ROMNIA INSTITUTUL NAIONAL DE STATISTIC NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS

ANUARUL STATISTIC AL ROMNIEI

2006ROMANIAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK

CUVNT NAINTE

FOREWORD

Este ndeobte cunoscut c unul dintre obiectivele de baz ale statisticii oficiale const n punerea la dispoziia utilizatorilor a datelor statistice menite s asigure, prin expresia lor cantitativ, informaii relevante i de calitate asupra evoluiei fenomenelor i proceselor economice i sociale ce au avut loc pe parcursul unei perioade de timp determinate. n acest context, regsim un spectru larg de publicaii i lucrri statistice aprute sub egida Institutului Naional de Statistic, lrgit i diversificat continuu, conform necesitilor la nivel naional, dar i a cerinelor ce decurg din imperativul alinierii statisticii romneti la normele i standardele internaionale. Numrul, diversitatea i complexitatea activitilor de diseminare a datelor statistice sunt generate de programul anual al cercetrilor statistice ce structureaz publicaiile statistice dup mai multe criterii, precum cel tematic, de frecven i volum, dar i dup caracterul conjunctural sau anual al informaiilor i datelor statistice. Dintre lucrrile anuale, ca cea mai reprezentativ, att ca importan, ct i, ca volum i varietate a coninutului, se detaeaz fr ndoial, Anuarul Statistic al Romniei. Dac ar fi s recurg la o formul, mai curnd publicistic dect statistic, mi-a putea ngdui s-i ataez Anuarului Statistic sintagma de publicaie fanion a statisticii oficiale naionale. Acest calificativ deriv nu numai din elementele caracteristice ale anuarului, dar i prin faptul c un utilizator de date statistice, este, prin excelen, un consumator i un pstrtor de informaie, atribuindu-i n acest scop, valenele unui tezaur valoros de cunotine de care se simte pe deplin ataat. De-a lungul timpului, anuarul a servit ntotdeauna drept surs inepuizabil i permanent de informaii n care s-a identificat istoria societii descris n cel mai sintetic i relevant mod cu putin. De aceea, pe bun dreptate, renumitul economist i statistician german August Ludwig von Schlzer, spunea despre statistic, n relaia sa cu istoria, c: statistica este istoria n repaus, iar istoria este statistica n micare. Aceste aprecieri nu le-am fcut numai ca o pledoarie pro domo pentru a releva semnificaia anuarului, ci i pentru, a plasa aceast publicaie important n zona de interes care i justific apariia, n continuare, n forma ei tradiional. Este cunoscut faptul c, astzi, odat cu fulminanta dezvoltare a tehnicii electronice de calcul i cu rspndirea, nu mai puin spectaculoas, a Internetului, cu multiplele sale virtui de comunicare, trim deja sfritul erei Gutenberg, a crii tiprite, i nceputul epocii publicaiilor virtuale, cu precdere n domeniul crii tiinifice de specialitate.

It is well known that one of the core objectives of official statistics is to put at users disposal statistical data meant to ensure, in terms of quantity, relevant and high quality information on the dynamics of economic and social phenomena and processes that took place during a well defined period. In this context, a wide range of statistical publications and papers were issued under the aegis of the National Institute of Statistics, continuously widened and diversified, in accordance with the necessities at national level, but also with the requirements arising from the imperative of harmonizing Romanian statistics with the international norms and standards. The number, the diversity and complexity of statistical data dissemination activities are determined by the annual programme of statistical surveys which organises statistical publications according to several criteria, such as topics, periodicity and volume, but also depending on the short term or annual nature of statistical data and information. Among the annual issues, the most representative one, both in terms of importance and in terms of contents volume and diversity, is undoubtedly the Statistical Yearbook of Romania. Should I have recourse to a formula rather publicistic than statistical, I could afford myself to attach to the Statistical Yearbook the collocation of pennant publication of national official statistics. This title derives not only from the characteristics of the Yearbook, but also from the fact that a statistical data user is, by excellence, an information consumer and custodian, therefore assigning it the valences of a valuable thesaurus of knowledge, to which the user feels fully attached. Over times, the Yearbook also served as an inexhaustible and permanent source of information, where the history of the society, described in the most synthetic and relevant manner, could be identified. Therefore, with good reason, the well-known German economist and statistician August Ludwig von Schlzer, who correlated statistics with history, stated that statistics is history at repose, while history is statistics in motion. All these considerations were made not only as a pro domo pleading for pointing out the importance of the Yearbook, but also in view to place this major publication within the interest area justifying its further issuing under its traditional format. It is wellknown that nowadays, due to the spectacular development of information technology and to the alike widening of Internet use, under its multiple communication opportunities, we are already at the end of Gutenberg age, the one of paper, and at the beginning of virtual publications era, particularly in the field of specialised scientific papers.

Statistica oficial nu putea, la rndul ei, s rmn n afara acestui proces ireversibil. Este un fapt mplinit, adoptat ntr-o msur mai mare sau mai mic de unele oficii de statistic din ri dezvoltate, care deja au fcut cunoscut c au renunat, total sau parial, la anumite publicaii pe suport de hrtie, inclusiv la anuarul statistic, n favoarea formei electronice. n afara plusului de operaionalitate pe care l ofer publicaia electronic, renunarea la publicaiile n forma tradiional, este argumentat, n principal, de trei elemente: costul mai redus al celei dinti; aria mai larg de difuzare i utilizare; scurtarea perioadei de timp de la producerea informaiei statistice pn la difuzarea ei. n ceea ce ne privete, am optat pentru meninerea formei tiprite a Anuarului Statistic al Romniei, pentru o perioad pe care am considerat necesar s o lsm la latitudinea utilizatorilor i care, n termeni generici, va depinde de evoluia infrastructurii sistemului electronic de comunicare la nivelul societii romneti i de preferinele marii majoriti a celor care folosesc aceast publicaie statistic de tradiie. n acelai timp, venind n ntmpinarea celor, din ce n ce mai muli, care opereaz nc de pe acum n mod sistematic cu mijloacele moderne de accesare a informaiilor, am ataat formei tiprite, ca i n anul trecut, un CD-ROM, cuprinznd volumul complet al anuarului. Este de menionat c, n virtutea celor de mai sus, am ncercat, totodat, s diminum, nc din acest an, efectele unuia dintre neajunsurile mai sus specificate ale formei tiprite a anuarului, i anume, ecartul relativ mare ntre momentul apariiei i ultimul an pentru care se gsesc date de referin n cuprinsul su. Sunt bucuros s aduc la cunotina tuturor utilizatorilor c, urmare a eforturilor depuse de colectivul de specialiti ai Institutului Naional de Statistic, acest lucru ne-a reuit. Pentru prima oar n istoria post-decembrist a Romniei, Institutul Naional de Statistic a fost n msur s publice ntr-un singur an, dou ediii ale Anuarului, respectiv, Anuarul Statistic al Romniei 2005, aprut n primvar i, ediia de fa, ANUARUL STATISTIC AL ROMNIEI 2006. Este modul prin care, n anul ce precede aderarea Romniei la Uniunea European, statistica oficial romneasc se aliniaz, i sub acest aspect, practicii oficiilor de statistic ale statelor membre ale Uniunii.

Official statistics, on its turn, could not stay beside this irreversible process. It is an achievement adopted to a higher or lower extent by certain statistical offices of developed countries, which already acknowledged their total or partial renouncement to certain publications on paper support, including their Statistical Yearbooks, in favour of the electronic formats. Besides the higher timeliness offered by the electronic publication, the replacement of the traditional format publication is mainly justified by three characteristics: the lower cost; the wider dissemination and using area and narrowing the time gap between statistical information production and its dissemination. As far as we are concerned, our option was to further keep the printed format of the Statistical Yearbook of Romania for a period that we appreciated as necessary to be left at users choice and which, in general terms, will depend on the evolution of the electronic communication system infrastructure at the level of Romanian society, as well as on the preferences of the large majority of those using this traditional statistical publication. Likewise, for meeting the more and more numerous users needs, who are already operating, in a systematic manner, with the modern means of information, we have attached to the printed format, the entire volume of the Yearbook on CD-ROM, as we already did last year. It is worth mentioning that, in the virtue of the above mentioned issues, we have also tried to lessen, beginning with this year, the effects incurred by one of the above mentioned drawbacks of the Yearbook printed format, namely the relatively broad gap between the release moment and the reference year. I am glad to acknowledge all users that, as consequence of efforts made by the experts team of the National Institute of Statistics, this objective was accomplished. For the first time in the post December history of Romania, the National Institute of Statistics was able to publish during the same year two Yearbook editions, respectively the Statistical Yearbook of Romania 2005, released in this spring and the current edition, STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF ROMANIA 2006. This is the way in which, in the year preceding Romanias accession to the European Union, the Romanian official statistics comes in line with the practice of statistical offices from the European Union Member States.

Prof. univ. dr. Vergil VOINEAGU, Preedintele Institutului Naional de Statistic President of the National Institute of Statistics

NOT METODOLOGIC GENERAL

GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL NOTE

1. Cadrul legal privind activitatea statistic este statuat prin Ordonana Guvernului nr. 9/1992 republicat, cu modificrile i completrile ulterioare. n Ordonan se regsesc contextul i prevederile care definesc elementele constitutive ale procesului statistic, respectiv, culegerea, prelucrarea, analiza i constituirea seriilor de date statistice oficiale, cu caracter demografic, social, economic, financiar i juridic, precum i principiile fundamentale care stau la baza funcionrii statisticii oficiale n Romnia. Statistica oficial n Romnia este organizat i coordonat de Institutul Naional de Statistic, organ de specialitate al Administraiei Publice Centrale, n subordinea Guvernului, finanat de la bugetul de stat. Institutul Naional de Statistic este autorizat s solicite i s obin cu titlu gratuit datele i informaiile statistice de la toate persoanele, fizice sau juridice, care dein capital sub orice form sau desfoar activitate de orice fel pe teritoriul Romniei. Principiile pe care se ntemeiaz activitatea statistic, n deplin concordan cu principiile fundamentale privind funcionarea statisticii ntr-o societate democratic, adoptate pe plan internaional, constau n: autonomie, confidenialitate a datelor individuale, transparen, relevan, proporionalitate, deontologie statistic i raport cost/eficien. Att contextul general, ct i principiile de funcionare a statisticii, precum i producerea de date statistice de calitate, armonizate cu normele i standardele Uniunii Europene, confer rezultatelor activitii statistice garania satisfacerii cerinelor utilizatorilor de date statistice.

1. The legal framework concerning the statistical activity is represented by Government Ordinance no. 9/1992, republished with its further amendments and completions. The Ordinance includes the context and the provisions defining the constitutive elements of the statistical process, namely: collection, processing, analysing and compiling official statistical data series, of demographic, social, economic, financial and juridical nature, as well as the fundamental principles on which the functioning of official statistics in Romania are defined. In Romania, the official statistics is organised and coordinated by the National Institute of Statistics, specialised body of central public administration, subordinated to Government and financed from the state budget. The National Institute of Statistics is entrusted to ask for and to obtain, free of charge, statistical data and information from all natural and legal persons, owing any type of capital or developing any kind of activity on Romanias territory. The principles on which statistical activity are based, fully compliant with the fundamental principles related to statistics functioning in a democratic society, adopted al international level, consists in: autonomy, individual data confidentiality, transparency, relevance, proportionality, statistical deontology and cost effectiveness. Both the general context and the principles of statistics functioning, as well as the production of statistical data of high quality, compliant with the European Unions norms and standards confer the statistical activity results the guarantee of meeting the statistical data users requirements.

2. Sursele de date statistice. Datele prezentate n Anuarul statistic sunt rezultatul a dou categorii de surse: cercetrile statistice exhaustive sau pri sondaj cuprinse n Programul Anual al Cercetrilor Statistice; surse administrative.

2. Statistical data sources. The data presented within the Statistical Yearbook result from two data sources categories: exhaustive or sample statistical surveys, included in the Annual Programme of Statistical Surveys; administrative sources.

3. Programul Anual al Cercetrilor Statistice (PCS) cuprinde ansamblul lucrrilor circumscrise procesului de colectare, prelucrare, analiz i diseminare a datelor statistice realizate pe baza proiectelor individuale specifice fiecrui domeniu de activitate economic i social. PCS este avizat de ctre Consiliul de Coordonare a Activitii Statistice (CCAS) i aprobat, prin Hotrre, de ctre Guvernul Romniei. n cadrul programului, fiecare cercetare statistic este prezentat pe componentele care o definesc: obiectiv, scop, sfer de cuprindere, coninut al cercetrii, flux al informaiilor de la datele primare pn la datele agregate, mod de valorificare a rezultatelor i termenele de diseminare a acestora.

3. The Annual Programme of Statistical Surveys (PSS) comprises the whole works related to the process of statistical data collection, processing, analysis and dissemination, carried out based on individual projects specific to each field of economic and social activity. PSS is endorsed by the Council for Statistical Activity Coordination (CSAC) and approved by Romanias Government Decision. Within this Programme, each statistical survey is presented by its defining components: objective, purpose, coverage, contents, information flow from primary to aggregated data, way of results turning into account and their dissemination deadlines.

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4. Cercetarea statistic reprezint o lucrare complex de culegere, prelucrare, analiz i diseminare a datelor cu privire la starea i evoluia fenomenelor i proceselor economice i sociale. Cercetarea statistic se realizeaz pe baz de proiecte n care sunt definite concepte generale, scopul cercetrii i instrumentarul statistic ce st la baza acesteia (modul de organizare a cercetrii; chestionarul, clasificrile, nomenclatoarele, normele, instruciunile etc.). Potrivit criteriului sferei de cuprindere, datele din Anuarul statistic au fost determinate pe baza a dou tipuri de cercetri statistice: Cercetare statistic exhaustiv (total). n cadrul acestui tip de cercetare datele sunt nregistrate de la toate unitile populaiei statistice, denumit i colectivitate statistic, bine delimitat. Populaia statistic desemneaz totalitatea elementelor supuse observrii statistice, de aceeai natur, asemntoare sau omogene din punctul de vedere al anumitor criterii. Prin astfel de cercetri statistice exhaustive se obin rezultate detaliate n diferite structuri administrative, geografice, grupri pe activiti potrivit Clasificrii Activitilor din Economia Naional (CAEN) etc. Cele mai cunoscute cercetri exhaustive sunt recensmintele populaiei i locuinelor, recensmntul produselor i serviciilor industriale, recensmntul general agricol. Cercetare statistic prin sondaj. n cadrul acestui tip de cercetare, datele sunt nregistrate doar de la o parte a populaiei statistice, numit eantion. Eantionul este determinat pe baza criteriilor de reprezentativitate, prin utilizarea unor metode probabiliste, ale cror rezultate sunt extinse la ntreaga populaie statistic.

4. The statistical survey is a complex activity of collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of data related to the economic and social phenomena situation and dynamics. The statistical survey is carried out based on projects, where the general concepts, the survey purpose and the statistical tools on which it is based are defined (survey organisation: questionnaire, classifications, nomenclatures, norms, guidelines a.s.o.). According to the coverage criterion, the data included in the Statistical Yearbook were determined based on two statistical surveys types: Exhaustive (total) statistical survey. Under this type of survey, data are recorded from all statistical population units, called statistical collectivity, which is well defined. The statistical population represents all the elements subject to statistical observation, of the same nature, similar or homogenous from certain criteria standpoint. Based on such exhaustive statistical surveys, detailed results are obtained in various administrative and geographical structures, by group of activities according to the Classification of Activities of National Economy (CANE) a.s.o. The most well-known exhaustive surveys are population and housing censuses, industrial products and services census, general agricultural census. Sample statistical survey. Under this type of survey, data are recorded only from part of the statistical population, called sample. The sample is determined based on representativeness criteria, by using probabilistic methods, whose results are further extended to the whole statistical population.

5. Sursele administrative reprezint sursele de eviden organizate i deinute de organisme ale administraiei publice sau non-guvernamentale pentru alte scopuri dect cele statistice. Sunt utilizate numai acele surse care au un potenial adecvat cerinelor statistice i corespund rigorilor tiinifice de sfer de cuprindere, calitate i completitudine care le fac utilizabile i n scopuri statistice. Folosirea acestor surse de date i informaii n scopuri statistice se realizeaz fie direct, ca date de baz (asimilate datelor statistice), fie prin prelucrri i adaptri corespunztoare pentru a satisface cerinele de calitate, comparabilitate i coeren, fie pentru reconciliere i validarea datelor statistice obinute n urma cercetrilor statistice.

5. Administrative sources means the evidence sources organised and managed by public administration or nongovernmental bodies, for other purposes than the statistical ones. Only the sources with an appropriate potential for statistical requirements and scientific rigour concerning coverage, quality and completeness making them also usable for statistical purposes are used. The use of these data and information sources for statistical purposes is achieved either directly, as basic data (assimilated to statistical data), or after appropriate processing and adaptation, in view to meet quality, comparability and coherence requirements, or for reconciliation and validation of statistical data obtained from statistical surveys.

6. Sfera de cuprindere a datelor. Datele prezentate n Anuar caracterizeaz ansamblul economiei naionale, cu excepia cazurilor cnd, prin notele specifice care prefaeaz fiecare capitol al Anuarului, se precizeaz altfel.

6. Coverage. The data presented within the Statistical Yearbook characterise the whole national economy, except cases where specific notes that preface each chapter of the Yearbook stipulates otherwise.

7. Mrimile statistice folosite : n Anuar sunt prezentate, cu precdere, date absolute i date relative (indici, ponderi, indicatori de intensitate etc.). Indicatorul statistic este expresia numeric a unor fenomene, procese, activiti sau categorii economice sau sociale, manifestate n timp, spaiu i structuri. Indicele este un raport ntre valori ale aceleiai variabile nregistrate n uniti de timp sau teritoriale diferite.

7. Statistical measures used: The Yearbook mainly presents absolute and relative data (indices, weights, propensity indicators a.s.o.). The statistical indicator is the numerical expression of certain phenomena, processes, activities or economic and social categories, manifested over time, area and structures. The index is a ratio between values of the same variables recorded in various time or territorial units.

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Indicii statistici utilizai n Anuar sunt: Indicele Laspeyres este o medie aritmetic ponderat a indicilor individuali ai aceleiai variabile; ponderile utilizate sunt cele din perioada de baz; Indicele Paasche este o medie aritmetic ponderat a indicilor individuali ai aceleiai variabile, ponderile utilizate fiind din perioada curent. Unitatea statistic este un obiect al cercetrii i purttor al caracteristicilor statistice urmrite prin program. Unitatea de observare este acea entitate de la care/pentru care sunt colectate date i informaii primare, pe baza creia se construiesc statistici. Unitatea de raportare este entitatea care furnizeaz datele i informaiile primare n cadrul unei cercetri statistice. Unitatea cu personalitate juridic reprezint entitatea (ntreprinderea, societatea comercial, asociaia, instituia bugetar, organizaia fr scop patrimonial etc.) care desfoar o activitate economic, are contabilitate proprie i ia decizii n exercitarea funciei principale. Unitatea fr personalitate juridic reprezint o persoan, o gospodrie, o familie, o asociaie sau orice alt entitate ce nu dispune de autonomie de decizie n exercitarea funciei principale. 8. Datele n preuri curente se refer la volumul produciei, veniturilor, cheltuielilor sau valoarea produselor, serviciilor etc. exprimate n preurile anului curent. Valorile din diferite perioade n preuri curente nu sunt direct comparabile i, n consecin, nu pot fi utilizate la calculul indicilor fr a fi, n prealabil, deflatate cu indicii de preuri corespunztori. 9. Formele de proprietate sunt: proprietate majoritar de stat - cuprinde capitalul integral de stat, public, de interes naional i local i mixt, unde statul deine 50% i peste din capitalul social; proprietate majoritar privat - cuprinde capitalul integral privat, mixt, n care peste 50% din capitalul social este privat, capital integral strin, cooperatist i obtesc. Tot aici sunt cuprinse i activitile desfurate de ctre persoanele fizice i/sau gospodriile populaiei. 10. Clasificri i nomenclatoare. Sunt principalele instrumente care fac posibil structurarea dup criterii obiective i corecte a unitilor statistice, a proceselor i fenomenelor observate. Clasificrile utilizate n Anuar, potrivit diferitelor scopuri sau diferitelor domenii de activitate, sunt prezentate n continuare. Clasificarea Activitilor din Economia Naional (CAEN) reprezint un sistem coordonat i coerent de grupare, dup criterii tiinifice de omogenitate, a datelor referitoare la unitile statistice. n Anuar este utilizat versiunea actualizat a CAEN, respectiv CAEN Rev.1, implementat prin Ordinul nr. 601/2002 al Preedintelui Institutului Naional de Statistic, n conformitate cu Hotrrea Guvernului Romniei nr. 656/1997. CAEN Rev.1 este total armonizat cu Nomenclatorul Activitilor din Comunitatea European NACE Rev.1.1.

The statistical indices used within the Yearbook are: Laspeyres index weighted arithmetic mean of individual indices of the same variable; the used weights refer to the base period; Paasche index weighted arithmetic mean of individual indices of the same variable; the used weights refer to current period. The statistical unit is subject to the survey and bearer of the statistical characteristics observed through the programme. The observation unit is the entity from/for which primary data and information are collected, based on which statistics are compiled. The reporting unit is the entity supplying primary data and information under a statistical survey. The unit with legal status in the entity (enterprise, commercial company, association, budgetary institution, nonprofit organisation a.s.o.) carrying out an economic activity, with own bookkeeping and taking decisions when exercising its main function. The unit without legal status is a natural person, a household, a family, an association or any other entity without decisional autonomy when exercising its main function.

8. Data expressed in current prices refer to the volume of production, income or expenses or to the value of products, services a.s.o., expressed in the current year prices. The values expressed in current prices corresponding to various periods are not directly comparable and, as consequence, cannot be used for indices compilation without being previously deflated with the corresponding price indices. 9. Ownership types: state majority ownership - comprises integral state, public, national and local interest and mixed capital, where the states own 50% or more of the social capital; private majority ownership - comprises integral private or mixed capital, where over 50% of the social capital is private, integral foreign or co-operative and community capital. The activities carried out by natural persons and/or population households are also included here. 10. Classifications and nomenclatures. These are the main tools allowing for the structuring of observed processes and phenomena according to objective and accurate criteria related to statistical units. The classifications used within the Yearbook are presented below, according to various purposes or fields of activity. The Classification of Activities of National Economy (CANE) is a coordinated and coherent system for grouping, according to scientific criteria related to homogeneity, the data referring to statistical units. The updated version of CANE is used within the Yearbook, namely CANE Rev.1, implemented based on Order no. 601/2002 of the President of the National Institute of Statistics, in accordance with Romanias Government Decision no. 656/1997. CANE Rev.1 fully complies with the Nomenclature of Activities of the European Community NACE Rev. 1.1.

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Structura CAEN Rev.1 este urmtoarea: Seciuni codificate printr-o liter; Subseciuni codificate prin dou litere; Diviziuni codificate prin dou cifre; Grupe codificare prin trei cifre; Clase codificate prin patru cifre. n cuprinsul Anuarului, datele sunt prezentate, de regul, pe seciuni sau pe diviziuni CAEN. Pentru interpretarea corect a structurii datelor potrivit CAEN Rev. 1, n Anexa Notei metodologice generale se prezint clasificarea la nivelul seciunilor i diviziunilor. Gruparea dup mrime a ntreprinderilor; Clasificarea produselor asociate activitilor utilizat de Uniunea European CPA; Clasificarea produselor i serviciilor asociate activitilor CPSA 2002; PRODROM Nomenclatorul de produse i servicii industriale elaborat de Institutul Naional de Statistic (INS) i utilizat pentru cercetri statistice privind producia industrial. Nomenclatorul PRODROM este armonizat cu lista PRODCOM utilizat n cadrul Uniunii Europene. Legtura CAEN Rev.1 cu PRODROM este asigurat la nivel de patru cifre (clas), ntruct poziiile PRODROM au fost realizate prin detalierea subclaselor elementare CPSA 2002. 11. Definirea activitilor. n practic, majoritatea unitilor de producie efectueaz activiti cu caracter mixt, respectiv activitate principal, activiti secundare i activiti auxiliare. Identificarea activitii secundare este necesar pentru a ncadra o unitate ntr-o anumit poziie din CAEN Rev.1. Activitatea principal, n sensul clasificrii, este identificat prin metoda ordinii descresctoare (de sus n jos). Ea reprezint acea activitate care contribuie n cea mai mare msur la valoarea adugat total a unitii luate n considerare. Activitatea secundar este orice alt activitate din cadrul unitii productoare de bunuri sau servicii. Activitatea auxiliar este o activitate conex, indispensabil funcionrii unei entiti, precum: contabilitate, transport, depozitare, achiziionare promovare, ntreinere i reparaie etc. 12. mprirea teritorial. Din punct de vedere al structurii teritoriale, datele din Anuar sunt prezentate la nivel naional (pe ntreaga ar), precum i pe diferite uniti teritoriale, n funcie de specificul indicatorilor. Unitile teritoriale, dup statutul lor, sunt administrative (comun, ora, ora-municipiu, jude) i non-administrative (regiune de dezvoltare). Pn n anul 1998, prin lucrrile i publicaiile statistice, s-au prelucrat i diseminat, de regul, doar date la nivel de jude, municipii, orae i comune. ncepnd din 1998, n structura teritorial i, ca urmare, n publicaiile statistice, au fost prezentate date i la nivelul regiunilor de dezvoltare. 13. Conform Legii nr. 348/14 iulie 2004 privind denominarea monedei naionale a Romniei (ncepnd cu data de 1 iulie 2005), seriile de date exprimate n valori absolute au fost recalculate n lei (RON). Un leu nou (RON) este egal cu 10000 lei vechi (ROL). Seriile de indici nu sunt afectate de denominare.

The CANE structure is the following: Sections coded at one letter level; Sub-sections coded at two letters level; Divisions coded at two digits level; Groups coded at three digits level; Classes coded at four digits level. Within the Yearbook, as a rule, data are presented by CANE section or division. In view to reach an accurate interpretation of data structure according to CANE Rev.1, the Annex to the General methodological note includes the classification at section and division level. Enterprises grouping by size; Classification of products associated to activities used by the European Union CPA; Classification of products and services associated to activities CPSA 2002; PRODROM the Nomenclature of industrial products and services drawn up by the National Institute of Statistics and used for statistical surveys on industrial production. The PRODROM nomenclature complies with the PRODCOM list used within the European Union. CANE Rev.1 link with PRODROM is ensured at four digits level (class), since PRODROM headings were established by detailing elementary sub-classes of CPSA 2002. 11. Activities definition. In practice, most of the production units carry out activities of mixed nature, namely main activity, secondary and ancillary activities. The identification of secondary activity is needed in view to frame a unit under a certain heading of CANE Rev.1. The main activity, in the sense of classification, is identified by top-down method. This is the activity contributing to the largest extent to the total value added of the concerned unit. The secondary activity is any other kind of activity carried out within the unit producing goods or services. The ancillary activity is an auxiliary activity, indispensable for the functioning of an entity, such as: bookkeeping, transport, storage, purchase, promotion, maintenance and repair a.s.o. 12. Territorial breakdown. From territorial structure standpoint, the data included in the Yearbook are presented at national level (for the whole country), as well as by various territorial unit, depending on indicators specific. According to their status, territorial units are either administrative (commune, town, town-municipality, county) or non-administrative (development region). Till 1998, within the statistical works and publications, only data at county, municipality, town and commune level were, as a rule, processed and disseminated. Beginning with 1998, according to the territorial structure, the statistical publications also included data at development regions level. 13. According to the Law no. 348/ July 14, 2004 on the process of national currency of Romania denomination (beginning with July 1, 2005), data series expressed in absolute values were recalculated in lei (RON). A leu (RON) is equivalent with 10000 former lei (ROL). Statistical indices series are not affected by denomination.

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GRUPAREA JUDEELOR, PE REGIUNI DE DEZVOLTARE COUNTIES GROUPING, BY DEVELOPMENT REGIONNord - VestNorth - West

Nord - Est North - East

Vest West

Legend / Legend: Orae / Towns Municipii / Municipalities Reedine de jude / County residence Judee / Counties Regiuni de dezvoltare / Development regions

Bucureti

Sud - Est South - East

Sud - Vest Oltenia South - West Oltenia Sud - Muntenia South - Muntenia

Bucureti - Ilfov Bucharest - Ilfov

GRUPAREA JUDEELOR, PE REGIUNI DE DEZVOLTARE COUNTIES GROUPING, BY DEVELOPMENT REGIONCod Regiune Region Code 1. Regiunea de dezvoltare Development region Nord - Est North - East Judeul County Bacu Botoani Iai Neam Suceava Vaslui Brila Buzu Constana Galai Tulcea Vrancea Arge Clrai Dmbovia Giurgiu Ialomia Prahova Teleorman Dolj Gorj Mehedini Olt Vlcea Arad Cara-Severin Hunedoara Timi Bihor Bistria-Nsud Cluj Maramure Satu Mare Slaj Alba Braov Covasna Harghita Mure Sibiu Ilfov Municipiul Bucureti Bucharest Municipality

2.

Sud - Est South - East

3.

Sud - Muntenia South - Muntenia

4.

Sud - Vest Oltenia South - West Oltenia

5.

Vest West

6.

Nord - Vest North - West

7.

Centru Center

8.

Bucureti - Ilfov Bucharest - Ilfov

XII

NOT: Datele statistice n profil teritorial sunt prezentate pe judee, conform Decretului - Lege nr. 2/1968 cu modificrile ulterioare, iar judeele au fost grupate pe regiuni de dezvoltare. Prin rectificarea aprut n Legea nr. 315/28.06.2004 privind dezvoltarea regional n Romnia, au fost redenumite trei regiuni, dup cum urmeaz: - Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud este redenumit Sud - Muntenia, - Regiunea de dezvoltare Sud - Vest este redenumit Sud - Vest Oltenia, - Regiunea de dezvoltare Bucureti este redenumit Bucureti - Ilfov. NOTE: Statistical data at territorial level are presented by county, according to the Decree - Law no. 2/1968 further amended, while the counties were grouped by development region. Through the rectification introduced in Law no. 315/28.06.2004 on regional development in Romania, three regions were renamed, as follows: - The development region South is renamed South - Muntenia, - The development region South - West is renamed South - West Oltenia, - The development region Bucharest is renamed Bucharest - Ilfov.

Anex Annex CLASIFICAREA ACTIVITILOR DIN ECONOMIA NAIONAL CAEN Rev.1 (aprobat prin Ordinul nr.601/26.XI.2002 aprut n M.O. nr.908/13.XII.2002 privind actualizarea CAEN, aprobat prin H.G. nr.656/1997) THE CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY CANE Rev.1 (approved through Order no.601/26.XI.2002 published in the Official Journal no.908/13.XII.2002 on CANE updating, approved by Government Decision no.656/1997)

Seciune Diviziune Section A 01 02 B 05 C 10 11 Division

Denumire

Description

AGRICULTUR, VNTOARE, SILVICULTUR Agricultur, vntoare i servicii anexe Silvicultur, exploatare forestier i servicii anexe PESCUITUL I PISCICULTURA Pescuitul, piscicultura i serviciile anexe INDUSTRIA EXTRACTIV Extracia i prepararea crbunelui Extracia hidrocarburilor i servicii anexe

AGRICULTURE, HUNTING AND FORESTRY Agriculture, hunting and related service activities Forestry, logging and related service activities FISHING Fishing, operation of fish hatcheries and fish farms; service activities incidental to fishing MINING AND QUARRYING Mining of coal and lignite; extraction of peat Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas; service activities incidental to oil and gas extraction excluding surveying

12 13 14 D 15 16 17 18 19

Extracia i prepararea minereurilor radioactive Extracia i prepararea minereurilor metalifere Alte activiti extractive INDUSTRIA PRELUCRTOARE Industria alimentar i a buturilor Fabricarea produselor din tutun Fabricarea produselor textile Fabricarea articolelor de mbrcminte; aranjarea i vopsirea blnurilor Tbcirea i finisarea pieilor; fabricarea articolelor de voiaj i marochinrie, a harnaamentelor i nclmintei

Mining of uranium and thorium ores Mining of metal ores Other mining and quarrying MANUFACTURING Manufacture of food products and beverages Manufacture of tobacco products Manufacture of textiles Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing and dyeing of fur Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products and nuclear fuel Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Manufacture of rubber and plastic products Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products Manufacture of basic metals Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of office machinery and computers Manufacture of electrical machinery and apparatus Manufacture of radio, television and communication equipment and apparatus Manufacture of medical, precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

20

Fabricarea lemnului i a produselor din lemn i plut, cu excepia mobilei; fabricarea articolelor din mpletitur de pai i alte materiale vegetale

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Fabricarea celulozei, hrtiei i a produselor din hrtie Edituri, poligrafie i reproducerea pe supori a nregistrrilor Industria de prelucrare a ieiului, cocsificarea crbunelui i tratarea combustibililor nucleari Fabricarea substanelor i a produselor chimice Fabricarea produselor din cauciuc i mase plastice Fabricarea altor produse din minerale nemetalice Industria metalurgic Industria construciilor metalice i a produselor din metal (exclusiv maini, utilaje i instalaii) Industria de maini i echipamente Industria de mijloace ale tehnicii de calcul i de birou Industria de maini i aparate electrice Industria de echipamente pentru radio, televiziune i comunicaii Industria de aparatur i instrumente medicale, de precizie, optice i fotografice, ceasornicrie Industria mijloacelor de transport rutier

XIII

Seciune Diviziune Section Division

Denumire

Description

35 36 37 E 40 41 F 45 G

Industria altor mijloace de transport n.c.a. Producia de mobilier i alte activiti industriale n.c.a. Recuperarea deeurilor i resturilor de materiale reciclabile ENERGIE ELECTRIC I TERMIC, GAZE I AP Producia i furnizarea de energie electric i termic, gaze i ap cald Captarea, tratarea i distribuia apei CONSTRUCII Construcii COMERUL CU RIDICATA I CU AMNUNTUL, REPARAREA AUTOVEHICULELOR, MOTOCICLETELOR I A BUNURILOR PERSONALE I DE UZ GOSPODRESC

Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c. Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c. Recycling ELECTRICITY, GAS AND WATER SUPPLY Electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply Collection, purification and distribution of water CONSTRUCTION Construction WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE; REPAIR OF MOTOR VEHICLES, MOTORCYCLES AND PERSONAL AND HOUSEHOLD GOODS Sale, maintenance and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; retail sale of automotive fuel Wholesale trade and commission trade (except of motor vehicles and motorcycles) Retail trade (except of motor vehicles and motorcycles); repair of personal and household goods HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS Hotels and restaurants TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATION Land transport; transport via pipelines Water transport Air transport Supporting and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies Post and telecommunications FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION Financial intermediation, except insurance and pension funding Insurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security Activities auxiliary to financial intermediation REAL ESTATE, RENTING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES Real estate activities Renting of machinery and equipment without operator and of personal and household goods Computer and related activities Research and development

50

Comer cu ridicata i cu amnuntul, ntreinerea i repararea autovehiculelor i a motocicletelor; comer cu amnuntul al carburanilor pentru autovehicule

51

Comer cu ridicata i servicii de intermediere n comerul cu ridicata (cu excepia comerului cu autovehicule i motociclete)

52

Comer cu amnuntul (cu excepia comerului cu autovehicule i motociclete); repararea bunurilor personale i gospodreti

H 55 I 60 61 62 63 64 J 65 66 67 K 70 71 72 73 74

HOTELURI I RESTAURANTE Hoteluri i restaurante TRANSPORT, DEPOZITARE I COMUNICAII Transporturi terestre; transporturi prin conducte Transporturi pe ap Transporturi aeriene Activiti anexe i auxiliare de transport, activiti ale ageniilor de turism Pot i telecomunicaii INTERMEDIERI FINANCIARE Intermedieri financiare (cu excepia activitilor de asigurri i ale caselor de pensii) Activiti de asigurri i ale caselor de pensii (cu excepia celor din sistemul public de asigurri sociale) Activiti auxiliare intermedierilor financiare TRANZACII IMOBILIARE, NCHIRIERI I ACTIVITI DE SERVICII PRESTATE N PRINCIPAL NTREPRINDERILOR Tranzacii imobiliare nchirierea mainilor i echipamentelor, fr operator i a bunurilor personale i gospodreti Informatic i activiti conexe Cercetare-dezvoltare

Alte activiti de servicii prestate n principal ntreprinderilor Other business activities

XIV

Seciune Diviziune Section Division

Denumire

Description

L 75 M 80 N 85 O 90 91 92 93 P 95 96 97 Q 99

ADMINISTRAIE PUBLIC I APRARE; ASIGURRI SOCIALE DIN SISTEMUL PUBLIC Administraie public i aprare; asigurri sociale din sistemul public NVMNT nvmnt SNTATE I ASISTEN SOCIAL Sntate i asisten social ALTE ACTIVITI DE SERVICII COLECTIVE, SOCIALE I PERSONALE Eliminarea deeurilor i a apelor uzate; asanare, salubritate i activiti similare Activiti asociative diverse Activiti recreative, culturale i sportive Alte activiti de servicii personale ACTIVITI ALE PERSONALULUI ANGAJAT N GOSPODRII PARTICULARE Activiti ale personalului angajat n gospodrii personale Activiti desfurate n gospodrii private, de producere a bunurilor destinate consumului propriu Activiti ale gospodriilor private, de servicii pentru scopuri proprii ACTIVITI ALE ORGANIZAIILOR I ORGANISMELOR EXTRATERITORIALE Activiti ale organizaiilor i organismelor extrateritoriale

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE; COMPULSORY SOCIAL SECURITY Public administration and defence; compulsory social security EDUCATION Education HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK Health and social work OTHER COMMUNITY, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL SERVICE ACTIVITIES Sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities Activities of membership organization n.e.c. Recreational, cultural and sporting activities Other service activities PRIVATE HOUSEHOLDS WITH EMPLOYED PERSONS Private households with employed persons Private households activities producing self-consumption goods Private households services for own purposes EXTRA-TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATIONS AND BODIES Extra-territorial organizations and bodies

XV

GEOGRAFIE, METEOROLOGIE I MEDIU NCONJUROR

GEOGRAPHY, METEOROLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

1

Anuarul Statistic al Romniei / Romanian Statistical Yearbook

CUPRINS TABELE

Pagina Page

TABLES CONTENTS

GEOGRAFIE I ORGANIZARE ADMINISTRATIV-TERITORIAL 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Poziia geografic a Romniei ............................................................ 10 Lungimea frontierelor Romniei ........................................................ 10 Principalele altitudini muntoase ........................................................ 11 Lungimea principalelor cursuri de ap de pe teritoriul Romniei .................................................................................. 12 Principalele lacuri naturale .................................................................. 13 Principalele lacuri antropice ................................................................ 14 Altitudinea medie a principalelor orae din Romnia ................15 Organizarea administrativ a teritoriului Romniei, la 31 decembrie 2005 ............................................................................. 16 METEOROLOGIE Temperatura aerului i precipitaiile atmosferice nregistrate la principalele staii meteorologice, n anul 2005 ....................... 17 1.9 Temperatura aerului (media lunar i anual) .............................. 18 1.10 Temperatura aerului (maxima absolut i minima absolut lunar i anual) .................................................... 20 1.11 Precipitaii atmosferice (cantitatea lunar i anual) ................. 28 MEDIU NCONJURTOR Resurse naturale 1.12 Ariile protejate, n anul 2005 ............................................................... 30 1.13 Rezervaii ale biosferei, n anul 2005 ................................................ 30 1.14 Parcurile naionale i principalele parcuri naturale, n anul 2005 ............................................................. 31 1.15 Resursele de ap asigurate, potrivit gradului de amenajare, n anul 2005 ............................................... 31 Calitatea factorilor de mediu 1.16 Calitatea apelor de suprafa, n anul 2005 ................................... 32 1.17 Defolierea arborilor la principalele specii i la toate vrstele, pe clase de defoliere, n anul 2005 .................................. 32

GEOGRAPHY AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION Geographical position of Romania Length of Romanias borders Major mountain peaks Length of major rivers on Romanian territory Major natural lakes Major anthropic lakes Average height of major towns in Romania Administrative organisation of Romanian territory, on December 31, 2005 METEOROLOGY Air temperature and precipitations registered at the main meteorological stations, in 2005 Air temperature (monthly and yearly average) Air temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum) Precipitations (monthly and yearly quantity) ENVIRONMENT Natural resources Protected areas, in 2005 Biosphere reservations, in 2005 National and major natural parks, in 2005 Water resources assured, according to the arrangement level, in 2005 Environment factors quality Superficial water quality, in 2005 Trees defoliation, for the main species and all ages, by defoliation classes, in 2005 Protection measures Investments for environment protection, by sector of activity, environment field and category of producers, in 2005 Internal current expenditure for environment protection, by sector of activity, environment field and category of producers, in 2005

1

Msuri de protecie 1.18 Investiii pentru protecia mediului, pe sectoare de activitate, domenii de mediu i pe categorii de productori, n anul 2005 ............................................................................................... 33 1.19 Cheltuieli curente interne pentru protecia mediului, pe sectoare de activitate, domenii de mediu i pe categorii de productori, n anul 2005 ............................................................... 34

2

SURSA DATELORCercetri statistice: Cercetarea statistic privind cheltuielile pentru protecia mediului, completat de operatori economici i unitile administraiei publice locale. Surse administrative: Institutul de Geografie Bucureti; Inspectoratul General al Poliiei de Frontier din cadrul Ministerului Administraiei i Internelor; Ministerul Agriculturii, Pdurilor i Dezvoltrii Rurale; Administraia Naional de Meteorologie; Ministerul Mediului i Gospodririi Apelor; Regia Naional a Pdurilor; Administraia Naional "Apele Romne". GEOGRAFIE I ORGANIZARE ADMINISTRATIV-TERITORIAL PREZENTARE Romnia este situat n centrul geografic al Europei (sud-estul Europei Centrale), la nord de Peninsula Balcanic, la jumtatea distanei dintre Coasta Atlanticului i Munii Urali, n interiorul i exteriorul arcului Munilor Carpai, pe cursul inferior al Dunrii (1075 km) i cu ieire la Marea Neagr. De altfel, paralela 45N cu meridianul 25E se intersecteaz n apropiere de centrul geometric al rii, la 100 km N-V de capitala rii, Bucureti. Cu o suprafa de 238391 km2, Romnia este a 12-a ar ca mrime a Europei. Ieirea la mare nlesnete legturile cu rile din bazinul Mrii Negre, bazinul Mrii Mediterane i, prin intermediul acesteia, cu restul lumii. Litoralul romnesc al Mrii Negre se desfoar pe 245 km, ntre grla Musura (grania cu Ucraina) i localitatea Vama Veche (grania cu Bulgaria). Relieful Romniei se compune din trei trepte majore: cea nalt a Munilor Carpai (cel mai nalt vrf Moldoveanu 2544 m), cea medie care corespunde Subcarpailor, dealurilor i podiurilor i cea joas, a cmpiilor, luncilor i Deltei Dunrii. Delta Dunrii, cea mai tnr unitate de relief, n continu formare, are altitudinea medie de 0,52 m. Caracteristicile principale ale unitilor de relief sunt proporionalitatea (31% muni, 36% dealuri i podiuri, 33% cmpii i lunci) i dispunerea concentric a treptelor majore ale reliefului. Clima Romniei este temperat-continental de tranziie, cu influene oceanice dinspre vest, mediteraneene dinspre sudvest i continental-excesive din est. Temperatura medie multianual este difereniat latitudinal, respectiv 8C n nord i peste 11C n sud, i altitudinal, cu valori de -2,5C n etajul montan (Vrfu Omu - masivul Bucegi) i 11,6C n cmpie (oraul Zimnicea - judeul Teleorman).

DATA SOURCEStatistical surveys: Statistical survey on environment protection expenditure, filled in by economic operators and local public administration units. Administrative sources: Institute of Geography Bucharest; General Inspectorate of Border Police within the Ministry of Administration and Interior; Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development; National Administration of Meteorology; Ministry of Environment and Waters Administration; National Company of Forests; National Administration Romanian Waters. GEOGRAPHY AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION DESCRIPTION Romania is situated in geographical center of Europe (south-east of Central Europe) at north of Balkan Peninsula at the half of distance between Atlantic Coast and The Urals, inside and outside the Carpathians Arch, on the Danube (1075 km) lower course and has exit to the Black Sea. Otherwise, parallel 45N with the meridian 25E intersects near the geometrical center of the country, 100 km N-V of the country capital, Bucharest. Romania is the twelfth country of Europe, having an area of 238391 km2. The exit to the sea enables the connections with the countries in the Black Sea basin, in the Mediterranean Sea basin and, by means of this, rest of the world. Romanian seaside of the Black Sea is lying on 245 km, between Musura stream (at the border with Ukraine) and Vama Veche locality (at the border with Bulgaria). Romania's relief consists of three major levels: the highest one in the Carpathians (the highest peak Moldoveanu 2544 m), the middle one which corresponds to the Sub-Carpathians, to the hills and to the plateaus and the lowest one in plains, meadows and Danube Delta. The Danube Delta, the youngest relief unit under permanent formation, has the average height of 0.52 m. Main features of relief units are proportionality (31% mountains, 36% hills and plateaus, 33% plains and meadows) and concentric display of the relief major levels. Romanias climate is temperate-continental of transition, with oceanic influences from the West, Mediterranean ones from South-West and continental-excessive ones from the East. Multiannual average temperature is latitudinally different, 8C in the North and over 11C in the South, and altitudinally, with values of -2.5C in the mountain floor (Omu peak - Bucegi massif) and 11.6C in the plain (Zimnicea town - Teleorman county).

1

3

1

Precipitaiile anuale scad n intensitate de la vest la est, respectiv de la peste 600 mm la mai puin de 500 mm n Cmpia Romn de Est, sub 450 mm n Dobrogea i circa 350 mm pe litoral, pentru ca n regiunile muntoase s ajung la 1000-1500 mm. Apele curgtoare ale Romniei sunt dispuse radial, marea majoritate avnd izvoarele n Carpai. Principalul colector al acestora este fluviul Dunrea, care strbate ara n partea sudic pe o lungime de 1075 km i se vars n Marea Neagr. Lacurile sunt reprezentate prin lacuri naturale (numeroase tipuri genetice) rspndite n toate unitile majore de relief, de la cele glaciare n etajul alpin (Lacul Mioarelor - Fgra la 2282 m) la limanele fluvio-maritime (Lacul Techirghiol la 1,5 m) i prin lacuri antropice, de asemenea n toate unitile de relief. Vegetaia este condiionat de relief i de elementele pedo-climatice, ntlnindu-se o dispunere etajat a acesteia. Regiunile montane sunt acoperite de pduri de conifere (ndeosebi molid), pduri de amestec (fag, brad i molid) i pduri de fag. Pe culmile mai nalte se afl pajiti alpine i tufriuri de jneapn, ienupr, afin, merior i altele. n regiunile de deal i de podi se ntlnesc pduri de foioase n care predomin fagul, gorunul sau stejarul; pe dealurile joase i cmpiile nalte, adesea, principalele specii care alctuiesc pdurile sunt cerul i grnia. Vegetaia de step i de silvostep, care ocupa ariile cu deficit de umiditate din Podiul Dobrogei, Cmpia Romn, Podiul Moldovei, Cmpia Banatului i Crianei, a fost, n cea mai mare parte, nlocuit prin culturi agricole. Fauna Romniei este grupat pe areale difereniate n funcie de biotopul fiecrei specii. n etajul alpin apar elemente relicte precum capra neagr i vulturul de munte. n pdurile carpatine triesc diferite mamifere: urs, cerb, rs, lup, mistre, cprior, veveri i un numr mare de specii de psri. n cteva regiuni muntoase se mai pstreaz cocoul de munte i cocoul de mesteacn; n regiunile de deal i cmpie sunt rspndite: iepurele, crtia, ariciul, diferite psri, oprle, batracieni .a.; pentru zonele de step sunt caracteristice roztoarele (popndul i hrciogul). Fauna acvatic este reprezentat ndeosebi prin pstrv n apele de munte (lostria, mai rspndit n trecut, a devenit destul de rar); clean i mrean n regiunile de deal; crap, biban, tiuc, somn, caras n cele de cmpie i Delta Dunrii; n apele marine teritoriale i pe Dunrea inferioar se ntlnesc i specii de sturioni. Resursele minerale utile ale Romniei sunt variate. Printre principalele resurse minerale utile pot fi menionate: petrolul, cu vechi tradiii de exploatare; gazele naturale; crbuni, n special huila cocsificabil, crbunele brun i lignitul; minereuri feroase i neferoase, zcminte de aur, argint i de bauxit; mari rezerve de sare, precum i o serie de resurse nemetalifere. O categorie aparte a bogiilor de subsol o constituie cele peste 2000 de izvoare de ape minerale, cu valene pentru consum i tratamente medicale. Teritoriul Romniei este mprit din punct de vedere administrativ n: sate, comune, orae, municipii i judee. Ca uniti teritoriale (non-administrative) au fost create 8 regiuni de dezvoltare, constituite prin reuniunea mai multor judee.

Yearly precipitations decrease in intensity from west to east, from over 600 mm to less 500 mm in the East Romanian Plain, under 450 mm in Dobrogea and about 350 mm by seaside, in the mountainous areas they reach 1000-1500 mm. Romanian running waters are radially displayed, most of them having the springs in the Carpathians. Their main collector is the Danube river, which crosses the country in the south on 1075 km length and flows into the Black Sea. The lakes are represented by natural lakes (numerous genetic types) spread in all major units of relief, from glacial ones in the alpine floor (Mioarelor Lake - Fgra 2282 m) to river-maritime banks (Techirghiol Lake at 1.5 m) and anthropic lakes, as well in all relief units. The vegetation is determined by the relief and by pedoclimatic elements, being displayed in floors. Mountainous regions are covered by coniferous forests (especially spruce fir), mixture forests (beech, fir-tree, spruce fir) and beech forests. Higher peaks are covered by alpine lawns and bushes of dwarf pine, juniper, bilberry, red bilberry a.s.o. In the hills and plateaus regions there are broad-leaved forests, prevailing beech, common oak or durmast oak; the main forest species often met on low hills and high plains are Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto. The steppe and silvosteppe vegetation, which covered the areas of low humidity in Dobrogea Plateau, Romanian Plain, Moldova Plateau, Banat and Criana Plain has been mostly replaced by agricultural crops. Romania's fauna is grouped by different areals according to each species biotype. Relict elements as black goat (chamois) and mountain vulture live in the alpine area. In the Carpathian forests live various animals: bear, buck, lynx, wolf, wild boar, roebuck, squirrel and several species of birds. In a few mountainous areas both mountain cock and birch cock are still met. In the hill and field areas there are hares, moles, hedgehogs, various birds, lizards, batrachia a.s.o.; rodent animals as gopher and hamster are characteristic for the steppe areas. Water fauna is represented especially by trout in the mountainous waters (huck which was mostly spread in the past has become quite rare); dace and barbel in the hill region; carp, perch, pike, sheat fish, crucian in the field region and Danube Delta; sturgeon species are also met in the marine territorial waters and on the downstream Danube. Romania's useful minerals resources are various. Among the main useful minerals resources we can mention: crude oil, with old exploitation traditions; natural gas; coal, especially coking pitcoal, brown coal and lignite; ferrous and nonferrous ores, gold, silver and bauxite ore deposits; vast reserves of salt as well as numerous nonmetalliferrous resources. A special category of subsoil riches is constituted by over 2000 mineral water springs, with consumption and medical treatments valences. Romanian territory is divided from administrative viewpoint into: villages, communes, towns, municipalities and counties. As territorial (non-administrative) units, 8 regions of development were created, gathering several counties.

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Judeul reprezint unitatea administrativ-teritorial tradiional n Romnia, alctuit din orae i comune, n funcie de condiiile geografice, economice, social-politice i de legturile culturale i tradiionale ale populaiei. Teritoriul Romniei este organizat n 42 de judee (inclusiv Municipiul Bucureti). Municipiul este un ora cu un rol economic, social, politic i cultural nsemnat avnd, de regul, funcie administrativ. Oraul reprezint o concentrare uman cu o funcie administrativ i un mod de via specific zonelor urbane i o structur profesional a populaiei n care predomin cea ocupat n ramurile neagricole. Comuna este unitatea administrativ-teritorial care cuprinde populaia rural unit prin comunitate de interese i tradiii, fiind alctuit din unul sau mai multe sate (din care unul este reedin de comun). Satul este cea mai mic unitate teritorial, avnd caracteristicile aezrilor de tip rural. Oraele principale: Bucureti, Cluj-Napoca, Iai, Constana, Timioara, Craiova, Galai, Braov, Ploieti, Brila, Oradea, Bacu, Piteti, Arad, Sibiu. Porturile principale: la Marea Neagr: Constana, Mangalia; la Dunre: Moldova Nou, Orova, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Calafat, Corabia, Turnu Mgurele, Zimnicea, Giurgiu, Oltenia, Clrai, Cernavod, Hrova, Mcin, Brila, Galai, Tulcea, Sulina. Aeroporturile principale: Bucureti (Henri CoandOtopeni i Bneasa), Constana (Mihail Koglniceanu), Timioara (Traian Vuia), Cluj-Napoca, Iai, Arad, Oradea, Baia Mare, Trgu Mure, Suceava, Bacu, Deva, Sibiu, Craiova, Tulcea. Capitala: Municipiul Bucureti (1924959 locuitori, la 1 iulie 2005), mprit n ase sectoare administrative. Prima menionare documentar dateaz din 20.IX.1459, ca reedin a lui Vlad epe. Capital a rii Romneti ncepnd din a doua jumtate a secolului al XVII-lea i Capitala Romniei, din anul 1862, municipiul Bucureti este cel mai important centru politic, economic i cultural-tiinific al rii. Limba oficial: limba romn. Drapelul Romniei este tricolor; culorile sunt aezate vertical n ordinea urmtoare, ncepnd de la lance: albastru, galben, rou. Ziua naional a Romniei: 1 Decembrie. Imnul naional al Romniei este Deteapt-te romne. Forma de guvernmnt a Romniei este republica: Republic, conform Constituiei adoptate n 1991 i modificat n 2003; Puterea legislativ este reprezentat de un parlament bicameral (Camera Deputailor i Senatul), iar puterea executiv este exercitat de guvern, condus de un primministru desemnat de preedintele rii; Preedintele rii este ales n baza rezultatelor alegerilor generale prin scrutin universal pentru un mandat de 5 ani. Moneda naional: "leu (RON)", cu subdiviziunea ban. Cursul monedei naionale este stabilit zilnic pe piaa valutar interbancar, moneda de referin fiind euro.

County represents traditional administrative-territorial unit in Romania, including towns and communes, depending on geographical, economical and social-political conditions and population cultural and traditional relations. Romanian territory is organized into 42 counties (including Bucharest Municipality). Municipality is a town, with an important economic, social, political and cultural role, usually having administrative function. Town represents a human concentration with administrative function and a life specific to urban areas and with a population professional structure where the population employed in nonagricultural branches prevails. Commune is a territorial-administrative unit which comprises rural population united by interest and traditional community, including one or several villages (from which one is commune residence). Village is the smallest territorial unit, having characteristics of rural settlements. Main cities: Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Iai, Constana, Timioara, Craiova, Galai, Braov, Ploieti, Brila, Oradea, Bacu, Piteti, Arad, Sibiu. Main harbours: at the Black Sea: Constana, Mangalia; at The Danube: Moldova Nou, Orova, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Calafat, Corabia, Turnu Mgurele, Zimnicea, Giurgiu, Oltenia, Clrai, Cernavod, Hrova, Mcin, Brila, Galai, Tulcea, Sulina. Main airports: Bucharest (Henri Coand-Otopeni and Bneasa), Constana (Mihail Koglniceanu), Timioara (Traian Vuia), Cluj-Napoca, Iai, Arad, Oradea, Baia Mare, Trgu Mure, Suceava, Bacu, Deva, Sibiu, Craiova, Tulcea. The capital: Bucharest Municipality (1924959 inhabitants on July 1, 2005), organised into six administrative sectors. The first documentary mention was on 20.IX.1459, as residence of Vlad epe. Capital of ara Romneasc since the second half of the XVIIth century and Capital of Romania since 1862, Bucharest Municipality is the most important political, economic and culturalscientific center of the country. Official language: Romanian. Flag of Romania: is three - coloured; the colours are placed vertically in the following order from the lance: blue, yellow, red. National day of Romania: December, 1. National anthem of Romania is Wake up, Romanian. Government form in Romania is the republic: Republic, according to the Constitution adopted in 1991 and modified in 2003; Legislative power is represented by two chamber Parliament (Chamber of Deputies and Senate), and executive power is carried out by Government led by Prime Minister appointed by the countrys President; President of the country is elected based on general elections results by universal vote for a 5 years mandate. National currency: RON (Romanian Leu), Ban subdivision. The exchange rate is set on the interbank currency market on a daily basis, reference currency being euro.

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PRECIZRI METODOLOGICEMETEOROLOGIE Cercetarea proceselor i fenomenelor fizice din atmosfera terestr, care determin starea timpului i clima, are la baz msurtorile i observaiile meteorologice ce se efectueaz permanent sau periodic n diferite puncte de pe suprafaa globului terestru i la diferite nlimi n atmosfera liber. Programul unitar al msurtorilor i observaiilor, precum i alte activiti meteorologice se asigur prin colaborare internaional, n cadrul Administraiei Naionale de Meteorologie, cu Organizaia Meteorologic Mondial. Staia meteorologic reprezint punctul de pe suprafaa terestr unde se efectueaz observaii i msurtori asupra tuturor elementelor i fenomenelor meteorologice, conform programului stabilit. Majoritatea observaiilor, msurtorilor i determinrilor meteorologice de la staii se efectueaz pe platforma meteorologic situat pe un teren deschis, tipic pentru regiunea respectiv, cu dimensionarea standard de 26 m x 26 m. Pentru cercetarea proceselor i fenomenelor atmosferice i pentru calculul diferiilor parametri meteorologici i climatici, este necesar raportarea observaiilor i msurtorilor, care se realizeaz att n spaiu, ct i n timp. Programul climatologic reprezint complexul observaiilor i msurtorilor meteorologice ce se execut la staii, dup timpul solar mediu local, att la termenele fixe, ct i continuu n 24 de ore. Permanent, la termenele climatologice (1, 7, 13, 19 timp solar mediu local) se efectueaz observaii i msurtori asupra: presiunii atmosferice, vntului, temperaturii i umezelii aerului, temperaturii suprafeei solului, nebulozitii, precipitaiilor, vizibilitii orizontale. Continuu, n tot cursul zilei i nopii se determin caracteristicile tuturor fenomenelor meteorologice (hidrometeori, litometeori, electrometeori etc.). Observaiile asupra temperaturii aerului constau n msurarea temperaturii aerului la termenele stabilite i n determinarea valorilor maxime i minime ale acesteia n intervalele de timp dintre aceste termene. Temperatura aerului se msoar cu instrumente cu citire direct, psihrometrul cu ventilaie artificial, termometrul de maxim cu mercur i termometrul de minim cu alcool i cu aparate nregistratoare (termografe). Pentru ca instrumentele cu care se msoar temperatura i umezeala aerului s nu fie influenate direct de radiaia solar, de radiaia terestr, de precipitaii i de rafalele vntului, ele se instaleaz n adpostul meteorologic situat la 2 m nlime deasupra solului. Msurarea cantitilor de ap ce provin din precipitaii atmosferice sau care se depun din ali hidrometeori se efectueaz cu ajutorul pluviometrului, iar nregistrarea continu a precipitaiilor (lichide) se face cu pluviograful. Cantitile de ap se msoar zilnic la termenele climatologice (1, 7, 13, 19) i se exprim prin grosimea stratului de ap czut, n mm (1mm=1l / m2).

METHODOLOGICAL NOTESMETEOROLOGY The research of physical processes and phenomena in the terrestrial atmosphere, which determine the weather and the climate, relies on the meteorological measurements and observations, permanently or periodically carried out in different points on the terrestrial globe surface and at various altitudes in the free atmosphere. The unitary programme of measurements and observations, as well as other meteorological activities are assured by international co-operation within National Administration of Meteorology, with the World Meteorology Organisation. The meteorological station represents the point from the terrestrial surface, where measurements and observations on all meteorological elements and phenomena are carried out in keeping with the programme. Most of meteorological observations, measurements and determinations from the stations are performed on the meteorological area situated on an open land, typical for the respective region, with the standard dimension of 26 m x 26 m. In order to observe the atmospheric processes and phenomena and to compute various meteorological and climatic parameters, it is necessary to report observations and measurements, carried out both in space and over time. The climatic programme represents the complex of meteorological observations and measurements performed at stations, according to the local average solar time, both at fixed deadlines and continuously during 24 hours. Permanently, at the climatic deadlines (1, 7, 13, 19 local average solar time), the observations and measurements are done for: atmospheric pressure, wind, air temperature and humidity, ground surface temperature, cloudiness, precipitations, horizontal visibility. Continuously, during all day and night, the characteristics of all meteorological phenomena (hydrometeors, litometeors, electrometeors a.s.o.) are determined. Air temperature observations consist of air temperature measurement at the observation deadlines and of determining its maximum and minimum values, during the intervals between the climatic observation deadlines. Air temperature is measured with direct reading instruments, the psychrometer with artificial ventilation, the thermometer of maximum with mercury and the thermometer of minimum with alcohol and with recording apparatus (thermographs). In view to ensure that the instruments for measuring air temperature and humidity are not directly influenced by the solar, terrestrial radiation, by precipitations and by wind gusts, they should be placed in the meteorological shelter situated at 2 meters high above the ground. The measurement of water quantities coming from atmospheric precipitations or deposited by other hydrometeors is carried out by means of pluviometer and the continuous recording of precipitations (liquids) is performed with the pluviograph. Water quantities are daily measured at climatic deadlines (1, 7, 13, 19) and they are expressed by the thickness of the fallen water layer, in mm (1mm=1l / m 2).

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MEDIU NCONJURTOR Resursele de ap reprezint potenialul hidrologic format din apele de suprafa i subterane n regim natural i amenajat, inventariate la nceputul anului, din care se asigur alimentarea diverselor folosine. Ariile naturale protejate, conform O.U.G. nr. 236/2000, reprezint zone terestre, acvatice i/sau subterane, cu perimetrul legal stabilit i avnd un regim special de ocrotire i conservare, n care exist specii de plante i animale slbatice, elemente i formaiuni biogeografice sau de alt natur, cu valoare ecologic, tiinific sau cultural deosebit i cuprind: rezervaii ale biosferei - arii naturale protejate al cror scop este protecia i conservarea unor zone de habitat natural i a diversitii biologice specifice. Acestea cuprind un complex de ecosisteme terestre/i sau acvatice, lacuri i cursuri de ap, zone umede cu comuniti biocenotice floristice i faunistice unice, cu peisaje armonioase naturale sau rezultate din amenajarea tradiional a teritoriului, ecosisteme modificate sub influena omului i care pot fi readuse la starea natural, comuniti umane a cror existen este bazat pe valorificarea resurselor naturale pe principiul dezvoltrii durabile i armonioase; parcuri naionale - arii naturale protejate al cror scop este protecia i conservarea unor eantioane reprezentative pentru spaiul biogeografic naional, cuprinznd elemente naturale cu valoare deosebit sub aspect fizico-geografic, floristic, faunistic, hidrologic, geologic, paleontologic, speologic, pedologic sau de alt natur, oferind posibilitatea vizitrii n scopuri tiinifice, educative, recreative i turistice; parcuri naturale - arii naturale protejate al cror scop este protecia i conservarea unor ansambluri peisagistice n care interaciunea activitilor umane cu natura de-a lungul timpului a creat o zon distinct, cu valoare semnificativ peisagistic i/sau cultural, deseori cu o mare diversitate biologic; rezervaii tiinifice - arii naturale protejate al cror scop este protecia i conservarea unor habitate naturale terestre i/sau acvatice, cuprinznd elemente reprezentative de interes tiinific sub aspect floristic, faunistic, geologic, speologic, paleontologic, pedologic sau de alt natur; rezervaii naturale - arii naturale protejate al cror scop este protecia i conservarea unor habitate i specii naturale importante sub aspect floristic, faunistic, forestier, hidrologic, geologic, speologic, paleontologic, pedologic; monumente ale naturii - arii naturale protejate al cror scop este protecia i conservarea unor elemente naturale cu valoare i semnificaie ecologic, tiinific, peisagistic deosebite, reprezentate de specii de plante sau animale slbatice rare, endemice sau ameninate cu dispariia, arbori seculari, asociaii floristice i faunistice, fenomene geologice - peteri, martori de eroziune, chei, cursuri de ap, cascade i alte manifestri i formaiuni geologice, depozite fosilifere, precum i alte elemente naturale cu valoare de patrimoniu natural prin unicitatea sau raritatea lor.

ENVIRONMENT Water resources represent the hydrological potential consisting of the superficial and underground waters, under natural and arranged conditions, registered at the beginning of the year, of which the utilities are fed. Natural protected areas, according to G.P.O. no.236/2000, represents terrestrial, aquatic and/or underground areas, with legally settled perimeter and with a special protection and preservation regime, where wild plants and animal species, bio geographic elements and formations or of other nature, with special ecological, scientific or cultural value exist and include: reservations of biosphere - protected natural areas whose purpose is the protection and preservation of a natural habitat areas and of specific biologic diversity. They include a complex of terrestrial and/or aquatic eco - systems, lakes and water courses, humid areas with unique flora and fauna biocenotic communities, with natural harmonious landscapes or resulted from the traditional arrangement of the territory, eco - systems modified under human influence and which could be brought back to natural state, human communities whose existence is based on natural resources capitalization based on the durable and harmonious development principle; national parks - natural protected areas whose purpose is the protection and preservation of representative samples for the national bio - geographic space, including natural elements with a special value from a physico - geographical aspect, flora, fauna, hidrological, geological, paleontological, speological, pedological point of view or of another nature, giving the possibility of visiting them for scientific, educational, recreative and touristic purpose; natural parks - natural protected areas whose purpose is the protection and preservation of landscape piles in which human activities interactions in time created a distinct area, with landscape and/or cultural significant value, often with a great biological diversity; scientific reservations - natural protected areas whose purpose is the protection and preservation of terrestrial and/or aquatic natural habitats, including representative elements of scientific interest from flora, fauna, geological, speological, paleontological, pedological point of view or of other nature; natural reservations - natural protected areas whose purpose is the protection and preservation of important natural habitats and species from flora, fauna, forestry, hydrological, geological, speological, paleontological, pedological point of view; natural monuments - natural protected areas whose purpose is the protection and preservation of natural elements and of ecological, scientific, landscape special significance, represented by wild plants and animal species, rare, endemic or endangered, secular trees, flora and fauna associations, geological phenomena - caves, erosion aspects, gorges, water courses, waterfalls and other types of geological manifestations and formations, fosils deposits, and other natural elements with a natural patrimony value being unique or rare.

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Evaluarea calitii apelor de suprafa const n monitorizarea parametrilor biologici hidromorfologici, fizicochimici, a poluanilor prioritari sau a altor poluani evacuai n cantiti importante. Potrivit Legii nr. 310/2004, anexa 11, se disting 5 clase de calitate, definite astfel: clasa de calitate I - stare foarte bun - nu exist alterri (sau sunt foarte mici) ale valorilor elementelor fizico-chimice i hidromorfologice de calitate pentru tipul de corpuri de ap de suprafa fa de cele asociate n mod normal cu acel tip n condiii nemodificate; clasa de calitate II - stare bun - valorile elementelor biologice de calitate pentru tipul de corp de ap de suprafa prezint nivele sczute de schimbare datorit activitilor umane, dar deviaz uor fa de acele valori normale asociate cu tipul de corpuri de ap de suprafa n condiii nemodificate; clasa de calitate III - stare moderat - valorile elementelor biologice de calitate pentru tipul de corp de ap de suprafa deviaz moderat fa de acelea care sunt n mod normal asociate cu tipul de corp de ap de suprafa n condiii nemodificate. Valorile prezint semne moderate de perturbare ca urmare a activitilor umane i sunt esenial perturbate fa de valorile din condiiile de stare bun; clasa de calitate IV - slab - prezint dovezi de alterri majore ale valorilor elementelor biologice de calitate pentru tipul de corpuri de ape de suprafa i n care comunitile biologice importante deviaz semnificativ de la valorile normale asociate cu tipul de corpuri de ap de suprafa n condiii nemodificate; clasa de calitate V - proast - prezint dovezi de alterri majore ale valorilor elementelor biologice de calitate pentru tipul de corpuri de ape de suprafa i n care pri mari din comunitile biologice importante care sunt n mod normal asociate cu tipul de corpuri de apa de suprafa n condiii nemodificate, sunt absente. Gradul de defoliere a coroanei arborilor este unul dintre indicatorii care exprim starea de sntate a pdurilor. Datele privind starea pdurilor provin din sondajele realizate de ctre Regia Naional a Pdurilor prin reeaua naional de sondaje permanente, observrile efectundu-se n 3827 de parcele de sondaj (cu o suprafa de 4x4 km fiecare). n anul 2005 au fost inventariai selectiv 100718 arbori, din care 25627 la specia rinoase i 75091 la specia foioase. Defolierea este evaluat prin proporia frunzelor czute n raport cu normele stabilite i se detaliaz n 5 clase: clasa 0: 0-10% = neafectat; clasa 1: 11-25% = uor; clasa 2: 26-60% = mediu; clasa 3: 61-99% = sever; clasa 4: 100% = uscat.

The evaluation of the superficial waters quality is carried out by monitoring the biological hidro - morfological parameters, physico - chemical, the prioritary pollution agents or other pollution agents evacuated in important quantities. According to Law no.310/2004, annex 11, 5 quality classes are distinguished, defined as follows: the first quality class - very good state - no alterations (or very few) of physico-chemical and hydro-morfological quality elements value exist for the type of superficial waters bodies as against those normally associated with specific type in unchanged conditions; the second quality class - good state - biological quality elements values for superficial water body type presents low levels of change because of human activity, but it slightly deviate as against those normal values associated with superficial water bodies type in unchanged conditions; the third quality class - moderate state - biological quality elements values for superficial water body type moderately deviates as against those which are normally associated with superficial water body type in unchanged conditions. These values presents moderate perturbation signs because of human activities and are essentially perturbated as against the good state conditions values; the fourth quality class - poor - presents major alterations proofs of the biological quality elements values for superficial water bodies type in which important biological communities significantly deviates from the normal values associated with superficial water bodies type in unchanged conditions;

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the fifth quality class - bad - presents major alterations proofs of the biological quality elements values for superficials water bodies type and in which big parts from important biological communities which are normally associated with superficial water bodies type in unchanged conditions are absent. Tree crown defoliation is one of indicators expressing forests state of health. Data on forests state come from the sample surveys carried out by National Company of Forests through the permanent samplings national network, observations being carried out in 3827 permanent sample lots (on 4x4 Km area). n 2005, 100718 trees were selectively inventaried of which 25627 resinous and 75091 broad - leaved species. The defoliation is evaluated by the share of fallen leaves, according to the set up norms and is divided into 5 classes: 0 class: 0-10% = unaffected; 1 class: 11-25% = slight; 2 class: 26-60% = medium; 3 class: 61-99% = severe; 4 class: 100% = dry.

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Investiiile pentru protecia mediului includ cheltuielile efectuate pentru lucrri de construcii, de instalaii i de montaj, pentru achiziionarea de utilaje, mijloace de transport, alte cheltuieli destinate crerii de noi mijloace fixe pentru dezvoltarea, modernizarea, reconstrucia celor existente, cu scopul de protecie a mediului. Ele includ, de asemenea, valoarea serviciilor legate de transferul de proprieti al mijloacelor fixe existente i al terenurilor (taxe, materiale, comisioane, cheltuieli de transport de ncrcare - descrcare). Cheltuielile pentru protecia mediului includ cheltuielile efectuate pentru desfurarea activitilor de supraveghere i protecie a mediului, i care se refer la prevenirea sau repararea pagubelor aduse acestuia. Cheltuieli curente interne pentru protecia mediului nsumeaz cheltuielile efectuate pentru operarea, repararea i ntreinerea instalaiilor i utilajelor pentru protecia mediului de ctre personalul ntreprinderii. Ele includ salariile i impozitele aferente i cheltuielile materiale (materii prime, materiale, combustibili, energie, ap etc.). Cheltuielile curente interne nu includ cheltuielile pentru achiziionarea de servicii de mediu de la teri. Categoriile de productori de servicii pentru protecia mediului sunt: productorii specializai - uniti care execut activiti de protecia mediului ca activitate principal, care se regsesc n CAEN Rev.1, la: diviziunea 90 (eliminarea deeurilor i a apelor uzate, asanare, salubritate i activiti similare), diviziunea 37 (recuperarea deeurilor i resturilor de materiale reciclabile), diviziunea 41 (captarea, tratarea i distribuia apei) i clasa 5157 (comer cu ridicata al deeurilor i resturilor); productorii nespecializai - uniti care execut o activitate de protecia mediului ca activitate secundar sau auxiliar la o activitate principal. Activitatea principal nu este una de protecia mediului. Aceste uniti se regsesc n sectorul producie (CAEN Rev.1, diviziunile: 10-45, exclusiv diviziunile: 37, 41); administraia public local - toate unitile administraiei publice ale cror competene privesc numai forma administrativ-teritorial pentru care au fost constituite. Activitile specifice de protecia mediului sunt grupate astfel: prevenirea i combaterea polurii (protecia aerului, protecia apei, managementul deeurilor, protecia solului i a apelor subterane); protecia resurselor naturale i conservarea biodiversitii (protecia speciilor, arii protejate, remediere i reconstrucie ecologic, refacerea mediului acvatic, prevenirea fenomenelor naturale periculoase); alte activiti (cercetare-dezvoltare, administrare general a mediului, reducerea zgomotului i a vibraiilor, protecia mpotriva radiaiilor, educaie, instruire, informare).

Investments for environment protection include the expenditure made for construction, installations and building works, for equipment, transport means purchasing, other expenditure meant to create new fixed assets for the development, modernization, reconstruction of the already existent ones, having the purpose of environment protection. They also include the value of services related to existent fixed assets and land ownership transfer (taxes, materials, commissions, loading-unloading transport expenditure). Environment protection expenditure include all the expenditure for carrying out the activities of environment observation and protection and refer to environment damages prevention or repair. Current internal expenditure for environment protection are made of the expenditure for operating, repairs and maintenance of installations and equipment for environment protection by enterprise staff. They include salaries and taxes and material expenditure (raw materials, materials, fuels, energy, water a.s.o.). The current internal expenditure do not include environmental services purchased from thirds. Categories of service producers for environment protection are: specialised producers - units carrying out an activity of environment protection as their main activity, which are to be found at CANE Rev.1, at: division 90 (sewage and refuse disposal, sanitation and similar activities), division 37 (recovery of waste and scraps of recycled materials), division 41 (water collection, purification and distribution), and 5157 class (wholesale of waste and remains); non-specialised producers - units carrying out an activity of environment protection as their secondary or auxiliary activity. Their main activity is not the environment protection. These units are found in the sector of production (CANE Rev. 1, divisions: 10-45, excluding divisions 37, 41);

local public administration - units of public administration whose competences regard only territorial-administrative type for which they have been created. Specific activities of environment protection are grouped as follows: pollution prevention and reduction (air protection, water protection, wastes management, soil and underground waters protection); natural resources protection and biodiversity preservation (species protection, protected areas, ecological remedy and reconstruction, aquatic environment restoration, prevention of dangerous natural phenomena); other activities (research-development, environment general administration, noise and vibrations reduction, protection against radiation, education, training, looking for information).

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1.1Nord North Sud South Est East Vest West

POZIIA GEOGRAFIC A ROMNIEI GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF ROMANIAPunctul extrem (localitatea) Extreme point (locality) Satul Horoditea Horoditea village Oraul Zimnicea Zimnicea town Oraul Sulina Sulina town Comuna Beba Veche Beba Veche commune Judeul County Botoani Teleorman Tulcea Timi Longitudinea estic 1) Longitude east 1) 2642'05'' 2523'32'' 2941'24'' 2015'44'' Latitudinea nordic Latitude north 4815'06'' 4337'07'' 4509'36'' 4607'27''

1)

Dup Greenwich. / According to Greenwich.

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LUNGIMEA FRONTIERELOR ROMNIEI LENGTH OF ROMANIAS BORDERSkm

Lungimea frontierelor / Border length Total Total Total granie Bulgaria Republica Moldova Serbia i Muntenegru Ucraina Ungaria Marea Neagr 3149,9 631,3 681,3 546,4 649,4 448,0 193,5 Terestr Land 1085,6 139,1 256,8 273,8 415,9 Fluvial River 1816,9 470,0 681,3 289,6 343,9 32,1 Maritim Sea 247,4 22,2 31,7 193,5 Total borders Bulgaria Republic of Moldova Serbia and Montenegro Ukraine Hungary Black Sea

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Not: Lungimile frontierelor sunt oficializate numai cu Serbia i Muntenegru i Ungaria, celelalte frontiere fiind calculate unilateral. Note: Lengths of borders are official only with Serbia and Montenegro and Hungary, the other borders being unilaterally calculated.

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PRINCIPALELE ALTITUDINI MUNTOASE MAJOR MOUNTAIN PEAKSDenumirea masivului muntos Name of massif Fgra Fgra Parng Retezat Bucegi Retezat Iezer Iezer Rodna Godeanu Fgra Rodna Cindrel Lotru Piatra Craiului Godeanu arcu arcu Leaota ureanu Cpna Climan ureanu Maramure Ciuca Maramure Ceahlu Ceahlu Vlcan Bistria Raru Bihor ible Vldeasa Muntele Mare Harghita Hma Bistria Vrancea Vrancea Gurghiu Penteleu Munii Cernei Cozia Tarcu Raru Nemira Obcina Mestecni Harghita Stnioara Obcina Feredeu Mehedini Semenic Guti Munii Metaliferi Poiana Rusc Trascu Guti Bodoc Munii Metaliferi Almj Munii Aninei Codru Moma Perani Mese Zarand Mcin Judeul County Altitudinea vrfului (m) Height (m) 2544 2535 2519 2509 2505 2482 2462 2391 2303 2291 2283 2279 2244 2242 2238 2229 2190 2190 2133 2130 2124 2100 2059 1956 1954 1930 1907 1900 1868 1859 1856 1849 1837 1836 1826 1800 1792 1791 1784 1777 1776 1772 1733 1668 1664 1650 1649 1588 1558 1530 1495 1466 1447 1443 1437 1374 1369 1307 1301 1258 1224 1160 1112 1104 996 836 467

Denumirea vrfului muntos Name of peak Moldoveanu Negoiu Parngu Mare Peleaga Omu Retezat Iezeru Mare Ppua Pietrosu Gugu Suru Ineu Cindrel tefleti La Om (Piscul Baciului) Godeanu Cleanu arcu Leaota Vrfu lui Ptru Ursu Pietrosu ureanu Farcu Ciuca Toroiaga Ocolau Mare Toaca Straja Budacu Giumalu Cucurbta Mare ible Vldeasa Muntele Mare Harghita Mdra Hmau Mare Pietrosu Goru Lcu Saca Penteleu Vlacu Mic Cozia Grindu Raru Nemira Lucina Cucu Bivolu Pacani Vrfu lui Stan Piatra Goznei Guti Poienia Pade Dmbu Igni Ciomatu Detunata Svinecea Mare Leor