeda saxli, da uwoda mTasa mas saxeli Tavisi

Tvisisa qarTli.~

mosulebs garkveuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies monaTesave, magram

mainc gaucxoebis gzaze mdgarma tomebma, romlebsac istoria mTis

iberebs uwodebs. qarT (kardebi), baris iberebi, gansxvavdebodnen

mTis iberebisagan. mkvlevarTa azriT mTisa da baris iberebs So-

ris sazRvari ase gamoiyureba: wilkani (win kari?), mejvrisxevi,

qarcxinvali, wobeni, fxvenisi, saqarTlis cixe. mTis iberTa So-

ris moiazrebian fxovelebi, WarTlelebi, dvalebi, wanarebi. maT

Soris unda igulisxmebodnen kavkasiis mTebs gadasuli tomebi,

romlebic kavka-sosis xelmZRvenelobiT ikaveben teritoriebs

`lomekis mdinariTgan vidre dasasrulamde kavkasisa, dasavliT.~

mrovelis es cnoba TargamosianelTa mier lomekidan (md. Tergi)

Sav zRvamde teritoriebis dakavebis Sesaxeb kavkonebis (mTis

iberebis) tomTa simravlesa da siZliereze miTiTebaa.

lekanisa da kavkasis mier CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritoriebis

55

aTviseba im periods exeba, rodesac iq ramdenime cnobili tomebi

ara saxloben. dRes md. Tergis dasavleTiT da dvalebis teri-

toriaze mcxovrebi os-alan-skviTebi, im dros `zRva-mdinaris~,

volgis aRmosavleTiT mosaxleobdnen. maTi SemoWra kavkonTa

(kavkasosis) sacxovrebel arealSi Zv. w. aR. VIII s. unda ganekuT-

vnebodes, rodesac kimerielebis didi talRa kolxeTis gavliT

SeiWra wina aziaSi, xolo skviTebis tomebi darubandis gziT

gamoCndnen urartus samefos midamoebSi. maSin unda momxdariyo

iranuli warmoSobis alanTa mier kavkonebis gandevna nawilobriv

Tergis aRmosavleTiT (vainaxebi) da dasavleTiT (Zigeb-jiqebi,

Cerqezebi). dasavleTis nawils mogvianebiT Turqulenovani yara-

Caelebi da balyarelebi aviwroeben da usaxldebian.

lekosianebi iZulebulni xdebian kavkasianebs sacxovrebeli

areali dauTmon md. lomekis (md. dergis, Tergis) aRmosavleTiT.

maTgan CrdiloeT mxares myarad ikaveben momxduri tomebi. xan-

grZlivi urTierToba bunebrivad badebs saerTo niSnebs. amitom

ityoda straboni: mTis iberebi sarmatebis monaTesaveni ariano.

zedmetia ganmarteba, rom `Targamosis SvilTa~ saxelebi

sinamdvileSi arsebul tomTa gaerTianebaTa saxelwodebebis

asaxvaa, realobis religiur-miTologiuri gadmocemaa.

tomebis gamravleba, tomTa SigniT mosaxleobis zrda iwvevda

maT gayofa-gayras da migraciul procesebs. sxvanairad Zneli

asaxsnelia herebis mosaxleoba kavkasiaSi da vanis tbis samxreTiT,

qarTebis (karTuxebis) cxovreba dRevandel qarTlSi da urmiis

tbis CrdiloeTiT. kavkonTa (kavkasianTa) mkvidroba balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulze ulumbos (olimpos) mTis kalTebze, mcire aziaSi

da kavkasiaSi. swored kavkonebma misces saxeli mTagrexils,

romelsac kavkasioni ewodeba.

leonti mrovelis istoriuli cnobidan dasazustebelia

egrosis (egriselTa) raobis sakiTxi. Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulis

iqiT nawilobriv aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da dasavleTSi rions

(faziss) CrdiloeTiT fiqsirdeba svanuri toponomika da unda

vivaraudoT maTi matarebeli mosaxleoba. svanebi did teritorias

flobdnen samxreT da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ar SeiZleba es

areali erT toms (svanebs) aeTvisebinoT. istoriaSi SemorCe-

56

nilia dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi sanigebis

tomis saxelwodeba, maT CrdiloeTiT sxvaTa Soris aqavelebis

da dRevandeli leCxumis midamoebSi suanebis tomebis saxelwo-

debebi. vin iyvnen isini? ratomaa maT teritoriebze erTnairi

warmomavlobis toponomika?

mkvlevarTa erT nawils dadasturebulad miaCnia, rom

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi md. yubanamde farTedaa dResac SemorCenili

svanuri toponomika. Cerqez-adiRevelTa enobrivi monacemebi bevr

rames uwodeben svanur qeds, mdinares, tyes, samosaxlos. svanuri

warmoSobisad miaCniaT iq arsebuli dolmenebi. arakavkasiuri

eposi ki Zv. w. aR. VII s. Cndeba Crdilo kavakasiaSi.

svanTa monaTesave tomTa simravle savaraudos xdis maTi

gaerTianebis da gaerTianebis saxelwodebis arsebobas. sakmarisia

mieTiTos strabonis cnobaze, romlis Tanaxmad svanebs SeeZloT

200 000 meomris gamoyvana, rom svanTa gaerTianebas 300 kaciani

sabWo marTavda.

ra gaerTianeba SeiZleba hqonoda svanur enovan tomebs?

istoria am arealSi afiqsirebs saxelwodebas henioxebi. dRes

henioxebobaze pretenzias mravali acxadebs, magram realurad vin

SeiZleba igulisxmebodes am gaerTianebis qveS?

pirvel rigSi unda gamoiricxon is CrdiloeT kavkasieli

tomebi, romelTa gamoCena-arseboba istoriam mxolod axali wel-

TaRricxviT daasaxela. aseve unda gamoiricxon Turqulenovani

tomebi, rameTu Zvel welTa aRricxvisas isini ar arsebobdnen

am arealSi. unda gamoiricxon is tomebic, romlebic am arealSi

arseboben, magram ixseniebian ramdenime aTaswleulis Semdeg.

Zvel aRmwerelTa mravalsaukunovanma Taobebma Tu am arealSi

romelime tomis arseboba ar daafiqsires, rogor SeiZleba maTi

prioritetebis an pretenziebis safuZvlianobis aRiareba Taname-

drove periodSi.

iyo dro, rodesac adamians sikvdili erCia sicruis Tqmas.

Tanamedroveobam araraobad aqcia es moraluri principi. alogi-

kuroba logikurobad gadaiqca da arakacoba kacobad. magram xom

aris simarTlec?

simarTle gveubneba, rom moniSnul arealSi (egrosis wil

57

qveyanaSi), romlis monacemebi leonti mrovels ase aqvs daxasi-

aTebuli: `xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa, da uCina

sazRvari, aRmosavleTiT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvan lixi,

dasavliT zRva; CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada

warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa. xolo aman egros aRaSena qalaqi

da uwoda saxeli Tvisi egrisi, aw mas adgilsa hqvian bedia.~

ufro zustad geografosi da istorikosi ver ityoda 3 aTas

welze met winandel ambavs. dReis gadasaxedidan, 5 aTas welze

meti xnis movlenis gadmocema (minimum 5 aTasi) praqtikaSi ar

gvxvdeba. ris mixedviT SeiZleba msjeloba im dros mosaxle adami-

anTa erovnebaze? arqeologia, toponomika, werilobiTi an zepiri

gadmocemebi. yovelive svanur enovan mosaxleobas ukavSirdeba.

principuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tavad saxelwodebas henioxebi.

saidan gamomdinareobs es saxeli? gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes

is, rom momdevno xanaSi (Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleuli) istori-

ul-literaturuli wyaroebi ixsenieben mefe aiets, romelic

tradiciiT RvTis Svili iyo. aieti heliosis (mzis RmerTis)

Zed ixsenieba. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi

heliosis Ze aieti uZlieresi qveynis mefea. is erTdroulad

flobda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze korinTos, simonides,

delfos da kavkasiaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos, aias qveyanas. io-

nelebis zeobis xanaSi iZulebuli gaxda sabolood kavkasiaSi

damkvidrebuliyo. iZulebiTi migraciis dros bunebrivia igi Tan

Tanatomelebs, korinTelebs (SemdegSi kolxebs) wamoiyvanda. im

droidan unda igulisxmebodes kolxTa damkvidreba svanurenovani

tomebiT dasaxlebul arealSi SesaZlebelia saerTo saxelwodeba

henioxebic im periodSi damkvidrebuliyo. Tu sayovelTao tradi-

cia mefes romelime RmerTis Svilad aRiarebda, ra sakvirvelia

Tu aieti Tavs helioss (mzis RmerTis) Svilad gamoacxadebda

da amiT heliosebze batonobas ganimtkicebda.

safiqrebelia, rom uZvelesi balkanuri tomebi kavkonebi

da helioxebi (henioxebi) kavkasiis pirvel mosaxleebs war-

moadgendnen. svanuri, adiReuri, vainaxuri, daRestnuri kvali

mtkvar-araqsis kulturasa da SemdgomSi xeTis imperiis farg-

lebSic moiazreba. uSedegod araferi xdeba. arafridan araferi

warmoiSoba.

58

istoriuli wyaro, romelic pelazgur-lazuri tomis heniox-

svanur egroselTa arealSi gadmosaxlebas daadasturebda, ar

aris. aris frTxili varaudi. kavkasiaSi erTi-meores xvdeba da

erwymis ori kultura aRmosavlur-Sumeruli da dasavlur-

pelazgiuri. es asaxvas hpovebs adgilobriv tomTa cxovrebisa

da azrovnebis nirze. mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnia, rom kavkasia da

wina azia is arealia, saidanac dasavleTiT xdeba migracia da ara

piriqiT. es specialuri analizis sagania. am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia

is, rom aq xvdeba ori civilizacia, romelic saerTo kavkasi-

uris Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. logikuria, rom kulturaTa

gavrceleba adamianTa mogzauroba-migraciebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sxvanairad verc Sumeruli elementebi gaCndeboda kavkasiaSi, verc

kretisa da kolxeTis urTierTobaze iqneboda msjeloba da arc

istoria iqneboda aseTi.

Zv. w. aR. III aTaswleulis iqiT araviTari werilobiTi cno-

bebi ar moipoveba. fiqsirdeba mxolod is, rom aq damkvidrebul

tomebs brZoliT moupovebiaT sacxovrebeli areali. brZola

hqoniaT kaspiebTan da hirkanebTan. vin iyvnen isini? monaTesave,

iafeturi Tu sxva modgmis tomebi? ramdenadac arqeologia dabe-

jiTebiT amtkicebs am teritoriebze kulturis ganviTarebis uw-

yvetobas, savaraudebelia, rom isini monaTesave tomebi iqnebodnen.

Zveli welTa aRricxvis mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis

da meores dasasrulisaTvis aRiniSneba didi cvlilebebi rac

migraciul-politikur procesebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

sapelazgoSi (pelazgisSi) iapetis (mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT

iafetis) Taobis RmerTebs cvlian mesame Taobis RmerTebi zevsis

meTaurobiT. axali Taobis RmerTebi misulebi arian kunZulebidan:

kreta, kviprosidan da mcire aziidan. paralelurad pe-laz-gebs

Soris Cndeba ioniur-eoluri elementebi. aseve, ara iafeturi

(ara pe-laz-guri) elemetebi Cndeba mcire aziaSi.

mkvlevarTa Soris aravin daobs im faqtze, rom arc bibliaSi,

arc Zvel berZnul, egviptur, asurul wyaroebSi araferia naTqvami

xaTi-xeTebis Sesaxeb. mizezi amouxsnelia. ara da arqeologia

mtkiced miuTiTebs mcire aziaSi arsebul kulturaze. kapadokiaSi

mopovebuli firfitebi, xeTuri lursmuli damwerlobis Zeglebi

59

iseTi faqtia, romelsac axsna esaWiroeba. ramdenad sworedaa

amoxsnili? ramdenad marTebuladaa wakiTxuli? ramden simarTles

Seicavs esa Tu is mtkiceba? sadao bevria.

udao mxolod isaa, rom am arealSi aRmocenebuli saxelmwifo

gverds ver auvlida iafeturi modgmis tomTa gaerTianebas, maT

monawileobas politikur, socialur da kulturul procesebSi.

Tu xeTebis mefe Telifinu saxelmwifos Zlierebas Savi zRvi-

dan xmelTaSua zRvamde ganavrcobs, bunebrivia igi iq mcxovreb

tomebsac SeierTebda. Tu mefe xaTusalim dedaqalaqi samxreTiT

gadaitana da qalaqs xaTusa uwoda, cxadia igi samxreTis dapyro-

bas eswrafvis. misma memkvidre mursilim Zv. w. aR. 1595 w. aiRo

kidec babiloni da uSualod egviptes (kemes qveyanas-berZnulad)

daupirispirda. xeTis Zliereba Zv. w. aR. XIII saukuneSi e. w.

zRvis xalxebis Semosevam mospo.

xeTis samefo iseTi movlenaa, romelic jer kidev saWiroebs

did Zalisxmevas. am SemTxvevaSi ki aRsaniSnavia, rom igi mde-

bareobda mosox, meSex, muSqi, muskebis mudmivi sacxovreblis

arealSi da Tu mecnierTa azriT, xeTur enaSi indoevropuli

elementebi SeiniSneba an gnebavs Warbobs, es mesxTa winaprebis

damsaxurebas odnavadac ver amcirebs.

mecnierTa Soris dResac araa erToba meSexi-muSqi-muskis

mesxebTan gaigivebis sakiTxSi. qarTvel mkvlevarTa warmatebuli

Zalisxmeva yovelTvis gagebiT araa miRebuli.

ratom unda momxdariyo, rom mezobeli saxelmwifoebis weri-

lobiT ZeglebSi xeTa da xeTebis istoria ar aisaxa? biblias-

Tan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba ori gamarTleba moiZebnos: 1. biblia

aRwers uZveles dros, uZveles tomebs CamoTvlis da maSin es

saxelmwifo ar arsebobda; 2. biblia asaxelebs meSexs (asuru-

lad muski, berZnulad mesxoi). tomTa es gaerTianeba Zalze did

teritorias flobda, siZlieriT gamoirCeoda da misi xseneba

yovelives mTqmelia.

kidev erTxel gavixsenoT ioseb flaviosi, romelic aRniSnavs,

rom meSexi kapadokielTa winapariao. kapadokia ki Zalze vrcel

teritorias moicavda, sadac xeTebis saxelmwifo ivaraudeba.

Zvel berZnebTan mimarTebaSi sakiTxi sxvagvaradaa. igi da-

60

kavSirebulia TviT berZnebis, maTi civilizaciis balkaneTis

naxevarkunZulze damkvidrebasTan.

ramdenad iyvnen aqavelebi, ionelebi Tavdapirvelad misulni

sapelazgoSi berZnulenovani tomebi? saidan mividnen isini?

sakiTxi sulac ar aris sabolood garkveuli. garkveuli mxolod

isaa, rom sapelazgoSi dorielTa mixdoma-gabatoneba ganekuTvneba

mogvianebiT periods da emTxveva `zRvis xalxebis~ amoZravebas

Tu ar iwvevs mas. zRvis xalxebma daamxes xeTis siZliere da

ZvelberZnuli (vityodi doriuli) civilizaciis Camoyalibebis

dros es saxelmwifo aRar arsebobda.

aRavlendnen damarcxebuli babilonelebi da egviptelebi

maTi saZulveli mtris sidiades Tu damarcxebas gamarjvebad

warmoidgendnen? vin icis. mecnierebam SeiZleba momavalSi mou-

Zebnos axsna am movlenas.

aqve xazi unda gaesvas i. flaviosis debulebas kapadok-

ielTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. es uaRresad sayuradRebo cnobaa.

jer erTi imitom, rom kapadokiuri kultura gansacvifrebelia;

meorec, kapadokieli iyo wminda giorgi, zabiloni, wminda nino.

rodesac gadawyda qristianobaze mosaqcevad mqadagebelTa miv-

linebis sakiTxi, wminda nino savaraudoa enis siaxlovis, codnis

mxrivac iqneboda SerCeuli Tubal-tabal-iberebSi wamosasvlelad.

muSqebis garda sxva iberiul-kolxuri tomebic unda yo-

filiyvnen xeTis gaerTianebaSi Sesulni. Zveli berZeni avtorebi

araerTgzis CamoTvlian maT. imperiis dangrevam yvelas damoukide-

blobisaken gza gauxsna. logikuria, rom daiwyeboda brZola.

pirvelobisaTvis. istoria adasturebs mravali, SedarebiT mcire

samefos arsebobas.

Zveli welTa aRricxvis 1100 w. asureTis mefe tiglad-

pilesar I (1115-1077) aRniSnavs `muSqebis 5 mefis~ Sesaxeb.

naTqvamia, rom Tavisi siZlieriT moqadule 20 000 muski xuTi

mefis sardlobiT, romelnic manamde daumarcxebelni iyvnen, ku-

muxSi Camovidnen da qveyana daipyreso. mkvlevarTa daangariSebiT

am dros centralur anatoliaSi maT mZlavri saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianeba aqvT da cdiloben siriis dablobisaken gaWras. mefe

tiglat-pilesar I cdilobs muSqebis gandevnas, romlebmac Zv. w.

61

aR. 1165 w. daikaves mesopotamiis alzis da furulumzis teri-

toriebi, xolo 1115 w. kumuxis (kaTmuxis) midamoebi.

cnoba mwiria, magram bevris metyveli. jer erTi: ratomaa,

rom istoriuli wyaroebi xeTis imperiis Sesaxeb sduman, xolo

muSqebis laSqrobaze ara. ratom? xeTis imperiis arsebobisa

da istoriis problema jer kidev Sesaswavlia. da ara mxolod

misi. mkvlevarTa Soris Zalze bevria sadao ama Tu im warweris

amoxsnis marTebulobaze. imis mixedviT vin rogor waikiTxavs an

ganmartavs raime sityvas, masze dayrdnobiT ar arsebuli saxelm-

wifos sakuTar warsulad gamocxadeba bevri erovnebis mkvlevars

sCvevia. magaliTebi e. w. istoriul samecniero literaturaSi

mravlad yria. maTi gaxseneba mizanSeuwonavia raTa ar ewyinoT

Zvirfas mezoblebs. meorec, rogor SeiZleba arsebuliyo mZlavri

imperia, earseba mravali saukunis manZilze, daemarcxebia egviptis

faraoni kadeSTan brZolaSi Zv. w. aR. 1312 w. da yovelive ar

Semonaxuliyo Tundac miTologiis saxiT.

tiglat-pilesar I-is es cnoba araorazrovnad miuTiTebs

muSqebis mravali samefos arsebobaze. ramdeni samefo hqondaT?

mosaxleobis da meomarTa ra raodenobas aerTianebda? ra sididisa

iyo maT mier dakavebuli teritoria Tu isini CrdiloeTiT pon-

tos (speris, Sav) zRvas uwevdnen, samxreTiT ki siriis dablobis

dakavebas cdilobdnen. ra siZlieris mflobelebi iyvnen muSqebi

Tu isini mZlavr asureTsac daumarcxeblad miaCnda?

kiTxvebi araa ritorikisTvis. mkvlevarTa mier miRweuli

warmatebis miuxedavad pasuxi mainc ar Cans.

tiglat-pilesar I-is aRniSnuli warwera kidev ufro mniS-

vnelovania qarTvelTa eTnogenezis kuTxiT. asureTis samefos

fuZemdebeli sargon I Zv. w. aR. 2300 w. miuTiTebs CrdiloeTi-

dan SemoWril tomebTan brZolis faqtze, magram ar asaxelebs

ra tomebia isini. mxolod logikuri daskvnis saxiT ivaraudeba,

rom Tubalebi unda yofiliyvnen. asureTis CrdiloeTiT isini

mosaxleobdnen. tiglat-pilesaris cnoba ki asaxelebs muSqebs.

ra mcire daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba? is rom Zv. w. aR. III-

II aTaswleulebSi asureTis CrdiloeTi da Crdilo dasavleTi

teritoriebi ucvlelad ukaviaT Tubal-muSqebs. meore ara nakleb

sayuradRebo: es ori tomi ki ara tomTa gaerTianebebia: mesame

62

ufro mniSvnelovani. maT hyavT mravali mefe. paralelebis gav-

lebiT iTqmeba: im dros, maTi mezoblebi pelazgebi (Semdeg ki

Zveli berZnebi) qalaq-samefoebad iyvnen dayofilni. erTi tomi

ramdenime qalaq-samefosac qmnida. safiqralia, rom muSqebic,

qalaq-samefoebad cxovrobdnen da mxolod didi RonisZiebis

dros met-naklebad droebiT (dapyrobiTi omi an Tavdacva) er-

Tiandebodnen.

(egeb esec iyo xeTis Sida politikuri struqtura da amitom

ar arsebobs myari cnobebi am saxelmwifos erTeulis Sesaxeb?

vin icis.)

muSqebis Sedareba-gatoleba e. w. ZvelberZnul politikur

(da ara mxolod) kulturasTan miT ufro dasaSvebia, rom aRi-

arebulia Tvalsazrisi: laSqrobebis dros muSqebma (muskebma,

mesxoim) finikiidan gadaiRes anbanuri damwerloba, romelic

maTgan berZnebma waiRes. dRes amis metis Tqma ar xerxdeba, Tumca

TurqeTis teritoriaze warmoebul arqeologiur kvlevas moma-

valSi bevri koreqtivis Setana SeuZlia.

qalaq-samefoebis arsebobis sasargeblod sxva cnobebic ar-

sebobs. asureTis mefe salmanasar II (860-825 Zv. w. aR.) Zv. w.

aR. 858 w. laSqrobs tabalTa (TubalTa) winaaRmdeg. omis Sedegs

ase aRniSnavs: evfrati gadavlaxe, Cavedi tabalTa qveyanaSi da

maTi 24 mefisagan saCuqrebi miviReo.

mkvlevarTa Soris eWvs ar iwvevs, rom tabalebsa da muskebs

(Tubal-meSexebs) Zv. w. a. XII-XI s. urmiisa da vanis tbebidan

moyolebuli dasavleTiT Zalze vrceli teritoriebi ekavaT. isini

ganfenilni iyvnen kavkasiidan samxreTiTac md. evfrat-tigris

saTaveebSi da siriis dablobze gasvlas cdilobdnen. asureTis

mefe tuklat-adar I Zv. w. aR. 1275 w. asaxelebs qveyanas kardu

(karduxebi, xaldebi). qsenofonte (Zv. w. aR. 401 w.) azustebs

da ambobs, rom am warmomavlobis tomebidan yvelaze samxreTiT

karduxebi cxovroben. straboni ganmartavs, rom kapadokielebi

zRvamde da md. halisamde erT enaze laparakobeno. exeba ra igive

sakiTxs ap. rodoseli aRniSnavs, rom xalibTa miwa usazRvroao.

urmiis da vanis tbebidan dasavleTiT md. halisamde da ka-

vkasiidan evfratis saTaveebamde, marTlac Zalze didi terito-

63

riaa. da mainc wyaroebSi dasaxelebuli 5 muSqi da 24 tabali

mefe sakmaod didi ricxvia. Tu ara qalaq-saxelmwifoebi amdeni

samefos arseboba Zneli wamrosadgenia.

am SemTxvevaSi calke unda ganixilebodes kolxeTi, egrosis

kuTvnili qveyana. yvelaze cnobili gadmocemiT, aq qalaq-samefoebi

ki ara, erTiani Zlieri saxelmwifo unda arsebuliyo. yovel

SemTxvevaSi aietis papis-ilis, mamis-mermeros da misi memkvidree-

bis drosac. ramden xans gagrZeldeboda ase ucnobia, magram Zv.

w. aR. XII_XI ss-Si am adgilebSi moiazreba kolxur (qaSqebis)

tomTa didi gaerTianeba. Zv. w. aR. XII s. asuruli wyaroebi mas

kilxa-s uwodeben, VIII s. urartuli wyaroebi ki kulxa_s.

mkvlevarTa Soris araa azrTa Tanxvedra tomTa am gaer-

Tianebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi ki arsebiTia maTi

yofna samxreT kavkasiaSi, maTi saerTo arseboba.

Tubal-tabal-iberTa sacxovris arealSi Zv. w. aR. XIII_XI ss.

ori Zlieri samefo iqmneba: diaoxi (taoxi) da biainili (urartu).

Tavis samSoblos mosaxleoba biainils uwodebda, Tumca msoflio

istorias igi urartus saxelwodebiT SemorCa. urartus mas

tradiciuli mezoblebi da mtrebi asurelebi eZaxdnen.

mizani araa urartus istoriis mTlianobaSi gadmocema. am

dargis mkvlevarebs sakmaod Rrmad aqvT problema damuSavebuli.

amitom Semovifarglebi mokle cnobiT. Zv. w. aR. IX s. urartu

aRwevs Zlierebas da cdilobs teritoriul ganvrcobas. mefe

sarduki I ( 835-825 ww.) iRebs mefeTa mefis tituls da pirvel

rigSi mrisxane asureTs umtkicebs Tavis upiratesobas. brZola

warmatebulia. male mefe menua ipyrobs siriis nawils, aviwroebs

asureTs, gavlenas avrcelebs amierkavkasiaze. misi memkvidre ar-

giStis (786-735ww.) dros urartus samefo siZlieris zenitSia.

am dros asureTi mxolod TavdacviTaa dakavebuli, babilonis

damxoba uaxloesi momavlis saqme Cans, tba sevanis midamoebi da

utiebis (SemdegSi udinebis) tomi ukve mierTebulia. brZola mim-

dinareobs diaoxis (taoxis,) misaerTeblad, programaSia kulxas

(kilxas) dapyroba. mefe argiSti II (713_685 ww.) Tavis gavlenas

avrcelebs kaspiis zRvamde.

mefe menua imperiis teritorias yofs msxvil olqebad da

Tavisi warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT marTavs qveyanas.

64

Zv. w. aR. VIII s. 20-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi da mcire

aziaSi axali Zala gamoCnda. kimerielTa didi SenaerTebi kolx-

eTis gavliT SeiWrnen mcire aziaSi.

asureTis Zlevamosili mefe sargon II (722-705) mraval cno-

bas iZleva tabalebis qveynebis Sesaxeb. pirveli Seexeba asuruli

terminiT bit-burutas samefos, dedaqalaqiT tulgarimi. cnobaSi

aRniSnulia, rom rodesac tabalTa mefis hvli-s nacvlad tax-

tze misi memkvidre amri dasves, mas qali mivaTxove da mziTvad

hilaku (kilikia) miveci da amiT samefo gavudideo.

aRsaniSnavi faqtia. tabalebs am dros ori samefo hqoniaT.

urartu da bit-buruti. pirvelSi am dros ursa II mefobda,

meoreSi amri.

sargonis cnobiT, kimerielebi (mas Semdeg rac lidiis same-

fos anadgureben, Semdeg muskebs da karduxebs) urartus samefos

Seesivnen da Zv. w. aR. 715 w. mZime dartyma miayenes. aqedan isini

SeiWrnen siria-pelestinaSi da egviptes uwies.

imave periodSi kaspiis zRvis sanapiros gavliT amierkavkasiaSi

gamoCndnen skviTebi. urartum ver gauZlo ormxriv dartymas da

dasustda.

Seqmnili mdgomareobiT isargebles iranuli warmoSobis mi-

dielebma. maT Zv. w. aR. VII s. Seqmnes sakuTari samefo. midielebma

babilonelebTan erTad bolo mouRes asureTis batonobas. male

(Zv. w. aR. 590 w.) skviTebis daxmarebiT urartuc gaanadgures.

urartus mefeebma Tavisi rezidencia mtkvar-araqsis saTaveebSi

gadaitanes da aqedan ganagrZobdnen brZolas qveynis didebis

aRdgenisaTvis.

kimerielebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seerivnen. savarau-

dod es moxda kilikiis mezoblad, amris samefos teritoriaze.

mkvlevarTa nawilis mtkicebiT am Serevis Sedegad Camoyalibda

somexi eri.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom somxebis gamoCenis problema sab-

olood garkveuli ar aris. azrTa erTobaa mxolod im sakiTxSi,

rom urartus samefos teritoriaze somexTa winaprebi Zv. w. aR.

VII s-n ixseniebian. mkvlevarTa (maT Soris somex mkvlevarTa)

Soris sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisia Tu saidan unda gadmosaxlebu-

liyvnen somexTa winaprebi urartus mxareSi. somex mecnierebs

65

(ZiriTad nawils) miaCnia, rom maTi winaprebi adre balkaneTSi,

makedonelebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen da brigebis toms Sead-

gendnen. iqidan mcire aziaSi gadmosaxlebulebi muSqebs Soris

dasaxldnen da frigielebi ewodaT. frigiidan ki iZulebulni

gaxdnen urartus samflobeloSi Casaxlebuliyvnen.

somxebis zemo evfratispireTSi gamoCenis faqti jer kidev

seriozul kvlevas saWiroebs. am SemTxvevaSi ki mniSvnelovani

Tavad faqtia. herodote (Zv. w. aR. Vs.) termin armenias (arminas,

somxeTs) Zv. w. aR. VI_V ss. ambebs ukavSirebs. (am sakiTxze sak-

maod damajereblad aqvs moTxrobili n. xazaraZes da ganmeoreba

sakiTxs sicxades ver Sematebs).

mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa Tanxvedraa im sakiTxebSi, rom iranis

aqamenidebis samefo Seqmna kirosma (Zv. w. aR. 558-529ww.) man Tavis

gavlenas daumorCila midia, siria, palestina da babiloni. misi

samefo memkvidreebma ganavrces. daipyres egvipte, Sua da mcire

azia da bolos saberZneTsac Seuties. maT mospes aq arsebuli

yvela samefo. teritoriebi dayves satrapoebad. XIX satrapoSi

gaaerTianes Tubal-meSexuri (iberiul-mesxuri) warmomavlobis

tomebi: tibarenebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, mosxebi da marebi. isto-

ria gveubneba, rom sparselebs qarTebi da kolxebi ar daupyriaT,

isini satrapoSi ar Sediodnen. plutarqe ambobs, rom iberebi

(qarTebi) ar emorCilebodnen arc midielebs, arc sparselebs da

mogvianebiT arc makedonelebs. es Zalze mniSvnelovani faqtia,

romelsac sxva arc Tu iolad gasarkvevi sakiTxi ukavSirdeba.

iranelebis mier mezobeli qveynebis dapyrobas mohyva iranuli

saxelwodebebis gavrceleba.. meSexebis (muSqebis) mxares mas

Semdeg ewoda kapadokia (cxenebis qveyana). urartus Sesabamisad

armina an ariana. sparseTis mefe darios I (Zv. w. aR. 522-486)

erT warweraSi urartus (asurul) nacvlad msjelobaa armina-ze

(sparsulad) an arminuaze (elamurad). sabolood qreba urartu,

Cndeba da mkvidrdeba elamuridan gadmoRebuli berZnuli armenia.

Sesabamisad termini vrceldeba geografiul garemoze da aqedan

mosaxleobazec.

swored geografiuli niSniT daiyo urartu (armenia)

sparselebis mier. teritoriis is nawili, romelsac sparseTi

66

ver akontrolebda ekuTvnoda qarTs da iyo qarTlis armenia an

ariana. Sesabamisad damkvidrda termini arian qarTi. meore nawili

iyo arian sparseTi da mesame iyo samxreT dasavleTis ariana

(berZnulad armenia), somxeTis ariana.

Zveli drois cnobili mxedarTmTavari da JamTaamwereli

qsenofonte ànabasis~-Si Zv. w. aR. 401 w. ambebs aRwers. igi

monawile iyo sparseTSi mimdinare movlenebisa. mefe artaqser-

qse II aujanyda lidiis, frigiis da didi kapadokiis satrapi

ufliswuli kirosi. kirosis armiaSi 13 000 daqiravebuli berZeni

meomaric iyo. babilonTan axlos brZolis dros kirosi daiRupa.

berZnebi iZulebulni gaxldnen ukan mobrunebuliyvnen. vanis tbis

midamoebSi isini karduxebs SeeWidnen. iqidan md. kintriti gada-

laxes da (sparseTis arianas) teritoriaze gadavidnen. aqedan

ukve dasavleT arianaSi (armeniaSi) moxvdnen. arian qarTlisagan

gansxvavebiT es orive, sparseTisa da somxeTis ariana (armenia)

sparseTis olqebs warmoadgenda.

dasavleT arianadan berZnebi araqsis saTaveebSi ukve taoxebis

(diauxis) teritoriaze gavliT xaldebis (qaldevelebis), qveya-

naSi gadavidnen. Semdeg gaiares skviTinebis teritoria da makro-

nebis qveyanaSi Sevidnen. aqedan isini kerasuntis dasavleTiT rva

dRe mosinikebis teritoriaze midiodnen da tibarenebs miaRwies.

irkveva, rom im periodSi sparseTs ar emorCilebodnen karduxebi,

(xaldebi), makronebi, mosinikebi, koitebi da tibarenebi. tomebi,

romelTa qarTul eTnogenezSi monawileoba eWvs ar iwvevs.

upriania kidev erTxel gavixsenoT herodotes cnoba, romlis

mixedviT mis periodSi (da ara uZveles dros) sparseTis yuridan

moyolebuli, Sav zRvamde oTxi modgmis tomebi mosaxleobdnen:

sparselebi, midielebi, sasperebi da kolxebi. muSq-mesxois

herodote ar asaxelebs, radgan isini SedarebiT dasavleTiT

mosaxleobdnen da am oTxi modgmis arealSi ar iWrebodnen. arc

isaa gamosaricxi, rom herodote muSqebs kolxebs miakuTvnebdes.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare logikuria daskvna, rom urartus

(biailinis) nacvlad armeniis (arian-as) damkvidreba srulebiTac

ar niSnavda am teritoriebis somxur kuTvnilebas. iq kvlav

Tubal-tabalTa modgma cxovrobda, im mcire gamonaklisis garda,

sadac adgilobriv mosaxleobas mosuli elementi Seeria. am Sem-

67

TxvevaSi ara aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba isini kimirielebad

iwodebodnen, frigiel-brigebad Tu alaroidebad. faqti erTia,

rom isini Zv. w. aR. VII-VI ss. adre aq ar damkvidrebulan. meore

mxriv Tu gavixsenebT bibliur-miTologiur Targamos (Targoms-

somxurad) da mis STamomavlobas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

mosulebi Seerivnen haosis (haikis-somxurad) toms da miiRes

misi saxeli. amitom somxeTis TviTsaxelia haosiani (haies) Tumca

qarTvelebis garda mTeli msoflio maT sparsul-berZnulad

armenebs uwodebs.

sakiTxis garkveva rom dasruldes aRsaniSnavia: strabonis

`geografiis~ mixedviT, sakuTriv armenia (somxeTi) Tavidan patara

iyo. mxolod Zv. w. aR. 190 w., antioq didis sardlebma brZolebiT

miumates mas sofene, akisene, artaqsati. aseve iberias CamoaWres

pariadres mTis kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene. xalibebs da mo-

sinikebs kareniti da qserqsene. kataonebs-akilisene. sardlebi

artaqsia da zariadri mxolod antioq didis xelqveiT ibrZod-

nen, magram Semdeg gamefebac SeZles da didi armeniis Seqmnac.

es moxda Zv. w. aR. II saukuneSi. manamde aleqsandre makedonelma

Zireulad Secvala sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, romelic Tubal-

meSex-kolxebs uSualod Seexo.

aleqsandre makedonelze imdeni Tqmula da dawerila, rom

raimes kvlevas an kidev erTxel gameorebas azri ekargeba. mxolod

aRsaniSnavia, rom igi azias ipyrobda ara mxolod rogorc didi

sardali, aramed rogorc iq mcxovrebi tomebis ganmaTavisufle-

beli. swored aman ganapiroba arnaxuli warmateba da popularoba.

sxva iyo suraTi sparseTis imperiaSi. satrapoebSi gaerTianeb-

uli tomebi beds ar urigdebodnen da Tavdaxsnas cdilobdnen.

cnobilia rom mefe artaqserqse II (405-359 ww. Zv. w. aR.) dros

sparseTs ganudga dasavleTis yvela satrapi. artaqserqse III 359-

338 ww. mTeli mefoba ajanyebulebTan brZolaSi gaatara, sanam

aRzevebulma egviptelma monam bagoasma ar moawamvlina. taxtze

bagoasma mefis umcrosi Ze arsesi dasva, magram male isic mowamla

da taxtze darios kodomani avida Zv. w. aR. 336 w.

amave wels makedoniaSi mokles mefe filipe da saxelmwifos

saTaveSi aleqsandre Caudga, romelsac bedad ewera dariosis

imperiis ganadgureba.

68

im periodisaTvis urartu (ariana), sam nawiladaa gaxleCili.

arian qarTs mefobs iaredosi, urartus mefeebis memkvidre. arian

sparseTSi satrapia, iberTa gugarebis olqis didi mTavari mi-

Tridate, romelic dariosis siZea da kiosisa da arianas mefe.

safiqralia, rom miTridatec urartus mefeTa STamomavali

unda yofiliyo. mis saxels aseve ukavSirdeba pontos xalibTa

saxelmwifos mefeebis STamomavloba. samxreT-dasavleT arianaSi

(armeniaSi) aleqsandre makedonelma dariosis kariskaci miTrini

daniSna satrapad. (araa aucilebeli paralelurad iqnes ganxi-

luli movses xorenacis mier gadmocemuli istoria. es sul

sxva Temaa.)

aleqsandre makedonelma darios kodomanis jarebi daamarcxa

Zv. w. aR. 334 w. ivnisSi md. granikosTan. Tan ise, rom sparse-

lebs 20 000 qveiTi da 2 500 cxonosani meomari moukles,

makedonelebma ki mxolod 25 kaci dakarges. am marcxma sparseTis

imperia welSi gatexa. meore sastiki brZola Zv. w. aR. 333 w. no-

emberSi moxda. sparselTa 200 000 jari sruliad ganadgurebul

iqna q. isosTan. dariosis deda da col-Svili tyved Cavardnen,

dadga imperiis aRsasruli.

im areul situaciaSi, arian qarTis mefis iaredosis vaJma

azom gacla amjobina da Seecada samefos centri Sua qarTSi, q.

mcxeTaSi gadmoetana.

qarTSi maSin sxvadasxva kuTxeebs mamasaxlisni ganagebdnen.

mcxeTas ki ijda ufali mamasaxlisi samara. azo-nma mamasaxlisi

da misi axloblebi daaxocina da `Zvel mcxeTaSi~ gamagrda.

mematiane ambobs, rom es iyo pirveli mefe mcxeTas da qarTSi.

azoni etyoba, Tavs myarad ver grZnobda da amitom arian qarTidan

wamoiyvana naTesavni da erTgulni. manve wamoiRo urartelebis

Zveli kerpebi gaci da ga-emi.

es qarT-uxTa (karduxTa) meore talRa unda iyos am mxareSi

gadmosaxlebuli vanisa da urmiis tbebis midamoebidan. pirveli

talRa movida qarT-osTan erTad. maT mTis iberebi (safiqralia

kavkonebis tomebi) mTebSi Serekes da maTi kuTvnili miwebi dai-

sakuTres. meore talRa azons mohyva. Zneli misaxvedria ramdeni

adamiani igulisxmeba cnobaSi imis Sesaxeb, rom azo im wamoi-

69

yvana rva saxli da aTi saxli mamamZuZeTani. arsebiTia, rom man

safuZveli daudo mefobas am mxareSi.

bolomde garkveuli araa Tubal-meSexebs, Semdeg ki kolxebsac

hqondaT calke politikuri erTeulebi samefoebis saxiT, qarTs

ki ara. ram ganapiroba aseTi mdgomareoba? Tu vivaraudebT, rom

aq socialuri urTierTobani da politikuri viTareba ar iyo

momwifebuli aseTi maRali saxelmwoebrivi organizebisaTvis, ar

viqnebiT marTlebi. tabalebi cxovrobdnen vanis tbis midamoebSi

da qarTSic. istoriulad cnobilia tabalebis qveyana urartu da

hvli, amris qveyanac. calke unda aRiniSnos taoxebis (diauxis)

qveyana. tabal-iberebi erTi modgmis tomebia mezoblad da xSirad

erT saxelmwifoSi gaerTinebulni. qarTi-iberi rogor darCeboda

ganuviTarebeli? ufro logikuria vivaraudoT, rom qarTebi,

rogorc ganapiras mcxovrebni, icavdnen danarCenebs CrdiloeTis

mxridan da garkveuli Tavisufleba-TviTmyobadobiT xasiaTde-

bodnen. urartus mefe menua, rodesac qvemo qarTs, md. araqs-

mtkvris (koros) saTaveebs Tavis saxelmwofos SemadgenlobaSi

aerTianebda (momaval arian qarTs qmnida) SeZlebda mTlianad

qarTis mierTebasac _, magram ganapira mxaris mierTeba saxelm-

wifos ufro met sazrunavs gauCenda, vidre sargebels. amitom

Segnebulad ar iqna gauqmebuli mamasaxlisTa instituti. gana

mTeli istoria ar adasturebs ganapira, sasazRvro mxareebis

SedarebiT Tavisuflebas? ase iyvnen TuSebi, xevsurebi, moxeveebi

(wanarebi). dvalebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.

azon iaredosis Zem, rodesac safrTxe igrZno samxreTidan

(winaswar vin icoda saiT gautevda uZleveli aleqsandre), mar-

Tebulad gadaswia samefos centri CrdiloeTiT. amiT man saTave

daudo qarTis, momavali iberiis samefos. literaturaSi arsebuli

variaciebi azonis berZnobaze, daundoblobaze da a. S., ar unda

gaxdes mizezi misi im damsaxurebis dakninebisa, rom man qarTidan

gandevna ucxo elementebi, gaerTiana qarTis tomebi da gavlena

xazareTamde ganavrco.

daangariSebiT azoni mcxeTas Zv. w. aR. 332 w. unda dafuZnebu-

liyo. isic cnobilia, rom qarTis didi mefe farnavazi am dros

mxolod sami wlisa iyo. oboli bavSvi dedam mTaSi gaxizna, iq,

sadac azonis Zalaufleba ar vrceldeboda.

70

wyaroebi mowmoben, rom Zv. w. aR. 335 w. dabadebulma, bavSvo-

baSi mamamoklulma da devnilma farnavazma mTaSi kargi aRzrda-

ganaTleba miiRo da imdeni SeiZlo, rom 26 w. asakSi gamefebac

moaxerxa, didi samefos Seqmnac da damwerlobis reformirebac.

SemorCenili cnobebis Tanaxmad mcxeTaSi gadmosaxlebulma

azom daimorCila qarTi (iberia) ereTidan da md. berdujidan

(debeda) speris (Sav) zRvamde. maT Soris kolxeTis (egrisis)

didi nawili, osebi, lekebi da nawilobriv xazarebi. man qveyana

gawminda im ucxo elementebisagan, romelTac gadmocema bun-

Turqebs uwodebs da romelTaganac waryvnili da warecxili iyo

baris iberTa kultura. im zomamde, rom damwerlobac mospobis

gzaze iyo.

gandevnil ucxotomelTa nacvlad azom Camoasaxla arian

qarTidan urartelni. erTi cnobiT maTi raodenoba ganisazRvre-

boda 8 rigiTi saxloba, 10 axloblebisa. meoreTi 1000 mdabioTa

saxloba 10 axloblebisa (mTavrebisa). ra raodenobisac ar unda

Camoesaxlebia azos urartelni, isini mainc ucxo iqnebodnen

damxdurebisaTvis da maT Soris winaaRmdegobac bunebrivi iqne-

boda. miT umetes, rom axlad mosulebs Tavisi Zveli RmerTebic

Tavs mouxveviaT adgilobrivebisaTvis.

am faqtorebma ueWvelad gaaadviles mcxeTis mokluli ufali

mamasaxlisis samaras Zmiswulis brZola monaTesave momxdurebTan.

farnavazi am brZolisas eyrdnoba monaTesave egrisis (kolxeTis)

erisTav qujis. mas gverdSi udganan coleurebi (durZukebi), dis

saqmro (osebis mefiswuli), Seviwroebuli lekebi da xazarebi.

farnavazma azosTan brZolaSi selevkidebis (aleqsandre

makedonelis memkvidreebi) mxardaWerac miiRo. antioqma mas me-

fis gvirgvini gamougzavna da Tavisi erisTavebi miaxmara. klar-

jeTSi gamagrebuli azoi mokles. farnavazma mis devnaSi daarbia

anZiaZori da Zveli akilisenis olqi md. evfratis saTaveebSi,

sofenasTan axlos.

farnavazma Semoimtkica arian qarTi, pariadris mTebis midam-

oebi, xorZene da gogarene. mtkiced dado sazRvari md. araqsze.

mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda selevkidebisa da pontos samefoebTan,

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb tomebTan. straboni am tomTa

71

nawils iberebad miiCnevs iseve, rogorc qarT iberebs. maT So-

ris lekebs, durZukebs, didoelebs, dvalebs. maT sacxovrebelSi

alanebi (skviTebis Camomavlebi) Zv. w. aR. VIII-VII ss unda gamo-

Ceniliyvnen, rodesac samxreT kavkasiis da mcire azias kimeriel-

skviTTa tomebi Semoesien.

farnavazma gaerTianebuli iberiis (qarT-is) samefo saeri-

sTaoebad dahyo, erisTavTa meTaurad ki spaspeti (sardali)

Cauyena saTaveSi. organizaciuli reformebis wyalobiT SeZlo

mZlavri samefosa da Zlieri dinastiuri mmarTvelobis Seqmna.

manve gaatara kulturul-religiuri reformebi. yovelivem ga-

napiroba iberiis samefos damoukidebloba da simyare im dros,

rodesac wina azia romis imperiis xelT aRmoCnda.

kidev erTxel gasaxsenebelia apolon rodoselis naTqvami,

rom xalibTa qveyana usasruloao. aseve qsenofonte, romelic

aRniSnavs, rom xalibebi or nawilad cxovroben _ aRmosavle-

TiT da dasavleTiT.

Zv. w. aR. VIII_VII ss. momxdarma cvlilebebma xalibTa

cxovrebac Secvala. urartus imperiis rRveva-dacemas mohyva

aRmosavleT, vanis tbis midamoebSi mcxovreb xalibTa, tabalTa,

subarTa, iberTa, TubalTa (saxelwodeba mravalia, monaTesave

tomebi igiveni) konsolidaciis centris gadanacvleba da iberTa

mZlavri samefos Seqmna. rogorc Tavis droze urartus mefeebma

diaoxis (taoxis) tomTa gaerTianebis miwebi kulxas samefosTan

gainawiles, ise maTi samflobeloebi gadanawilda axal saxelm-

wifoebriv gaerTianebaTa Soris.

iberiis samefos paralelurad dasavleTis xalibebi (iberebi)

qmnian pontos samefos.

dasavleTis iberiul-xaliburi tomebi: xalibebi, tibarenebi,

kolxebi, mosinikebi, makronebi, drilebi, taoxebi sxvadasxva dros

sxvadasxva politikur gaerTianebebSi Sediodnen. xalibebi, gadmo-

cemiT kunZul evbeas sofel xalibeadan arian gadasulebi mcire

aziaSi da aq gamravlebulebi. Tavis droze homerosi aRniSnavda

alebebisa da paflagonielebis monawileobas troas omSi.

mcire aziaSi maT daaarses qalaqebi: sinupe, amisosi, trapi-

zoni, amasia, gaZiura, kotiora, kerasunti, stamena, cela, qabeira,

amastria, komana, sinoria, Temiskira, farnakia da sxva.

72

skilaqsi (Zv. w. aR. VIs.) miuTiTebda, rom tibarenebis Sem-

deg dasavleTi xalibTa toms ekuTvnis da maT aqvT gamagrebuli

navsadguri geneti.

xalibebis qveyanaSi dioda mdinareebi halisi, irisi da Ter-

modoni.

Tavis droze kimerielebma sinupes uwies. frigiasa da lidiis

saxelmwifoebTan erTad pontoeli xalibebis qveyanac iavaryves.

Zv. w. aR. VI_V ss. am teritoriebze sparselebi gamoCndenen da

satrapiad (dapyrobil samarTav olqad) aqcies.

rodesac aleqsandre makedonelma sparseTis imperia mospo

pontos mefe miTridatem (Zv. w. aR. 337-302 ww.) misi Zalaufleba

scno da daemorCila. aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg (Zv. w. aR.

323), misma sardlebma dapyrobili miwebi gainawiles. Sesabamisad

miTridate kapadokiis mmarTvelis evmenis daqvemdebarebaSi gada-

vida. evmeni male antigonem Secvala. Zv. w. aR. 302 w. miTridate

antigonem sikvdiliT dasaja.

miTridates darCa Ze miTridate, romelmac Zv. w. aR. 296w.

Tavi damoukidebel mefed gamoacxada. selevdikebis dinastiam

bolos cno pontos samefos damoukidebloba da samoyvro urT-

ierTobac daamyara. siriis mefe selevkos kalinikma umcrosi

da miTridate II miaTxova, xolo misma memkvidrem antioqos III

miTridates asuli laodike SeirTo.

am dros gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba romis imperia. dasavleT

evropis damorCilebis Semdeg jeri aRmosavleTze midga da Zv. w.

aR. 190 w. maT selevdikebis samefo mospes. romis qveSevrdomoba

maSinve aRiares galatiis, pergamosis, paflagoniis da kapadokiis

mefe-mmarTvelebma. maTgan gansxvavebiT pontos mefe farnakim (Zv.

w. aR. 190-170 ww.) damoukidebeli, Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmna

ganizraxa. man mcire somxeTis mmarTvel miTridates daxmarebiT

daamarcxa da daipyro kapadokia, pergamoni, biTinia, galatia da

paflagonia. Tavis mxriv romis imperiam Zv. w. aR. 179 w. daamar-

cxa farnaki da monapovarze xeli aaRebina.

pontos samefos, mezobeli qveynebis xelSi Cagdebaze, amiT

uari ar uTqvams. gansakuTrebuli energiiT moqmedebda miTridate

VI evpatori (keTilSobili) Zv. w. aR. 132-63 ww. misi moRvaweobis

73

da legendaruli SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb saistorio wyaroebi

Zalze bevrs da sainteresos gvauwyeben.

am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi misaRebia pirvel rigSi is, rom

pontos samefo iberiul-kavkasiuri da kolxuri modgmis tomebis

samflobelos warmoadgenda. pontos samefos SemadgenlobaSi uSu-

alod Sedioda kolxeTis qveyana. samefos ukidures aRmosavleT

simagres mis mier daarsebuli axalcixe warmoadgenda, aq hqonda

gadanaxuli miTridates Tavisi simdidre. dasavleT saqarTveloSi

jer umcrosi Zma miTridate hyavda mmarTvelad, magram rodesac

Zmam gamoyofa da calke samefos Seqmna moindoma, es teritoriebi

uSualod miuerTa Tavis qveyanas. amdenad ar arsebobs safuZveli,

rom pontos samefo qarTvelTa eTnogenezSi monawile qveynad ar

CaiTvalos da misi istoria ise iqnes gaSuqebuli, rogorc ucxo

saxelmwifosi. miTridate pontoelma (pontoeli unda ewodos

mxolod imisaTvis, raTa sxva miTridateebisagan gansxvavdebodes,

romelnic mravlad iyvnen qarTvelebis winaparTa Soris) SeZlo

da aerTiana meSex-musk-mesxois tomTa teritoriebi. mis samefoSi

Sedioda dRevandeli yirimis naxevarkunZuli, iqidan moyolebuli

Savi zRvispireTis aRmosavleTi. erTi periodi igi egeosis zRvis

kunZulebsa da saberZneTsac daeufla.

miTridate warmatebiT ebrZoda romis mZlavr imperias, ma-

gram bolos hanibalis bedi gaiziara. mis marcxSi lomis wili

daido somxeTis mefe tigran II, romelic siZe iyo, romelsac

tigranokertis gasaZliereblad miTridatem 250 000 tibaren-

eli Causaxla, romelsac yovelTvis exmareboda didi sasomxeTis

SeqmnaSi. aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda Svilebis maxare-sa da

farna-kis gandgoma-Ralats.

aRsaniSnavia, rom miTridates mcdelobac ara hqonia dae-

laSqra iberiisa da albaneTis samefoebi. man mxolod mesxur-

kolxuri (erTi Ziris mqone) tomebi Semoikriba. myarad rom ar

iyos damkvidrebuli saxelwodeba pontos samefo, mas Tamamad

SeiZleba didi kolxeTis samefoc wodeboda.

mxolod SedarebisaTvis aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi, rom miTrida-

tem daamarcxa daumarcxebeli skviTebi. is Zala, romelmac Tavis

droze darios I didi armia gaanadgura da romelmac makedone-

74

lis jarebi moigeries. is, rom Tavad aleqsandre makedoneli

ar sardlobda am jars Sedegs verc cvlis da verc amarTlebs.

romaelebma sabolood sZlies miTridates, magram amas ramden-

ime aTwleuli moandomes, Seakles mravali konsuli da sardali,

meomarTa Tvla ki SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mis winaaRmdeg wlobiT

ibrZodnen iseTi mZlavri sardlebi, rogorebic iyvnen kornelius

sula, lukulusi da pompeusi. ukanasknelma mxolod moRalateTa

daxmarebiT daamarcxa miTridate, sdia Zvel navsadgur laiamde.

aq daaarsa cixe qalaqi da mas nikofsia uwoda. swored es ga-

magrebuli punqti iyo yovelTvis jer kolxeTis, Semdeg ki gaer-

Tianebuli saqarTvelos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari.

(amJamad iq Camomdinare patara mdinares krasnodaris mxaris

md. nogopsuxi ewodeba).

pontos samefos mospobam iberias saSualeba misca Tavisi

Zliereba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT waremarTa. amave dros dasav-

leT saqarTvelos arealSi Cndebian axali Zalebi.

pompeusma kolxeTis mmarTvelad aristarqe datova, qveyana

ki pontos samefosTan erTad romis provinciad gamoacxada. es

mcire xnis miRweva iyo. roms Zala aRar hyofnida Semoemtkicebina

da moTareSe tomebisagan daecva imperiis Soreuli miwebi. amiT

isargebla miTridates Ze farna-kem da droebiT pontos samefo

aRadgina. ase, gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobda brZola. 63

w. romis cnobilma imperatorma neronma pontos samefo gaauqma da

kolxeTi, Tavad ponto da mcire armenia provinciebad gadaaqcia.

calke unda aRiniSnos mcire armeniis Sesaxeb. qsenofontes

cnobebi ori armeniis Sesaxeb, mcire armenia ar unda iqnes gage-

buli ori somxuri saxelmwofos saxiT. mcire armenia ewoda

urartus imperiis dasavleT nawils, sadac mxolod iberiul-

kolxuri mosaxleoba iyo.

ukve iTqva, rom urartus sparselebi arianas, elamurad ki

armianas eZaxdnen. aseve uwodes maT muSqebis qveyanas kapadokia.

berZnebma sparselebis mixedviT urartus armenia uwodes da es

saxelwodeba damkvidrda kidec. rodesac azonma arian qarTidan

(qarTis arianadan) mcxeTis midamoebSi arianebi daasaxla, arian

qarTis dasavleT nawilma garkveuli damoukidebloba SeinarCuna.

75

am nawils berZnulad mcire armenia ewoda. mniSvnelovania ar

airios sasomxeTi da armenia, somxebiT dasaxlebuli armenia da

iberul-kolxuri tomebiT gajerebuli armenia (mcire armenia).

romis mier pontos samefos gauqmebas, kolxeTis, mcire ar-

meniis provinciebad gadaqcevas mohyva mmarTvelobis decentral-

izacia, teritoriebis daucveloba, riTac dauyovnebliv isarge-

bles mezobelma tomebma. straboni aRniSnavs, rom am periodSi

Crdilo kavkasiaSi mosaxle, kavkonuri warmoSobis jiqebis tomma

Seaviwrova kolxeTis CrdiloeTSi mcxovrebi aqavlebi da ker-

ketebi da maTi teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili daikava. imave

periodSi Tavi aiSves mTis xeobebis Temebma da iwyes zRvispira

qalaqebis Zarcva. pliniusi, aRwerda ra am regionSi Seqmnil

viTarebas, aRniSnavda, rom biWvinTa (pitiunti), mdidari sazRvao

savaWro centri sruliad gaZarculia. istoria cxadyofs, rom

biWvinTis bedi unda gaeziarebina cxumsac (dioskuria, soxumi).

ufro nakleb gamagrebuli dasaxlebani uares mdgomareobaSi Ca-

vardebodnen. Tavdamsxmelebi masobrivad Jletdnen adgilobriv

macxovreblebs da maT mamulebs ikavebdnen. ase gaCnda ara mx-

olod jiqebis axali samosaxlo, aramed sanigebi dioskuriasTan,

ufro samxreTiT ki abazgebi, afSilebi da misimilianebi. amasTan,

Tu jiqebi CrdiloeTidan mosul kavkonuri warmoSobis tomia,

igive ar iTqmis danarCenebze. sanigebi da misimianelebi svanuri

warmoSobis tomebadaa miCneuli. eWvs abazgebi da afSilebi bade-

ben. maTi warmomavlobaa bolomde daudgenili. azri, rom isini

kavkonuri warmoSobis adiReuri tomis ganayari elementebia,

mavanTa didi survilisa da Zalisxmevis miuxedavad usafuZvloa.

im periodSi am warmomavlobis TemTa arseboba mxolod CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi, yubanispireTSi moiazreba. jiqebi is avangardia, ro-

melic kolxeTis ukidures CrdiloeTSi pirvelebi imkvidreben

adgils: svanuri (henioxebi, helioxebis) tomebis arealSi isini

gvian periodSi iWrebian.

jiqebis samxreTiT teritoriebs mTebidan Camosaxlebuli

sanigebi da misimilianebi ikaveben. maT samxreTiT abazgebi da

afSilebi kolxuri warmomavlobis tomebia, moZlierebulni

axali viTarebis pirobebSi. iseve, rogorc sedoxezebi md. xobis

midamoebSi. am erTeulma Tavisi calke samefoc ki Seqmna.

76

pontos samefos gauqmebam Zvrebi ara mxolod kolxeTis

CrdiloeTSi gamoiwvia. samxreTSi wamyvan poziciebs ikaveben mTebi-

dan Camosaxlebuli Wanebi (sanebi), makronebis gverdiT-henioxebi,

romlebic adre Cildiris tbasTan cxovrobdnen. Zidritebi, rom-

lebic adre ar ixseniebian, radgan sxva tomis SemadgenlobaSi

Sediodnen. sakiTxis sinaTlisaTvis gasaxsenebelia miTridate

pontoelis mier somxeTis mefe tigran II 250 000 tibarenelis

Casaxleba tigranokertSi. safiqrebelia, rom am odenobis qveS

erTi tomi ar igulisxmeba. aseve iqnebodnen makronebi, mosinikebi

da a. S. es tomebi erTiandebodnen da iyofdnen, garkveul mizezTa

gamo. maTi calkeuli elementebi Zlierdebodnen an sustdebodnen.

amis mixedviT qrebodnen an warmoiSobodnen ama Tu im saxelwo-

debis tomebi, mikro samefoebi da a. S.

sxvanairad warmoudgenelia imis dajereba rom dioskuriaSi

savaWrod 70 tomis warmomadgenlebi iyridnen Tavs. strabonis

es cnoba sifrTxiliT mopyrobasac ver uZlebs. miT ufro ara

sandoa cnoba aq 300 tomis Sexvedris Sesaxeb, romelTac 130

enaze Tarjimnebi dasWirdebodaT. rac ar unda undodeT di-

oskuriis siZlierisa da ayvavebulobis demonstrireba, rac ar

unda aferadebdnen sinamdviles, am regionSi svanur-kolxuri

tomebis garda aravin mosaxleobda. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobis

gareTaa berZnul-romauli kontigenti.

adgilobrivi tomebi periodulad Zlierdebodnen an sustde-

bodnen, erTi meores ejaxebodnen an kavSirebs qmnidnen konkretul-

istoriuli viTarebidan gamomdinare. aseTive iyo damokidebuleba

dampyrob romaelebTan. aseT viTarebas unda aRniSnavdes flavius

arianes cnoba kolxeTis teritoriaze mefeebis simravlis Sesaxeb.

kerZod naTqvamia, rom trapezuntis maxloblad sanebis tomis

mimdebare teritoriaze cxovroben makronebi da henioxebi. maTi

mefea anqiale. maT Semdeg modian Zidritebi da lazebi. lazebis

mefea malasia. lazebs CrdiloeTiT ekvrian afsilebi (afSitebi)

mefe iulianeTi saTaveSi. maT zeviT mosaxleoben abaskebi (aba-

zgebi). maTi mefea resmagi (rismagi?). ufro CrdiloeTiT arian

sanigebi, mefiT spadagi. arianes daskvniT, yvela es mefe romis

imperator adrianes mier iyvnen damtkicebulebi da mas erT-

77

gulebdnen. etyoba mokle droSi viTareba mkveTrad Seicvala.

romis imperator septimius severs (193-211 ww.), kolxeTSi

mcxovreb tomTa damorCileba xelaxla dasWirvebia.

III saukunidan CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi axali Zala gamoCnda

germanuli tomebis saxiT. goTebis tomma xelSi Caigdo bosfo-

ris floti da misi meSveobiT SavizRvispireTi moarbia. goTebma

kapadokiasac uwies. qarTvelebis eTnogenezis arealSi goTebis

gamoCena ra saxsenebelia, roca germanuli tomebi TviT romis

imperias esxmodnen da roms dapyrobiT emuqrebodnen.

goTebs mohyvnen sarmatebi. aris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom

sarmatebma CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan erTad kolxeTic moarbies da

md. halisamde zRvis sanapiroebs aterorebdnen.

kidev ufro Zlieri Zala gamoCnda IV s. hunebis saxiT.

hunebma skviT-alanTa areali gadaTeles, adgilobrivebi gaJlites

an SeierTes da goTebis Seviwroebac moaxerxes. bolos hunebma

atilas meTaurobiT romsac uwies. hunebs alan-skviTebis didi

gaerTianebis mospobis dros, mxolod kavkasias Sefarebuli osebi

gadaurCnen.

roms kavkasiisaTvis aRar ecala. am viTarebam bevrad Seuwyo

xeli kolxeTSi lazebis gaZlierebas da maTi samefos daarse-

bas. saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarebi yovelmxriv aanalizeben

lazikis samefos aRmoceneba-gaZlierebis pirobebs da maTi aq

ganmeoreba axals arafers iZleva. mxolod unda aRniSnos lazikis

damokidebuleba mezobeli tomebisadmi. lazebma Tavis gavlenas

daumorCiles skumias (leCxumelebis) da misimianebis svanuri

tomebi, SeierTes afSileTi da interesTa sferoSi moaqcies

abazgTa tomi. lazTa samefos dedaqalaqad miaCniaT cixe-goji

(noqalaqevi), romelic Tavis droze (Zv. w. aR. IV_III ss) egrisis

mTavar qujis dasayrden punqts warmoadgenda.

kolxeTis samxreT nawilSi sanebis (Wanebis) tomTa gaer-

Tianeba Seiqmna. I_II ss. isini iseT Zlierebas aRweven, rom

araerTgzis arbeven somxeTs. am gziT maT kapadokia, kilikia,

siriac daulaSqravT. istoria gvamcnobs, rom maTi Zarcva-rbeviT

Sewuxebuli romaelebi, xSirad saCuqrebiT cdilobdnen urTier-

Tobis mogvarebas.

sxvanairad ganviTarda procesebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

78

teritoriaze. azonis mier Seqmnilma da farnavazis mier ganvr-

cobilma iberiis samefom drois gamocdas gauZlo da garkveul

warmatebebsac miaRwia.

farnavazis Semdeg iberiaSi mefobda saurmagi. gadmocemis

Tanaxmad igi aRaSenebda dedaqalaqs. man mcxeTis misasvlel gza-

sTan axlos dadga ainanas kerpi. misma memkvidre mirvan (miriani

I) mefem mamis Zalisxmeva ganagrZo rogorc qveynis, aseve RvTis

mSeneblobis mimarTebiT. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli daninas

kerpis gamobrwyineba RmerTebis panTeonSi. winaprebs arc far-

najomi CamorCa. man aRaSena cixe `mTasa zeda~ da dadga zadenis

kerpi. istoriul maxsovrobas SemorCa zeda zadenis (zedazenis)

xseneba. kerpi ki savaraudod qristianobas emsxverpla. misma

memkvidre arsokma STamomavlobas Tavi imiT daamaxsovra, rom

qalaqs galavani auSena.

Zv. w. aR. III_I ss. moRvawe farnavazianTa dinastiidan yvelaze

meti mefe artagis (artokis) Sesaxebaa cnobili. man istorias

Tavi pompeusTan urTierTobiT daamaxsovra. mis saxelTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli mtkvris dinebis qveS moqceuli qvis xidis mSeneblobac.

farnavazianTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT SeZles

samefos moSeneba-moRoniereba. sakmarisia strabonis damowmeba,

romelic aRniSnavda, rom iberia kargadaa dasaxlebuli rogorc

qalaqebad, aseve dabebad. xazs usvamda, rom aris xuroTmoZRvrebis

wesiT agebuli saxlebi, bazrebi da sazogadoebrivi Senobebi.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa miTiTeba sazgadoebrivi Senobebis

arsebobaze. Zveli welTaRricxvisaTvis am xasiaTis nagebobebiT

yvela eri ver daikverxnida.

iberiis samefos axlo samokavSireo urTierTobebi hqonda

Crdilo kavkasiis tomebTan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi koordine-

buradac moqmedebdnen.

iberias CrdiloeTidan mTis iberebi icavdnen. mTis iberebi

kavkonuri tomebisagan Sedgebodnen. qarTuli warsuli maT

kavkas-osis saxelTan akavSirebs. leonti mrovelis cnobiT am

gaerTianebas ekava Crdilo kavkasiaSi teritoriebi md. lome-

kidan (Tergidan, dergidan) dasavleTiT Sav zRvamde. Zv. w. aR.

VIII s. moyolebuli maT CrdiloeTiT gamoCndnen kimerielebi

da skviTebi. skviT-alanebma mTis iberebis (kavkonebis) arealSi

79

dafuZneba SeZles. kavkonebis nawili Tergis marjvena mxareSi

lekosis (daRestnelebis) kuTvnil miwebze gadavida (bacbur-

qistur tomebi) da mezoblebi Seaviwrova. dvalebi maRali mTis

xeobebSi Caiketnen. dasavleTiT ganfenilma tomebma Cerqezul-

adiReur modgmas daudes saTave.

iberiis samefos hqonda siZlieris da sisustis periodebi.

Tu azonma da farnavazma misi sazRvrebi Sors samxreTSi gas-

wies da ganamtkices, SemdegSi Zv. w. aR. 190-185 ww. somxeTma

SeZlo misTvis sakmaod didi teritoriebis Camocileba. istoria

gvamcnobs, rom artaqsiasa da zariadris dros CamoaWra somxeTma

iberiul-kolxur tomebs didi teritoriebi. pariadris mTis

kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, karaniti (karnu qalaqi, erzurumi),

qserqsene da akilisene. apolidoris cnobiT adre iberebsa da

armenebs (arianebs da ara somxebs) md. araqsi yofda, Semdeg es

sazRvari somxebis sasargeblod dairRva.

rTuli iyo urTierToba romTan, Zv. w. aR. I s. parTia

Zlierdeba da cdilobs somxeTi daisakuTros. mis gamo iwyeba

gauTavebeli omebi. istoriuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, amiT isargebles

iberebma da albanelebma da romis daqvemdebarebas Tavi daaRwies.

romis xelisuflebam SesaniSnavad icoda am ori erTeulis mniSvn-

eloba Soreul aRmosavleTSi da Seecada kvlav maT damorCilebas.

Zv. w. aR. 36 w. antoniusis sardali publius krasusi SeiWra

iberiaSi da farnavaz II mokavSireobis zaviT daimorCila. Semdeg

igive bedi ewia albaneTs da mis mefe zobers.

roms albad SeeZlo damarcxebuli qveynebis mierTeba, magram

aseT SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegoba gagrZeldeboda da somxeTisaTvis

brZola garTuldeboda. Tavis mxriv mokavSireobis statusma

albaneT-iberias damoukidebeli moqmedebis da gaZlierebis sa-

Sualeba misca.

axali welTa aRricxvis I_II saukuneebSi iberiis samefo

Zlierdeba da romisagan damoukidebladac ramdenjerme amar-

cxebs parTias. rig SemTxvevaSi romi iZulebulia dauTmos urC

mokavSires. miT ufro, rom iberias saSualeba aqvs saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi gaxsnas kavkasionis gadasasvlelebi da saTareSod

gadmouSvas skviT-alanTa SeiaraRebuli SenaerTebi.

80

romis imperia didad Zlierdeba da warmatebebs aRwevs

parTiasTan SerkinebaSi imperator tiberiusis dros (14-37ww.)

tiberiusma Tavis gavlena alban-iberebzec gaaZliera. taciti 23

w. aRniSnavda, rom romis legionebi am ori samefos interesebs

icaveno. tiberiusma somxeTi Camoacila parTias da iq pontos

mefe polemonis Ze zenoni dasva. zenonma miiRo artaSe-s saxeli

da 18-34 ww. marTavda somxeTs. misi sikvdilis Semdeg parTiis

mefe artaban III (13-38 ww.) daikava somxeTi da Tavisi Ze arSaki

gaamefa.

erTi wlis Semdeg mdgomareoba TviT parTiaSi garTulda.

didebulTa erTi nawili aujanyda artabans da romis daxmare-

biT tiridati dasves taxtze. etyoba am brZolaSi iberiis mefe

miTridates jaric iRebda aqtiur monawileobas. tiberiusi mi-

Tridates mokavSireobisaTvis somxeTis taxts Sehpirda. roms

awyobda parTiisaTvis Zlieri metoqis dapirispireba.

miTridate mefis Ze farsmanma parTiasTan omSi daixmara

albanelebi da sarmatebi, SeiWra somxeTSi daikava dedaqalaqi

artaqsata. parTiis mefem didZali jariT Tavisi memkvidre orodi

daupirispira iberebs. istoriuli cnobis Tanaxmad farsmani brZo-

lis dros daesxa orods da mZimed daWra. iberebma gaimarjves.

Sedegad somxeTSi miTridates Ze miTridate gamefda (farsmanis

Zma), xolo parTiaSi tiridati.

tiridats didxans ar umefia. artabanma taxti daibruna da

sasomxeTis dabrunebac moindoma. iberebma kvlav gaimarjves da

mefoba miTridates darCa.

37 w. gardaicvala imperatori tiberiusi. igi saocrad aRvir-

axsnilma kaligulam (37-41 ww.) Secvala. mis kaprizebs bevri

Seewira. misi gadawyvitilebiT somxeTis mefe miTridate romSi

daibares da daapatimres. amiT iberia-parTiis Widili somxeTis

dauflebisaTvis ar Sewyvetila. axla ukve mefe farsman I somxeTis

SemoerTebisaTvis medgrad ibrZoda. misi SeCereba romma mxolod

imiT moaxerxa, rom axalma imperatorma klavdiusma miTridate

patimrobidan gaaTavisufla da kvlav somxeTis mefed daadgina.

farsman I aRar awyobda, Tundac Zmis xelmZRvanelobiT

somxeTis damoukideblad arseboba. WeSmaritad Zala aRmarTs

81

xnavs, gamarjvebuli ki bolos marTali xdeba. 51 w. iberiis

jarebma somxeTi daikaves, miTridate somexTa mefe ki farsmanis

Ze radamisti-T Secvales.

male kvlav parTiam imZlavra da somxeTis samefo taxti

daisakuTra. parTiisa da romis imperiis axali dapirispireba

garduvali gaxda. romi iberTa, rogorc mokavSireebis mZlavrobas

somxeTSi egueboda parTielebisas ki ara. saboloo angariSiT

58 w. parTielebi gandevnes. gamarjvebul mZarcvelTa wesis

Tanaxmad dapyrobili miwebi gainawiles. iberiam, pontom, mcire

armeniam miierTes am samefoTa mosazRvre teritoriebi. brZola

somxeTis dauflebisaTvis gagrZelda da 63 w. zaviT dasrulda.

zavis Tanaxmad somxeTze gavlenas parTiac inarCunebda da romic.

taxts kvlav parTiuli warmoSobis arSakidebi ikavebdnen, magram

mxolod romis nebarTviT.

aseTi Sedegi ar awyobda farsmanis Ze miTridates. 70-ian

wlebSi man CrdiloeTidan gadmoiyvana moqiravne jari, iberebTan

SeerTebuli ZalebiT SeiWra somxeTSi da midiaSi. istoriuli

cnobis Tanaxmad, imdenad didi iyo Zarcva-rbevis Sedegi, rom

parTiis mefem iberiis mefes romSi uCivla, rogorc romis me-

gobars, romelmac zavis pirobebi daarRvia.

miTridate farsmanis Ze qarTam miTridates Zem Secvala, magram

somxeTisadmi (rogorc parTiis vasalisadmi) damokidebuleba ar

Secvlila. erTi cnobis Tanaxmad qarTam-ma somxeTis ufliswuli

daatyveva da darialis cixeSi Caketa. tyve mxolod mas Semdeg

gaaTavisufles, rac parTia-somxeTma iberias javaxeT-artaanis

waglejili miwebi daubrunes.

cnoba ise ar unda iqnes gagebuli, TiTqos somxeTi mxolod

sxvaTa sajijgn erTeuls warmoadgenda. srulebiTac ara. ramdena-

dac im dros parTiac da romic urTierTWidiliT dasustebulebi

iyvnen, somxeTi cdilobda parTiis daxmarebiT romis uRelic

moecilebina da mezoblebisaTvis teritoriebic waeglija. es

ki parTiis miznebSic Sedioda. Tavis mxriv somxeTis mezoblebi

cdilobdnen romis imperiis mimxrobas da gamoyenebas.

am viTarebas unda aRnusxavdes cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom im-

perator domicianes dros romaelTa legioni ibrZoda albaneTis

teritoriaze. es SeiZleba yofiliyo an albanelTa an iberiis

82

dasaxmareblad. imave periodSi romalebi aqtiurad moqmedeben

somxeTis dasavleTSi.

romis saimperatoro taxtze traianes (98-117 ww.) asvlis

Semdeg parTiasTan urTierToba da brZola somxeTis dauflebi-

saTvis mwvavdeba. traianem 114-116 ww. sastikad daamarcxa par-

Tia da mTliani somxeTi daikava. somxeTis mierTebiT traianem

iberiasTan kavSiri gaamyara. miT ufro, rom iberielebi am omSi

aqtiurad monawileobdnen mefiswul amazaspis sardlobiT. am

brZolebis Sedegad moxerxda parTiis interesebis moTokva al-

baneTis mimarTac. iberiis samefos moespo safrTxe aRmosavleTidan

da SeiZleboda aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba samxreTiT.

es SesaZlebloba warmatebiT gamoiyenes mefeebma miTridate III

da farsman II (qvelma).

Seicvala romis politika imperator adrianes (117-138) dros.

romis imperia aqtiuri saomar moqmedebas wyvets da ukve mop-

ovebuli teritoriebis SenarCunebas cdilobs. aseTsave sagareo

politikur kurss adgas misi memkvidre antoninus piusi (138-

161). am dros iberiis samefos saTaveSi farsman qveli udgas. man

SeZlo samxreTSi poziciebis ganmtkiceba da samefo sazRvrebis

Savi (pontos) zRvis sanapiroebamde ganvrcoba. am cnobas kapa-

dokiis mmarTveli flavius ariane iZleva 131 w. misi TqmiT, md.

Woroxis samxreTiT, zRvis piras mobinadre Zidritebis tomi

roms ki ara iberiis samefos emorCilebao.

farsmani zRvaze gasasvlelis mopovebiT ar dakmayofilebula.

134 w. man alanTa didi SenaerTi gadmouSva samxreTiT da midia,

somxeTi da kapadokia gaaZarcvina. romis ukmayofileba farsmanma

àr vicodis~ meTodiT Caaqro. somxeTi da midia ki ise iyo mo-

oxrebuli, rom parTiis mefe vologeS II risxva ver daioka da

farsmans mokavSire-megobar romTan uCivla, Tan arc is daumalavs,

rom sakuTriv parTiam moTareSeebisagan didZali saCuqrebiT

ixsna Tavi. safiqrelia, rom aseTi saCivrebis gasaqarwyleblad

da megobrobis gansamtkiceblad (momavali samoqmedo programis

SesaTanxmeblad) unda Casuliyo farsman qveli romSi stumrad,

ris Sesaxebac sando cnobebs romauli wyaroebi gvamcnoben. am

stumrobis dros romma scno farsmanis uflebebi mierTebul

teritoriebze. niSnad mtkice megobrobisa amxedrebuli farsmanis

83

Zegli daidga romSi. iberia gaxda pirveli megobar-mokavSire

aRmosavleTSi.

iberiis samefos warmatebebi warmavali aRmoCnda. III saukunis

sinamdvile qveynis mesveurebs mxolod TavdacviTi brZolebis

saSualebas aZlevda.

yovelive daiwyo iranSi sasanidebis dinastiis gabatonebiT.

mefe ardaSirma (224-241 ww.) SeZlo iranuli warmoSobis

tomebis gaerTianeba centralizebul saxelmwifoSi. male igi

roms daupirispirda sakmao ZlevamosilebiT. ardaSiris memkvi-

dre Sabur I (241-272 ww.) romis imperatori valeriane tyved

aiyvana. romaelebma misi gamoxsna ver SeZles. iranma romis im-

perias SuamdinareTTan erTad kavkasiis samefoebic Camoacila.

amis Semdeg Rirseuli metoqeebis brZola cvalebadi warmatebiT

mimdinareobda, rac albaneTs, somxeTs da iberias mZime mdgo-

mareobaSi ayenebda.

saukunis bolo periodSi ZalTa Tanafardobis saswori ro-

mis sasargeblod gadaixara. imperatorma dioklitianem (284-305

ww.) qveynis reformireba moaxdina. imperia or nawilad gahyo.

TviTon aRmosavleT imperias Caudga saTaveSi da irans Seutia.

298 w. daido zavi (nizibinis zavi), romlis ZaliTac iberia da

somxeTi romis gamgeblobaSi darCa.

IV s. pirvel naxevarSi iberia cdilobs problemebi moagva-

ros iranTan. amasTan kvaSirSi unda iyos cnoba taxtis mflobel

mirianis sparsuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. mis gamgeblobaSi Cans

somxeTi, rani, movakani, hereTi da egrisis nawili. misi mefobis

dros somxeTs romaelTa daxmarebiT damoukidebloba moupovebia.

imperator konstantines SuamavlobiT dapirispirebulni Serigdnen

da somxeTis mefe Trdatis asuli salome mirianis Ze revs (revi

marTali) SerTes.

mefe mirianis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli qristianobis saxelm-

wifo religiad aRiareba. ra dadebiTi da ra uaryofiTi Sedegebi

mohyva am aqts, rTuli saZiebelia. faqtia, rom am periodidan

moyolebuli qveyana qristianulad iwodeba da dResac myarad

mkvidrobs.

IV s. meore naxevari iranis warmatebebiT aRiniSna. iberiis

samefo oficialuri Caurevlobis poziciam ver ixsna. cnobilia,

84

rom Sabur mefem iberias Tavs moaxvia gavlena. mefe saurmagi

iberiidan gaZevebul iqna da taxtze asfaguri (varaz-bakuri)

aRzevda. Tavis mxriv imperatorma valentma saurmags jari mi-

axmara. riT damTavrdeboda Widili did saxelmwifoTa Soris

Zneli saTqmelia, rom ara Serigeba-garigeba varaz-bakursa da

saurmags Soris. maT iberia gahyves mtkvar-aragvis aRmosavleT

da dasavleT nawilebad da ormefoba daamkvidres.

V s. dasawyisSi iberiis taxtze farsman IV Cans. igi

warmatebiT eqiSpeboda aRmosavleT romis imperias. istoriuli

cnoba adasturebs mis gamorCeulobasa da mZlavrobas. man hunebi

gadmouSva samxreTiT da bizantiis (aRmosavleT romis) provin-

ciebi daarbevina. damSvidda da dazavda mas Semdeg, rac misi Ze

bizantiis imperatorad aRzevda.

farsmanis saqme warmatebiT ganavrco mirdatma, romelic

Zmis Semdeg mefobda. mirdatma SeZlo iranis gavlenisagan qveynis

daxsna da bizantiis winaaRmdeg klarjeTisaTvis warmatebuli

brZolis warmoeba. bolos igi iranTan WidilSi damarcxda da

tyved Cavarda. amas cecxlTayvnismcemlobis momZlavreba mohyva

iberiaSi. ase gagrZelda, vidre samefo taxtze arCil I ar avida.

man qristianoba moamZlavra da Seutia iranis provinciebs ransa da

movakans. am brZolebSi aqtiurad monawileobda misi Ze mirdati.

gadmocema gvamcnobs, rom brZola moyvrobiT dasrulda. mirdatma

colad moiyvana ranisa da movakanis erismTavar barzabodis asuli.

maTi vaJi vaxtangi mefobda V s. meore naxevarSi. am dros

iranis mier sasomxeTSi mefoba gauqmebulia. es moxda 428 w.

male igive bedi albaneTsac ewia (510 w.) rCeboda iberia, romlis

legendaruli mefe vaxtang gorgasali didxans zeobda mtrebze

da orgulebze. cnobilia misi warmatebiTi laSqroba CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi osebisa da yivCaRebis winaaRmdeg. brZoliT man Crdilo-

eTidan afxazeTsa da Sav zRvas uwia. am laSqrobis dros unda

asuliyo igi ialbuzze. igi monawileobda iranis mokavSired

Sua aziisa da indoeTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaSi. aseve cnobilia

misi warmatebiTi laSqroba bizantiis winaaRmdeg. vaxtang mefes

miRwevebi hqonia Sinaur saero da sasuliero feodalebTan Wi-

dilSi. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli kaTalikosis winamZRvrobis

SemoReba nacvlad mTavarepiskoposisa.

85

vaxtang gorgaslis Semdeg iberiis samefos mZime dro daudga.

iranma somxeTsa da albaneTSi mefobis mospobis Semdeg iberias

Seutia da sawadelsac miaRwia 523 w. gurgen mefe momxre dideb-

ulebiT qveynidan gadaixvewa da bizantias miaSura. iranma moaxerxa

da ara mxolod iberia daikava, aramed kavkasiis uReltexilebzec

mkacri kontroli daawesa. kavkasiis yofili samefoebi erT sam-

marTvelo olqad gaarTiana da saTaveSi marzpani Cauyena. amave

dros gaaZliera momxre pitiaxSebisa da mamasaxlisebis gavlena.

aseTive privilegiiT sargeblobda ̀ qarTlis kaTalikozi~ da misi

wre. es faqti ki sruliadac ar gamoricxavda qristianobisa da

iberielobis Seviwroebas.

Tu gavixsenebT, rom iberielebi adre mokavSirobdnen, ma-

gram ar emorCilebodnen arc erT Zlier mezobels, maSin Zneli

warmosadgeni ar iqneba maTi Seurigebloba. kidev ufro mZime

pirobebSi uwevdaT arseboba albanelebsa da somxebs. autanelma

mdgomareobam ganapiroba 571 w. somxebis ajanyeba vardan mamiko-

nianis meTaurobiT. bizantiam Tavis mxriv daxmareba aRmouCina

ajanyebulebs, rac saboloo angariSiT iberiisa da somxeTis

(berZnebis daxasiaTebiT persarmeniis) bizantiis gavlenis sferoSi

moqceviT dasrulda.

ajanyebis dros (571 w.) iberebis winamZRols guarams, ius-

tine keisarma kurapalatis sapatio tituli mianiWa. amieridan

misi Camomavlebi erismTavris wodebiT moixseniebian. 591 w.

roca sasomxeTi da ukve qarTli (ara iberiis samefo) iranisa-

gan damoukideblobas aRweven erismTavari stefanozia, romelic

patrikiosis tituliT moixsenieba.1

istoriulad aranaklebi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo 606-608

ww. somxur-qarTuli saeklesio erTobis moSla da dapirispireba

monofizitebad da diofizitebad. erTi SexedviT araarsebiTi

ganxeTqileba mraval saukunovan WidilSi gadaizarda. am Widils

saTave iranis Sah xosro II daudo. man 614 w. daipyro ierusa-

limi, wminda adgilebi, moiwvia qristianTa kreba da daadgina:

1. patrikiosis tituli yuradsaRebi movlenaa, radgan amave

tituls aniWeben dasavleT saqarTvelos mTavris donemde Camo-

qveiTebul lazeT-egrisis mefeTa STamomavlebs.

86

misi gavlenis sferoSi mcxovreb qristian morwmuneT unda

uareyoT mrwamsi. visac am religiis mimdevrad darCena surda,

somxuri qristianoba unda eRiarebina. irani somxuri religi-

isadmi Semwynarebluri politikiT cdilobda somexi mosaxleobis

mxardaWeris mopovebas da qristianebs Soris SuRlis Camogdebas.

Sahis es brZnuli gadawyvetileba kargad gaiTavises rogorc

iranis xelisuflebam, ise somxuri eklesiis mesveurebmac es

principi. pirobebSi, roca religiuroba erovnulobas utol-

deboda, niSnavda qristianebis gaTiSvas, rac dampyrobs surda

da grigorianul mrwamsze gadayvanas masebisa, gasomxebas, rac

somxur eklesias awyobda.1

Sahis aseT gadawyvetilebas araferi zianis meti qarTvelebi-

saTvis ar moutania. adarnase stefanozis Ze erismTavari da kirion

kaTalikosi iZulebulni gaxdnen qarTlidan gadaxvewiliyvnen.

istoria arafers ambobs Tu ramdenma mibaZa maT qcevas.

male kvlav bizantiam imZlavra. herakle keisarma jer kapa-

dokiaSi brZolisas daamarcxa iranis mxedroba, Semdeg ki xaza-

rebTan kavSirSi nineviasTan dasca iranis Zliereba. kavkasiaze da

kerZod qarTul samTavro-samefoze gavlena gaimyara da iq Tavisi

mmarTvelobac SemoiRo.

iberiul-kolxuri tomebi erTimeores eqiSpebodnen da ex-

marebodnen kidec. axla, roca bizantiam qarTlze gaavrcela

gavlena, meti saSualeba mieca kolxeTSi Tavisufali moqmedebisa.

meti saSualeba swori moqmedebisas met Sedegs moitanda da asec

moxda. lazTa samefo, romelic IVs. garkveulad damoukidebe-

lia da momZlavrebuli, bizantiis mxriv xelyofas yovelmxriv

winaaRmdegobas uwevda. lazikam (egrisma) moaxerxa da iberiis

dasavleTi teritoriebi daikava. man aseve miierTa afSileTi, aba-

zgeTi da sinigeTi. aseTive bedi ewiaT misimianebsa da skvimnebs.

bolos jeri sakuTriv svaneTze midga.

saukuneebi grZeldeboda omi kavkasiis dasaufleblad. yoveli

1 iranis Sah xosro II principi saukuneebis manZilze

warmatebiT moqmedebda. igi SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes ara mxolod

sxva religiis warmomadgenlebma, aramed erTmorwmune ruseTis

xelisuflebamac.

87

dampyrobi cdilobda dasapyrobTa gaTiSvas, urTierTdapirisp-

irebas da sakuTari poziciis gamyarebas. am mxriv gamanakliss

arc bizantiis imperia warmoadgenda. swored isini uwodebdnen

egrisis samefos lazikas.1 Tavis mxriv lazikis mefeebic Tavs ar

izogavdnen oRond dampyrobebi erTimeorisaTvis daepirispirebi-

naT da Tavi gadaerCinaT. periodulad mizansac aRwevdnen, magram

umetes SemTxvevaSi qveyanas xan erTi agresori Zarcvavda, xan

meore. am brZolebSi ufro meti iyo danakargi da meti Ralati.

VI s. egrisis mefes abazgebi gaudgnen da bizantiis batonoba

irCies. am toms ori mTavari marTavda da orive mokles. mZime

gamodga bizantiis ymoba da axla am axali batonis winaaRmdeg

mimarTes iaraRi. bizantiam ajanyebuli moRalateebi mospo.

abazgebis magaliTs afSilebma mibaZes. im sxvaobiT, rom maT

iranelebi irCies batonad. iranelebi ratom iqnebodnen bizan-

tielebze metad humanurebi? Sedegmac ar daayovna da bolos

afSilebma isev lazebTan yofna irCies.

amgvarad brZola cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda.

ukeTesi mdgomareoba arc lazTa (egrTa) samefos hqonda.

iran-bizantia orive mZarcveli mter-mokavSire iyo. agresorTa

urTierTdapirispirebisas lazTa samefo situaciis mixedviT xan

erTs miemxroboda xan meores. am brZolebis dros 554 w. bizan-

tielma sardlebma mefe gubazi RalatiT miityues da mokles.

istoriaSi kargadaa cnobili lazebis saxalxo kreba da iq

gamomsvlel oratorTa argumentebi. yovelive imiT dasrulda,

rom bizantiam lazikis samefoc daimorCila da svaneTic. lazebma

gubazis nacvlad mefed misi Zma waTe miiRes. iranma ki marcxi

aRiara da 562 w. zavi dado bizantiasTan.

gaimyara ra mdgomareoba bizantiam 562 w. lazeT-egrisSi

mefoba gaauqma. mefe waTes memkvidreebi patrikiosis Tanamdebo-

bamde iqnen CamoqveiTebulni. ganmeorda is rac iberiaSi moxda.

damatebiT cxumisa da biWvinTis saeparqo Camocilebul iqna

lazeTisas da uSualod daeqvemdebara bizantiurs. sxva mxriv

lazeTis patrikiosi kvalav flobda samefos sivrces.

1 berZnebi balkaneTis Zvel mosaxleobas pe-laz-gebs uwo-

debdnen. egrisis mosaxleobas ki laz-ebs, lazikas, kolxebs.

88

VII s. Sua xanebSi dasustebuli iranis nacvlad kavkasiis

istoriul arealSi arabebi gamoCndnen. maT daamarcxes bizantia,

daipyres irani da 640 w. somxeTSi Sevidnen. amis Semdeg, 654

w. qarTvelTa samflobelos miadgnen. qarTlis erismTavarma

(patrikiosma) zavi iTxova da morCilebas Sepirda. bolos ori

mtacebeli bizantiis keisari da arabTa xalifa kavkasiidan miRe-

buli xarkis Suaze gayofaze SeTanxmdnen. iyo 686 weli.

qarTvelTa sacxovris arealSi SemoWrili Zalebi saTavisod

iRvwodnen, damxdurebi ki arc erTs qeds ar uxridnen. amitom

moZaladeTa warmateba, Tundac xangrZlivi, mainc ganwiruli iyo.

istoria gveubneba, rom qarT-elTa erismTavarma nersem SeZlo

droebiT uRlis gadagdeba. warmateba imdenad mZlavri iyo, rom

mcire xniT man arabebi somxeTidanac gandevna.

moiSores erTi mteri da saswrafod igi meorem Secvala.

mxolod bunebas ki ara, politikasac ar uyvars vakuumi 688 w.

bizantiis keisarma iustinem jari gamoagzavna dasapyrobad. maT

arc xazarebi CamorCnen da daiwyo xangrZlivi dava kavkasiisaTvis.

Tavis droze azonma (azo-m) qarTli xazarebisagan gawminda

da maTi nawili daimorCila. vaxtang gorgasalma Crdilo kavka-

siaSi laSqrobis dros os-xazarTa gaerTianebul jars awvnia

marcxi. droeba Seicvala da xazarebma aqeT Semouties samxreTe-

lebs. adarbadagani da albaneTi maT saTareSod iqca. 628 w. ki

Tbilisic aiRes da gaZarcves.

VII s. bolosaTvis mainc arabebma gadasZales. am saqmeSi

maT adgilobrivebic daexmarnen. cnobilia, rom 697 w. lazeTis

patrikiosi giorgi barnukis Ze bizantias aujanyda da dasax-

mareblad arabebs mimarTa. gaimeora gaWirvebulTa Zveli meTodi.

axali mteri miixmara Zvelis winaaRmdeg. Sedegad arabebma mTeli

dasavleT saqarTvelo daikaves. lazikis Zveli centri cixe-goji

arabebis xelT aRmoCnda. saerTo jamSi arabTa batonoba TiTqmis

naxevar saukunes gagrZelda.

bizantiis imperia, romelsac mudmivi omi hqonda arabebTan

gavlenis sferos gafarToebisaTvis, iolad ver Seurigdeboda

dasavleT saqarTvelos (lazikis, afxazeTis-rogorc is bizantiur

wyaroebSia moxseniebuli) dakargvas. arc Serigebia. am SemTxvevaSi

mis bunebriv mokavSireebad gamodiodnen is adgilobrivi Zalebi,

89

romlebic arabTa eqspansias ewinaaRmdegebodnen da is gareSe Za-

lebi, romelTac surdaT kavkasieli tomebis (eTnosebis) arealis

miTviseba. aseTebs warmoadgendnen alanebi da xazarebi. xazarebsa

da arabebs Soris isedac swarmoebda brZolebi.

cnobilia, rom 728 w. arabebma ilaSqres xazareTze da

brZoliT md. volgasac miaRwies. arc xazarebi darCenilan valSi

da Sedegad aRmosavleT kavkasia iqna gaCanagebuli. 737 w. kvlav

arabebma (murvan yrus meTaurobiT) dalaSqres xazareTi. aseTi

iyo urTierToba arabebs, xazarebsa da bizantielebs Soris.

kavkasielebs arc erTi momxduri ar exataT gulze. isini

cdilobdnen yvelasaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT da SeuZleblobis

SemTxvevaSi `naklebi boroteba~ amoerCiaT. es miT ufro, rom

Tu xazarebi rbeva-TareSiT kmayofildebodnen, bizantielebi da

arabebi dapyrobil qveynebSi TavianT moxeleebs niSnavdnen. ase iyo

momravlebuli patrikiosebi, magistrosebi, vipatorebi da a. S.

arabebi ratom CamorCebodnen sxvebs. maT TbilisSi dasves amira,

romelic qarTlis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli unda yofiliyo.

amiras damxmared TbilisSive datoves erismTavari.

dapyrobilebs ra SeeZloT faruli Tu aSkara winaaRmdegobis

gawevis garda. qarTlSi winaaRmdegobas erismTavari edga saTaveSi,

lazikaSi erisTavi. bizantiisaTvis orive patrikiosi iyo. yoveli

mebrZoli mxare mokavSires eZebda. ramdenadac qarTul-kolxur

tomTa areali arabebs ekavaT, bunebrivad brZolac maTTan unda

ewarmoebinaT. erisTavisa da erismTavris mokavSired pirvel rigSi

bizantia gamodioda. Tavis mxriv bizantia, Tavadac SeWirvebuli

arabebisagan, cdilobda xeli Seewyo laz-afxazTa da iber-qarTTa

brZolisaTvis.

qarTlSi winaaRmdegobas erismTavari stefanozi meTaurobda.

mas aqtiurad edgnen mxarSi Svilebi miri (miriani?) da arCili.

dasavleTSi brZolas leon lazTa mTavari uZRveboda. igi Sida

egrisidan (lazikidan) gadavida sakuTriv afxazeTSi1, daafuZna

1. jer kidev vaxtang gorgasalis dros md. kelasuris (Zve-

lad koraxis) CrdiloeTi teritoria bizantiis `kuTvnilebas~

warmoadgenda. aq iyo agebuli zRude. Semdeg periodSi, rodesac

abazgebi lazTa mefes ganudgnen, bizantiam kidev ufro mtkiced

moikida fexi. VIII s. dasawyisSi aq ukve arabebi iyvnen.

90

samTavro da iqidan cdilobda winaaRmdegobis organizebas. man

moaxerxa afxazeTSi mtkice placdarmis Seqmna, daukavSirda qa-

rTlis erismTavars erToblivi moqmedebis mizniT da scno ra

bizantiis keisris uzenaesoba, daxmareba iTxova misgan. leon

mTavarma mdgomareobis gamyarebis mizniT Tavad colad moiyvana

qarTlis erismTavris stefanozis SviliSvili (miris qaliSvili)

guranduxti, xolo Zmas SerTo xazarTa xakanis qaliSvili. am-

rigad Seikra wre arabTa winaaRmdeg.

leon mTavris (patrikiosis) md. kelasuris CrdiloeT miwebze

damkvidreba ara ucxo, magram rTuli saqme iyo. bizantias isedac

dakarguli hqonda es teritoria. iq lazikis mefeTa STamomavlis

damkvidreba, Sedegs ar cvlida. sanacvlod rTuldeboda Sinagani

mdgomareoba da arabebTan damokidebuleba.

pirvel rigSi unda mieTiTos istoriuli geografiis md-

gomareobaze: mdinare kelasuri (Zveli saxelwodeba koraxi, e.

w. koraxis zRudis gaswvriv Camomdinare, romlis saxelwodeba

momdinareobs kolxuri tomis koraxis mixedviT1) warmoadgenda

wyalgamyofs lazikis (egrisis) samefosa da bizantiur abxazeTs

(lazikas) Soris. wyalgamyofs warmoadgenda agreTve henis wyali-

dRevandeli md. kodori. henixi (henioxebi) tomis saxelwodebis

mixedviT. Zveli egris wyali anu md. RaliZga lazebis (egrebis)

samefos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. md. bzibi (anu bzebi), sxvanairad

kapoetis wyali (kapoeti oragulis jiSis Tevzia) iseve organu-

lad kolxur-iberiuli saxelwodebaa, rogorc md. kalmaxi an

md. kintriti dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze.

es iTqva, raTa gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, rom im dros erTiani

samTavro ar arsebobda, qveyana dayofili iyo sxvadasxva tomTa

saxelwodebis teritoriebad. md. kodoris xeobaSi (Zveli henis

1. sakiTxis dasmis wesiT SeiZleba varaudis gamoTqma, rom

koraxebi. kori-n-xebi warmoadgendnen im didi tomis nawils,

romelTa Sesaxeb naTqvamia, maTi aietTan erTad kor-inTodan

gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. arc isaa gamosaricxi, rom Zv. w. aR.

kolxas-kulxas tomTa gaerTianeba masTan organul kavSirSi iyo.

am sakiTxs sWirdeba dataluri analizi.

91

wyali) misimianelebi saxlobdnen. md. kelasuris xeobaSi kor-

axebi (kor-in-xebi), md. gumisTis (gumis mTis) midamoebi absilebs

ekuTvnodaT, Semdeg modiodnen abSilebi, maT zeviT sanigebi da

bolos abazgebi. sanigebi saxlobdnen md. mzimTisa da soWis

midamoebSi. maTgan CrdiloeTiT abazgebi. yvelani (da ara mx-

olod isini) henioxebis tomTa did gaerTianebas qmnidnen. ufro

gvian xanaSi henioxebs svanebi unda wodebodaT. kidev erTxel

gavixsenoT naTqvami, rom svanebs 200 000 meomris gamoyvana

SeeZloT da cxumSi (soxumSi) savaWrod Tavs iyrida 70 tomis

warmomadgeneli.

arabTa batonobis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli leon patrikiosi

mkvidrdeba md. kelasuris CrdiloeTiT teritoriebze, hqmnis

politikur erTeuls da Rebulobs afxazTa mTavris tituls. es

ar iyo iolad mosagvarebeli. am teritoriebze mTavris titu-

lis pretendentebi cnobili Savlianis gvaris warmomadgenlebi

iyvnen. mxolod Zalis upiratesobiT da iZulebiT SeZlo leonma

iq damkvidreba. Savlianebma daTmes, magram droebiT. SemorCenilia

istoriuli cnoba maTi brZolis Sesaxeb leon afxazTa mTavris

winaaRmdeg.

leon mTavris brZola ZalauflebisaTvis da arabTa winaaRmdeg

erTi procesis ori mxarea. misi warmatebebi qarTlis erismTavar

stefanozis mxardaWeriT iyo gamagrebuli da arabebis winaaRmdeg

saerTo brZolas Zalas matebda.

qarTvelTa daumorCilebloba aSkara farTe ajanyebaSi rom ar

gadazrdiliyo xalifatma 735 w. sadamsjelo eqspedicia moawyo

murvan ibn-muhamedis (qarTvelTa mier murvan yrud wodebulis)

sardlobiT.

murvan yrum gadaqela qarTli da yofil lazikis samefos

teritoriebze gadavida, sadac erismTavarma stefanozma ojaxi-

TurT naxa TavSesafari. erismTavari stefanozi aqve iqna dakrZa-

luli. arabebTan brZolis xelmZRvaneloba ukve mis vaJebs miris,

arCils da afxazeTis mTavar leons daekisraT.

mTavari leoni flobs bizantiis `kuTvnil~ afxazeTs da

aRiarebs mis uzenaesobas. Tavis mxriv bizantia cnobs mirisa da

arCilis mefobas kolx-iberTa danarCen arealze, ugzavnis maT

92

mefeTa gvirgvins da leons akisrebs maT qveSevrdomobas. amiT

bizantias surs moamZlavros bunebrivi mokavSire, raki jariT

maTi daxmareba ar SeuZlia.

murvan yrum brZolebiT gaiara dasavleTi. argveTSi Seipyro

da awama daviT da konstantine erisTavebi. daipyra da daangria

cixe-goji. daiZra miris, arCilisa da leonis dasamorCileblad.

araboba miadga anakofiis cixe-qalaqs (axla axali aToni), sa-

dac gamagrebuli iyvnen stefanozis Zeni. leoni sobRisis cixes

amagrebda. samiveni SeTanxmebulni moqmedebdnen.

arabebma anakofias alya Semoavles, magram uSedegod. cixis

damcvelebma da saSvelad mosulma leon mTavris Zalebma er-

Toblivi SeteviT momxdurebi daamarcxes, sdies da afxazeTi-

dan aotes Semdeg periodSi mirim, arCilma da leonma lazikis

(egrisis) samefo ganwmindes arabebisgan. amis Semdeg xalifats am

teritoriebis dalaSqvra aRar SeeZlo. Seiqmna mdgomareoba, roca

qveyanas sami gamgebeli gauCnda. bizantiis dasturiT SeTanxmdnen.

leoni, miris siZe da memkvidre aRaSenebda md. kelasuris (kli-

suris) CrdiloeTiT axla ukve afxazTa samTavros. mefe miri

iqneboda cixe-gojs da iqidan uxelmZRvanelebda saerTo saqmes.

mefe arCili gaagrZelebda yofili iberiis samefos arabebisagan

ganTavisuflebis process.

male mefe miri miicvala. arCil mefesa da leon afxazTa mTa-

vars Soris moxda SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliT arCili iqneboda md.

kelasuris samxreTiT teritoriebis gamgebeli. misi rezidenciebi

cixe-gojSi da quTaTisSi. leoni araorazrovnad acxadebda Tavs

arCilis qveSevrdomad da aRniSnavda, rom kelasuridan xazarTa

mdinaremde sivrce bizantiis keisarma mas arCilis daxmarebiT

daumtkica.

am SeTanxmebiT orivem isargebla. arCilma SeZlo dasavleTTan

erTad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dakavebac. gamonakliss mxolod

Tbilisis saamiro Seadgenda. mefem erisTavebs samemkvidreo ufle-

bebi misca. arCeviTi Tanamdebobis samemkvidreod gadaqcevam ki

ganamtkica erisTavebis Zalaufleba. amieridan maT miecaT stimuli

ebrZolaT msxvili erTeulebis kidev ufro gasaZliereblad.

saboloo angariSiT procesi msxvili samTavro-samefoebis Seqm-

93

niT dagvirgvinda. arCil mefe kargi reformator-organizatori

gamodga, rac ar iTqmis mis memkvidreebze, ioanesa da juanSerze.

764 w. xazarebma dalaSqres qarTli. juanSeri tyved waiyvanes,

ioane maleve daiRupa. qveyana umeTaurod darCa. xelmZRvanelobis

tvirTi nerse qarTlis erismTavars daawva. samefom samTavroebad

daSla daiwyo. nerse erismTavari xalifa mansurma 772 w. baR-

dadSi daibara da daapatimra. sami wlis Semdeg axalma xalifam

igi qarTlSi daabruna. male mas kvlav dapatimreba moundomes,

magram SeZlo brZoliT xazareTSi gadasuliyo, iqidan ki afxazeTSi

wavida, sadac ukve leon II daxvda, rogorc mTavari da mokavSire.

qarTlSi erismTavrad nerses diswuli stefanozi iqna daniSnuli.

am dros iwyeba kaxeTis samTavros gamoyofa danarCeni qar-

Tlisagan, Semdeg ki mas hereTis samTavro gamoeyofa. qarTlSi

stefanozis Semdeg erismTavari gaxda misi mamis gurgenis Zma

aSoti. arabebTan uTanxmoebis gamo igi stovebs Tbiliss da didi

Zalisxmevis Semdeg tao-klarjeTis samTavros afuZnebs.

amrigad, iberiisa da lazikis samefoTa teritoriebze cen-

traluri xelisuflebis ar arsebobis pirobebSi VIII s. bolos

ramdenime msxvili samefo-samTavro Camoyalibda. saukunis dasawy-

isSi formalurad mainc centraluri xelisuflebis funqcias

Tbilisis amira asrulebda. saukunis Sua xanebSi es funqcia

arCil mefem itvirTa. saukunis bolosaTvis arc amiras hqonda

raime realuri Zalaufleba da arc arCil mefis STamomavlebs.

Tbilisis amira flobda teritoriebs aragvidan taSiskaramde.

aragvis aRmosavleTi qveyana kaxeTis samTavroSi erTiandeba.

mogvianebiT mas hereTi calke erTeulis saxiT gamoeyofa. kaxeTis

mTavrebs qorepiskoposebi warmoadgenen. mesame erTeuli, hereTis

samTavro kaxeTsa da albaneTs Soris mdebare herTa tomis kuT-

vnil miwebs aerTianebda. aq arCil mefis dasturiT mTavrobdnen

(Semdeg mefobnen) vaxtang gorgaslis STamomavlebi.

meoTxe msxvil erTeuls tao-klarjeTis samTavro-samefo

warmoadgenda. aSot bagrationma qarTlis bolo erismTavarma

miatova Tbilisi da artanujs gamagrda. man SeierTa amier-imieri

tao, klarjeTi, SavSeTi, samcxe, javaxeTi, speri, artaani. aWara,

nigali da mZlavri samTavro Seqmna. igi warmatebiT ibrZoda

danarCeni qarTlis SesaerTeblad.

94

mexuTe msxvili erTeuli afxazeTis samTavro iyo. md. kela-

surs CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveyanas mefe miris gardacvalebis

Semdeg samxreTis teritoriebis mierTebis SesaZlebloba mieca.

mefes qaliSvilis meti memkvidre ara hyolia. qaliSvili ki leon

mTavris meuRle iyo. Sesabamisad leoni mefe miris kanonieri

memkvidrea. am iuridiul uflebas emateba is, rom leoni lazikis

mefeTa STamomavalia da istoriulad aqvs am qveynis flobis

pretenzia. 753 w. leon afxazTa mTavari, misma Zmiswulma leon

II Secvala. igi Zalze energiuli mmarTveli gamodga. man SeZlo

mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba, bizantiis uRlis

moSoreba, qveynis dedaqalaqis quTaisSi gadmotana, eklesiis

bizantiis gamgeblobidan mowyveta da mcxeTis eklesiisaTvis

mierTeba. da bolos.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmocenebuli erTeulebi form-

alurad mainc pativs miagebdnen arCil mefis STamomavlebs da

Tavs maTdami daqvemdebarebulad miiCnevdnen. 787 w. gardaicvala

ukanaskneli memkvidre juanSeri. amis mere mTavrebs xel-fexi

gaexsnaT. yoveli maTgani cdilobda Tavi mefed gamoecxadebina

da Sua qarTli daekavebina.

Sua qarTls gansakuTrebuli geografiuli mdgomareoba ekava

da politikuri centris rols asrulebda. amitom juanSeris

gardacvalebisTanave iwyeba brZola Sida qarTlis dasakaveblad.

hereTis bagrationebma juanSeris gardacvalebiT isargebles,

gaudgnen kaxeTis mTavrebs da bolos samefoc daaarses.

Tavis mxriv kaxeTis mTavari, qorepiskoposi grigoli aragvs

gadavida da qsnis xeoba daikava. es iyo gamowveva danarCeni sam-

Tavroebisa da pretenzia hegemonobaze. grigols zurgs Tbilisis

amira umagrebda.

ramdenadac artanujSi damkvidrebamde aSot bagrationi qar-

Tlis erismTavari iyo, grigolis pretenziebi pirvel rigSi mis

avtoritets laxavda da misi sagamgeblos dapyrobad aRiTqmeboda.

marTalia aSot kurapalatic ar iyo arCil mefis memkvidre,

magram qarTlze ufro meti kanonieri ufleba hqonda vidre

qoreposkopos grigols.

mefis titulze da qarTlis samefos yvela teritoriaze

95

mefobis kanonieri ufleba mxolod afxazeTis mTavars hqonda.

rogorc mefe miris memkvidre, afxazeTis mTavari acxadebda pre-

tenzias da daikava kidec lixsiqiTa teritoriebi. juanSeris

gardacvalebis Semdeg, leon II ukve arCil mefis memkvidrec

gaxda. amiT man SesaniSnavad isargebla da Tavi mefed gamoacxada.

ramdenadac bizantia lazikas (egriss) afxazeTad moiazrebda

da mis mefeebs afxazTa mefeebs uwodebda, amdenad logikuri

iyo, rom leon II afxazTa mefis tituli miiRo da dedaqalaqi

Sida qarTs miuaxlova, quTaisSi gadaitana. rodesac man eklesia

konstantinepolis eparqias Camoacila da mcxeTas dauqvemdebara,

amiT aSkara pretenzia ganacxada, rogorc arCil mefis kanonierma

memkvidrem.

sainteresoa, rom aseTive kanonieri ufleba aSot kurapalat-

sac ar hqonda. miT umetes, rom qarTlis erismTavroba man iZule-

buli nebayoflobiT daTmo da axali samTavros mefoba ikisra.

amave dros, dasamaxsovrebeli faqtia, rom leon II Zma Teodosi,

romelic afxazeTs mefobda 798-825 ww., aSot kurapalatis siZe

iyo da es orive mxares kompromisebisken ubiZgebda. (vinc Tvals

gaadevnebs am ori erTeulis urTierTobis istorias, darwmundeba

maT mWidro erTobaSi, rogorc politikur, aseve genetikurSi).

qorepiskopis grigolis mier qsnis xeobis dakaveba gamowveva

iyo rogorc tao-klarjeTis, aseve afxazeTis samefosi. aSot

kurapalatma gamowveva miiRo da siZis, Teodosis daxmarebiT

daamarcxa da gandevna kaxelebi. es ar niSnavda, rom afxazeTsa

da kaxeTs Soris mxolod qiSpi arsebobda. politikam ar icis

mudmivi mteri an moyvare. istoriulad cnobilia, rom 915-920

ww. kaxeTis qorepiskoposi kvirike da afxazeTis mefe konstanti

erTad laSqrobdnen hereTis winaaRmdeg. erTi periodi afxazeTs

ekava ariSisa da gavazis cixeebi. aseve cnobilia, rom aSot

kurapalatis Semdeg tao-klarjeTis samTavro nawildeba, Sinaur

brZolebSi sustdeba da samTavro-samefoTa Soris hegemonobas

afxazeTs uTmobs. sanacvlod afxazeTis samefo ise Zlierdeba

rom X s. Sua monakveTSi javaxeTsac ierTebs da pretenzias ukve

yvela qarTul saerisTao-samTavroTa gaerTianebaze akeTebs.

IX s. moyolebuli qarTlis teritoriebis mimarT pretenzias

amJRavneben somexTa mefeebi bagratunis gvaridan.

96

bagratunebi speris bagrationTa gvaris ganayaria, somxeTSi

gadasuli da iq damkvidrebulebi. am ori gvaris erTobis istoria

bevrnairadaa àxsnili~. yvelaze realuri mainc farnavazianTa

dinastias ukavSirdeba. Tu vinme upiratesobas somxur variants

miakuTvnebs, bagrationebis haosis (haikis-somxurad) STamomav-

lobis Sesaxeb, is mainc qarTvelobamde miva, radgan Tavad, haosi

iseTive Tabal-tabal-iberi iyo rogorc qarT-osi, egr-osi, he-

rosi. le-kosi Tu kavka-sosi. (davis SemTxvevaSi arc isaa anga-

riSidan Camosaweri Tu rodis da rogor yalibdeba somxoba, vis

teritoriaze da vis fesvebze. amas daemateba Tundac miTridate

pontoelis mier 250 000 tibarenelis Casaxleba tigranokertSi

da a. S. angariSSi misaRebia isic, rom tabal-iberTa miwebis

dakavebis dros cxovreba ki ar ispoboda, aramed Sereul mo-

saxleobas qmnida. bevri iberi laSqrobebis dros rCeboda, somx-

deboda da a. S.). amitom sruliad bunebrivia da logikuri, roca

an bagrationi ereva bagratunebis gamefebis saqmeSi an piriqiT

bagratunebi cdiloben ukve qarTvelTa davaSi Carevas.

xangrZlivi urTierTbrZolis procesSi saboloo angariSiT

taos mflobelebi Zlierdebian. istoriuli faqtia, rom X s.

meore naxevarSi taos mefe daviTi ara ubralod kurapalatis,

aramed aRmosavleTis kurapalatis wodebasac Rebulobs. es

niSnavs, rom mas bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleTi nawilic emor-

Cileba. isic faqtia, rom mas somxeTTan. sazRvari md. araqsze

aqvs dadebuli. SeiZleba ara im formiT rogorc es farnavazis

an gorgasalis dros iyo, magram mainc.

araordinaluri pirovneba da mmarTveli iyo didi daviT

kurapalati. xangrZlivi da mZime omebis Sedegad Seqmnili vrceli

samefo man Svilobil bagrat III uanderZa. ara da cota sivrce

rodi mozRuda man. mxolod bizantiis imperatorisaTvis gaweuli

daxmarebis sanacvlod miiRo e. w. zemoni qveyanani karnu qalaqis

(dRevandeli erzerumis) CaTvliT. agreTve samxreT basiani, araq-

sis saTaveebi, provinciebi aRmosavleT evfratis xeobaSi. manve

990 w. dalaSqra vanis tbis CrdiloeTi mxare da iq Turqebis

nacvlad qarTvelebi da somxebi Caasaxla. ramdenime wlis Semdeg

(997 w) misi brZanebiT vanis tbis Crdilo aRmosavleTi mxarec

97

iqna dalaSqruli. daamarcxes Tavrizis, adarbadaganis, xorasnis

saemiroTa jarebi. daviT kurapalati ara mxolod qarTvelTa,

aramed somxebis damcvelsac warmoadgenda.

principuli mniSvneloba hqonda mis mier qveynis gamTlianebis

gegmis miRebas. qarTlis erisTavma ioane maruSisZem wamoayena

qarTvelTa samTavro-samefoebis gaerTianebis idea. gaerTianebis

liderad daviT kurapalati igulisxeboda. ideis Tanaxmad kura-

palats an TviTon unda daekavebina qarTli an xeli Seewyo bagrat

gurgenis ZisaTvis. es erTi da igive iyo. radgan daviTi uZeo,

bagratis mamobilad da ufalad iTvleboda. mxedvelobas ar unda

gamorCes is ambavi, rom bagratis mama gurgeni, qarTvelTa mefis

titulis matarebeli iyo. arc isaa meorexarisxovani istoriuli

cnoba, rom bagratis deda guranduxti afxazTa usinaTlo mefis

Teodosis da iyo.

ra gamomdinareobs yovelivedan?

erTaderTi logikuri daskvnaa, rom sisxliT naTesaobis

safuZvelze bagrati erTdroulad afxazTa, qarTlelTa da

samxreT saqarTvelos mefeTa memkvidre iyo. Sesabamisad, misi

gamefebiT amieri da imieri qveynebi gaerTiandebodnen. erToblivi

ZaliT ki gandgomil kaxeTisa da arabTa xelT darCenili Tbili-

sis midamoebis SemoerTebac uaxlesi momavlis saqme xdeboda.

qarTvelTa istoriis mkvlevarebi amitomac miiCneven bagrats

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel mefed. am saqarTvelos

bizantielebi xSirad afxazeTis samefosac uwodebdnen. TviT

qarTvel mefeTa titulaturac afxazeTiT iwyeboda. es ukve

iyo ara iberiis, ara lazikis, ara arian qarTis, ara pontos,

ara kulxas, ara diaoxis, ara urartus, ara Tubal-tabalTa,

ara meSex-musk-kapadokielTa qveyana, ara saqaldevelo aramed

saqarTvelo, sadac Serwymuli iyvnen yvela tomebi, romlebic

eTnogenezSi monawileobdnen.

amieridan es aris qarTveli eri da istoriac aris ara ka-

vkonTa tomebis gaerTianebis, ara heliosTa (henioxTa) tomebis

gaerTianebis, ara kolxuri tomebis gaerTianebis, ara mesxuri

tomebis gaerTianebis, ara mTis da baris iberTa tomebis aramed

yvelasi erTad Serwymulebisa da SeerTebulebisa, sadac kidev

98

rCeba tomobrivi, dialeqturi, kuTxuri Taviseburebani, magram

sadac erTobis genetikur-fsiqikuri gageba ufro mZlavria da

waruSleli.

bagrat III gamefeba iberiul-kolxuri tomebis umTavresi

sacxovrisebis SeerTebas moaswavebda. misi sazRvrebi samxreTiT

vanis tbisa da evfratis xeobebis midamoebs esazRvreba da

moicavda. aq daviT kurapalatis mier damkvidrebuli qarTvelebi

da somxebi mosaxleobdnen. dasavleTiT samefo olTis-TorTom-

speris mxareebs moicavda da Sav zRvaze (speris, pontis) ga-

dioda. CrdiloeTi sazRvari jiqeTis CaTvliT (jiqeTi leon

mTavarma miierTa bizantiis imperatoris dasturiT) mdinare

yubanamde (xazareTis mdinaremde) aRwevda. jiqebsa da afxazebs

Soris ki bunebriv sazRvrad iTvleboda cixe-qalaq-navsadguri

nikofsia (yofili laia) da iq Camomdinare wyali, romelsac

axla krasnodaris mxaris md. nogofsuxi ewodeba da tuafses

CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs. kavkasiis (kavkonTa) mTebis iqiT iyo

vrceli teritoriebi svanebis, dvalebis, Zveli osebis (ara al-

anebis), wanarebis (moxevebis), fxovelebis (xevsurebis), mosoxebis

(TuSebis) samkvidro. aRmosavleTiT, bagratis samefos jer kidev

SemosaerTebeli kaxeTi da Tbilisis saemiro zRudavda. kaxeT-

hereTis aRmosavleTSi moZme albanelebi ukve Turqdebodnen (kidev

erTxel gavixsenoT korneli tacitis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom

albanelebi da iberebi Tavs Tesaliidan wamosulebad Tvliano).

Tqma advilia. bagratis mdgomareoba ki mZime iyo. msxvili

feodalebi imdenad morCilebdnen, ramdenadac mefe Zlieri iyo.

qarTlis didgvarovnebi TavianT samflobeloebSi Tavs mcire

mefeebad grZnobdnen da sxvas iolad ver imefeben. kaxeTis

mTavarepiskoposebi Tavad cdilobdnen danarCeni saqarTvelos

mierTebas. arc qarTlis gulSi gaWimuli saamiro iyo xelwa-

mosakravi Zala. amas emateboda bizantiis imperiis mier daviT

kurapalatis samkvidreos mitaceba. mefoba ocnebaSic araa ioli

da cxadSi sisxliT da brZolebiT iyo gajerebuli. bagrats da

mis memkvidreebs saukunovani mcdeloba dasWirdaT am problemebis

mosagvareblad.

saqmes arTulebda XI saukunis Sua xanebSi Turqulenovani

99

mravalricxovani tomebis Semoseva iran-kavkasiis mimarTulebiT.

araboba ar iyo gadagdebuli da gamusulmanebulma Turqebma (maT

warmatebiT dalaSqres baRdadi da axal religias eziarnen) iwyes

kavkasiis rbeva.

Turqulenovanma tomebma iolad daamarcxes albanelebi da

ramdenadac ojaxebiT modiodnen, damxvdurTa Soris Casaxleba

daiwyes.1 1048 w. momTabare-marbiel-dampyrobi Zala sasomxeTs

miadga. ra SeeZloT somxebs, roca Turqebma 1071 w. bizantiis

jarebi gaanadgures. Tu Zliers sZlev, susti tyuilad cdilobs

Tavis gadarCenas.

somxeTs saqarTvelo mosdevda. isec xdeba, roca uneblied

mters saqmes uadvileb. bizantiam 1045 w. sasomxeTSi mefoba

gaauqma. anisis samefos provinciad gadaqceva emuqreboda. somxebis

dacva saqarTvelom scada (bagrat IV, erTi periodi, anisic dai-

kava adgilobriv didebulTa xelSewyobiT). yvelaferi cvalebadia

da amdenad droebiTi. Turqebma moqiSpeebi Tavis sasargeblod

daaSoriSores.

somxeT-saqarTvelos urTierToba yovelTvis iyo gadajaWvuli.

Tu Zv. w. aR. IV s. (arianes mowmobiT) maT iberiuli tomebis

samxreTiT mcire teritoria ekavaT, Semdeg SeiZles, imravles

da IX_X s. ukve saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis saqmeebSic

aqtiurad monawileobdnen. amas yvelaferTan erTad dinastiurma

naTesaobamac Seuwyo xeli.2 somxebis wvlili qarTveli eris

genezisis sakiTxSi, iseve rogorc ara mxolod Tubal-tabal-

iberebisa aramed sakuTriv qarT-ebisi da Semdeg qarTvelebisa

somxebis genezisSi Znelad dasadgenia. problemas, istoriul

aspeqtze metad, dRevandelobisa da saxvalios mniSvneloba gaaC-

nia. Tu somxebi X_XI s. ereodnen qarTvelTa saqmeebSi zogjer

1 rogorc sasiamovno faqti unda aRiniSnos, rom dRe-

vandel azerbaijanSi aris miswrafeba Rrmad gaiazron albanuri

fesvebis mniSvneloba da SesaZleblobis Tanaxmad warmoaCinon

gza da Sedegi.

2 bagration-bagratunebis warmomavlobisa da urTierTobis

Sesaxeb bevri Tqmula da iTqmeba. es daumTavrebeli sakiTxia.

100

rogorc mokavSireebi da xSirad metoqeebi, aseve hqonda adgili

piruku qmedebebs. Tu somxebma erTi periodi moaxerxes da dai-

kaves q. dmanisi, `qarTvelTa veli~ (lore) da rezidencia q.

samSvildeSi daides, meore mxriv daviT kurapalati qarTvelebs

asaxlebs vanis tbis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT raionebSi. 1065

w. qarTvelebma daikaves karis, vanandisa da karniforis cixe-

teritoriebi. md. evfratis marjvena Senakadis bagrevandis xeoba,

centriT valaSkerti. aq daarsebul iqna qarTuli saepiskoposo.

sainteresoa, rom es saepiskoposo moxseniebulia XV s. samcxe-

saaTabagos mRvdelmTavarTa siaSi. es ki imis mauwyebelia, rom

aq jer kidev Sereuli mosaxleoba iyo da qarTulad mRvdelm-

saxureba mimdinareobda.

Turq-selCukTa mier somxeTis iavaryofa qarTvelTaTvis

mware niSani unda yofiliyo. marTlac ubedurebam ar daayovna.

1064 w. isini sulTan alf-arslanis moTaveobiT saqarTveloSi

SemoiWrnen. momTabare-mejoge Turqebi, istorikosTa cnobiT,

dapyrobil adgilebSi miwaTsargeblobis kulturas spobdnen,

saxldebodnen da baR-venaxebs saZovrebad aqcevdnen. gansakuTrebiT

garTulda viTareba XI s. 80-ian wlebSi. es periodi istoriaSi

didi Turqobis saxeliTaa Semosuli.

saqarTvelos istoria vrclad asaxavs eris Znelbedobis

procesebs. am mxriv mokle mimoxilva Rrma mecnierul analizze

pretenzias ver ganacxadebs. da arc aris saWiro. did Turqo-

basTan dakavSirebiT mxolod erTi faqti unda aRiniSnos. daviT

aRmaSenebelis istorikosi sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom TurqTagan

`moxucni ara Sewyalebul iqnes, xolo qalwulni ginebul~.…

roca eTnogenezis sakiTxzea msjeloba aseTi cnobis uyur-

adRebod datoveba ar SeiZleba. genetikuri TvalsazrisiT Seu-

bRalavi eri ar arsebobs. verc qarTvelebi darCebodnen ise, rom

maT jiSs, sisxls ucxo ar Sereoda an TviTon ar moexdinoT

aRreva. am mxriv sakmarisia gavixsenoT istoriuli cnoba imis

Sesaxeb, rom vaxtang gorgaslis zeobisas saberZneTTan omis dros

qarTvelebma ar daindes qalTa siwminde. miamitoba iqneboda imis

gafiqreba, rom omebs Tan ar axlda sisxlis aRrevis masobrivi

procesebi, magram istorikoss, rom es sagangeboT aReniSna, es

ki iSviaTobaa.

101

sxva faqtorebTan erTad esacaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, ramac

aiZula erisSvilebi, iseTi ukadrebeli nabiji gadaedgaT, rac

cocxali mefis gadayenebasa da faqtobrivad sasaxlis gadatri-

alebas niSnavs. Znelbedobis Jams saxelmwifo marTvis saqmes

iZulebiTi nebayoflobiT CamoSorda giorgi II da taxtze misi

16 wlis vaJi daviTi avida.

yovel mefoba, gancdil ers hyavda gamoCenili da rigiTi

gamgebeli. arc saqarTveloa am mxriv gamonaklisi. erma bevri

mefe-batoni gamoicvala, magram erTeulia maTSi iseTi, romelsac

daxasiaTeba ar sWirdeba. roca ityvi qarTlosi, aieti, farnavazi,

gorgasali, ra saWiroa msjeloba, viszea saubari. zustad aseve

aRmaSenebeli ganmartebas ar saWiroebs. es ar niSnavs, rom ers

ar hyolia sxva gamoCenili winamZRolebi. mxolod farsmani ori

iyo. iyo miTridate pontoeli, azoni, miriani, aSot da daviT

kurapalatebi, arCili da a.S. magram gamorCeulTa Sorisac xom

arian gamorCeulebi. aseTi 16 wlis ymawvili gaamefes 1089 wels.

da qveyana iyo wamxdari, da eri dabeCavebuli, da saero da

saeklesio mmarTveloba garyvnili. ar iyo saSveli Tvinier 16

wlis gmirisa.

daviT aRmaSenebelze imdeni Tqmula da dawerila, rom saeWvoa

vinme mkvlevarma raime axals miagnos. asjer naTqvamis asmeerTed

ganmeoreba ki aqtualobas moklebulia. miT ufro, rom samsjelo

ara mTlianad istoriuli movlenebia, aramed mxolod eTnogene-

zTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.

aRmaSenebelma samefos gaerTianeba-gaZlierebisa da bolos

kavkasiis imperiis Seqmnis mizniT 60 mniSvnelovani omi gadaixada.

am omebis siaSi Setanili araa yvelaferze sayuradRebo-omi

Tavgasuli (misi poziciidan) feodalebis winaaRmdeg. ara da, rom

ara baRvaSTa, abuliTisZis da sxva gvarebis urCobis moTokva,

iberiul-kolxuri tomebis erT erad Sekvra ver moxdeboda.

amasTan, urCebi mxolod saero msxvili gvarebis warmomadgen-

lebi rodi iyvnen. uaresi safrTxe qveynis da eris gamTlianebas

saeklesio bobolebisagan emuqreboda. `daviTis istorikosi~

acxadebs: `wmindani eklesiani, saxlni RmrTisani, quab avazakTa

qmnil iyvnen.~ `romelni nacvlad sjulTa saRmrToTa urjule-

102

basa awurTides maT queSeTa yovelTa~. `saxliT uflisaT da

mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli urjuloeba da codva~. ufro

naTlad aRwera SeuZlebelia.

da ra moimoqmeda aRmaSenebelma?

gamdgari erisTavebis mamulebi saxelmwifo (samefo) sa-

kuTrebad gaxada. gamdgari mRvdelmTavrebis nacvlad saxelmwifos

(samefos) erTgulebi daadgina. pirvel yovlisa mwignobarTuxu-

cesis da Wyondidelis (saepiskoposos) Tanamdebobebi gaaerTiana.

giorgi Wyondidelis diswuls svimons (erTgul saeklesio pirs)

bediisa (afxazeTi) da alaverdis (kaxeTi) winamZRvroba daavala.

waSala kuTxuroba, eklesiurad Sekra eri. TviT eklesia (saRvTo

saqme) saxelmwifos (mefes) dauqvemdebara.

mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo ormoci aTasi yivCaRis ojaxi-

anad Camosaxleba. isini kompaqturad daafuZnes hereTis, qarTlis

sazRvrispira midamoebSi da CrdiloeT somxeTSi. Tu iangariSeba

im drois ojaxebis wevrTa raodenoba, sagrZnobi cifri gamodis.

marTalia Camosulebi qristianebad monaTles, magram saboloo

asimilacia saukuneze met xans gastanda. amasTan procesi ormxrivi

unda yofiliyo. yivCaRuri geni da sisxli TavisTvis ibrZolebda

da sazRaurs moiTxovda.

aRmaSenebels Tavgadaklul internacionalistobas ver

daabraleben, magram sxva erovnebisa da sarwmunoebis mosaxleo-

bisadmi loialuri damokidebuleba saxezea. es man praqtikiT

naTelyo. werilobiTi wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, rom Tbilisi,

rusTavi, samSvilde, dmanisi savse iyo arabebiT, sparselebiT.

saerTod muslimanebs garkveuli SeRavaTebic hqondaT. mWidro,

megobruli urTierToba mxolod vaWrobis sferos ar moicavda.

aseT pirobebSi Sereuli ojaxebis Seqmnac ar gamoiricxeboda.

mkvidrad Casaxlebul ucxoelebze aranaklebi iyo naqiravebi.

cnobili faqtia, rom qarTvelebi meomrebs qiraobdnen yivCaReTSi,

oseTSi, kavkasiel mTielebSi (gansakuTrebiT lekebSi) da Soreul

qurTebsac ki. SemdegSi cnobili mxargrZelebis gvari naqiravebi

da gaqarTvelebuli qurTebidan modis.

somxebze laparaki araa, im dros somxebze axlobeli Tan-

amebrZolebi qarTvelebs ar hyavdaT. erTobis grZnoba imdenad

103

didi iyo, rom somxebi TviTon iwvevdnen qarTvelebs, xSirad

sakuTar beds andobdnen. is erTi faqtic sakmarisia, rom 1045

w. somxebma `qalaqis uxucesTa~ gadawyvetilebiT q. anisi saqa-

rTvelos mefe bagrat IV gadasces. (sxva ambavia, rom bagratma

qalaqi ver SeinarCuna). somexi istorikosis maTe urhaelis

TqmiT aRmaSenebeli somexTa tomis moyvaruli iyo. safiqrelia,

rom ara dapyrobis mizniT, aramed erTobis ZaliT aRmaSenebelma

somxeTi saqarTvelos SemouerTa. amiT samefos SemadgenlobaSi

grigorianuli mosaxleobis ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizarda, magram

religiul niSans arc somxebis ganfenisaTvis SeuSlia xeli da

arc qarTuli mecixovneebis somxeTis qalaqebSi da gamagrebul

adgilebSi yofnisaTvis. Tu faqti gamagrebuli iqneba cnobiT imis

Sesaxeb, rom lore-taSiris, anisis, Sarvanis samflobeloebSi

qarTuli adaministracia damkvidrda, unda davaskvnaT, rom isto-

riuli erToba (rac im dros daviwyebuli ar iyo), asimilaciuri

procesebiT ufro ganmtkicda. (ivane orbelis anisis mflobel-

mmarTvelad, dadginebiT daedo safuZveli somex orbelin-Ta

ganTqmul sagvareulos) da ase ramdens?

ramdenad mtkice iyo erTobis grZnoba da naklebi erovnuli

gansxvavebulobis SegrZneba im faqtebidanac mtkicdeba, rom saqa-

rTveloSi Cndeba somxuri eklesiebi, kerZo samflobeloebi da

piriqiT somxeTSi qarTuli. SemorCenilia werilobiTi cnoba, sa-

dac kaxa Toreli aRniSnavs: ̀ viyide xovle xoja salamis colisa

da Svilisagan naxevari da naxevari hasan sumbatis Zisa somex-

isagan da ioseb buRbafais Zisa huriisagan.~ qarTlis SuagulSi

Cndeba sparsuli, somxuri, ebrauli qoneba. Tavis mxriv, mcxeTis

sakaTalikosos eparqiaSi XIV s. cnobiT Sedioda valaSkerti,

anisi, kari. sxva faqtebs hfaravs Tamar mefis erTi dokumenti,

sadac Tavs bagratunianad moixseniebs. ganmarteba zedmetia.

gansxvavebuli iyo damokidebuleba kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT

mcxovreb eTnosebTan. gaZlierebul saqarTvelos maTze didi gav-

lena hqonda, magram uSualod teritoriuli SemoerTebis sakiTxi

ar dasmula. erTi mxriv meomrebis daqiraveba, meore istoriuli

siaxlis gageba kaspiis zRvis sanapirodan Sav zRvaze mcxovreb

eTnosebs qarTvelur tomebTan aaxloebda da saerTo momavlis

104

Seqmnisaken ubiZgebda. kidev erTxel gavixsenoT naTqvami, rom

mTis iberebi sarmatebs enaTesavebodneno.

mainc gamosayofia qarTvelTa da osebis urTierTobis is-

toria. igi Zveli welTa aRricxvis siRrmeSi iRebs saTaves.

qarTlSi mamasaxlisobis (qalaq-samTavroebis) nacvlad erTiani

samefos aRmdgenelma azon iaredosis (urartus anu arian-qarTis

bolo mefe) Zem SeiZlo da oseTi daxarka. faranavazma politika

Secvala da oseTis mokavSireoba irCia. amave dros, da miaTxova

osTa laSqris winamZRols da dinastiur naTesaobas daudo sa-

mani. ramdenad mWidro iyo qarTvelTa da danarCen kavkasianTa

urTierToba, gavlena da daaxloeba, amaze metyvelebs qarTuli

kulturul-religiuri kerebis simravle am eTnosebSi. aRaraferia

gasakviri topologiis, miTologiis, eTnologiis damTxvevebisa

da paralelebis kvlevisas. mxolod patara magaliTia is, rom

svanebis nadirobis RmerTi da mwyebsebis mfarveli avsati yaraCai-

balyarebSi avSat-ad moixsenieba, xolo osebSi igi cnobilia

afsat-is saxeliT. qarTuli, Turquli da iranuli warmomavlobis

tomebs Soris RmerTis saxeli da funqcia ubralo damTxvevaa?

da mainc qarTvelTa da osTa dinastiuri naTesaoba is-

eTi mravalsaukunovani movlenaa, rom garkveuli gagebiT osTa

mefeebis qarTvelebad da piriqiT saqarTvelos mefeebisa osebad

(gansakuTrebiT laSa-giorgidan moyolebuli) monaTvlac araa

safuZvels moklebuli. es ar gamoricxavs sxva qveynebTan inten-

siur dinastiur naTesaobas, moyolebuli konstantinepolidan

da Sarvanis SahebiT damTavrebuli.

aRmaSeneblis xanas daemTxva qristianuli evropis jvaros-

nuli laSqrobebi wminda adgilebis `dauflebis~ mizniT. 1095

w. romis papma urban II mouwoda evropis samefoebs ezrunaT

qristes saflavis `gamoxsnisaTvis~ muslimanTa `tyveobidan~.

1097 w. jvarosnebma aiRes q. edesa, 1098 w. q. antioqia, 1099 w.

ierusalimi. aq maT qristianul-jvarosnuli samefoebi daafuZvnes.

saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvrebis maxloblad mimdinare

procesebi mtrebs asustebda da aqtiuri sagareo moqmedebis

karg safuZvels qmnida. araa gamorkveuli qarTvelTa SesaZlo

monawileoba am laSqrobebSi, iseve, rogorc jvarosnebis yofna

saqarTveloSi.

105

istoria gvamcnobs, rom saukuneTa manZilze erTi bedi hqon-

daT da erTad ibrZodnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da Sarvanelebi

(gaTurqebuli albaneli). am urTierTobas cxadia asimilaciuri

procesebi Tan axlda. xdeboda ara mxolod gaqarTveleba, aramed

piriqiTac.

mxolod erTi faqti. aRmaSeneblis memkvidre demetre I (1125-

1156 ww.). qaliSvili rusudani darubandis mflobel sulTan

maliqs miaTxova da q. ganZa midamoebiT da macxovreblebiT mziTvad

misca. man agreTve gahyo Sarvani. q. Semaxos aRmosavleTi Sarvan

Sahs ̀ dauTmo~, dasavleTi nawili ki md. TerTwylis (axla maysu)

aqeTa mxare samefos `SeuerTa~. naTelia, ra asimilaciuri pro-

cesebi, sisxlis Serevis ra intensivoba unda momxdariyo aseTi

Cuqeba, daTmoba, dapyrobis dros. cxadia, Tu erTi mxriv qarTuli

geni da jiSi rCeboda saqarTvelos gareTa teritoriebze, igi

adgilobrivi eTnosebis genezisSi iRebda monawilebas da piriqiT.

saqarTvelos zeoba da pirveloba kavkasiis arealSi mon-

Rolebis Semosevebamde gagrZelda. Sesabamisad didi xnis manZilze

qarTuli jiSi iTeseboda mezobel qveynebSi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom mezoblebi istoriulad monaTesave Tu ara axlobeli eT-

nosebi iyvnen, maSin bunebrivi iqneboda qarTuli tipis, jiSis

mosaxleobis gaCena maT arealSi. kidev erTxel gavixsenoT cnoba,

rom albanelebi da iberebi Tesaliidan (balkaneTis naxevarkun-

Zuli) arian wamosulebi. esec rom ar iyos, kavkasiaSi mezoblad

Tanacxovrebam bevri saerTo daamkvidra maT Soris. daaxloebiT

igive iTqmis somxebze. trapizonis samefo isedac iberiul-kolxi

tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da asimilaciur-migraciuli procesebi

axal elements ver gaaCenda.

XIII s. saqarTvelos samefos siZlieris daknineba-dacemis

periodia. katastroful marcxs ara mxolod mtrebis siZliere,

aramed qveynis SigniT mimdinare procesebic gansazRvravda. aR-

maSenebelma Seqmna mZlavri kavkasiuri imperia da mis xelmZR-

vanelad Ze, demetre TviTon akurTxa mefed.

samefos erTianobis da siZlieris sayrden fenas wvrili azn-

auroba warmoadgenda. msxvili erisTavebi izolirebuli iyvnen an

aSkarad mainc ver eurCebodnen siuzerens. viTareba TandaTanobiT

106

Seicvala misi memkvidreebis dros. magaliTi mefem misca (Te-

vzi Tavidan ixrwneba). 1150 w. demetre I nebiT daapatimres da

TvalSi sinaTle waarTves aRmaSeneblis umcros vaJs da mefis

Zmas vaxtangs. samefo taxti gaamyares SesaZlo prtendentis

CamocilebiT. orgulobis Tesli Cagdebuli iqna.

Zmis moRalates Svili rad daindobda. 1155 w. aumxedrda

mefes da samefo taxti daikava daviT V saxeliT. eqvsi Tve

imefa mamis winaaRmdeg mojanyem da gardaicvala.1 fiqroben, rom

Savbneli saqmis iniciatori berad aRkvecili demetre iqneboda.

Svilis moulodneli-sabedniero gardacvalebis Semdeg, igi me-

fobas daubrunda. (aRmSeneblobiT Tu ara arakacobiT xom ajoba

mamas). 1156 w. demetres gardacvalebis Semdeg misi umcrosi vaJi

giorgi III gamefda da zeobda 1184 wlamde.

istoriulad giorgi III energiul da warmatebul mefed iTv-

leba. mis saxels ukavSirdeba laSqroba darubandis mxares. gior-

gis mamida Tamaris Svilma, Sarvanis Sahma aRsarTanma, daxmareba

sTxova darubandelebTan omSi. giorgim iaxla meore naTesavi,

bizantiis momavali imperatori andronike komneni da gailaSqra

aRmosavleTiT. moaoxra darubandis CrdiloeTi midamoebi, aiRo

q. Saburani, dapyrobili miumtkica SarvanSas da Zlevamosili

dabrundas q. Tbiliss.

giorgi III Ze, taxtis memkvidre ar hyavda. hyavda gar-

dacvlili Zmis (daviT V) vaJiSvili demna da Tavisi Svili

Tamari. istoriuli samarTlianoba da samarTlis samarTlianoba

moiTxovda demna (demetre) ufliswulis memkvidred aRiarebas.

Cven es viciT. maSin amas mtkivneulad aRiTqvamdnen. amitom demnas

Zlieri TanamgrZnobni da Tanamoazrovneni hyavda, simamris ivane

orbelis meTaurobiT.

Zalaufleba avadmyofobasaviT gadamdebia. Zalauflebis avad-

myofoba kiboze uaresad ipyrobs adamianis organizms. giorgi

didi xnis mefe iyo. Zmis ucnaurma sikvdilma gauxsna gza tax-

tisaken. man kargad icoda, rom adamianis sikvdiliT mTavrdeba

masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, da daamTavra kidec 1177 w.,

1. somexi istorikosi vardani, daviT V momwamlelad q. anisis

gamgebel ivane orbels asaxelebs.

107

demnas janyi taxtis dasakaveblad. mefobis kanonieri kandidati

daiWires, daabrmaves, daasaWurises, mokles, damarxes da taxti-

saken gza gauxsnes qals.

qalis gamefeba sxva qveynebSi momxdara, magram ara qarTvelTa

Soris. am saqmes cvlilebebi jer adamianTa gonebaSi sWirdeboda,

Semdeg mmarTveli socialuri jgufis SigniT. didgvarovnebi

tradiciebis momxreni iyvnen. ryevebi maT ar awyobdaT. Canafiqris

aRsasruleblad giorgis sxva socialuri jgufis warmomadgen-

lebis imedi unda hqonoda. da aRzevda nayivCaRari (Tu yivCaRi)

yubasari. mefis erTgulebisaTvis man amirspasalaroba daimsaxura.

aznauris naymevma afridonma ki msaxurTuxucesoba da erisTavT-

erisTaoba. istoria ar gvamcnobs kidev vin ra moigo. iyo faruli

dapirispireba didebulebsa da aRzevebulebs Soris. aSkara Widils

xelsayreli viTareba sWirdeboda.

1184 w. mefe giorgi III miicvala. prtendenti, Tanamefed damt-

kicebuli Tamari iyo. is ukve iyo mefe, magram mmarTvel fenaSi

dajgufebebsac sWirdebodaT socialur-politikuri mdgomareobis

SenarCuneba an ganmtkiceba an mopoveba da aRsdgnen didebulni

qveynisani. TanamemamuleTa interesebisaTvis ara, qveynis dasacavad

ara, sakuTari da jgufuri (klanuri) survilebis aRsasruleblad.

gavixsenoT istorikosis mwared naTqvami: `saxliT uflisaT

da mRvdelTagan gamovidoda yoveli urjuloeba da codva~. aR-

maSenebelma aRkveTa mRvdelTa urjuloeba. giorgi Wyondidels

mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdeboba SeuTavsa. saero da sasuliero

Zalaufleba aerTiana. ùrjuloeba da codva~ moTokili iqna,

magram moispo? es mudmivi kiTxvaa. swored samRvdelo-saeklesio

didebulma kaTalikosma miqaelma misca toni klanis farul janys.

Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucess (mefis Semdeg pirveli Tanamde-

bobis pirs) anton gnolisTavis Zes Zmebi dauxoces, sayrdeni

gamoacales da kaTalikosma miqaelma misi saero Tanamdeboba

SeiTavsa. Semdegi dartyma ukve ara memkvidreobiT aRzevebule-

bze, aramed sakuTari damsaxurebiT dawinaureblebze miitanes. am

jgufis liderebi yubasari da afridoni Zalauflebas moaciles.

didebulebis gamarjveba aRzevebulTa damarcxeba iyo. so-

cialur-politikur asparezze Zalauflebis mopovebis msurvelTa

108

jgufi gamovida meWurWleTuxucesis yuTlua arslanis meTauro-

biT. mefis uaxloes Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris meWurWleTuxucesi

xuTeulSi Sedioda da didi gavleniTac sargeblobda. misma klanma

wamoayena ̀ karavis~ (dRevandeli parlamentis tolfasi) daarsebis

idea. mefes SeeZlo calkeul Tanamdebobis pirebs Seleoda, magram

qveynis avtoritaruli mmarTvelis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflis

doneze CamoqveiTebas ara. saqme kompromisiT mogvarda. iseTi kom-

promisiT, rom saqmrosac ki didebulTa darbazi uniSnavs mefes.

saqarTvelos istoriaSi Tu romelime monakveTia farTed

ganxiluli, es Tamar ̀ mnaTobis~ zeobis xanaa. amitom aq mxolod

erTi sakiTxia gasaxsenebeli. esaa mmarTveli elitis warmomad-

genlebis damoukideblobisaken swrafva da `samemkvidreo~ (ara

sammarTvelo) mamulebSi patara mefeebis doneze amaRleba. mas

Tan axlda fufunebiT ̀ xrwna~. am sens ki Svilebic (giorgi-laSa

da rusudan soslanebi) ver gadaurCnen.

yvela aSkara da farulma ubedurebam Tamar mefis Semdeg

iCina Tavi.

istoria Zunwad, magram mravalmniSvnelovnad, gvamcnobs

axali mefis giorgi IV (laSas) bunebas da winaaRmdegobas dide-

bulebTan. is ambavi, rom ganZis Tavnebobis aRsakveTad wasuli

mefe didebul mxedarmTavrebTan SeuTanxmeblad moqmedebs, ukve

Sinagani winaaRmdegobis maCvenebelia. is, rom qveSevrdomma mxe-

darmTavrebma Tavneboba usayvedures da mefem piroba misca maT

gareSe araferi moemoqmeda, ukve didebulTa ukmayofilebisa da

mZlavrobis gamomxatvelia.

laSas pirovnebis da qcevis kulturis daxasiaTeba, misi ro-

gorc pirovnebis (da ara mxolod mefis) sasargeblod arafers

metyvelebs.

ai mokle daxasiaTeba: laSa ̀ midrka siboroted TanamiyoliTa

uwesoTa kacTa.~ `msmurTa Tanamidrekili~. `sibilwesa umetes

gardairia~. mihyva `msmurobaTa da dedaTa uwesoTa Tana aRre-

vas~. saqme iqamde mivida, rom qveynis marTvis upirvelesi pirni

aTabagi ivane da varam gageli darbazis TaTbirebsac (dRevandeli

uSiSroebis sabWos) aRar eswrebodnen. es ki vasalTa Tavgasulo-

bisa da siuzerenis sisustesa da uavteritetobaze metyvelebs,

avtoritaruli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis pirobebSi.

109

samwuxaroa, Tu ara tragikuli, aseTi mefis yola im viTa-

rebaSi, roca qveynis garedan sasikvdilo safrTxe axlovdeboda.

Cingis xanma didi ZalisxmeviT moaxerxa monRoluri warmo-

Sobis tomebis gaerTianeba da dapyrobiT omebze gadavida. `1211-

1215 ww. man daarbia CineTi da nadavlTan erTad iqauri samxedro

teqnikac aiTvisa da daisakuTra. iaponiis winaaRmdeg laSqroba

iaponiis zRvam Seiwira. 1219 w. Cingis xanma Zalebi Sua aziisaken

daZra. 1220 w. monRolebma mohamed xorezmSahi gandevnes. gaqceuls

30 000 monRoli daadevnes jebe da subudais sardlobiT. imave

wels monRolebi azerbaijanis teritoriaze gamoCndnen. saqarT-

velos sazRvrebTan maT orjer daamarcxes qarTvelebi, Semdeg

gabrundnen da kaspiis zRvis SemovliTi gziT Cingiz xanTan dab-

rundnen. kidev erTi cnoba: 1223 w. md. kalkasTan maT rusTa da

yivCaRTa gaerTianebuli Zalebic daamarcxes.

laSa-giorgim monRolebis wasvla sakuTar gamarjvebad mi-

iTvala da qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebaze aRar uz-

runvia. 1222 w. man da rusudani SarvanSas miaTxova da sazeimo

qorwilic gadaixada. aris Tvalsazrisi, rom qorwilis dros

igi mowamles da maleve gardaicvala. saqarTvelos samefo taxti

laSa-giorgis ukanono Svils (Tu Svili SeiZleba ukanono iyos)

mcire wlovan daviTs unda daekavebina. mis mzrunvelad da mefis

movaleobis Semsruleblad rusudani aRiares.

istoriuli cnoba metyvelebs, rom uzrunvelobaSi, dro-

starebaSi, bedovlaTobaSi (vai Tamar `mnaTobs~) rusudani Zmas

ar Camouvardeboda. TvalTmaqcobiT, trabaxiT, araadamianobiT

aWarbebda kidec. misi werili (1223 w.) romis papisadmi, rom

misma jarebma monRolebs 25 000 meomari moukles da kavkasi-

idan gaaZeves mtknari tyuilia. swored am damarcxebulebma da

30 000-an 25 000 meomar moklulebma, (tyveebze aRaraa msj-

eloba), Semdeg md. kalkasTan moipoves gamarjveba da mSvidobianad

dabrundnen Sav aziaSi.

monRolebisagan damarcxebuli xorezmis Sah muhamedis ad-

gili Ze jalad ad dinma daikava. man SeZlo samefos aRdgena da

brZolebiT 1225 w. saqarTvelos samefos miadga. agvistos TveSi

sasomxeTis sof. garnisTan brZolaSi man qarTvelebis jars sZlia.

aris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gamarjveba qarTvelTa spasalaris

110

mxargrZelis moRalaturi saqcielis gamo moaxerxa. gza samefos

dedaqalaqisaken gaxsnili iyo. rusudan mefis arasaxelmwifoebriv-

ma politikam ganapiroba Tbilisis dacema. iyo 1226 w. 9 marti.

gadmocemiT, mxolod qalaqSi 100 000 moqalaqe iqna mokluli.

jalad ad dini monRolebma Secvales. maT CormaRan noinis

sardlobiT 50 000 meomari daZres iranisa da kavkasiis winaaR-

mdeg. iranis dapyrobis Semdeg aiRes ganZa, Samqori da uSualod

varam gagels, Zvel, saxelovan, pativdebul sardals miadgnen.

gagelma Sebmas gacla amjobina. mefe rusudanma, karg cxovrebas

miCveulma, saomari viTareba ver aitana, sruliad afxazeTSi

gadabrZanda da quTaiss daefuZna. mitovebuli aRmosavleT saqa-

rTvelo monRolebma TiTqmis uomrad daikaves. 1242 w. rusudanma

zavi iTxova. igi monRolTa yvela pirobaze Tanaxma iyo Tu isini

mis Svils (albad SarvaSisgan) saqarTvelos mefed aRiarebdnen.

Zmiswuli, taxtis memkvidre daviTi, man winaswar gaagzavna

siZesTan uvado stumrobis da Semdeg misi mokvlis pirobiT.

rogori tendenciuric ar unda iyos JamTaamwereli, rogorc

ar unda cdebodes, yvelafers ver moigonebda da rusudan mefes

cils ver daswamebda. ara da imdenad didi simdablea yovelive,

rac masze mogviTxres, rom ganmeorebac sazizRrobaa.

istoria obieqturia da subieqturi. Tvalis daxuWva da

Selamazeba araa istoriuli WeSmaritebis sazomi. amitom, roca

vrclad gviyvebian qarTvelebis, maTi mefeebis damsaxurebaze,

Ralatic ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

gaugebari rCeba, aTasi sagmiro saqmeebis Camdeni qarTvelebi,

didgoris, basianis brZolebi momgebi mebrZolebi, wina aziis

mZlavri imperia, rogor iolad daaCoqa jalal ad dinma. 50 000

monRolma rogor iolad gaimarjva da Tavisi xangrZlivi batonoba

daamyara saqarTveloSi.

monRolebma saqarTvelos Camoaciles araqarTuli mosaxleo-

bis teritoriebi. mis SemadgenlobaSi datoves somxeTi. da aRar

iyo saqarTvelo, monRolebisaTvis iyo `gurjistanis vilaieTi~.

rusudan mefe 1245 w. gardaicvala. misi vaJi daviTi ya-

rayorumSi iyo mefed dasamtkiceblad da misi araferi icodnen.

111

amitom miiZies laSa-giorgis Ze da isic yarayorumSi gagzavnes

mangu yaenTan dasamtkiceblad.

droebiT qveyana umefod darCa. wesrigis SenarCunebis mizniT

monRolebma `vilaieTi~ Svid dumanad dahyves. gadasaxadi da ja-

ris gamoyvana dumanis Tavebs ekisrebodaT. dasavleT saqarTvelo,

romelic monRolebs ar daupyriaT or dumanad iyo wardgenili.

umefobis xanam qveyana sagonebelSi Caagdo. daiwyo erTiani

organizmis rRvevis procesi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda egarslan

bakurcixeli. dumanis Tavebma, erisTavebma, didebulebma 1247

w. Tavi moiyares koxtasTavs da monRolTa winaaRmdeg ajanyeba

dagegmes. monRolebma SeTqmulebi daakaves da q. anisSi Corma-

Ran noinTan waiyvnes dasasjelad. SeTqmulebi qalaqis moedanze

daborkilebi daayares sawameblad. moxda ise, rom cotne dadiani

koxtasTavidan adre wavida jaris Sesakrebad da daWeras gad-

aurCa. rogorc ki gaigo SeTqmulTa dapatimrebisa da wamebis

Sesaxeb, wavida anisSi, msaxurebs Tavi daaborkina da sxvebTan

erTad dajda. am ucnaurma Tavdadebam moyvasTadmi (sxva obieqtur

mizezebTan erTad) ubiZga monRolebs qarTvelTa gaTavisufleba.

cotne dadianis saqcieli istoriis saamayo furclad darCa.

monRolebma orive daviTi (Semdeg maT ulu da narini uwodes)

saqarTvelos mefeebad daadgines. maT saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli

qveynis or samefod (qarTl-kaxeTis da afxazeTis, Semdeg mas

imereTis ewoda) gayofa. asevea maT saxelTan dakavSirebuli ori

samefo dinastiis damkvidreba (visi?) da monRolTa winaaRmdeg

ajanyebebis mowyoba.

ara da qveyanas Zalze gauWirda. 1254 w. monRolebma mo-

saxleobisa da maTi qonebis aRwera Caatares. saintereso Sedegi

iyo. Tu yoveli meaTe komli (komli SeiZleba 20 sulianic yo-

filiyo) erT meomars gamoiyvanda, saqarTveloSi 90 000 meomari

Seikribeboda. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi sul mcire 900 000

komli mainc iyo. (komlTa raodenobis damalvas, gadasaxadebis

Semcirebis mizniT mainc Seecdebodnen). demografebi komlis

wevrTa raodenobis minimums iRebdnen da askvnian, rom im dros

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5-6 mln. Seadgenda. im periodisaTvis

es sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia da imaze miuTiTebs, rom swori

112

organizaciis SemTxvevaSi mtrebisagan Tavdacvac SeeZloT da

Tavdaxsnac. logikuri iqneba aRniSvna im faqtisa, rom amave

monRolebma ver SeZles rusudan mefis siZis, yiasdinis bevrad

susti sasulTnos dapyroba. ufro meti. iranis teritoriaze

alamuTis cixis (e. w. qajeTis cixis) aRebas da ramdenime aTasi

mulidis damorCilebas monRolebma 10 weli Sealies da mxolod

1256 w. aisrules wadili.

qveyanas Zalze gauWirda. da es moxda mxolod gadasaxadebisa

da monRolTa mier warmoebul brZolebSi qarTvelTa monawile-

obis savaldebulobis gamo. am mizeziT 1259-1260 ww. orjer iyo

ajanyeba saqarTveloSi. am jarSi yofnisas daiRupnen daviT ulu

da misi vaJi. gaWirvebis aranaklebi mizezi monRolTa kompaqturi

dasaxlebebis gaCenaa. cnobili faqtia, rom dasaxlebebi dafuZneb-

uli iyo bardavSi, md. ioris sanapiroebze, Tavad kaxeT-hereTSi,

q. rusTavisa da yaraias midamoebSi. amas emateboda CrdiloeTis

urdos molaSqreTa didi nawilis `Cajdoma~, (sacxovreblad da-

fuZneba kolis mTaze, javaxeT-TrialeTSi. aRaraferia saTqmeli-

sakomentaro, roca vgebulobT, rom saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis

gaswvriv monRolTa dasaxleba meTodurad mimdinareobda. ase

daikaves maT Saqis mimdebare adgilebi da Sedegad es kuTxe

saqarTvelos sabolood CamoSorda.

monRolur dasaxleba-asimilaciis politikas agrZelebdnen

mTiani kavkasiis xeobebSi TavSefarebuli tomebi. monRolebis

CrdiloeTis saxelmwifo òqros urdo~ kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT

mcxovreb tomebs devnida da aiZulebda xsna samxreTiT eZiaT.

daviT ulus mefobis dros osebma gadmolaxes mTebi da daiwyes

Jinvalidan dmanisamde calkeul adgilebSi Casaxleba. 1292-1293

ww. qarTvelTa ajanyebis CaxSobisas monRolebis mokavSireebad

osebi gamodian. maT daiwyes qarTvelebis mamulebidan ayra da iq

Casaxleba. safrTxe ukve saxelmwifos centralur nawilebsac

daemuqra. (calke Seswavlis sagania daviT soslanis mefe-STamo-

mavalTa damokidebuleba am procesebisadmi).

bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom qarTul miwa-wyalze ucxo

tomelebis masobriv Casaxlebas demografiuli suraTis Sesabamisi

Secvla da asimilaciuri procesebi unda mohyoloda. amasTan

113

ara mxolod ucxoelTa gaqarTveleba, aramed qarTvelTa vTqvaT

gaoseba, gasomxeba, gaTaTreba (monRolebs TaTrebs uwodebdnen).

rac eris, enobrivi monacemebidan moyolebuli genetikuriT dam-

Tavrebuli, yvela sasicocxlo niSanze aisaxeboda.

roca sakuTriv saqarTvelos ase gauWirda, safiqralia, rom

uaresi mdgomareoba unda yofiliyo trapizonis samefoSi da

saerTod monaTesave tomebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSi.

dacemuli qveynis, daqsaqsuli da gzaabneuli eris satki-

vars verafers Sveloda mamuliSvilTa susti mcdelobebi. verc

daviT ulus Ze dimitris Tavdadebam uSvela. 1289 w. 12 marts

monRolebma mas Tavi mokveTes, amiT qveyana morigi rbevisagan

gadarCa, magram monobis uReli ver moiSora.

saukunis bolos monRolebma miyolebiT gaamefes dimitri

Tavdadebulis vaJebi. jer ufrosi daviT VIII , Semdeg 1299 w.

mcirewlovani giorgi da 1302 w. saSualo Zma vaxtangi III. be-

distrialma ineba ise, rom 1308 w. vaxtangi gardaicvala, Semdeg

1311 w. daviTi da mefed darCa umcrosi giorgi. giorgi mefeebSi

V da eris winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis, _ brwyinvale. da zeobda

1314 wlidan 1346 wlamde.

waqceuli qveynis fexze dayenebas saukune dasWirda. brZolas

agrZelebda daviT IX giorgis Ze (1348-1407 ww.) bagrat V davi-

Tis Ze (1360—1393 ww.), giorgi VI bagratis Ze (1393-1407 ww.).

giorgi brwyinvalem daiwyo imiT, rac viTarebam ukarnaxa.

istoria ganmeorda, mxolod sxva pirobebSi da sxva formiT. msx-

vili mTavrebi, erisTavebi, romlebic patara mefeebs TamaSobdnen

mamulSi, civis mTaze miipatiJes, moiTaTbires da miJlites. erTi

dartymiT moispo gamdgar feodalTa klani. 1327 w. monRolebi

qveynidan gaaZeves da xarkis gadaxda Sewyvites. 1329 w. dasavleTi

saqarTvelo Semovida erTi mefis gamgeblobaSi. 1334 w. gamdgari

samcxe-saaTabago iqna SemoerTebuli. bolos mTis jeric dadga

da mixedes aSlil svanebs, dvalebs, qsnisa da aragvis erisTavebs.

miRebul iqna ̀ Zeglis dadeba~ romelic religiur da samoqalaqo

sakiTxebs awesrignebda. SemuSaSavebuli iqna `xelmwifis karis

garigebis~ kodeqsi, romelic saxelmwifos politikuri sistemis

organizaciul sakiTxebs exeboda.

114

istoriuli cnoba calke aRniSnavs siZneles, rac ucxo eT-

nosTa saqarTveloSi yofnas axlda. mxolod osebisagan qveynis

teritoriis gawmendas 3 wli dasWirda. ZaliT CasaxlebulTa

ZaliT, rbeviT, xocva-JletiT Tavidan moSoreba ucxo, araadami-

anuri, araqristianuli nabijiT iqneboda. mSvidobianma meTodebma

ki wlebi moindoma. amas mohyva kavkasionis gadasasvlelebis

gamagreba.

xelmwifis karis energiulma moqmedebam da eris konsolida-

ciam sasurveli Sedegi moitana. istoria gvamcnobs, rom osebi,

duZuk-RunZni, lekebi, Sarvanelebi, yarabaRelebi, ranis mcxovrebni

`kualad moxarked aqunda~. saqarTvelos samefos farglebSi

rCeboda anisi, dvini, mTlianad somxeTi. kvlav gavlenis sferos

warmoadgenda trapizonis samefo da Saharmenis sasulTno.

da ase gagrZeldeboda, rom ara Temur lengi. didi meomari

da Zlieri dampyrobi iyo dakoWlebuli Temuri. SiSi, dandoba da

Sendoba mis leqsikonSi ar arsebobda. 1386 wlidan 1403 wlamde

periodSi rvajer ilaSqra man saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. rvajer,

radgan ar wynardebodnen, beds ar urigdebodnen qarTvelebi.

1405 w. giorgi VIII mefobis dros kvlav sfinqsiviT aRdga

qveyana, kvlav Semoikriba Camocilebuli mezoblebi. kvlav kavka-

siis imperias mieltvodnen qarTvelebi. giorgi mefem brZoliT

iara Tavrizamde, gzad Semxvedri yvela dalaSqra, magram Zveli

didebis aRdgena ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. Temur lengis wyalobiT

mTis xalxebi islamis madls eziaren da qristianul saqarTvelo-

sTan Zveleburi erToba da megobroba ukve SeuZlebeli gaxda.

aRarc samxreT kavkasiis xalxebi iyvnen Zveli megobrebi, aRarc

saqarTvelos SeeZlo Zveleburad xelis gamoReba. saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebic Secvlili Canda.

wina aziis istoriul asparezze ori didi Zala iyo wamomar-

Tuli. sparseTi da TurqeTi.

aleqsandre didis (1412-1442 ww.) mefobiT daesva wer-

tili saqarTvelos samefos erTianobas, siZlieres, ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobas. qveyana daRmarTze iwyebda siaruls. saukunis

Sua periodisaTvis gamoikveTa msxvili feodaluri samTavroebis

separatistuli ganzraxvani. Seiqmna sabediano (sadac afxazeTi da

115

samegrelo erTad Sediodnen), guriis samTavro, romelic form-

alurad mainc cnobda mefis xelisuflebas da samcxe-saaTabago,

romelic faqtobrivad damoukidebel erTeuls warmoadgenda.

1451 w. misi mmarTveli yvaryvare jayeli sabolood daadga saa-

Tabagos saqarTvelos samefosagan mowyvetis gzas da arsad Canda

aRmaSenebeli, ar Canda giorgi brwyinvalec.

Znelbedobis Jami dasdgomoda sruliad qristianul samyaros.

1453 w. TurqeTis sulTanma mehmed II bizantiis dedaqalaqi

konstantinepoli daatyveva da qristianul evropas Seutia. 1461

w. Turqebma trapezunis sakeisroc daikaves. erTobisa da dax-

marebis nacvlad qarTvelebma ̀ ivaJkaces~ da aRmosavleT saqarT-

velo or, kaxeTisa da qarTlis samefoebad gayves. kaxeT-hereTis

mxares imJamad speridan gadmoxvewili bagrationebi ki ara,

yvaryvare jayelis tyveobidan gamoxsnili giorgi V… daefuZna.

daqucmacebuli saqarTvelo, sam samefod da sam (dasawyisSi)

Semdeg ki oTx samTavrod daiyo da moamzada pirobebi mtrebis

mxriv xelyofisaTvis. maTac ar daayovnes. da gagrZelda qarT-

velTa samflobeloebisaTvis brZola saukuneebis manZilze.

mxolod XVIII s. meore naxevarSi SeiZlo qarTvelobam

mxrebis wamoweva. solomon I imereTis mefis da qarTl-kaxeTis

batonis erekle II saxelebTanaa igi dakavSirebuli. magram ramdeni

ram moxda ornaxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi. ramdeni qarTveli

datyvevda da gaiyida muslimanur samyaroSi. ramdeni ara qarTve-

li daefuZna, miitaca da miisakuTra dacarielebuli qarTuli

miwebi. myarad `Cajdnen~ sparseTidan gadmosuli borCaloebi

gardaban-rusTav-dmanisis midamoebSi. jer erekle mefem Camoasax-

la, metalurgiis ganviTarebis mizniT, berZen-somexi xelosnebi

lore-axtala-alaverdis midamoebSi, Semdeg ki Tavad imravles.

samcxe-saaTabago Turqulma tomebma aiTvises. CrdiloeTidan mTa

Camowva. lekebma ivaJkaces da mTlianad Tu vera, nawilobriv

mainc gaiTavises kaxeT-hereTis Crdilo nawili. darialis xeoba,

romlis gasasvlel-gavakebasac cixe Cemia icavda, osebma daikaves,

Cmi arqves da alT abalTas miyrili qarTvelobac osebad moaq-

cies. aseTive bedi ewia dvaleTs. CrdiloeTidan Semcirda raWisa

da svaneTis sazRvrebi. xolo samegrelos (odiSis, sabedianos)

116

Camocilebul afxazeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi adiReur-Cerqezuli

warmoSobis afsuaTa tomma iwyo Casaxleba.

mokle CamonaTvali naTelyofs, rom qarTul eTnoss teri-

toriul-raodenobriv cvlilebebTan erTad fsiqikur-genetikuri

cvlilebebic unda ganecada.

qveynierebaze ucvleli mxolod cvalebadobaa. fiqri imisa,

rom mraval aTeul saukuneTa manZilze eTnosis genezisi cvli-

lebaTa matarebeli ar iqneboda, ararealuria. magram is rac

XVI_XVIII ss. moxda ukve eris gadagvarebis gzaze dadgomas

moaswavebda.

erT dros swamdaT: dedamiwa diskosmagvaria da is sam veS-

apze dgas. sami saukune gagrZelda sam veSaps Soris Zalismieri

dava kavkasiisaTvis. XVIII s. ociani wlebidan CaerTo aqtiurad

ruseTi sparseT (iran)-TurqeTis davaSi. CaerTo da gadaxara

kidevac saswori (ara nikes-samarTlianobis, aramed Zalis) Tavis

sasargeblod. sakvlevi sakiTxis warmoCenas bevr verafers Se-

matebs Txroba imisa, Tu rodis, visi warmatebiT mimdinareobda

veSapTa Sejaxeba. XIX s. dasawyisSive naTeli gaxda Sedegi.

mxolod erTi sakiTxi. bolo unda moeRos saubars koloniad

gadaqcevis gziT qarTvelobis gadarCenis, gabednierebis Sesaxeb.

unda damTavrdes ùmciresi borotebis~ Sesaxeb msjelobac. is,

rac mkvlevarTa mieraa dadgenili, naTelyofs: sparseTi ukve

imdenad iyo dasustebuli, rom 10 000 avRanelma cxonosanma

moaxerxa misi dapyroba. erekle II iseT siZlieres miaRwia, rom

moxarked gaixada ganZis da erevnis saxanoebi. evropa moeloda,

rom igi sparseTis Sahad dajdeboda. e. i. aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos sparseTis Zveli SiSi gadagdebuli hqonda. TurqeTi,

Tumca Zlierebas inarCunebda, magram moCvenebiTs. man ara mxolod

imereTis samefos damorCilebaze aiRo xeli, aramed gaugonar

daTmobazec wavida. cnobilia, TurqeTma SeTavaza qarTvelebs (er-

ekles), gaeerTianebiaT saqarTvelo, kreditis micemasac Sepirda,

kavkasiis musliman mTielTa Semosevebis aRkveTasac kisrulobda,

oRond ki ruseTis imperia amierkavkasiaSi ar SemoeSvaT. sakvlevi

erTia: ar Tu ver miiRes qarTvelebma TurqeTis SemoTavazeba?

ruseTis imperia momdgari iyo darial-derbentis karibWes.

117

sparseTze ukve sakmao gavlena hqonda mopovebuli. swored ru-

seTis wyalobiT moaxerxa 1795 w. aRa mahmad xanma Tbilisis

darbeva. wyalobiT, radgan Segnebulad daaimedes da uRalates

erekle II, da Seagulianes aRa mahmad xani. am laSqrobiT sparseTs

ar usargeblia. isargebla ruseTma.

1801 w. daiwyo da mravali aTeuli weli gagrZelda aRmosav-

leT-dasavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobis procesi. dapyroba sxvaTa

teritoriebis ara mxolod fizikurad dakavebas gulisxmobda.

mTavari iyo iq demografiuli aneqsiis ganxorcieleba, rasac

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daCqarebuli asimilacia mohyveboda1~.

rodesac ruseTis imperiam amierkavkasiaSi Semoabija, aq

wamyvan Zalas qarTveloba Seadgenda.2 Sesabamisad ZiriTadi

politikur-samxedro da demografiul-asimilatoruli dartymac

aqeT iqna warmarTuli. 1801 w. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 79,4

% qarTveloba iyo, 6,6 % afxazebi, 6 % somxebi da gasomxe-

buli qarTvelebi, borCaloebi 3.8 %, osebi 3,37 %. magram arc

erTi rusi.

saukunis ganmavlobaSi imperiam moaxerxa, qarTvelebs

Causaxla da daupirispira mezobeli Tu Soreulad macxovre-

beli erebis didi jgufebi. Sedegad qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili

61,4 %-de Semcirda, afxazi mosaxleoba 1,6 % _mde. sanacvlad

gadmosaxlebulTa xarjze swrafad gaizarda somxebis, azerbai-

janelebis, osebis, berZnebis da a. S. raodenoba. da mainc yvelas

rusuli mosaxleobis zrdis tempi sWarbobda. Tu 1801 w. arc

erTi rusi mosaxle ar fiqsirdeba, sabWoTa periodSi maTma xve-

driTma wilma, 8, 7% gadaameta da raodenobrivad sxva slavianur

mosaxleobasTan erTad 400 000 gadaaWarba.

saqarTveloSi, daCqarebuli tempiT Camoayalibes mraval

enovani, mraval erovani, mraval religiuri sazogadoeba. sx-

vadasxva politikuri da saerTo kulturis, adaT-wesebis,

tradiciebis, erovnuli xasiaTis mizanmimarTulad aRreul mo-

1. am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ix. a. axatneli, revoluciuri

aneqsia, Tb. 2008 w.

2. qarTveloba amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis 43% iyo.

118

saxleobas, saerTo sakomunikacio enad rusuli daudgines da

asimilaciur procesebSi CarTes.

ramdenadac saqarTveloSi qarTveloba ase Tu ise umravle-

sobas warmoadgenda (60-70% farglebSi), qveyanas saqarTvelos

respublika daarqves da yovelgvari saxis saprotesto muxtic

qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTes.

saqarTveloSi eTnikur damoukideblobas yvelaze ukeT

araqristianuli mosaxleoba inarCunebda. enobrivTan, tradiciebT-

an erTad, religiuri faqtori gadamwyveti iyo Sereuli ojaxebis

Seqmnis dros. miuxedavad Tavgadakluli aTeistobisa, verc gaba-

tonebuli eris (rusebis) xelmZRvanelobam gadalaxa religiuri

barieri da verc sxvebi aiZula. Sesabamisad, muslimanur, iezidur,

ebraul religiebs Tavisi mrevli hyavdaT da cdilobdnen maT

SenarCunebas. qarTvelebis Sereva Tu xdeboda, ufro ebraelobas-

Tan. 2 600 wliani gamocdileba uwyobda xels aseT mdgomareobas.

SedarebiT intensiuri iyo somxur-qarTuli Sereuli ojaxebis

Seqmna da urTierT asimilacia. ori ZiriTadi faqtori uSlida

procesis daCqarebas. erTi is, rom 1829 wlidan moyolebuli,

TurqeTidan gamoqceuli somxoba samcxe-javaxeTis daclil mi-

webs ikavebda, kompaqtur mosaxleobas, faqtobrivad somxeTis

gagrZelebas qmnida da qarTvelebTan naklebi kontaqtebi hqondaT.

meore is, rom rusuli mmarTveloba xels uwyobda ra somxebis

didi raodenobiT gadmosaxlebas (erTi periodi Tbilisi TiTq-

mis mTlianad daikaves), amave dros aRvivebda SuRls erovnul

niadagze.

iyo religiuri faqtoric. marTalia somxebi qristianebi

arian, magram aqvT Tavisebureba ris gamo moxda Tavis droze qa-

rTvelTa da somexTa daSoriSoreba. amave dros grigorianelobam

gauwia didi samsaxuri somxebis meobis SenarCunebas.

cnobili istoriuli faqtia. Temur lengma kavkasiuri tomebi

aiZula musulmaneba mieRoTo igive amierkavkasiasa da wina aziaSi

gaZnelda da gamonaklisis saxiT somxuri qristianoba gamoacxada

erTad-erT misaReb Tu arsebobisaTvis dasaSveb saxed. ra gasak-

virvelia, rom Seviwroebul qristianebs, gamusulmanebas grigori-

aneloba erCiaT. am gziT uamravi gasomxda saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi.

119

qarTvelebs Soris es procesi, ruseTis xelSewyobiT, XIX s.

bolomde gagrZelda. amitom, saboloo angariSiT gasomxebuli

qarTveloba bevrad meti aRmoCnda, vidre gaqarTvlebuli somxoba.

Tu Tvals gavadevnebT somxobis Camoyaliebebis, ganviTarebis,

erovnul urTierTobaTa istorias, vaRiarebT maT naxevrad Toba-

lobas, tabalobas, iberobas, qarTvelobas. mxedvelobaSia ara is,

romel istoriul periodSi, vis ra teritoriebi ekava, aramed

is Tu rogor mimdinareobda eTnogenezis procesebi.

am sakiTxebis gaSuqeba sabWoTa istoriografiaSi didi

naklovanebebiT xasiaTdeboda. yvelaferi eqvemdebareboda erT

`diad~ mizans: ruseTi jer kidev ar arsebobda, roca qarTvelebi,

somxebi, osebi da a. S. ruseTTan gaerTianebas cdilobdnen. am

mizans emsaxureboda sxvaTa istoriebis gayalbeba da eTnosTa

urTierTdapirispireba. verc qarTvelebi da somxebi acdnen am

xifaTs. am erebis istoriaSi bevri ram iqneba gamosakvvlevi. am

mizeziT, sailustraciod, mivmarTavT ara sabWoTa mecnierebs.

moskovSi, 1898 w. gamovida cnobili anTroplogis, istor-

ikosis, kavkasiamcodnis d. n. anuCinis naSromi. (Анучинь Д. Н. Армяне в антропологическом и географическом отношении. М. 1898). ai ras ambobs igi somxur-qarTul warmomavlobaze:

«...долихоцефалический тип есть наиболее древний и притом об-нимающий собою все древние народы средиземноморской области, как-то, берберов и египтян северной Африки, древнейшее население Сирии и Малой Азии, пелазгов, этрусков, лигуров, иберов. Роса эта, вышла из северо-восточной Африки... и заселила Египеть, Ливию, Сирию, Малую Азию, перешла на острова и материк Греции, в Си-цилию, Италию, Сардинию, на йберийский полуостров, проникла на территорию нинешней Швеицарии, Франции, Англии, Ирландии, а также на Кавказь, в Крым, Южную Россию, на Дунай. Эта раса положила основание древнейшим культурам Египта, Хиттитов, Гре-ции, Этрурии, - культурам, предшедствовавшим распространению арийцев...» (dasaxelebuli naSromis 7-8 gv.).

am CamonaTvalSi somxebis, Tobal-Tubal-tabal-iberi, wina-

prebi TavisTavad igulisxmebian, magram ara kimerieli winaprebi.

maT Sesaxeb asea naTqvami: «Таким образом, по крайней мере в

120

восточной части Малой Азии, брахицефалический армянский тип следует считать позднейшим, пришлым, вторгнувшмся в область типа долихоцефалического» gv. 9.

somxebis winaprebi yovelTvis saxlobdnen mcire aziaSi. isini

tabali haosis STamomavalni iyvnen da tabali qarTosis, lekos,

kavkasosis ganayari TanamoZmeni. rac Seexeba somxebis kimeriel

winaprebs, isini kolxeTis gavliT SeiWrnen mcire aziis tomebSi,

«... армяне перешли в центрь Малой Азии и заселили Кападокию и Киликию ... Отсюда они распространились в равнины по течению Тигра..., пошли затем на север и северо-восток, вытесняя туземное население понтийских халдов и овлодели, наконец, столицей по-следних, Тушка-Ваном. Халдийские (ванские) цари строны Урарту вынуждены были перенести свою резиденцию в долину Аракса...» «Побежденные халды должны были отступить на западь, вдоль Аракса, через сарыкамышь к Гассань-кала, в область, сохранившую еще долго спустя название Халдии. Таким образом, армянам уда-лос утвердиться в так называемой Армении только после долгой, упорной борьбы с племенем Урарту или понтоийскоми халдами, - племенем, язык которого еще не выяснень, но в котором есть некоторыя основания прелпологать прародичей картвелского или грузинского племени» (gv. 11).

am istoriul analizs unda miematos is cnobebi, rac Seexeba

miTridate pontoelis mier tibarenelebis Casaxlebas sasomxeTSi,

sasomxeTis gadmonacvlebas qarTvelur tomTa samosaxloSi, sau-

kuneebis manZilze qarTvelebis (ukve qarTvelebis) SeRwevas da

Serevas somxebSi da daskvna bunebrivad ibadeba: somxuri genis,

eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi didi wvlili qarTvelebs (maT winaprebs)

miuZRviT.

albad amas unda miewerebodes somxeTSi ̀ dolixocefaluri~

da `braxicefaluri~ tipis mosaxleobis arseboba. igives adas-

turebs somxuri gvarebis didi raodenoba, romlis fuZe qarTu-

lia (mWedlovi, xati-sovi, xarati-ani, Raribi-ani, orbeli-ani,

mamikoni-ani, nalbandi-ani, xuro-iani, azna-v-uri, jigar-xaniani

da sxva.).

Tavis mxriv somxuri mosaxleobis daubrkolebeli migracia

saqarTveloSi maT gaqarTvelebasac iwvevda. amitomaa qarTvelTa

121

(dolixocefalebs) Soris, arc Tu iSviaTi somxuri (braxice-

faluri) tipis macxovrebelTa arseboba.

aq mokled naTqvamis sagani specialur kvleva-analizs

saWiroebs. qarTveli eri ver iqneboda iseTi, rogorc aris,

somxuri elementis gareSe. logikuria igive vifiqroT uaxloes

mezoblebze, romelTa mtrad mokidebas orasi weli cdilobda

ruseTis imperia da cdilobs `Zalian demokratiuli~ misi

xelmZRvaneloba.

2400 welia rac os-alanebi ara mxolod emezoblebian, aramed

dinastiur doneze mainc emoyvrebian iber-qarTvelebs. es urT-

ierTobani gansakuTrebiT intensiuri XX s. xdeba. mefis ruseTma

istoriul samSoblos mowyvita da qarTvelebs Soris Caasaxla

mravali osi. raodenobam 164 aTass gadaameta. aqedan 60 aTasamde

kompaqturad daasaxla dvaleTSi, samaCabloSi, qsnis saerisTaoSi.

dvalebi, vinc darCa da gadasaxleba ver SeZlo, osebad Cawera da

ùmaRlesi samxedro~ mosazrebiT es mxare 1862 w. oseTs miuerTa.

qarTvelebs, dvaleTs da dvalebs, mxolod SemorCenili gvarebi

(dvali, dvaliSvili, dvaliZe, xeTaguri, cxovrobovi, xabelovi,

da a. S.) gvaxsenebs. qsnis saerisTaos, samaCablos teritoriebze

Camoxiznuli osebi kavkasiis mTebiT mowyvetilni aRmoCndnen deda

samSoblodan. (ase iyo rokis gvirabis gaWramde). mdgomareobam ai-

Zula isini, mWidro kavSirSi yofiliyvnen qarTvelebTan. amas xeli

Seuwyo religiurma, tradiciebis, adaT-wesebis identurobam. didi

mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelTa mxardaWeras. gaosebulma dvalma

kosta xeTagurovma maTi daxmarebiT Seuqmna osebs damwerloba.

osebis udidesi nawili (100 aTasze meti), mefis ruseTma qarTl-

kaxeTis midamoebSi mimofanta. es ufro metad aiZulebda xiznebs,

axlo urTierToba maspinZlebTan daemyarebiaT. mezoblurma urT-

ierTobam am or eTnoss Soris, naTesaurSi gadazrda daiwyo.

praqtikulad iSviaTi gaxda osuri ojaxi, romelsac qarTuli

sisxli da geni ar hqonoda Sereuli. Tavis mxriv qarTvelebi

iolad unaTesavdebodnen xiznebs. da aseve gagrZeldeboda, rom

ara ruseTis cnobili imperiuli politika: gaTiSe da ibatone.

vinc odnav mainc icis erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis lenin-

uri Teoria, sabWoTa mTavrobis politika, marTebulad Seafasebs

122

osebis qarTvelebisadmi dapirispirebis did mcdelobas. arc im

procesebis xasiaTi gaakvirvebs, rac XX s. oTxmociani wlebidan

aqtiur fazaSi Sevida da arc maTi Sedegebi.

am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia is, rom osuri elementi aqtiurad

monawileobda qarTvelTa eTnogenezis saqmeSi. vinc ar unda

moindomos, verc qarTvelTa da osTa erTobis momentebs waSlis

da verc monawileobas genetikur-fsiqikuri ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

osebs saamayod isic eqnebaT, rom maTi daviT soslani iyo XIII

s-an moyolebuli saqarTvelos samefo dinastiis mamamTavari.

qarTvelebma, Tavis mxriv, monarqiis aRdgenis mosurneebs unda

mosTxovon pretendentTa genealogia.

sruliad gansakuTrebulia afxazTa da qarTvelTa urTierT-

mimarTebis, genetikur-fsiqikuri erTobasa da ganmasxvavebeli

niSnebis problema. ramdenadac ucnaurad an sawyenad ar unda

JRerdes, afxazebis da afxazeTis, afxazebis da afsu-ebis fardo-

biTobis sakiTxebi xelaxla Sesaswavlia. ar SeiZleba sandoobis

xarisxi mieniWos voronovebis, turCaninovebis da maTi msgavsi

àkademiuri mecnierebis~ naazrevs. aseve ar SeiZleba, imperiis

centridan nakarnaxevi ideebis safuZvelze, realuri warsulis

obieqturi Sefaseba. am kuTxis da iq mcxovrebTa istoria xe-

laxla sakvlevia.

samwuxarod, arc qarTuli saistorio mwerlobaa am saqmeSi

ucodveli.

kvlevasa da analizs moiTxovs afxazeTis (mxedvelobaSia

md. kelasuris, yofili md. koraxis CrdiloeTi teritoriebis)

istoriuli geografiis sakiTxi. masTan organul kavSirSia iq

macxovrebeli tomebis raobisa da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis prob-

lema. egrosis kuTvnili teritoriebis afxazeTTan Tanafar-

dobis, henioxebis, kolxebis, megrelebis, svanebis istoriuli

geografiisa da eTnikurobis urTierTmimarTebis, afxazTa to-

mis eTnikuri cvlilebebis sakiTxebi. Tavad termin afxazeTis

Sinaarsobliv-geografiuli ganfenilebis problema da sxva.

am SemTxvevaSi ki sainteresoa afxazTa da qarT-velTa urT-

ierT-àsimilaciis~, Sereuli ojaxebis Seqmnasa da eTnogenezSi

monawileobis suraTi.

123

istoriis arc erT periods ar daufiqsirebia afxazeTis

da afxazebis gaucxoeba iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobisagan. mate-

rialuri da sulieri monapovari afxazebisa iseve iyo saerTo

iberiul-kolxuri tomebis monapovris Semadgeneli, rogorc

kaxelebisa, mesxebisa, gurulebisa da a. S.

ukve iTqva, rom qarTuli istoriografia egrosis kuTvnili

miwa-wylis CrdiloeT sazRvrad kavkasiis mTagrexilis Sav zR-

vasTan dasasruls asaxelebs. mas cixe da patara navsadguri

laia (laiaSi) ewodeboda. Zv. w. aR. I s. pompeusma is gaamagra

da nikofsiad gadanaTla. im adgilas Camomdinare wyals, rusebi

dRes md. nogofsuxos uZaxian. es teritoria Sedioda sabedianos

samTavroSi. adreul periodSi igi gaiyo samegrelod, svaneTis

nawilad da afxazeTad.

mTavrebi didxans flobdnen Zigeb-jiqebis tomis samosaxlos,

romelic maTi samTavros CrdiloeTs esazRvreboda. am miwebze

TandaTan Sereuli mosaxleoba gaCnda. swored am realobas asax-

avda vasil tatiSCevi (в. Татищев. Труды I-II т), rodesac werda «Паче же мною, часть Мингрелии северная, которую турки и кабар-динцы именуют абхазос, наши древние именовали обези. Ныне оной большую часть Кубанцы населяют.» (citati aRebulia prof. T.

mibCuanis naSromidan).

samegrelos samTavros CrdiloeTi nawili TandaTan gaiTavises

yubanispira tomebma, magram ZiriTadi afxazi mosaxleoba kvlav

wamyvan Zalad rCeboda.

anTropologia utyuar niSnebs exeba. SeiZleba esa Tu is is-

toriuli cnoba mniSvnelovnad an umniSvnelod miiCnion, SeiZleba

swori Sefasebac ver miscen. anTropologiuri monacems verc

waSli da verc Seqmni. afxazTa anTropologiurma kvlevam v.

aleqseevi aseT daskvnamde miiyvana: «Антропологические данные как будто свидетельствуют об исторических связах абхазов в боль-шей мере с грузинским миром, чем с адыгским. Вхождение абхазов в состав народов адыгской языковой семьи осуществилось поздно и, во всяком случае, представляет собой вторичное в их этнической истории.» ( В. М. Алексеев, Происхождение народов Кавказа, М, 1974, с.194).

124

naTladaa naTqvami adiRuri warmoSobis afsuaTa tomi gvian

gamoCnda afxazeTis mTianeTSi, imZlavra da ruseTis imperiis

xelSewyobiT bevrsac miaRwia. araa saWiro Rrma istoriuli

Ziebani. sakmarisia erTi-meoris gverdiT Camoiweros afxazuri

da megruli gvarebi, rom suraTi naTeli gaxdes. istoriulad,

anTropologiurad, adaTwesebiT, tradiciebiT, kulturiT da

sxva, afxazebi saqarTvelos ganuyreli Svilebi arian. imperiuli

gaTiSe da ibatones politika maT mxolod droebiT aSorebs

mSobliur organizms.

imperiul ruseTs afxazebi ar sWirdeba. mas afxazeTi unda.

Tu qarTvelobam ver ivarga, Tu saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba ar

miexmara, dRevandeli afxazebi iseve ganwirulebi arian, rogorc

mouvidaT md. fsous CrdiloeTiT macxovreblebs.

ramdenadac afxazebs iberiul-kolxuri eTnosisagan gany-

enebulad warmoidgenen, amdenad, pirobiTad SeiZleba saubari

Sereuli ojaxebis da afxazuri genis monawileobaze qarTvelTa

eTnogenezis procesSi.

calke aRniSvnas moiTxovs slavianuri mosaxleobis aqti-

uri SeWra qarTul samyaroSi. bolo ori saukunea intensiurad

mimdinareobda slavTa da qarTvelTa cxovrebis yvela mxaris

daaxloeba da pirvel rigSi Sereuli ojaxebis Seqmnis gziT.

naxevarmilionian, erTmorwmune, Sereulad (ara kompaqturad)

macxovrebel masas sam milionian eTnosTan Serwymis procesSi

garkveuli zegavlena unda moexdina da moaxdina kidec.

ar SeiZleba Tavisufali iyos eri, romelic sxvas Cagravs.

k. marqsis es debuleba sruliad asaxavs rus da qarTvel erTa

urTierTobas. amitom sakiTxis gaSuqebis dros, unda gamijnuli

iqnas eri da mTavrobis politika. politikas adamianebi axor-

cieleben. amdenad mTavrobasTan kavSirSi unda ganixilebodnen

aRmsrulebeli elementebi. erebs sadao araferi aqvT. sadaod

urTierTobebs mTavrobebi qmnian.

rus xalxTan qarTvelebs hqondaT da eqnebaT urTierT

gacvliTi kavSiri. am mxriv sakvlevi ar daileva. am gacvlam

SeaZlebina genetikurad qarTvel petre pirvels da ioseb ju-

RaSvils (stalins) saTaveSi Cadgomodnen ruseTis imperias. sxva

sakiTxebTan erTad es eTnogenezisSi monawileobas gulisxmobs.

125

qarTveluri (iberiuli, kolxuri) tomebiT dasaxlebuli

didi teritoriebia TurqeTis farglebSi. saukuneTa manZilze

mimdinareobda brZola dasakuTrebisaTvis. bevri obieqturi da

subieqturi faqtori ganapirobebda Widilis xangrZlivobis.

maT Soris religia wamyvani iyo. qarTuli mosaxleobis gamus-

limanebis Semdeg SeZlo TurqeTis imperiam iq fexis mtkiced

mokideba. religiurma erTobam eTnosebis daaxloebas daudo

samani. am gziT warimarTa TurqTa da qarTvelebis monawileoba

eTnogenezis procesebSi. amasTan, Turquli geni Semodioda ara

mxolod samxreTidan. albaneTis dauflebis Semdeg, albanelTa

gamuslimanebisa da gaTurqebis (axla-gaazerbaijanelobis) Semdeg,

albanelebsa da iberebs Soris genezisis procesebSi urTierToba

ar Sewyvetila. sxva sakiTxia, vis meti damsaxureba miuZRvis am

saqmeSi.

mizani iyo mogvexaza qarTvelTa eTogenezis sqematuri

suraTi. am gziT naTeli gaxda, rom dRevandeli qarTvelobis

Camoyalibebis, genetikur-fsiqikuri genezisis procesSi bevrma

monaTesave tomebma miiRes monawileoba. ase Seiqmna is birTvi,

romlis simyares bevrma eTnosma mimarTa da Tu SeZlo zegavlena

moexdina, Tavadac ganicada ukuzemoqmedeba. qarTveloba dRes

mravalsaukunovani (oTxi aTasi wlis process SevexeT mxolod)

eTniuri Serwyma-daSorebis Sedegia.

II. istoriuli logika

qarTvelebis eTnogenezis istoria xangrZlivia da daumTavre-

beli. mas aqvs dasawyisi, magram ara dasasruli. sanam eTnosi

(eri) arsebobs, genezisis procesi iarsebebs, im gagebiT, rom

gascems garkveul muxts da miiRebs sxva eTnosebisagan.

dRes globalizaciis procesebi mZlavrad mimdinareobs.

mas bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs. brZolam ar SeiZleba progresi

SeaCeros. cxadia, rom ukve yoveli eri (eTnosi) msoflio mniS-

vnelobisaa, organulad aris Cabmuli msoflio procesebSi da

misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ganicdis cvlilebebs.

erebi ki ara, pirovnebebi, maTgan damoukideblad, ganicdian

cvlilebebs. k. marqsi brZanebda, yoveli adamiani, msoflio

126

pirovnebad gardaiqmnebao. mxedvelobaSi iyo, rom sazogadoebrivi

ganviTareba gadaajaWvavs individTa, socialuri jgufebis, erebis,

saxelmwifoebis interesebs. interesebi gaxdeba saerTo da Ses-

abamisad yoveli adamiani damokidebuli da dainteresebuli imiT,

rac msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi xdeba.

dRes erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi stoveben kar-

Caketilobas da erTiani msoflio sazogadoebriobis Camoyalibebas

uqmnian pirobebs. es araa damokidebuli calkeuli individebis,

socialuri jgufebis, gnebavT eTnosebis nebaze. civilizacia

Tavisi gziT midis da erovnuli an saxelmwifoebrivi barierebi

mas ver SeaCerebs. ufro meti, garduvali xdeba sxvadasxva sax-

elmwifoTa ganviTarebis donis daaxloeba da interesebis gadax-

larTva. rac xdeba erTTan, zemoqmedebs bevrze. sadamde miva es

daaxloeba, ramdenad imoqmedebs erovnulobis Taviseburebebze,

ra Tanafardobis process eqneba adgili zogadsakacobriosa da

erovnuls Soris, amaze msjeloba mxolod hipotezebis doneze

SeiZleba. istoriuli gza ganviTarebis tendenciis maxasiaTebelia.

logikuri istoriis mxolod fragmentuli daxasiaTeba iqna

warmodgenili, ramdenadac istoriuli fesvebi warsulis siR-

rmeSia Cakarguli, amdenad SeiZleba mtkiceba, rom genezisis pro-

cesSi qarTvelobam gaiara ganviTarebis Taviseburi (imanentura)

da amave dros saerTo-sakacobrio gzis Semodgenili, nawili, is,

rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo misi asakis da Tanamedroveobis wamyvani

erebisaTvis, qarTvelobamac gamoscada.

ganvilil istorias mecniereba sxvadasxva kuTxiT, mizniT,

gagebiT swavlobs da Sefasebis kriteriumebic gansxvavebulia.

Sesabamisad gansxvavebulia daskvnebic.

didi xnis manZilze miCneuli iyo, rom ufalma adamiani da

adamianuri cxovrebis stili erTxel da samudamod daadgina.

Sesabamisad, ra azri aqvs mcdelobas misi modernizaciis mizniT.

umetesi moazrovneebisa Tvlidnen, rom cxovreba cvalebadia.

magram ra gziT? zogierTis TqmiT cvlilebas regresuli xa-

siaTi aqvs: iyo cxovrebis oqros xana, Semdeg igi rkinis xanam

Secvala. iyo sapirispiro Tvalsazrisic. am koncefciis Tanaxmad,

kacobriobis mTeli warsuli sam periodad unda daiyos: qvis

127

xana, brinjaos xana da rkinis xana. gamoiTqva azri, rom dayofa

pirobiTia, qvis xanis kvali ar qreba, igi sazogadoebas bolomde

gasdevs. asevea brinjaos xanis mimarTac. bolos damkvidrda

Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad kacobrioba ganviTarebaSi gadis

sam safexurs: veluroba, barbarosoba da civilizacia. Semdeg

TviTeuli safexuri Sida periodebad dayves: dabali safexuri,

saSualo da maRali.

warsulis periodebad dayofis sxva niSnebic gamoikveTa

droTa ganmavlobaSi. ase magaliTad: adamianTa cxovrebis pirveli

periodi gamoiyo, rogorc SemgrovebelTa da monadireTa. mas

adamianuri urTierTobis joguri cxovreba Seesabameboda; meore

periodi xasiaTdeba miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis ganviTare-

biT. Sesabamisad, adamianTa urTierToba joguri mdgomareobidan,

klanur-gvarovnul urTierTobaSia gadazrdili; mesame periodi

ukve industriuli sazogadoebis SeqmniT xasiaTdeba.

droTa viTarebaSi SemuSavebul iqna iseTi Tvalsazrisic,

romlis Tanaxmad aramarTebulia adamianuri warsulis ase

periodebad dayofa. ase iqmneba suraTi, TiTqos adamianTa yovel

jgufi, eTnosi Tanabrad gadis ganviTarebis am safexurebs. maSin,

roca sinamdvileSi istoria calkeul eTnosTa an regionebis

civilizaciebisagan Sedgeba da maT lokaluri xasiaTi aqvT. lo-

kaluri civilizaciebis Tvalsazriss exmaureba e. w. RerZula

dros arsebobis koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad Zv. w. aR. IX_III

saukuneebia gardamtexi da ganmsazRvreli Zveli dauwerel da

axal, filosofiur periodebad istoriis dayofisas.

ukanasknel xans gamoiTqva originaluri azri, romlis

mixedviT kacobriobis warsuli unda daiyos adamianis gonebrivi,

azrobrivi ganviTarebis safexurebis mixedviT.

filosofosebisagan gansxvavebiT arqeologebi istoriuli

warsulis dayofas iaraRebis mixedviT axdenen. velurobis pe-

riods uwodeben qvis xanas. Zveli qvis xana iwyeba daaxloebiT

Zv. w. aR. 40 aTasi wlis win. ganviTarebaSi gadis sam safexurs:

paleoliTi, mezoliTi, neoliTi. am safexurebis gavlas dasWirda

36 aTasi weli Semdeg adamianebi gadadian brinjaos xanaSi da

ori aTasi weli, es liToni gansazRvravs maTi cxovrebis nirs.

128

brinjaos xanas Zv. w. aR. meore aTaswleulidan moyolebuli

rkinis xana cvlis, romelic dRemde grZeldeba.

mkvlevarTa Soris gavrcelebuli iyo Tvalsazrisi kacobrio-

bis warsulis sakuTrebis xasiaTis mixedviT dayofis sasarge-

blod. miaCndaT, rom pirveli safexuri xasiaTdeba sazogadoebrivi

sakuTrebis batonobiT. mas, urTierTobebis Sinaarsis mixedviT

pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobileba Seesabameba. droTa viTarebaSi

saerTo sakuTebas kerZo cvlis. kerZo sakuTreba, xangrZlivi

arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, gamovlindeba monaTmflobeluri, feoda-

luri da kapitalisturi wyobilebis formiT. am Tvalsazrisis

Tanaxmad, kerZo sakuTrebas da masze dafuZnebul kapitalistur

wyobilebas Secvlis sazogadoebrivi sakuTeba da Sesabamisi so-

cialisturi wyobileba. sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli wyobileba

miCneuli iyo socializmis bazad da nimuSad.

ramdenadac saqarTvelo sabWoTa imperiis Semadgenel nawils

warmoadgenda, igulisxmeboda, rom 70 wlis manZilze, iq so-

cialisturi wyobileba arsebobda. aqedan ki moxda ukan gadasvla

kapitalizmSi, romelsac saukunis manZilze eqsploatatoruls,

usamarTlos, momakvdavs uwodebdnen. Tundac is ambavi, rom

mecniereba uaryofs ganviTarebis maRali safexuridan dabli-

saken dabrunebis SesaZleblobas, aucilebels xdis sinamdvilis

garkvevas; ra moxda, ra gardaqmnebs aqvs adgili, amis mixedviT

ganixileba ganviTarebis tendenciebi.

arqeologia adasturebs amierkavkasiaSi adamianTa cxovrebas

da xangrZlivobas. aRmoCenilia uamravi nivTmtkiceba, romelic

adasturebs adamianTa yofnas ori milioni wlis manZilze. Ses-

abamisad adgili unda hqonoda Tanacxovrebis yvela im formas,

rac am xnis ganmavlobaSi gaiara adamianma.

pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia ori SeniSvna: 1. ori

milioni wlis winandeli naSTebi ar gamodgeba imis dasturad,

rom adamiani aq uwyvetad cxovrobda. Cven ar viciT gamyinva-

reba-daTbobis periodebis monacvleoba ra zegavlenas axdenda

cxovrebis pirobebze. SeiZleboda aq mudmivad cxovreba Tu ara. 2.

Tanamedrove tipis adamiani (kromanioni) Camoyalibda ukanaskneli

gamyinvarebis raRaca periodSi. varaudoben 50 aTas wels. aqac

129

zogi ram dasazustebelia. Tu daaxloebiT 20 aTasi wlis win

gamyinvarebam piks miaRwia, maSin amierkavkasiaSic gaqreboda

cxovrebis pirobebi. mkvlevarebi amtkiceben, rom am gamyinvarebas

mohyva mkveTri daTboba da igi 10 aTasi wlis win dasrulda.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove adamianis uwyveti cxovrebis

nirze msjeloba SeiZleba 20 aTasi wlis zRvars aqeT.

gasaxsenebelia mecnierebis mier dadgenili iseTi monacemebic,

rogoricaa: 1. cecxlis gamoyeneba adamianma jer kidev gamyinvarebis

wina periodSi icoda; 2. daaxloebiT 30 aTasi wlis win adamianebi

iwyeben raRaca niSnebis mixedviT manZilebze informaciis gadace-

mas, rac safuZvlad unda dasdeboda damwerlobis wamoSobas; 3.

samxreT kavkasiis axlos da momavalSi qarTvelebis winaprebis

sacxovrisi arealis axlos aRmocenda pirveli civilizaciebi.

dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenilia Zv. w. aR. VIII

aTaswleulis qalaquri dasaxlebis naSTebi.

ra daskvnis saSualebas iZleva es cnobebi?

udaoa Semdegi: 1. pirvelyofili adamianebi jogebad cxov-

robdnen. (joguri cxovreba, mxolod adamianebis privilegia

ar aris); 2. joguri cxovrebis dros adamianebs ara hqondaT

Sromis iaraRebi. (calkeul SemTxvevaSi joxis gamoyeneba, ro-

gorc sakvebis mopovebis iaraRisa maimunsac SeuZlia. vTqvaT

WianWvelebis budidan gamosatyueblad. daTvsac SeuZlia qvis an

xis kunZis iaraRad gamoyeneba da a. S.). SeiZleba jogis wevrebi

qvas da xesac mimarTavdnen iaraRis saxiT, magram es ar iqneboda

gaazrebuli Sromis iaraRi. iaraRad qva da xe maSin gadaiqceoda,

roca pirvelyofili adamiani mas gamiznulad daamuSavebda da

moixmarda; 3. Sromis iaraRebis Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis procesSi

irRveva joguri cxovreba da Temur Tanaarsebobaze gadasvlas

iwyebs; 4. cecxlis gamoyeneba sabolood aformebs adamianTa

pirvelyofili mdgomareobidan Temur cxovrebaze gadasvlas; 5.

jer kidev joguri cxovrebis dros migracia (amis aucilebloba

obieqturad arsebobda gamyinvareba-daTbobebis monacvleobisas)

afarToebs Tvalsawiers, aiZulebs axali pirobebis Sesagueblad

gardaqmnebis moxdebas, azrovnebas aviTarebs.

daskvna aseTi unda iyos: ramdenadac aRniSnuli miRwevebi

adamianebs bolo gamyinvarebis pikis, 20 aTasi wlis win, hqondaT.

130

savaraudebelia, rom am periodisaTvis ZiriTadad damTavrebulia

pirvelyofili mdgomareobidan Temur wyobilebaze gadasvla. Ses-

abamisad, Tu mecnierebas jer ar gaaCnia dazustebuli monacemebi

qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisis arealSi Temuri wyobilebis

Sesaxeb, es ar gamodgeba misi arsebobis uaryofis safuZvlad.

saiulistraciod: mecnierebas ar gaaCnia pirveli civilizaciis

wyaroebis Sesaxeb monacemebi, rac ar gamoricxavs aseTi wina-

pirobis arsebobas. Sumeruli civilizacia faqtia. Sesabamisad

faqtad unda iqnes miCneuli, misi warmomSobi pirobebis arseboba.

aseve faqtia mtkvar-araqsis kulturis arseboba da apriori unda

iqnes aRiarebuli am arealSi Sesatyvisi winapirobebis arsebobac.

daskvnidan gamomdinare daskvna: mecniereba aRiarebs xmelTaSua

zRvispireTSi da kerZod urmia-vanis tbebis, kavkasiis, balkane-

Tis arealSi dolixocefaluri tipis mosaxleobis arsebobas,

romlis Semadgenelic iyvnen qarTvelebis winapari tomebi da

amdenad Temuri wyobileba am tipis, am tomebis cxovrebis wesi

iyo. es wesi damkvidrebuli Cans Zv. w. aR. pirveli aTaswleulis

bolos da unda vivaraudoT, bevrad adre.

Temuri wyobileba pirvelyofilTan SedarebiT revoluciuri

mniSvnelobis winsvla iyo, Tumca adgili hqonda sapirispiro

koncefciis arsebobasac. pirvelyofili adamiani, romelic aravis

winaSe araa angariSvaldebuli, qariviT Tavisufalia da iqceva

rogorc unda. aseTi Tvalsazrisi yovelgvar safuZvels mokle-

bulia.

pirvelyofili adamianebi, romlebic mompovebel arsebobas ew-

evian, praqtikulad uunaroni da garemo pirobebze arian damokide-

bulni. arseboben imiT, rasac moiZieben. moZieba ki Zneli saqmea.

jogebad gaerTianeba saSualebas aZlevs aimaRlon SesaZlebloba da

koleqtiurad miaRwion imas, rac calkeulisaTvis warmoudgene-

lia. fizikurad ZlierisTvisac ki SeuZlebelia calke arseboba.

SiSia misi Tanxmdebi. SiSi jogis SigniT Zlieris winaSe, SiSi

bunebis movlenebisa da cxovelTa samyaros winaSe. SiSi aris

winsvlis stimuli. jogis SigniT SedarebiT Tavisufalia Zlieri.

jogebs Soris urTierTobasac siZliere wyvets. yvelaferi Zl-

ieri SiSis momtania. yvelaferi Zlieri gaRmerTebis sagani xdeba.

adamianTa jogi mesakuTreTa krebulia. mis SigniT yoveli

131

TavisTvis ibrZvis, magram sakuTreba mas ar gaaCnia. mesakuTrebuli

Tvisebebi bunebrivia, sakuTebis ar flobac aseve.

pirveli gaazrebuli sakuTreba sakuTari me-a. me-s gulisaTvis

daZrwis, ebrZvis msgavss, bunebas, cxovelTa samyaros. me-s gareT

gaazrebuli sakuTreba xdeba Sromis iaraRi. qva, xe, Zvali, ara

aqvs mniSvneloba ra saxis da formis Sromis iaraRs iSovis,

moipovebs, Seqmnis, is misia. iaraRi adamianis siZlieris zrdaa,

arsebobis gagrZelebaa, Tavdacvis saSualebaa da sxvas cocxali

TaviT ar daanebebs. iaraRi kerZo sakuTrebaa.

kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTareba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs

gaifarToon da daimkvidron sasicocxlo sivrce. es ukve ubiZgebs

jogis donidan Temis doneze gadasvlas. Temis sakuTreba ukve

gaazrebuli sakuTrebaa, jogur cxovrebasTan SedarebiT maRali

safexuria.

Temuri urTierToba cvlis adamianis mes gagebas da sxvebTan

urTierTobas. Cndeba koleqtiuri saqmianobis SesaZlebloba

da iqmneba Sesabamisi Sromis iaraRebi. Tu jogis SigniT yvela

yvelas mowinaaRmdege iyo axla garkveuli sazogadoebrivi urT-

ierTobebi yalibdeba. Temis SigniT kerZo sakuTrebis gverdiT

saerTo sakuTreba Cndeba. iwyeba Sromis martivi danawileba. es

Tavis mxriv xelosnobis da gacvlis aRmocenebas uwyobs xels.

TandaTan icvleba TviTon adamiani, misi gonebrivi da fizikuri

SesaZleblobani, icvleba paralelurad urTierTdamokidebuleba

da urTierToba bunebasTan. adamiani ar wyvets mompovebel saqmi-

anobas (ar wyvets dRevandlamde), magram imave dros iwyebs

SromiT moRvaweobas (mejogeoba-mesaqonleoba, xelosnoba, miwis

damuSaveba, gacvla da vaWroba). SromiTi moRvaweobis procesSi

adamianis unari ufro mravalmxrivi da daxvewili xdeba, xe-

losnobis paralelurad safuZveli xelovnebasac eyreba. pirvel

rigSi sakulto xelovnebas.

mecniereba bunebrivad miiCnevs imas, rom Temur wyobilebaze

gadasvlas xangrZlivi dro dasWirda. sxvadasxva warmoSobis,

geografiul garemoSi mcxovreb tomebs sxvadasxva. erTni, rom

Temur cxovrebas misdevdnen, meoreni jer kidev pirvelyofil

mdgomareobaSi iyvnen. zogi tomi dResac ar gascdenia cxovrebis

132

aseT wess. es ar gamoricxavs ganviTarebis erT safexurze mdgomi

tomebis SigniT saerTo maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas. es saerTo

aris zogadi, romlis mixedviT ganasxvaveben pirvelyofil-joguri

cxovrebis wess Temuri urTierTobebisagan.

arqeologebma qarTvelTa winapari tomebis sacxovrisis ar-

ealSi da dRevandeli sazRvrebis farglebSi, mravlad moiZies

masala, romelic cxadyofs aq pirvelyofili da Temuri cxovrebis

arsebobas. es TiTqos uwyveti arsebobis maniSnebeli unda iyos,

magram jer-xanobiT mainc daudgenelia misi xangrZlivoba. daud-

genelia ra cvlilebas iwvevda am arsebaSi daTboba-gamyinvarebis

monacvleoba.

mravlad iqna gamovlenili didi dasaxlebebis nakvalevi. ro-

gorc wesi, nakvalevi gorakebTanaa dakavSirebuli. istorikosTa

azriT, Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebebs etyoba gorakebze awyobdnen.

SeiZleba cxovrebis usafrTxoebis mizniT. fiqrobdnen, rom gore-

bze dasaxlebebidan unda Camoyalibebuliyo gvari. mTaSi dResac

ucnobs ekiTxebian: visi gorisa xar da ara ra gvarisa xar.

gvaris gamravleba-gayofa, nawilis sxva adgilas, sxva goraze

dafuZnebas iwvevda. Sesabamisad gaCndeboda axali gori anu axali

gvari. gvaris samosaxlos etyoba kari ewodeboda, ojaxis samo-

saxlos ki kera. es orive termini qarTvelebSi dRemdea SemorCe-

nili, Tumca ara myarad. soflebs xSirad ZiriTad macxovrebelTa

gvarisa da karis erTobiT moixsenieben: winamZRvrianT-kari,

lafanaanT-kari, vardaanT-kari da ase mravali. yovel sofelSi

mravali ojaxi saxlobs. ojaxi, es monRolur-Turquli warmoma-

vlobis sityva cdilobs Secvalos iberiul-qarTuli kera. kera

jer kidev inarCunebs arsebas, magram rodemde?

ramdenime kera qmnida kars. ramdenime kari Tems. Temebad

dayofa saqarTveloSi istoriulad xangrZlivi dronis manZilze

arsebobda. Temsac Tavisi kari hqonda. zogierT tomTa gaerTiane-

baSi kari-s nacvlad iTqmeboda kira. Temiskira-Semdeg cnobili

qalaqis saxelwodebad iqca.

es zerele daxasiaTeba sailustraciod iqna motanili. es

niSnavs, rom qarTvelur tomTa arealSi gvarovnul-Temobrivi

133

Camoyalibebuli wyobileba iyo damkvidrebuli. iseTive, rogorsac

vxvdebiT Sumerul-pelazguri civilizaciebis arealSi.

Temis SigniT SeiZleba gaerTianebuliyvnen ara mxolod gvariT

(goriT) an sisxliT (gvarebiT) naTesavebi, aramed erTad (mezo-

blad) macxovrebeli sxvadasxva gvarebis adamianebi. Temi ar iyo

mxolod geografiuli mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli gaerTianeba.

mas Sinagani myari struqtura hqonda da marTva Seuryevel

avtoritets emyareboda. avtoritets xevisberebi, arxontebi

(SemorCenilia arxoti, arxotis xeoba), Temis mamasaxlisebi (es

gviandeli qarT-is droindeli terminia) warmoadgendnen.

Temis safuZvels miwaze kari-s saerTo sakuTreba Seadgenda,

sadac TviTeul kera-s SeiZleboda calke gansazRvruli raode-

noba ekuTvnoda. anu kari-s (kira) SigniT qonebrivi Tanabrioba

ar iyo. aseve ar iqneboda erTferovneba Temis SigniT calkeul

kar-Ta (kir-Ta) Soris. Temur wyobileba xSirad warmodgenilia

sxvadasxva SeZlebis, monacemebis adamianTa gaTanabrebul erTobad,

rac safuZvelSive mcdaria. rogorc calkeuli adamianebi gan-

sxvavdebodnen fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT, aseTive

sxvaoba igulisxmeba ker-aTa (ojaxTa) Soris kar-is da goris

(gvaris) SigniT. kari, rogorc wesi erTi gvarisagan (gorisagan)

Sedgeboda. miT ufro saCeni iqneboda qonebrivi sxvaoba Temis

(xevis, xeobis) SigniT sxvadasxva kar-ebs (soflebs, gvarebs)

Soris. amdenad, roca saubaria Temis sakuTrebaze, ar unda iqnas

gagebuli Temis wevrTa qonebrivi gaTanabrebis azriT. qonebrivi

sxvaoba arsebobda, magram arsebobda garkveuli zRvariT, rac

urTierTdaxmarebis urTierTobebs ar gamoricxavda. yovel Sem-

TxvevaSi, mecnierebisaTvis cnobili tomebis cxovreba sxva su-

raTs ar iZleva. ase iyo yvelgan da iqneboda im arealSi sadac

qarTvelTa eTnogenezi mimdinareobda.

Temuri sakuTreba ar niSnavs miwis, saqonlis jogis, xe-

losnobis produqtis, nanadirevis da a. S. Tanabar ganawilebas.

rogorc pirvelyofili joguri cxovrebis dros, ganawileba

xdeboda Zlieris (jogis ufrosis) sasargeblod, aseve Temis

SigniT da aqedan tomis masStabiT. SeiZleba miwa erToblivi

dasacavi sakuTreba iyo, magram iq yvelas erTi zomis wili ar

134

Sexvdeboda. SeiZleba saqonlis jogi erToblivi mosavlel-

dasacavi iyo, magram iq yvela wevrs Tanabari odenobis pirutyvi

ar eyoleboda. ufro meti, ar iqneboda Tanabari Sromis xarjva,

ar iqneboda Tanabari Sedegi. Temuri sakuTreba ar unda iqnes

gagebuli Teoriuli komunisturi sakuTrebis identurad.

Temi da Temuri sakuTreba aseve ar gamoricxavda sxvisi

Sromis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. da es Seexeba ara mxolod

gareSe elements (Semoxiznuli an tyved ayvanili adamianis keri-

is wevrad miRebis wesiT), aramed kari-s wevrsac. (samuSao Zalis

gacvla xelosnobis, xelovnebis nimuSebs).

droTa viTarebaSi sxvisi Sromis (samuSao Zalis) sesxeba,

gacvla, SeZena. momgebiani gaxda (iqmneboda zedmeti produqti)

da aman monobis aRmoceneba ganapiroba. monoba. rogorc droebiTi

RonisZieba, valis gadaxdis, raimes SeZenis saSualeba, Temuri

wyobilebis Tanmxlebi faqtoria. am process gverds verc qa-

rTvelTa winapari tomebi auvlidnen. monaTmflobeloba maTSi

iseTive bunebrivi movlena, rogorc sxva erebSi iyo.

qarTvelTa winapar tomebs Soris samxreT kavkasiis sivrceSi

kera, gori (gvari), kari (kira) iseTsave gaerTianebebs aRniSnavda,

rogorc pelazgebSi gvari, fratria.

pirveli werilobiTi cnobebi Semonaxulni bibliis mier ve-

rafers gveubnebian ker-ebze, gor-ebze, kar-ebze. isini migviTiTe-

ben Tubal (Tobal-Ta) da meSex (muSkTa) arsebobaze. Tubalebi

da meSexebi tomTa gaerTianebebs warmoadgenen. am gaerTianebebs

istoriul periodSi ocobiT tomTa mefeebi hyavdaT. isic araa

cnobili, mefes ramdeni tomi emorCileboda, ramdeni tomTa be-

ladi. aseTi konkretiuli detalebis kvleva sruliad SesaZle-

belia da momavals ganekuTvneba.

yovel keras Tavisi eqneboda ara mxolod Ramis gasaTevi

da sameurneo obieqti, aramed safiqral-saocnebo da salocav-

dasasaflavebeli. yoveli kera romelime goris mkvidri da gvaris

Semadgeneli iqneboda (istoriulad ase modis dRemde). Sesabamisad

goris (gvaris) macxovreblebs aerTianebda ara mxolod sameurneo,

aramed sulier-sakulto saqmianobac. yoveli gora bunebis raime

nawils afetiSebda, Tavs mis STamomavlad miiCnevda da relig-

135

iur dResaswaulebsac uwyobda. esa Tu is cxoveli, frinveli,

bunebis movlena iTvleboda goris damaarsebelad, mfarvelad da

mas garkveul pativs miagebdnen. gvars hyavda Tavisi arqonti,

magi, Samani. saxelwodeba dasadgenia. SeiZleba mogvi gori-gvari-

guru, romelic gardacvlil axlobelTa sulebs ̀ eTaTbireboda~,

rCevebs Rebulobda da rituals asrulebda. gvars hqonda Tavisi

saerTo sasaflao. urTierT naTesauri valdebuleba, saerTo

qonebaze wilis (TanamesakuTris) ufleba. (soflad dRemdea

SemorCenili sagvareo sasaflaoebi, sadac gareSes mxolod ne-

barTvis Semdeg Tu dakrZalaven). gvars SeeZlo gareSe piris

Svilad (wevrad) ayvana da igi romelime ker-as wevri xdeboda.

Sesabamisad, gvari sisxliT naTesaobiT iyo Sekruli da axali

wevris miRebac sisxlis SereviT mtkicdeboda.

ker-as (ojaxs) Tavisi ufrosi hyavda. Semadgenloba SeuzRu-

davi unda yofiliyo. cnobilia, rom patriarqaluri ojaxebi ram-

denime aTeul da zogjer orasamde wevrsac miiTvlidnen. ojaxis

ufrosi (patriarqi) rogorc wesi misi damaarsebeli moxuci iyo.

simravlis an sxva mizeziT gayofis SemTxvevaSic igi rCeboda

winamZRolad. ker-iaTa uxucesebi (arqontebi) qmnidnen erTi

goris saerTo sabWos. pelazgebSi àgora~-s. Tu ker-is ufrosi

ojaxis Semqmneli iyo, gvaris (goris) ufrosi saerTo krebaze

asarCevi Tanamdeboba xdeboda. (a gora, sadac kreba tardeboda

da goris (gvaris) uxucesebs irCevdnen. (ra SeiZleba naTesauri

iyos qarTul gora-s da pelazgur agora-s Soris dasadgenia.

mkvlevarebi calkeuli kuTxis tomebis Seswavlis dros

adarebdnen sxva kuTxis (gnebavT kontinentis) tomebs cxovrebis

xasiaTs da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis aRniSvnis paralelurad saer-

Tosac gamoyofdnen. ganviTarebis erT safexurze myof tomebs

zogadi saerTo aerTianebda. am niadagze Seiqmna koncefcia

sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis tipebis Sesaxeb. isic dadgenil iqna,

rom calkeuli tipis wyobileba cocxali organizmis TvisebebiT

xasiaTdeba. es niSnavs, rom igi cocxali organizmis msgavsac

Caisaxeba, ibadeba, aRwevs momwifebulobas, berdeba, sustdeba da

iRupeba. zogs xangrZlivi arseboba uweria, zogs mokle, magram

ganviTarebis safexurebi yvelas axasiaTebs. ase iyo SumerTa

civilizacia, finikia, Zveli egvipte, asureTi, karTageni, babi-

136

loni da a. S. Sesabamisad gansxvavebul tomTa cxovrebaSi aris

ganmeorebadi, zogadi da aris specifikuri.

sxvadasxva Sexedulebani am sakiTxze mowesriga da Teoriad

Camoayaliba georg vilgelm hegelma Tavis ìstoriis filoso-

fiaSi~. mas Semdeg mkvlevarebi daobdnen da asabuTebdnen wyo-

bilebis Sinagan struqturas.

Temuri sazogadoeba rTuli socialuri organizmia, sadac

Tavs iyris adamianTa sxvadasxva materialuri Tu sulieri intere-

sebi. mTavari interesi materialuri arsebobis uzrunvelyofaa. am

safuZvelze ganviTarda koncefcia materialuris pirveladobis

da sulieris meoradobis Sesaxeb, rasac mohyva Teoria bazisisa

da zednaSenis urTierTobis da formaciisa da warmoebis wesis

Sesaxeb.

marTalia adamianTa pirveladi sazrunavi materialuria, magram

igi ar gamoricxavs, ver gamoricxavs sulier mxares. es Seexeba

ara mxolod dRevandel cxovrebas, aramed adamianur cxovrebas

saerTod. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili miiCnevs, rom adamianis

cxovelTa samyarosagan gamoyofis ZiriTadi (pirveli) niSani

Sromis iaraRis Seqmnaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Sromis iaraRebis

Seqmna-moxmareba aris is ZiriTadi, romelzec aigeba sulieri

cxovreba. marTlac ase iqneboda, ase rom yofiliyo. sinamdvileSi

Sromis iaraRis Seqmna da moxmareba materialuri da sulieri

pirobebis erTobaa. ise araa, rom jer Seqmna, mere moifiqra, an

jer moifiqra, mere Seqmna. is qmnida da azrovnebda, azrovnebda

da qmnida. am ori mxaris daSoreba SeuZlebelia.

adamianTa mdgomareoba maTi interesebisa da materialuri

realobis erTobaa, sadac erTi meores ubiZgebs winsvlisaken,

ganmeorebisaken, radgan sicocxle erTjeradi movlena ki araa,

aramed droSi gawelili procesia. Sesabamisad, miRweuli md-

gomareoba warmoSobs axal interess da interesis Sesabamis

moqmedebas. Temis SigniT mdgomareobis sxvaoba, niSnavs urTier-

TobaTa sxvaobas. es ukanaskneli iwvevs interesTa da moqmedebis

ganmeoradobas da cvlilebas. ganmeoradoba urTierTobebisa aris

ganmeoradoba adamianTa SromiTi (warmoebiTi) saqmianobisa da

saqmianobis procesSi adamianTa Soris kavSirebisa.

137

Temis SigniT adgili aqvs adamianTa SromiT saqmianobas da am

saqmianobis raRaca formiT urTierTobaSi gamoxatvas. miCneulia,

rom rogoricaa adamianis SromiTi unari (fizikuri da gonebrivi),

iseTivea urTierTobaTa xasiaTi. adamianis Sromis unars-samuSao

Zalas uwodeben. am samuSao Zalis SeerTebas Sromis iaraRebTan

sawarmoo Zalas. gamodis, rom rogoricaa adamianTa sawarmoo

Zalebi, imave xasiaTis unda iyos urTierToba jer warmoebis

(Sromis) dros da Semdeg cxovrebaSic.

Temuri sazogadoebis SigniT aRmocendeba da viTardeba

saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxe. nadiroba, miwis damuSaveba, xelos-

noba, mesaqonleoba, sakulto saqmianoba, gacvla. dronis ganma-

vlobaSi saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxe specialobis xasiaTs iZens.

specialobebis naxelavi gacvlis procesidan vaWrobis sagani

xdeba. Sesabamisad icvleba adamianTa urTierTobebis xasiaTi.

yalibdeba SromiTi saqmianobis garkveul saxeobaSi gawvrTnilTa

memkvidreoba. mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawileba da

yalibdebian SromiTi socialuri jgufebi.

SromiTi saqmianoba, Sromis (warmoebis) procesSi Camoyali-

bebuli urTierTobebis xasiaTi da formebi asaxvas pouloben

sulieri cxovrebis sferoSi. religia, xelovneba, zepirsi-

tyvaoba, miTologia. aqac TandaTan xdeba adamianTa jgufebis

specializacia. rac ufro materialurad gaiolebuli da uzrun-

velyofilia Temis wevrTa cxovreba, miT metad gaazrebuli da

mravalferovania sulieri cxovrebis sfero. (mSiers sasimRerod

da sacekvaod ar scalia, man jer kuWi unda gaiZRos).

am mimarTebiT marTebulia mtkiceba, rom adamianTa mate-

rialuri interesebi ganapirobeben pirvel rigSi materialuri

warmoebis gaumjobesebas. SedarebiT meore rigSia mdgomareobis

cnobierebaSi da misi gavliT sulier cxovrebaSi asaxva.

Seswavlili tomebis gamocdileba naTelyofs, rom sulieri

cxovreba materialurs asaxavs. cekvebi, simRerebi, warmodgenebi,

mxatvroba da a.S. Sromis, nadirobis, brZolis asaxvaa upirveles

yovlisa. ase iyo yvelagan, ase iyo qarTvelTa winapari tomebis

cxovrebaSic.

138

danamdvilebiT Tqma, rodidan SeiZleba Temuri wyobilebis

damyarebaze saubari, Znelia. verc imis mtkicebas daiwyebs vinme,

rodidan Cndeba monobis elementis damkvidreba. ker-iis wevrad

miRebidan da goris (gvaris) wevrad ucxo pirovnebis aRiarebis

wesidan monad damorCilebamde, kari-s (kira-s) wevris droebiT

monad gadaqcevamde albad didi dro iyo saWiro. kidev ufro

xangrZlivi periodi dasWirdeboda mudmivi monobis sistemis

damkvidrebas.

Zveli berZnuli miTologia, romelic pelazgiuri miTolo-

giis mxrebze dgas, icnobs droebiTi monobis wess, aRwers RmerT

apolonis neba-yoflobas (6 wlian) monobis istorias da sxva.

Sumeruli, Zveli egvipturi sazogadoeba ukve monobis Semcvelia.

savaraudebelia, rom imave xanebSi yalibdeba monobis sistema

qarTvelTa winapar tomebSic.

monaTmflobelur urTierTobaze SeiZleba saubari Zv. w.

aR. mesame aTaswleulSi, magram rodis Caisaxa, ganviTarebis ra

etapebi ganvlo, gansjis sazRvars miRma darCeba. xeTebis impe-

ria, saqaldevelo, aietis mZlavri samefo eWvs gareSea monebis

Sromas efuZneboda. is omebi, rasac meSex, muSq, muskebis mefeebi

awarmoebdnen samxreTis mezoblebTan teritoriebis dapyrobisa

da Zarcvis garda, tyveTa mopovebasa da monad gadaqcevasac

isaxavda miznad. Tu qalaquri dasaxlebis naSTebi Zv. w. aR. VIII

aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba, maSin sakiTxavia visi SromiT iqneboda

igi agebuli. ker-is (ojaxis), gori-s (gvaris), kari-s (kira-s),

Temis wevrs, romelsac yoveldRiurad materialuri moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebisaTvis unda ezruna (misi, bavSvebis, moxucebis,

avadmyofebis CaTvliT), ar darCeboda dro da saSualeba didi

samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. es SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxolod

monis Sromis gamoyenebis pirobebSi. amitom, roca arqeologebi

afiqsireben romelime Zeglis asaks Zv. w. aR. aTaswleulobiT

savaraudebelia, rom im geografiul arealSi monis Sromis

gamoyenebas hqonda adgili.

qarTvelTa eTnogenezis arealSi dafiqsirebulia Zv. w. aR.

meoTxe aTaswleulis civilizaciis arseboba. imave periods gane-

kuTvneba mezobeli Sumeruli civilizacia. im dronidan moyole-

139

buli Cndeba qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi da qalaq-saxelmwifoebi

mefeebiT saTaveSi. am tomebsa da samefoebSi qonebrivi diferen-

ciacia gamokveTilia. mdidrebis, Tavisufali meTemeebis, mxedrebis,

monebis socialur jgufebad sazogadoebis dayofa ara mxolod

savaraudebeli, aramed faqtia.

eTnosis socialur jgufebad dayofa xangrZlivi brZolisa da

erTobis Sedegia. socialur jgufTa interesebi mudmiv winaaRmde-

gobaSia, erTobis SenarCuneba ki garduvali aucileblobaa. erTo-

bis SenarCunebis mizniT sazogadoeba midis saxelmwifo sistemis

Seqmnis aucileblobamde. saxelmwifos SeqmniT formdeba klasebad

dayofili sazogadoebis erad Camoyalibebis procesi. saxelmwofo

gamodis sazogadoebis SigniT urTierTobebis maregulirebel da

garedan safrTxis aRmkveT organizaciad. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos

sistemas gaaCnia sagareo urTierTobebis da qveynis Sida proce-

sebis marTvis institutebi. monaTmflobelobis dros Seqmnil

am meqanizms saukuneebis manZilze xvewdnen da aZlierebdnen. ase

iyo yvelagan, ase iyo qarTvelTa eTnogenezis arealSi.

arqeologiuri dadasturebis TvalsazrisiT bevrad farTedaa

Seswavlili Zv. w. aR. I aTaswleulis saxelmwifoebi. diaoxi,

kulxa, urartu, frigia, ufro mogvianebiT ponto, iberia, egrisi

monaTmflobeluri wyobilebis ayvavebis xanis warmonaqmnebia. am

saxelmwifoTa geografiul arealSi cxovrobdnen Tubal-tabal-

iberebi, meSex-muSk-musk-mesxebi, lazebi (egrebi), svanebi. mxolod

Sexsenebis saxiT Tu iTqmeba, rom es sami dajgufeba, TviTeuli

Tavis mxriv bevr toms aerTianebda. Tu tabal-iberTa erTi mcire

nawili, qarT-ebi (qarT-uxebi) dResac ki mraval tomTa nakrebs

warmoadgens, ufro didi raodenoba iqneboda im xanad.

monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba ar niSnavs mxolod monaTm-

flobelebisa da monebis socialuri jgufebis (klasebis) arse-

bobas. monaTmflobelebi iyvnen samefo xelisuflebis wamomad-

genlebi, samxedro Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebi (mxedroba) da

religiuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi-monobasac sxvadasxva

forma da xarisxi hqonda ama Tu im samefoSi. es ganpirobebuli

iyo politikuri, samarTlebrivi, moraluri, religiuri, geo-

grafiuli principebiT. mTavaria, rom mona (rogorc samuSao

140

Zala, rogorc mwarmoebeli) ekuTvnoda batons. SeiZleboda misi

gaCuqeba, gaqiraveba, gayidva. iyo garkveuli samarTlebrivi Car-

Coebi, romlis farglebSic xdeboda mepatronisa da monis urT-

ierTobebis daregulireba. ase magaliTad: spartaSi mona adamianad

ar iTvleboda. monebi cxovrobdnen qalaqgareT da asrulebdnen

yvela saqmes. aTenSi ki sxvanairad iyo. mona, rogorc msaxuri

cxovrobda batonTan da asrulebda dakisrebul movaleobas.

cnobilia, rom garkveuli periodi, monebi policiis funqciasac

asrulebdnen da Sesabamisad SeeZlo damnaSave (vTqvaT mTvrali)

batonis dakaveba. monebad, rogorc wesi, iyidebodnen qoneba dak-

argulebi (gakotrebulebi), valSi gayidulebi, tyved ayvanilebi,

romelTac samuSao Zalis (gonebrivi da fizikuri unaris) garda

sxva qoneba ar gaaCndaT. mona SeiZleba yofiliyo fizikuri Sromis

Semsrulebeli da gonebrivi Sromis sferodanac (arqiteqtori

mSenebeli, mxatvari, poeti, gadamweri, agronomi da a. S.).

sazogadoebis dapirispirebul socialur jgufebis erTobas

TaobaTa manZilze saxelmwifo da religia amagrebdnen. saxelmwifo

qmnida SeiaraRebul Zalas da Sesabamis samarTlebriv-sadamsjelo

sistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis umravlesobis

(monebi, gaRatakebuli meTemeebi) morCilebas. religia urcx-

vad acxadebda batonebis RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da

Cagrulebs mouwodebda usityvo morCilebisaken. saxelmwifo,

sanacvlod religiis msaxurebs naZarcvis nawils uTmobda da

SeRavaTebsac uwesebda.

miuxedavad amisa monaTmflobeluri sazogadoeba winaaRmde-

gobisa da brZolis pirobebSi arsebobda da viTardeboda. monaTa

didi da mcire ajanyebebi aryevda da srulyofda sistemas. qarT-

velTa winaprebis arealSi moxda erTi didi masStabis monaTa aja-

nyeba. Semonaxulia gadmocema, romlis Tanxmad aietis Zma yirimis

naxevarkunZulis mflobeli da iq mcxovrebi tomebis mefe iyo.

bevrad gvian aq berZnuli koloniebi daarsda da bolos xersonis

da bosforis samefoSi moxda monaTa didi ajanyeba, mefe perisadi

Camogdebul iqna da mis magier skviTi mona savmaki gamocxadda

mefed. (niSnadoblivia, rom mefobis institutis garda veraferi

moiazres mefobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebma). xalibTa pontos

141

samefom ajanyeba CaaxSo da yirimis naxevarkunZuli SeierTa. mi-

Tridate pontoelma iq mmarTvelad ufrosi vaJi maxare daadgina.

monaTa, dapyrobil tomTa brZola pirvel rigSi mefis in-

stitutis Secvlisaken iyo mimarTuli. arsebuli politikuri

sistemis mospoba miCneuli iyo monobis institutis gauqmebis

winamZRvrad. TavisTavad es faqti ekonomikur, warmoebiT urT-

ierTobaTa politikuri urTierTobebTan erTobaze mianiSnebs,

sadac ekonomikuri ZiriTadia. ganmsazRvrelia. monaTmflobeluri

wyobilebis politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi forma SeiZleba gansx-

vavebuli yofiliyo (rogorc es sinamdvileSi iyo: monarqiuli,

respublikuri) magram es ekonomikur-warmoebiT urTierTobaTa

xasiaTs ar cvlida. saxelmwifos garkveul viTarebaSi SeiZleba

ganmsazRvreli, warmmarTveli roli Seesrulebina, magram misi

mizani iqneboda arsebuli warmoebiTi urTierTobis srulyofa-

ganmtkiceba da ara mospoba.

amave dros, saxelmwifo gamodioda, rogorc calkeuli

socialuri jgufebis (klasebis) interesebis zeviT mdgomi da

saerTo-saqveyno interesebis damcveli organo. saxelmwifo monaT-

mflobelTa saerTo interesebs icavda da ara yoveli calkeuli

mflobelisa. garkveul pirobebSi saxelmwifos romelime monaT-

mflobelic SeiZleba daesaja, magram es ar iqneboda klasis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli RonisZieba.

sagareo urTierTobaTa xaziT saxelmwifo aerTianebda eTno-

sis (eris) da erovnuli monaTmflobeluri klasis interesebs.

am mxrivac igi zeklasobriv organod wamoisaxeboda.

saxelmwifos struqturebs rogorc wesi monaTmflobelTa

klasi akompleqtebda. ra Tqma unda iyo SemTxvevebi, roca mona

xdeboda wamyvani moxele da SeiZleba saxelmwofos bedis gamge,

magram es iyo gamonaklisi. saxelmwifo, rogorc ekonomikurad

gabatonebuli klasis interesebis damcveli iyo da aseTad rCeba

dRemde.

garegnulad, formiT religia sazogadoebis yvela social-

uri jgufisaTvis saeTo movlena iyo. religiuri postulatebi

Tanabrad savaldebulo iyo yvela fenisaTvis. igi mouwodebda

arsebulis Semrigeblobisaken, erTobisaken, Tanabrad moiTxovda

142

morCilebas yvela fenisagan. realurad religia iyo mZlavri

iariRi monaTmflobeluri urTierTobis SenarCunebisa. faraoni,

mefe, imperatori iTvlebodnen erTdroulad RmerTis warmomad-

genlad da umTavres religiur moRvawed (qurumi, mogvi, moZRvari

da a. S.). ase iyo yvelgan, ase iyo qarTvelTa winapar tomebSi

da maT mier Seqmnil saxelmwifoebSi.

mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom monaTmflobeloba iberiul-kolxur

tomTa Soris IV_VI saukunemde arsebobda. erTni emxrobian im

azrs, rom IV s-mde, meoreni VI s-mde. SexedulebaTa sxvaobas

iwvevs batonymobis gabatonebul wyobilebad gadaqcevis (damkvi-

drebis) sirTule. wyobileba saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda

da devnida monaTmflobelobas. konkretulad rodis moxda sab-

oloo gadasvla monaTmflobelobidan batonymobaze dasadgenad

rTulia, rom ar iTqvas SeuZlebeli.

wminda saxis wyobileba ar arsebobs. monaTmflobeloba qa-

rTvelTa winapar tomebSi ar niSnavda, rom igi erTnairad iyo

gabatonebuli yvelgan. mTis tomebi, rogorc wesi Temuri wyo-

bilebis iers inarCunebdnen. ufro meti, misi elementebi dResac

Semonaxulia mTielTa Soris. aseve iyo batonymobis elementebi

monaTmflobelur saxelmwifoebSi, xolo monaTmflobelobisa

feodalurSi. (monobis elementebs, iseve rogorc batonymobisa

dResac vxvdebiT, magram es ukve gamonaklisia da ara wesi).

mkvlevarebi kvlavac idaveben aseT sakiTxebze. am SemTxvevaSi

ki arsebiTia, rom wyobilebaTa cvla moxda da qarTvelur (ukve)

tomebSi batonymobis ganusazRvreli batonobis xana daiwyo.

qarTul mwerlobaSi kargadaa gaSuqebuli miwaze feodal-

uri sakuTrebis damkvidrebis, `mcire aznaurTa~ da `did-didni~

aznaurebis fenebis Camoyalibebis, farnavazis (Zv. w. aR. IV s.)

mier SemoRebuli erisTavTa samoxeleo institutis, arCil mefis

(VIII s. Sua xana) mier misi samemkvidreo Tanamdebobad gadaqce-

vis, Temis rRvevis, ̀ mkvidri~ da xizani~ glexobis kategoriebis

damkvidrebis, miwaze sakuTrebis da miwaTsargeblobis sxvadasxva

formebisa da wesis SemoRebis istoriebi. aseve farTedaa gaSuqe-

buli feodalTa Zlierebis, qalaqTa dacemisa da gaZlierebis,

soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis, irigaciis, xelosnobis, Sromis

143

iaraRebis ganviTarebis, materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis

dargebis istoria.

batonymoba saqarTvelos samefoebSi, samTavroebSi konkret-

ul-istoriul pirobebSi arsebobda da rigi TaviseburebebiTac

xasiaTdeboda. es ar gamoricxavs zogadis arsebobas. uwodeben

arsebuls patronymobas, cdiloben evropis klasikuri feodal-

izmisagan gansxvavebulad mis warmoCenas Tu ara, arsebiTi mniS-

vneloba ara aqvs. batonymobisaTvis ganmsazRvruli sakuTrebiTi

da warmoebiTi urTierTobebi saxezea. saxezea batonymobis wyo-

bilebis arseboba.

es urTierTobani gagrZelda ruseTis imperiis mier qveynis

dapyrobisa da koloniad gadaqcevis Semdegac. ufro meti. adgilo-

briv feodalTa klasis mxriv Cagvras daemata rusuli samoxelo

institutebis mier Cagvra da e. w. ègzekuciebi~ (sadamsjelo

RonisZiebebi). kidev erTi, ruseTSi glexobis garkveuli nawili

Temur urTierTobas inarCunebda. swored am niadagze aRmocenda

glexuri socializmis Teoria. am faqts efuZnebodnen iseTi

revoluciur-teroristuli organizaciebi, rogoric iyo `zem-

lia i volia~, `narodnaia volia~, `Corni peredel~ da bolos

v. leninis socialisturi revoluciis, ruseTSi socializmis

SesaZleblobis Teoria. amis da miuxedavad imperiis agraruli

politika saqarTveloSi miwaTsargeblobis Temuri urTierTobis

rRvevis da Tavisufali meTemeebis daymevebas iTvaliswinebda.

qarTveli glexoba moZaladeebs ajanyebiT pasuxobda, magram

ZlierTan susts simarTle ar gasdioda.

da kidev erTi. mefis ruseTSi 1861 w. batonymobis gauqmeba

gamocxadda. saqarTvelomde am RonisZiebam bevrad dagvianebiT

moaRwia da didi Sedegic ar moutania. verc moitanda radgan: 1.

ruseTis imperia warmoadgenda ganviTarebis sruliad gansxvavebu-

li donis eTnosTa, iaraRis ZaliT gaerTianebul konglomerats; 2.

imperiaSi (evropis qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT) batonymobis gauqmeba

moxda zevidan, mTavrobis iniciativiT, im dros, roca axali kapi-

talisturi urTierTobebi socialur moTxovnebs feodalizms ar

uyenebda; 3. imperiaSi mrewveloba viTardeboda ZiriTadad iaraRis

warmoebis xaziT da mas mniSvnelovani socialuri cvlilebebis

144

motana ar SeeZlo; 4. imperiaSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis

ganviTareba XX s. daiwyo, msxvili warmoeba mxolod savaWro

sferos moicavda da ucxour kapitals efuZneboda (prod ugol,

prod vagoni, prod saxar, prodamet); 5. mrewveloba Tavmoyrili

iyo xuT centrSi. danarCeni qveyana CamorCenil batonymur urT-

ierTobas inarCunebda. v. leninis mtkicebiT, batonymoba imperiis

qalaqebSi moispo 1905 w. revoluciis Semdeg, xolo soflebSi

1920 w. Semdeg.

kidev ufro mZime mdgomareoba iyo saqarTveloSi. Rrma

tradiciebis mqone, wvrili glexuri qveyana agrarul siaxleebs

moiTxovda. mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze da samrewvelo muSaTa

klasis arsebobaze araseriozuli saubaric ar SeiZleboda.

qveyana mzad iyo msubuqi mrewvelobis pirvel rigSi soflis

meurneobis produqtis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis danergvi-

saTvis. batonymobis gauqmebam, mciremiwian qveyanaSi, glexebis

gaRatakebas Seuwyo xeli.

mefis ruseTis politikis Sedegad qvemo qarTli, javaxeTi,

Tbilisis midamoebi somxuri da slavianuri warmoSobis mosaxleo-

biT aivso. vaWroba-mevaxSeoba iyo maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba (es

bunebrivia, radgan sxvis miwebze dasaxlebuli cdilobs iseT

saqmes mohkidos xeli, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tan ioli

wasaRebi iqneba).

saqarTveloSi socializmis araviTari pirobebi ar arse-

bobda, aq bunebrivi ganviTarebis gziT SeiZleba kapitalisturi

urTierTobebi moZlierebuliyo da isic sxva qveynebis mibaZviTa

da daxmarebiT. 1921 w. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos ganmeorebiT

dapyrobas swored aseTi Sedegi mohyva, romelsac oficialurma

xelisuflebam da misgan damonebulma moazrovneebma social-

izmi uwodes. (am sakiTxebze sakmaod garkveviT aris naTqvami

`politologiis safuZvlebi~ da `revoluciuri aneqsia~-Si da

ganmeoreba saWiro ar aris).

mxolod ramdenime winadadeba.

19-20 saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis

mixedviT kapitalizmidan socialustur wyobilebaze gadasvla

garduvalia. gadasvla moxdeba mas Semdeg, rac kapitalizmi

145

amowuravs ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. es periodi ki dResac

araa arc erT mowinave industiul qveyanaSi da miT umetes ver

iqneboda verc saqarTveloSi da verc feodalur ruseTSi;

`narodnikobis~, glexuri socializmis Teoretikosi

lenini da misi `bolSevikuri~ (komunisturi) partia imeds

ekonomikis nacvlad Zalaze amyarebdnen. maTi azriT partiis

diqtatura iyo is iaraRi, romelic gardaqmnida, gadaxarSavda

mosaxleobas da aiZulebda ecxovra ise, rogorc maT miaCndaT

saWirod. winaaRmdegoba ki ZaliT daiTrguneboda.

mecnieruli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, nebismier qveyanaSi,

mxolod iseTi wyobileba iarsebebs, rogoricaa ekonomika da

kultura xalxisa. iZulebis wesiT, ekonomikisa da kulturis

saWiro donis miRwevis mizniT, sabWoTa kavSirSi gatarda indus-

trializaciis, koleqtivizaciis da kulturuli revoluciis

sisxliani RonisZiebebi;

iZulebam mefis ruseTis imperia sabWoTa imperiad gardaqmna,

magram Sinaarsi ver Seucvala. Zveli sami principi-erTi mefe,

erTi ena, erTi rwmena, darCa ZalaSi. aseTi gamoxatulebiT-erTi

mefe-partiis generaluri mdivani, erTi ena-rusuli, erTi rwmena-

komunisturi ideologia;

sabWoTa komunisturi saukunovani eqsperimentis umTavresi

Sedegi iyo: ekonomikuri potenciali miuaxlovda monopolisturi

kapitalizmis dones. politikuri wyoba ori TaviT maRla idga

da saxelmwifo kapitalizmis sistemas gamoxatavda. politikuri

kultura iyo burJuaziuli, movarayebuli socialisturi lo-

zungebiT.

daskvna: sabWoTa qveyanaSi ekonomikisa da kulturis xas-

iaTma moiTxova wyobilebis modernizacia. moixsna ideologiur-

politikuri marwuxebi. myardeba monopolisturi kapitalizmi.

saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc sabWoTa imperiaSi iyo Sinagani

winaaRmdegobebis Semcveli sistema. ara bunebriv-istoriuli

ganviTarebis gziT, aramed iZulebis wesiT ganxorcielebulma

gardaqmnebma mosaxleoba daayena mware arCevanis winaSe. mrewv-

eloba ganviTarebadi (Tavisufali konkurenciis) kapitalizmis

Sesabamisia. soflis meurneoba ganuviTarebeli agraruli proces-

146

ebis Semcvelia. aseT dros, saxelmwifos monopoliuri batonoba,

ekonomiur potencialTan dapirispirebul mdgomareobas qmnis. amas

emateba ideologiuri principebis sruli Seusabamoba. suraTi

naTelia: erTia qveynis ekonomikuri SesaZleblobani, meorea misi

mmarTvelobis sistema da mesame ideologia. obieqturi viTareba

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis samive Semadgenlis SesabamisobaSi

moyvanas moiTxovs.

1956 w. stalinis pirovnebis kultis kritikisa da 9 mar-

tis xocva-Jletis fonze mimdinareobda mosaxleobis gamofxi-

zlebisa da SiSis mdgomareobidan gamosvlis procesi Tu adre

erTeulebisaTvis iyo cnobili, axla farTe masebma dainaxes,

rom araviTari socializmi ar arsebobs, araviTari amxanagoba da

Tanasworuflebianoba. yovelive mogonilia mSromelTa motyuebisa

da Zarcvis mizniT. gamofxizleba nela xdeboda, magram procesi

Seuqcevadi iyo.

socialur-politikur usamarTlobas emateboda erovnuli

Cagvris gancda. totalitaruli reJimi mkacr centralizacias

efuZneboda. igi ar cnobda ararus erTa raime uflebas garda

administraciuli morCilebisa. centris (moskovis) mier Seqmnili

iyo kargad organizebuli sistema, romelic winaswar swavlobda

da gegmavda romeli eTnosi romels unda daepirispirebinaT da

ra viTarebaSi.

socialuri da erovnuli winaaRmdegoba sruliad moicavda

sabWoTa imperias da mudmiv krizisul mdgomareobaSi amyofebda.

saxelmwifos sruli monopolia zRudavda adgilobrivi iniciati-

vis an Sablonisagan gansxvavebuli RonisZiebebis SesaZleblobas.

socialisturi wyobilebis safuZvels warmoadgenda iseTi

kapitalisturi RonisZiebebi, rogoricaa: miwis nacionalizacia,

warmoebis saSualebebze saxelmwifo sakuTrebis arseboba, war-

moebis gegmiuroba. es wminda wylis kapitalisturi principebi,

romelic miRweuli unda iqnes bunebrivi ganviTarebis gziT, war-

moadgens kerZo sakuTrebis likvidacias kerZo sakuTrebis farg-

lebSi. es aris kapitalizmis ganviTarebis umaRlesi da ukanaskneli

etapi. (am sakiTxze naSromis gamoqveyneba saTauriT «Ф. Энгельс о характере огосударствения”, moxerxda jer kidev 1974 w.).

147

sabWoTa kavSirSi am sami principis ganxorcieleba miCneuli

iyo socilizmad. es iyo masobrivi tyuilis Sedevri, romelsac

aTeulobiT milioni adamiani Seewira. es iyo v. leninis da ko-

munisturi partiis voluntaristuli politikis qvakuTxedi. es

sami principi sazogadoebas hyofda erTian (garegnulad, formiT

daqiravebuli biurokratiis) eqsploatatorTa da erTian muSaTa

klasad. (klasis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen fizikuri da gonebrivi

Sromis muSakebi, romelTa bedic xelfasze iyo damokidebuli).

saxelmwifo sistemis agebis biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri principi

formiT yvela moqalaqes saxelmwifos mier daqiravebul muSakad

warmoadgenda. sinamdvileSi sazogadoeba or dapirispirebul

nawilad iyofoda.

dapirispirebul klasTa brZola iyo sabWoTa wyobilebis

mTeli istoria. xelmZRvaneloba imuSavebda da Rebulobda

ekonomikis ganviTarebis gegmebs. sinamdvileSi ar iyo gegmebis

drouli da xarisxiani Sesrulebis momxre. rac ufro dabali

xarisxis saqoneli iwarmoeboda, miT meti gasaRdeboda. nakleb-

warmoebis da uxarisxo warmoebis mudmivi krizisis pirobebSi

cxovrobda mSromeli klasi.

socialur Cagvras erovnuli emateboda. saboloo angariSiT

aman ganapiroba sabWoTa kavSiris daSla. saqarTveloSi daiwyo

politikuri sistemis gardaqmna ekonomikuri moTxovnebis Se-

sabamisad. es niSnavda fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobis srul

batonobas, im iZulebiTi SezRudvebis gauqmebas, rasac manamde

socializmad warmoidgendnen.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis interesebi moiTxovda politi-

kuri marwuxebisa da ideologiuri bangisagan gaTavisuflebas.

es aucilebloba SeiZleboda civiluri an barbarosuli gziT

ganxorcielebuliyo. uvicobam sZlia codnas, borotma keTils,

sibnelem sinaTles da arCeuli iqna ekonomikis marTvis sistemis

ara reformebis, aramed msxvrevis meTodi.

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi es niSnavda marTvis biurokrati-

uli aparatis gamyarebas, komunisturi elementebis SeiaraRebul

elementebTan gaerTianebas, orives mier erovnuli simdidris

Zarcva, ganawileba, dataceba, gayidvas. praqtikulad moispo meqa-

148

nizebuli soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba. warmoebis is dargebi

da obieqtebi, ris gamoc respublikas industriuli ewodeboda

aRar arsebobs. sanacvlod revoluciuri tempiT moxda kapitalis

dagroveba mmarTveli da mZarcveli elitis xelSi.

amrigad, qveyanaSi gaCnda didi odenobis daukmayofilebeli

moTxovnileba. msoflio bazarma misi aTviseba swrafad moax-

dina dabali xarisxis da moTxovnileba dakarguli saqonlis

xarjze. amis gamo sakuTari samrewvelo potencialis an agra-

ruli seqtoris ganviTareba damuxruWebulia an aqtualobas

moklebuli. es Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia mecnierTa, inJinerTa,

kvalifikaciuri muSakTa diskvalifikaciasTan. maTze moTxovna

realurad ar arsebobs. aman Sromisunariani mosaxleoba ai-

Zula sazRvargareT eZebna samuSao. ormilionianamde adamianma

samSoblo miatova. xuT milioniani mosaxleobisaTvis es didi

danakargia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom darCenilebis umetesoba

umuSevaria, degradaciisa da pauperizmis, gaucxoebis done gak-

virvebas aRar gamoiwvevs.

gamosavali erTia. saqarTvelom unda SeZlos proporciuli

adgilis damkvidreba msoflio saqonelwarmoebaSi. mxolod

moxmarebis xaziT-maTxovrobis tolfasia. msoflio savaluto

fondisa da mdidari donorebis imedaT yofna damRupvelia.

aRorZineba pirvel rigSi soflis meurneobis modernizaciiT

unda daiwyos. Tu sabWoTa `meqanizirebuli~ meurneobebi iyo

rentabeluri, ufro meti SesaZlebloba Tanamedrove agraruli

meurneobis SesaZleblobebSia. saWiroa saxelmwifos Sesabamisi

agraruli politikis ganxorcieleba, agraruli upatronobisa da

anarqiis darRveva. proteqcionistuli politika mokle droSi

uzrunvelyofs progress.

saqarTvelo gigantur industriul centrad ver gadaiqceva.

es arcaa saWiro, magram Tanamedrove msubuqi eleqtro-manqanuri

warmoebis ganviTareba SeuZlia da aucilebelic aris.

saxalxo meurneobis modernizacia politikuri sistemis

gardaqmniT unda daiwyos. dRemde mainc mtkiced funqcionirebs

sistemis agebis biurokratiuli principi. misi ZiriTadi niSnebia:

1. zevidan qveviT Tanamdebobebze daniSvna; 2. qvevidan zeviT Tanam-

149

debobebis mixedviT xelfasebis zrda; 3. Tanamdebobebis mixedviT

privilegiebis ganawileba.

kargi Tanamdeboba kargi cxovrebis sawindaria. amitom brZola

TanmdebobisaTvis misi mudmivi Tanxlebia. msjeloba demokratiaze,

arCevnebis, mitingebis, sityvis da a. S. ufleba Sirmaa.

gamosavali politikuri sistemis demokratiul principze

agebaa. misi ZiriTadi Semadgenelia: 1. uklebliv yvela Tanamdebo-

bis pirTa arCeviToba; 2. arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa kontrolis

gamWvirvaleoba; 3. Tanamdebobis pirTa xelfasebis maqsimumsa

da minimums Soris 5:1 fardobiTobis dakanoneba; 4 yovelgvari

privilegiebis likvidacia.

cxovrebis wesia: visac aqvs simdidre, is Zalauflebas mielt-

vis, visac aqvs Zalaufleba, is simdidres ixveWs.

gasakviri araa, rom politikuri da ekonomiuri Zalauflebis

mqoneni nebayoflobiT demokratiul princips ar ganaxorcieleben.

es TviT demosis (xalxis) gasakeTebelia.

150

I. logikuri istoriaI. logikuri istoria

qarTveloba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6

fiqrebi geografiuli garemos mniSvnelobaze - - - - - -3

fiqrebi eTnogenezis arealze - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15

eTnogenezisis areali - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24

arqeologiuri monacemebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27

RmerTebi (miTologiuri cnobebi)- - - - - - - - - - - - 32

tomebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40

zogierTi cnobebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50

II istoriuli logikaII istoriuli logika - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125125

sarCevi

Date post:	07-Feb-2017
Category:	Documents
Upload:	duongkiet
View:	261 times
Download:	14 times

axatnelis etnogenezi.indd

Documents