akademiuri wera - old.ucss.geold.ucss.ge/publication/014 Academiuri Cera.pdf · kritikis Sefaseba...

kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi

damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli

Se

sa

va

li

efeqturi Sesa-

vali, problemis

naTeli defini-

ciiTa da

detaluri

safuZvelmdebar

e informaciiT.

problema

gansazRvrulia

adekvaturi

safuZvelmdebar

e informaciiTa

da detalebiT.

problema ar

aris naTlad

gansazRv- ruli

da aklia

saWiro detali.

safuZvelmdeba

re informacia

ar aris

adeqvaturad

axsnili.

problema ar aris

gansazRvruli.

safuZvelmdebare

informacia

bundovania an

ar aris

dakavSirebuli

problemasTan.

Zi

ri

Ta

di

na

wi

li

gamoyenebuli

wyaroebis

SedarebiTi

analizi da

kritikuli

Sefaseba

sanimuSoa.

gamoyenebuli

wyaroebis

SedarebiTi

analizi kargia,

magram

garkveulwilad

aklia kritikuli

Sefaseba.

SedarebiTi

analizis

mcdeloba,

magram aklia

kritikuli

Sefaseba.

SedarebiTi

analizi

bundovania.

kritikuli

Sefaseba ar aris

mocemuli.

da

sk

vn

a

ZiriTadi sakiT-

xebi sanimuSodaa

Sejamebuli da ar

aris

ganmeorebadi.

daskvnebi da

rekomendaciebi

logikuria da

kavSirSia

sakvlev

problemasTan.

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi

kargadaa Sejame-

buli da nakleb

ganmeorebadia.

mocemulia

garkveuli

rekomendaciebi,

romlebic

kavSirSia

sakvlev

problemasTan.

ZiriTadi saki-

Txebi zogadad

Sejamebulia,

magram ganme-

orebadia.

rekomendaciebi

Tu sakuTari

Sexedulebebi

ar aris

mocemuli.

ZiriTadi sakiT-

xebi ar aris

adeqvaturad

Sejamebuli.

rekomendaciebi

Tu sakuTari

Sexedulebebi ar

aris mocemuli.

ga

mo

ye

ne

bu

li

li

te

ra

tu

ra

minimum 5-6

wyaroa

gamoyenebuli.

yvela wyaro

sakvlevi

problemis

relevanturia.

isini srulad da

sworadaa

miTiTebuli.

5 wyaro mainc

aris gamoye-

nebuli. yvela

wyaro sakvlevi

problemis

relevanturia.

isini srulad

aris miTiTe-

buli, magram

ramodenime ar

aris sasurvel

formatSi.

5 wyaroze

nakle bia

gamoyenebuli.

isini srulad

aris

miTiTebuli,

magram maTi

nawili ar aris

sasurvel

formatSi.

4 wyaroze

naklebia

gamoyenebuli.

isini ar aris

srulad

miTiTebuli,

umravlesobis

formati

arasworia.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. gramatika

da punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi

ena. aklia

profesiuli

toni.

garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

ar aris gamoye-

nebuli forma-

luri werilo-

biTi ena. ar aris

miRweuli

profesiuli

toni. bevri

Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

76

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

akademiuri

wera

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis

magistrantebisaTvis

lia wulaZe

Tbilisi

2006


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 – 873-7-1

analitikuri referatis Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli

Zi

ri

Ta

di

sa

ki

T-

xe

bi

s i

de

nt

if

ik

a-

ci

a d

a k

on

-

te

qs

tu

al

iz

ac

ia

avtori avlens

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikaciisa

da farTo

konteqstTan maTi

dakavSirebis

sanimuSo unars.

avtori axdens

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikacias da

cdilobs maT

dakavSirebas

farTo

konteqstTan.

avtori cdilobs

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikacias,

magram yvela

maTgani ar aris

gamoyofili.

maTi farTo

konteqstTan

dakavSirebis

warumatebeli

mcdeloba.

avtori ver axdens

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikaciasa

da konteqstuali-

zacias.

po

zi

ci

a,

an

al

iz

i,

Se

fa

se

ba

sanimuSo

SedarebiTi

analizi. avtori

axdens statiaTa

avtorebis

poziciebis

diferenciaciasa

da Sefasebas,

imavdroulad

gvTavazobs ra mis

kargad

dasabuTebul

pozicias.

avtori axdens

statiaTa

avtorebis

poziciebis

saTanado

diferenciaciasa

da SedarebiT

analizs, magram

misi pozicia ar

aris naTlad

dasabuTebuli.

SedarebiTi

analizisa da

statiebis

avtorTa

poziciebis

Sefasebis

mcdeloba,

magram ZiriTad

argumentebs

aklia dasabuTeba

da amitom

avtoris pozicia

ufro

bundovania.

avtori ar axdens

SedarebiT

analizsa da

statiebis avtorTa

poziciebis

Sefasebas, misi

poziciac ar aris

Camoyalibebuli.

na

Sr

om

is

st

ru

qt

ur

a

naSromi

sanimuSodaa

organizebuli.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

naSromi kargad

organizebulia.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da umetesad

efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

organizebis

mcdeloba. an

yvela

struqturuli

elementi

saxezea, magram

ar aris

efeqturad

gamoyenebuli, an

erT-erTi

elementi aklia.

araorganize-

buli. araerTi

struqturuli

elementi aklia.

pa

ra

gr

af

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a

da

lo

gi

ka

paragrafebi

sanimuSod

ganviTarebuli da

logikuria.

paragrafebi

kargadaa

ganviTarebuli da

logikuria, magram

periodulad aklia

saWiro detali.

paragrafebis

ganviTarebis

mcdeloba,

magram xSirad

aklia saWiro

detali da

nakleb

logikuria.

paragrafebi

ar aris

ganviTarebuli.

naSromi savsea

individualuri,

daukavSirebeli

winadadebebiT.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli toni.

gramatika da

punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

srulad da

sworadaa

miTiTebuli.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli toni.

umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

srulad da

sworadaa

miTiTebuli.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

aklia

profesiuli

toni. garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

sruladaa

miTiTebuli,

magram

garkveuli

xarvezebiT.

ar aris

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena. ar

aris miRweuli

profesiuli toni.

bevri Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

arasrulad da

arasworadaa

miTiTebuli.

75

kritikis Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi

damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli

wv

do

ma

avtori Rrmad

swvda statias da

masSi mocemul

ZiriTad

argumentebs.

avtorma

saTanadod gaigo

statia da masSi

mocemuli

ZiriTadi

argumentebi.

avtors

mxolod

zedapirulad

esmis statia da

masSi mocemuli

ZiriTadi

argumentebi.

avtors

arasworad esmis

statia da ver

axdens ZiriTadi

argumentebis

diferenciacias.

Se

fa

se

ba

avtori avlens

kritikuli

azrovnebis

sanimuSo unars.

is ganixilavs

yvela ZiriTad

arguments,

axdens maT Rrma

interpretacias,

analizs,

Sejamebasa da

Sefasebas.

avtori avlens

kritikuli

azrovnebis

unars. is

ganixilavs yvela

ZiriTad

arguments,

kompetenturad

axdens maT

interpretacias,

analizs,

Sejamebasa da

Sefasebas.

avtori

cdilobs

kritikulad

gaaanalizos

statia, magram

zogierTi

ZiriTadi

argumenti ar

aris saTanadod

interpretireb

uli,

Sejamebuli da

Sefasebuli.

avtori ver

axdens statiis

kritikul

analizs.

ZiriTadi

argumentebi

ar aris

interpretirebu

li da

Sejamebuli. maTi

Sefaseba

araadekvaturia.

na

Sr

om

is

st

ru

qt

ur

a naSromi

sanimuSodaa

organizebuli.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

naSromi kargad

organizebulia.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da umetesad

efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

organizebis

mcdeloba. an

yvela

struqturuli

elementi

saxezea, magram

ar aris

efeqturad

gamoyenebuli,

an erT-erTi

elementi

aklia.

araorganizebul

i. araerTi

struqturuli

elementi aklia.

pa

ra

gr

af

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a d

a

lo

gi

ka

paragrafebi

sanimuSod

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria.

paragrafebi

kargadaa

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria,

magram

periodulad

aklia saWiro

detali.

paragrafebis

ganviTarebis

mcdeloba,

magram xSirad

aklia saWiro

detali da

nakleblogiku

ria.

paragrafebi ar

aris

ganviTarebuli.

naSromi savsea

individualuri,

daukavSirebeli

winadadebebiT.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. gramatika

da punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi

ena. aklia

profesiuli

toni.

garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

ar aris

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ar aris miRweuli

profesiuli

toni. bevri

Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

74

s a r C e v i

Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 4

Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8

Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27

Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44

Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55

3

Sesavali

kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrov-

nebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin

blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da

amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo

miznebis taqsonomiis” SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa

cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi

studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro mar-

tividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad

gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela

safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs

miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis

unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa

umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino.

blumis taqsonomia

1. codna — informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens

cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels.

2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT

gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs

faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da gan-

zogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis

gaTavisebas.

3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _infor-

maciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamo-

yeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo

situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi” gaxados misi codna.

4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _

monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri

kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa

da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struq-

turireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis

mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an

qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is

done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas.

5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponen-

tebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis

moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,

SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas

raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis

safuZvelze.

6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba

_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena,

argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, Semoqmede-

biTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteri-

umebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi

gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.

sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisx-

mobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis

4

argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi

damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli

na

Sr

om

is

st

ru

qt

ur

a

naSromi

sanimuSodaa

organizebuli.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

naSromi kargad

organizebulia.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da umetesad

efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

organizebis

mcdeloba. an

yvela

struqturuli

elementi

saxezea, magram

ar aris

efeqturad

gamoyenebuli,

an erT-erTi

elementi

aklia.

araorganizebuli.

araerTi

struqturuli

elementi aklia.

pa

ra

gr

af

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a

da

lo

gi

ka

paragrafebi

sanimuSod

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria.

paragrafebi

kargadaa

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria,

magram

periodulad

aklia saWiro

detali.

paragrafebis

ganviTarebis

mcdeloba,

magram xSirad

aklia saWiro

detali da

nakleb

logikuria.

paragrafebi ar

aris

ganviTarebuli.

naSromi savsea

individualuri,

daukavSirebeli

winadadebebiT.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. gramatika

da punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi

ena. aklia

profesiuli

toni.

garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

ar aris

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ar aris miRweuli

profesiuli

toni. bevri

Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

sa

ku

Ta

ri

ar

gu

me

nt

eb

is

da

sa

bu

Te

ba

avtoris

argumentebi

Zlieria da

damajerebladaa

dasabuTebuli.

avtoris

argumentebi

sakmaod

damajerebelia

da kargadaa

dasabuTebuli.

avtoris

argumentebi

damajerebelia,

magram aklia

dasabuTeba.

avtoris

argumentebi

nakleb

damajerebelia

da ar aris

dasabuTebuli.

ko

nt

r-

ar

gu

me

nt

eb

is

ga

Tv

al

is

wi

ne

ba

da

uk

ug

de

ba

kontrargumen-

tebi gaTvalis-

winebuli da

warmatebiT

ukugdebulia.

kontrargumen-

tebi gaTvalis-

winebuli da

umetesad

ukugdebulia.

kontrargumen-

tebis gaTva-

liswinebis

mcdeloba,

Tumca isini

naklebadaa

ukugdebuli.

kontrargumen-

tebi ar aris

gaTvaliswi-

nebuli da

ukugdebuli.

73

Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning. Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

damatebiTi literatura:

Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines. Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications. Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education Limited. Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing. Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning. http://www.apa.org/http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html http://www.criticalreading.com/ http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/ http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/http://www.powa.org/http://www.refdesk.com/citationshttp://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html http://www.utoronto.ca/writinghttp://webster.comment.edu/http://www.wisc.edu/writing/http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/

swavlis Sedegi:

mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri

weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs

sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis,

agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba

kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi;

analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis

Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms,

romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos

dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad,

studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori

teqnika, msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi gamoyenebuli

literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba.

72

gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman]. blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis”

etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi — aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da

Sefaseba — Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da

SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi

safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca

Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis

pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli

azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil

adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT”, rac gulisxmobs, rom

mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da

ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac

Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod

frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT

sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,

rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis

mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli

gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,

rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis

nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi

sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana” iyo, studen-

tebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli

codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da

SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.

aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi

mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis

procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauni-

versiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli

azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxu-

reboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo

wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis

studentebs.

kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi

eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini

,,akademiurad” unda iyos Sesrulebuli.

swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris sasem-

inaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centra-

luri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli

da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da

kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da

eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqti-

urad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da

aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli

Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve

afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis

safuZvelze.

kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris

ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamo-

kvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis

parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,

studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,

gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis

farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.

qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:

5

Janrebi universitetSi

Janri aRwera mizani

1) argumentirebuli

ese

araakademiuri debatis

ori mxaris

struqturirebuli

analizi.

mtkicebulebis

formulirebisa da

Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT

ganmtkicebis procesis

ganviTareba.

2) kritika erTi akademiuri teqstis

kritikuli kiTxva da

werilobiTi formiT

Sefaseba.

kritikuli azrovnebisa

da ZiriTadi

argumentebis Sejameba-

Sefasebis unaris

ganviTareba.

3) analitikuri

referati

debatis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis gansazRvra

studentisaTvis SerCeuli

ori an sami statiis

safuZvelze.

debatis ZiriTadi arsis

wvdomisa da werilobiTi

formiT gadmocemis

xelSewyoba.

4) sabiblioTeko

kvleviTi naSromi

akademiuri problemis

werilobiTi formiT

gadaWra sabiblioTeko

gamokvlevis safuZvelze.

mocemul disciplinaSi

sakvlevi problemis

dayenebisa da gadaWris

xelSewyoba Sesabamisi

Teoriis/literaturis

gamoyenebis safuZvelze.

5) eqsperimentuli

kvleviTi naSromi

sakuTari gamokvlevis

angariSi, romelSic

dasabuTebulia arCeuli

meTodologia da warmod-

genilia gamokvlevis

TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli

Sedegebi da maTi

interpretacia.


struqturirebisa da

prezentaciis xelSewyoba

akademiuri disciplinis

moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris

centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze]

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi:

akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:

• mkiTxveli

sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.

magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis

eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda

gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi

molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi

mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba

SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or

winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ speci-

alistebisTvisaa dawerili:

• socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis

Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis

safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens.

• process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi

Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul

socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba.

• mizani

6

• studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

ZiriTad elementebs

• studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis

nimuSebs

• studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri

referatis ZiriTad elementebs

10 konteqstualizacia • studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da

varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi

11 avtorTa poziciebis

analizi da Sefaseba

Sexedulebebis

ganmtkiceba

• studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabij-

nabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs

• studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon

Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis

Sexedulebebi

12 weris stili da logika

analitikuri referatis

saboloo versiis Seqmna

da prezentacia

• studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da

logikaze

• analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis

naSromebs

13 kvleviTi naSromis

Sesavali

• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs

• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da

mis ZiriTad elementebs

14 sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

naSromi • studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,

etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis

procesSi

15 eqsperimentuli

kvleviTi naSromi • studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi


etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis

Seqmnis procesSi

16 bibliografiis

miTiTebis APA-stili

• studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

APA-stils

• studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT

bibliografiis miTiTebaSi

Sefaseba:

daswreba — 15%

naSromebis Seqmna — 60%

naSromebis prezentacia — 25%

savaldebulo literatura:

*radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da

Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori

aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,

sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.

Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.: RoutledgeFalmer.

71

2 weriTi procesis

safexurebi

paragrafebis

ganviTareba

• studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad

safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,

Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi

• studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis

struqturas

• studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis

ganviTarebaSi

3 argumentirebuli eses

Sesavali nawili

sakuTari argumentebis

prezentacia

kontr-argumentebis

gaTvaliswineba da

ukugdeba

• studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis

rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs

• studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi

• studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis

wardgenasa da dasabuTebas

• praqtika werilobiTi formiT

• studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis

gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas



daskvna

logika da mTlianoba

argumentirebuli eses


da prezentacia

• studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa

da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs

• studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi

• studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da

logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis

teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi

• argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da

prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis

naSromebs

5 kritikis Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs

• studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis

struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs

• studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs

6 perifrazireba Sejameba

citireba

plagiatis Tavidan

acileba

• studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis

perifrazirebas

• studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas


• studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas

studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon

Tavidan plagiati

7 Sefaseba-refleqsia

• studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias

avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi

• studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias



kritikis saboloo

versiis Seqmna da

prezentacia


logikaze

• kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs

9 analitikuri referatis

Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

Sefasebis kriteriumebs

70

zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani

erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb

informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa

informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli

mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis

ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es

mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.

• daiwyeT daskvniT

akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive

warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.

naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve

Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos

da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad

gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom

misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis

mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.

• struqtura

nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos

organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da

mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamom-

dinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,

Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba

`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi

nawilisagan Sedgeba:

1. situaciis aRwera

2. problemis identifikacia

3. gadaWris gzis aRwera

4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba

[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin]. • stili

akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara

marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad

Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-

vaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT

dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad komp-

leqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCve-

nos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules war-

moadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom

akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es

zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;

winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.

• logikuri Tanmimdevruloba

akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis

gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi

unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.

Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme

gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan

dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press.]

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis

Sinaarsze gadavideT.

7

kursis Sinaarsi

Tema I. argumentirebuli ese

TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan

nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,

saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSa-

vebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos

mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba ada-

mians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis

SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da

efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris

nebismieri JanrisaTvis.

argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs

saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa

da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze

gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba

gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT

sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;

movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses

ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis

SeqmnaSic.

akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi

arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev, J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle, Thomson Learning].

rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba

ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,

rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,

avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,

eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur

weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli

eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis

warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara

oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod

pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis

gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.

nimuSi 1

sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia

kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri

sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi

araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe

araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro

izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja

yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes

samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan

usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis

gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa

sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis

es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime

danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic

gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis

ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).

aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis

aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.

8

silabusi

akademiuri wera

saswavlo kursis kodi:

saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.

saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.

ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _

32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.

leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnie-

rebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.

T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: [email protected] saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis

universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:

argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.

aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben

leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva

Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,

jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis

naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.


ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da

gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis





Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris

safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi

mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis

marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.

saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.

saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:

ga

kv

eT

il

i

Tema

miznebi


Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs

• studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses

Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs

• studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses

nimuSebs

69

qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:

aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba.

• aranabeWdi wyaroebi:

gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...].

gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.

redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi:

paramaunti.

• masala internetidan:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis

saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da

saitis misamarTi.

internet-wigni

braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi,

1999, http:/www. ......... sagazeTo statia internetidan

azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www....

Jurnalis statia internetidan

faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis

sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995. http:/www. .........

[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm]

68

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is

miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:

socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),

da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis

mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT

SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Ta-

vidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur dam-

naSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,

Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.

sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti

ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba

udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da

romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias

Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni

(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).

garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba

gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba àra kac-hkla~ vrceldeba

yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan

da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did

codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda

basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT

SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba

aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!

sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba

gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.

SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam

SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi

SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs

gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac

sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime

danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac

ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi

iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc

erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia

danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.

amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris

kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis

aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver àkeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver

icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi

procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi

sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.

humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es

araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi

damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.

nimuSi 2


Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad

iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas

gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi

iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.

rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,

raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.

xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis

gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis

Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis

miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede-

9

bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarT-

lebulia.

arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.

saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis

farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod

erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kate-

goriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis

Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli

emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis

saSualebas miscems.

saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli

danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur

reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,

saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT

sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri lik-

vidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis Sesanar-

Cuneblad.

sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev

erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,

romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav

saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli

teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis

saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore

Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma

sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli

operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.

rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego

azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri

wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad

iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT èloliaveba~

adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia

ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls

Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,

romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am

`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.

borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri

momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjo-

besia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre

uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, rad-

gan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misa-

Rebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwy-

des, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis

garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~

mimarT.

sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli

nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT

ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.

ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas

uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da

gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu

frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,

gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri

warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am

teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu-

10

adgili: gamomcemeli.

Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis

sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.

• xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).


sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niu-

iorki: arko.

• wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:

wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.

vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.

• mravaltomiani naSromi:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).


beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli

fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.

• leqsikoni:

saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:

gamomcemeli.

oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:

oqsfordis universitetis presa.

• statia Jurnalidan:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis

saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)

uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.

• statia gazeTidan:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,

gverdebi (iwereba gv.).

mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.

11-12.

• disertacia an avtoreferati:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,

universiteti, misi mdebareoba.

wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis

konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi . sakandidato disertacia, iv.

javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.

)

• leqciaze micemuli masala:

leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am

leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.

wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala

warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is

Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.

• samTavrobo dokumenti:

saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).

dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:

gamomcemeli.

mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da

67

• Sedegebis interpretacia

• arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena

• komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT

• interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba

diskusia / daskvna

daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:

• sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo)

• mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca

gavrcelebuli)

• momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da

gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi)

bibliografia

yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT,

APA stiliT).

kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire

Sesavali meTodebi Sedegebi diskusia

axlandeli dro maRali dabali dabali maRali

warsuli dro saSualo maRali maRali saSualo

vnebiTi gvari dabali maRali cvalebadi cvalebadi

citireba maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali

SezRudvebi saSualo dabali saSualo maRali

komentari maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali

[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The Univesity, Michigan Press]

rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis

Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis

farglebSi.

• wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili:

gamomcemeli.

kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani.

• wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri.


sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis

studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa.

• wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis


stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi:

avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.

• statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an

ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.

wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis

66

mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.

rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera

Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar

vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina

teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis

gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara

ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.

Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis

raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,

gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis

SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.

Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca

erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze

vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10

wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT

gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da

TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am

SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss

da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav

TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.

savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis

generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali

weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.

ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~

SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva

aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,

mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis

dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa

sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:

ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis

gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis

mimarT mijaWvulobad.

vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu

empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,

tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.

sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis

kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze

unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.

rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?

ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur

SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis

mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications].

rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~

unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da

axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.

klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan

mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal

kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad

davajgufebT:

11

reklama

axal produqcias

gvacnobs

mag.: axali

manqanebi

asaqmebs sxvadasxva

specialobis adamianebs finansurad exmareba

Jurnal-gazeTebs da

televizias

fsiqologebi

mwerlebi

msaxiobebi

sargebeli

problemebi

Zalian didi

raodenoba xSirad informacia

realobas ar Seesabameba

bavSvebisaTvis

saziano

mag.: kanfetebiviT

miirTmeven vitaminebs uviTarebs mavne

Cvevebs

Zalian bevr kanfets

miirTmeven

aferxebs gadacemebis

msvlelobas

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].

savarjiSo #2:

studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.

yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri

kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe

`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac

paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.

paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis

anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT,

romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,

12

z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.

T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda

gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,

romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.

k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.

l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da

meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda

Semowmdes hipoTezebi.

m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es

teqstSia mocemuli.

n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.

o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;

gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.

mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,

mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi

saTauri

• saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani • saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo

unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)

• saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis

abstraqti

kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10

winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul

Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi

nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT

Sejamebas.

Sesavali

Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami

ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:

1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna

• problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)

• mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)

2. konteqstis Seqmna

• wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis

miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)

3. konteqstis aTviseba

• gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)

• ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)

• naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)

meTodebi

socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:

• detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura

• ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva

• moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs

• terminologia xSirad meordeba

Sedegebi

• meTodologiis dasabuTeba

65

analizi da Sefaseba.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi

safexurebi unda gaiaros:

• sakvlevi problemis dasma;

• sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;

• kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;

• Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba;

• kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena;

• monacemebis Segroveba;

• monacemebis analizi;

• eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna.

[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University Press].

rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da

Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris

gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli

kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan

gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da

diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili

da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi

savarjiSoebi gvexmareba:

savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi,

TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis

ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura

1. saTauri

2. madlobis gadaxda

3. sarCevi

4. cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali

5. abstraqti

6. problemis dayeneba

7. literaturis mimoxilva

8. gamokvlevis dizaini

9. gamoyenebuli meTodologia

10. Sedegebi

11. diskusia

12. daskvnebi

13. bibliografia

14. danarTi

a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli

xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.

b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi

teqstis farglebs miRma.

g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.

d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri

da kritikuli analizi.

e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da

ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev

problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciur-

induqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.

v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.

64

rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur

winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs

avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT

ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:

erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena

rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi

gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar

gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs

SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli

profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da

gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.

aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;

sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis

mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas

Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis

ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili

ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors

ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod

`rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da

gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris

saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis

gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.

imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos

naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis

qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu

awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis

mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur

detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba

zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT

ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli

Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.

ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is

gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas

akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.

mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan

dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki

gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da

momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad

uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,

gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.

akademiur weris specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdegi SekiTxvebiT

vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:

paragrafis Semowmeba

1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan

kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?

2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?

3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da

fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?

4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel

ideas?

5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela

winadadeba?

6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?

13

7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare?

8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi?

• mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi

detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?

• aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?

• aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis?


savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias èrTbaSad swavlis saSiS-

roebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul para-

grafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gan-

saxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi

Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,

TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas;

bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul

paragrafSi.

gasamarTi nimuSi

erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani

qeiT elbou

zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia dro-

ebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba

gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli

saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis

kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan.

devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan

(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis

gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon

Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs agreTve,

sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba

ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania

adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.

garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde.

stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis

sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad

iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon

TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad

wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaq-

saciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri

studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi

yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT

mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT.

da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca

gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _

zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben, rom isini kargad ar aswavlian,

studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer

gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri

seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci

ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”

SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.

organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze.

yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra

rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis

ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari

14

naSromis daskvna

• Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi

Sejameba

• Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis

mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla

• imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi

warmodgenil konteqstSi

• SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas

Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia

• SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,

ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba

• paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri

detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba

• winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,

punqtuacia

• wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,

yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul

WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba

[Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]

da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,

SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.

Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:

8 kvira

3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva

5 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba

10 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba

5 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba


1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena

7 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna

3 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi

5 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna

1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba

4 kvira

1 dRe — sakvlevi problemebis arCeva









danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.

[Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]

vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier

Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met

xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis

damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis

63

• studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme

magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris

darRveuli;

• studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas

isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis

grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos

naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da

Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.

am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis

struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura

sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba

• moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT

• aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas

• esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis

Sesaxeb

• CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an

problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT

wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva

dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:

• baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;

• pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;

• Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.

informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba

Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:

• bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;

• SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;

• informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;

naSromis gegmis Sedgena

amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:

• ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?

• ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?

• ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?

• ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?

• ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?

naSromis Sesavali

• warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala

• gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi

• axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani

• warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili

• ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT

• aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)

• SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod

moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)

• imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken

62

gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,

radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.

avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans

Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi

moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis

unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi

xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs

iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema

da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.

stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri

studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas

zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis

wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,

rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli

studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur

darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is

aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba kon-

centrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi

miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon

kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da

Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios

daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi

mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi

zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,

rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi

aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg

wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.”

keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela

students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT

aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils

Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer

wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad

swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,

roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis

moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini

marTlebi arian.

sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis

mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis

48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad

yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames

Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,

roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro

efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis

naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi

adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is

uecar zrdasTan.

gamarTuli nimuSi


qeiT elbou

SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.



rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase

grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,

15

rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.


students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis

energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils



swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis

uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.

zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia

droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba


saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,

nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)

ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki

seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe

ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva

minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan

10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,

Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.



zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis

wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,

,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.

SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis

winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da

5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma

unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,

Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umrav-

lesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,

magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT

ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da

paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis

profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi

iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi

Cavardes.”

sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis

mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis




roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi


uecar zrdasTan.






wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame

relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.



moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad

ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi

TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da

TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.

16

1. definicia

2. aRwera

III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze

A. pluralizmi

1. analizi

2. susti mxareebi

B. elitizmi

1. analizi

2. susti mxareebi

C. neomarqsizmi

1. analizi

2. kritika

a. susti mxareebi

b. susti mxareebi

IV. daskvna

[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18, 2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]

rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle

Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris

safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami

ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.

mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,

mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili

problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro

safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss

gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris

Tezisis misaRebad.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis

sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis

ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3

wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba

gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayo-

filebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval

ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu

garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;

universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli

SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels

safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.

roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda

waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturul-

Sinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.

studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg

aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.

am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:

• naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.

students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;

• studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis

Seqmnamde;

• naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,

raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari

azrebi;

61

_ elitizmi

naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan

aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,

amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani

struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs

erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs

mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis

pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama

naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:

paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi

yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa

paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera

paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera

paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia

paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera

paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi

paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi

paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da

pluralizmis susti mxareebi

paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi

paragrafi X _ daskvna

studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo

paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom

me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis

meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli

Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT

paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am

Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis

analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis

analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.

students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic

misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi

iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi para-

leluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura

aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.

winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa

warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan

Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.

miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man

aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas

misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis

nimuSs:

I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad

1. kategorizacia

2. Sedareba

B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi

II. sami politikuri Teoria

A. neomarqsizmi

1. definicia

2. aRwera

B. pluralizmi

1. definicia

2. aRwera

C. elitizmi

60



zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois

gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles

moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara

ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”

mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis

xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi

TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:

saTauri

argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic

aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,

Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri

SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im

pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom

sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli

eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan

msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar

Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.

savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses

saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.

Sesavali

Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:

• `kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi

mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra

daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis

wasakiTxad.

• safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopove-

bis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir av-

toris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba

daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia

sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.

• Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis

dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori

winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori

winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs

avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis

bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]

savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs

gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.

magaliTad:

• universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion

maTTvis saintereso kursebi;

• Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva

universitetebSi;

• 100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa

inteleqtualur miRwevebs;

• studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis

datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;

• arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis

17

Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad.

pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan

isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom

studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca

meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros

studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar

gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens,

romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe

winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro

poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia.

Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac

SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri

weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants:

• zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze

gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos

mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis

mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas.

• dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi)

`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels

• Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba

avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas

• kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxve-

lisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]

Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis

gemovnebazea damokidebuli.

savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli

saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals.

ZiriTadi nawili

argumentebis wardgena

argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT

mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo

arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi

argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis

sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv,

avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi,

argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv

ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs.

ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi,

Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad

warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi

Tanmimdevroba:

• siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti;

• naklebad Zlieri argumenti;


• yvelaze Zlieri argumenti;

amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi

STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli

da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri

18

am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki — misi pirveli

versiis Seqmna mosdevs.

rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans

emsaxureba is?

naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis

mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa

warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,

naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi

gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis

funqciasac asrulebs.

nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami

politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.

vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod

pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi

sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:

• neomarqsizmi

Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia

aqcents svams ekonomikaze

• pluralizmi

Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia

aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze

• elitizmi

definicia

aRwera

• analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi

neomarqsizmi

pluralizmi

elitizmi

zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi

versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor

vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da

ZiriTad pozicias?

Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,

aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis

mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul

pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar

aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akma-

yofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens

ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan

sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:

• Sesavali

_ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba

_ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba

• sami politikuri Teoria

_ neomarqsizmi


aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba

_ pluralizmi


interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias

_ elitizmi

Zalaufleba elitis xelSia

elitis definicia

• SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi

_ neomarqsizmi

_ pluralizmi

59

konkretul gzas.

roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi

nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni

Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami

ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,

Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,

kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).

magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi

warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze

unda gasces pasuxi:

• ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?

• ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier

mowodebuli?

• ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?

• arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?

pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros

Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT

mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi

warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.

meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad

moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is

aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.

mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.

ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri

Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari

informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul

Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,

istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian

mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,

vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli

monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar

Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.

da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa

SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros

moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da

dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].

rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,

akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis

Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi

da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli

miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,

perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari

naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra

saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,

rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas

SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi

Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs

amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro

(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da

informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia

dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti

adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.

Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da

SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.

58

argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi

amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti

warmovadginoT.

argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxre-

mowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes

momxre mowinaaRmdege

1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia 1. is miCvevas iwvevs

2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi

gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba

2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano

narkotikuli saSualebebis

cirkulacia

3. is wamlad gamodgeba 3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma

SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs

4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars

mas

4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro

saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]

am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi

argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,

Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema

gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul

arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.

savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da

sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.

magaliTad:

• zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,

radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).

• daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis

CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve

dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan

viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).

• Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi

(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxa-

tavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davak-

onkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi

ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).

• vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia

warmodgens)

• vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da

ver ikamaTeb)

• soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba

meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,

SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).

savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6-

Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.

mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi

dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera

axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje-

19

reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris

poziciis siZlieres.

mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri

faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa

Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac

SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras

gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, litera-

turis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,

socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa

Sefasebebi.

savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs

gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis

mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.

savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si

warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.

kontrargumentis ukugdeba

argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.

amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari

pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic

unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba

aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani

jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac

cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis

sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari

`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis

ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis

damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,

amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments

Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.

oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis

gaTvaliswineba:

• ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?

• misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?

• ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?

• xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?

• namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi

gvTavazoben?

• yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli

faqtebi?

• xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis

safuZvelze?

• xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?

• xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika

kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an

iqcevian ase?

savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil

kontrargumentebs.

kompromisuri pozicia

arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,

romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs

20

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur

codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam

icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,

gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.

[Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].

savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis

nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.

magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:

1. axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;

2. riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani

saqarTveloSi?

3. axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze

saqarTveloSi?

pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa

da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore

winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli

rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas miTxovs, kerZod, fsiqologiuris,

socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs

scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia

erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.

mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis

Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul

sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki —

dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda

akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc

zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda

iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad

argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.

savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da

sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis

saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:

1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi?

3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas

socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.

pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad

farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas

wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);

mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is

gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris

57

• naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia

gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;

• yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;

• Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,

diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) — saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs

warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;

• yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi

gaTanabrebuli;

nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:

• mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;

• grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod

im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;

• saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;

nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,

moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;

• TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;

• gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;

• danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1“, ,,danarTi 2“ da a.S. gaTanabrebulia

gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.]

am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis

struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

naSromiT.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi

unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:


• sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;

• wyaroebis moZieba;

• wyaroebis Sefaseba;

• wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;

• citatebze muSaoba;

• perifrazireba da Sejameba;

• naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;

• bibliografiis miTiTeba;

• naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.

sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:

• sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba

imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;

• sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,

survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;

56

saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs

`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis

SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTva-

liswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.

k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras

grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro

metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am

muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis

SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT

ekidebi.

rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:

• mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas

iZleva;

• oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis

gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;

• sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb

Seni poziciis upiratesobas;

• imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;

• problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs

iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton Mifflin.]

21

daskvna

daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs

avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis

msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:

• avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;

• Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel

daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;

• problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals

dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul

situaciaSi.

vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas

axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu

vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT

ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT

daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.

savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.

savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.

roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi

gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg

SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:

eses Semowmeba

1. ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?

2. ra aris eses Tezisi?

3. aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?

4. gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?

5. ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?

6. aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?

7. yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?

8. gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?

9. aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?

gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?

10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?

11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan

dakavSirebiT?

12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]

22

Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi

kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT

gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli

empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da

eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:

pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi gana-

viTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis

sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontent-

analizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca

unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu

eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:

• naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da

amocanebi;

• naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;

• naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;

• naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;

• naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;

• naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da

Sejamebas;

• naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi”;

• naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli

formati.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi — sabibilioTekoa is Tu

eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT

SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri

asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve

ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi” misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT

APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:

saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:

• naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);

• studentis saxeli da gvari;

• saswavlo dawesebuleba.

TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis

centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT

striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.

saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is

moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da

warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia

Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan

empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:

• gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;

• mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:

cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa

da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis

gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;

55

specialur klasebSi.

aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul

moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver

axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es

Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan

fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis

gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi

specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle

gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli

azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli

magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi

maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erT-

erTi klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi

ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise

Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswav-

leblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am

yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is

frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis

saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli prob-

lemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar

saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did

qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod

miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es

xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs

stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis

damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi

mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT

ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.

Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas

asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis

miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave

maswavlebels Seaxvedra.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur

klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac

SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,

vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu

reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da

difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri

adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,

rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili

eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT

sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis

gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.

54

savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.

nimuSi 1

globalizacia dadebiTi procesia

XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,

swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar

eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT

ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba

Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.

adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da

arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis

yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro

TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur

sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac

is araswori formiT warimarTeba.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is

ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba

xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved

reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix

beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa

saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio

amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da

Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti

ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi

mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba

erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni

qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi

britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli

qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30

procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:

`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT

germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis

saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~

iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.

aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel

msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,

TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad

omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda

msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki

xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad

gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo

aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis

damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom

arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi

uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi

saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,

romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.

yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT

gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs

samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis

SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII

saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul

faseulobebTan.

23

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris

mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur

tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva

saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,

amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli

procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.

cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:

`saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites

feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali

vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,

faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve

ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi

miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi

amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic

gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs

xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi

ambobs: àmJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis

zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad

demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,

rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi

miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da

demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic

mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi

mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi

adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia

negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.

is rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani

acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos

saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis

unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi

dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da

rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia

imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli

tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.

,

,

nimuSi 2


`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,

romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi

erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur

sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou

xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare

ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad

aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac

yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,

rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena

kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan

aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi

gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli

suverenitetisa Tu TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis problemebi, erTi

zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro

dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia

uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da

problemuria, vidre odesme.

24

analitikuri referatis nimuSi 2

swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb

(analitikuri referati)

Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi

specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da

bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.

pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens

saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,

radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad

rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met

sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRe-

buli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa

ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki

Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT

es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da

gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da

betelhaims.

pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs

yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da

sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle

specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs

SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT

moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad

mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da

ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust

tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo

niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara

aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens

aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri

moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,

radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored

sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari

mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem

abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo

srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom

sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.

aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani

moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am

sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs

gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi

da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas indi-

vidualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelo-

vanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba

samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis

aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,

magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis

fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver

akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis

Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is

araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.

zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar

miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.

es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT

motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,

rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas

53

Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.

betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis

gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis

grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac

sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.

aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave

programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke

dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis

mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da

cinizms.

betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar

eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav

literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da

gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi

niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo

samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT

niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca

aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad

niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema

wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro

mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia

winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze

iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.

SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan

gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni

klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom

gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi

samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.

betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT

dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT

mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi

saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma

dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri

ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da

gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da

ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.

amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos

marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda

pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle

unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia

individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is

gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma

daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore

uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da

codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,

ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis

SesaZleblobebi.

amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli

sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma

bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT

eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac

daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad

gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda

swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen

mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.

52

mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian

TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis

wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis

survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT

SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas

aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT

pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis

mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa

TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli

TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac

metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis

stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs gark-

veul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs

da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva

formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa

terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad

gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar

imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis

qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT

cxovrebaSi.

am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac

mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar

viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,

romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari

Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT

80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic

sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac

`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da

amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs

zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor

axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da re-

zoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs

misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad

iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis

daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT

ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia

mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazre-

beli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad

miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.

aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove

msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad

globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,

romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da

ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdeb-

arebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi

Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini

didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi

ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa

Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis

Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi

raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,

nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da invest-

ticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.

zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan

gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,

aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas

25

uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven

mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.

da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi

procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.

saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es

iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da

suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios

teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba

marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,

uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,

rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena

globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi

mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad

warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo

daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi

dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.

Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, moder-

nizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT

isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,

romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,

maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis

ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,

rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul

funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.

rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis

kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis

tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul

siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto

istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.

amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod

axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,

ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,

rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna

emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul

kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis

maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame

samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze

mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis

fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli

xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es

kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric

saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da

prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da

saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar

aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.

26








SesaZleblobebi.

avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 2














Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura

maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi

anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu

dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic

saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.

savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebis

warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezen-

tacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri refe-

ratis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.




cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT

moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad

Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom

niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo

qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.

me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba

erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.

ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.

dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,

samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli

adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris

gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia

yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.

rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis

mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen

51

teqstis Sefaseba

• aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?

• aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?

• aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?

• aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?

• aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?

• ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?

• Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?

• ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?

• gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?

• aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias

iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?

• ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad

da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi

mocemul teqstTan?

ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques. Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]

ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa

da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian

efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro

TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis

diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:

A BC

A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona — meorisas, C —

ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris

gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C — ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema

gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri

referatis struqtura.

savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen

savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.

studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.













50

Tema II. kritika

kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis

ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul

kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:

• racionaloba

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;

roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni

mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu

gadawyvetileba.

• TviTanalizi

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra

motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.

• miukerZoebloba

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca

viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT

alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul

Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis

misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro

martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.

• disciplina

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals

viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.

• Sefaseba

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da

gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado

faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.

erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;

aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva

taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda

amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritiku-

lobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,

mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne

adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da

misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi

interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].

mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad

naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.

`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis

Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,

realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki

SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an

wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da

veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.

Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,

radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro

rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)

gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu

ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi

Rrma analizis unari.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni

gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi

kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~

argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad

mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate

27

Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.] magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas

gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad

kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:

• faqtebzea agebuli;

• naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;

• sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;

• refleqcias gulisxmobs;

• Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.

ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli

iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac

SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.

naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul

Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,

rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan

gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,

rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am

kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore

mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli

Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.

aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznes-

menisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _

sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda

gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba

mizanSewonili.

radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba

sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi krite-

riumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime

kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan

misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva

danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.

refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrov-

nebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu

rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT

arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.

kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis

Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo

citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram

isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver

Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored

is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]

rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,

radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars

moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili

Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod, H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]

rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?

daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.

garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia

avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis

Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT

avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis

safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT

avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev

erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris

28

mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul per-

speqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli

sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi

ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.

warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier

konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:

1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis

efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)

moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,

rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.

swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,

ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri

ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro

aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialur-

ekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze...

2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa

Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu

sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis

ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da

damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da

ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba

aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,

sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa

organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...

3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo” — naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia

imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi

mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod

warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. sam-

rewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad

gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve saval-

debulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas

miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens

umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas

dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili

codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi

warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces

mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...

savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis

warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis

Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.

Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da

avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT

teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da

mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi

safexuria:

teqstis analizi

• rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?

• ra aris avtoris mizani?

• vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?

• ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?

• ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis

mxardaWeras?

• ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?

49

gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis

danarCen wevrebs.

inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs

mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni

an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil

mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela

karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore

mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos

kidec.

roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso” ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,

ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes

gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT.” amitom

unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra

iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas

gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,

SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis

organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi

ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar

Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.

ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT

vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod

vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,

moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara

swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili

eqsperimentebi.

statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 1



Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom











radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,

saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier mos-

wavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT

is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.

savarjiSo #2. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.

miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis

disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod — sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos

Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da

icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli

sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri

48

ideebi.

Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac var-

kvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia

maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori

gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro das-

kvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S.

garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompe-

tenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu

ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor

daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis

sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu

is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad

iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs

redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa

jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,

gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili

informaciis sandoobis dadgena.

zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT,

aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvada-

sxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqs-

tis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.

sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:

garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad

icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?

Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gac-

nobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic

TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.

Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa

avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,

dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,

vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss

gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es

ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb

warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, ano-

taciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi

qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagex-

marebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.

mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze

amaxvilebT yuradRebas:

1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba

• Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?

• rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?

2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi

Sinaarsis gacnoba.

• ras geubnebaT saTauri?

• ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?

• ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva

Tu Semajamebeli informacia?

3. teqstis gadaxedva

• naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da

daskvna?

• ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?

• ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras

(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?

momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda

kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze

29

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena

da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,

vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT.

magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad

kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac

yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis

anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs

Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.

kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da

Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni

mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa

SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis

analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damaje-

reblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia

is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis

analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis

saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis

struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,

martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,

rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad

seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom

moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is

SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,

Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia

naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi

dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman, A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September 15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]

rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad

CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma

analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic

Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:

• avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis

moxmobis safuZvelze

• sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis

Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier

reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis

gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT

SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).

• TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.

aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia

avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac

Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,

studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT

Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro

`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi

Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiT-

xvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan

Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3-

s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.

miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis

struqtura:

Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari

mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb

30

gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess

swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da

pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,

zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis

specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.

Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs

skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu

grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,

rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs

aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic

ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos

maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri

SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,

aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa

sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba

ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs

vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,

Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs

SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri

bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?

ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,

romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da

Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxel-

mwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,

rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT.”.

dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazr-

debSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen

kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimar-

Tulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT

CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan

zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,

xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar

iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom

gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.

gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi

iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri

bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.

meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis

martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,

man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul

amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.

meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda

swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso

oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;

magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli

TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc

Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.

dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur

programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali

klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac

nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,

vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,

aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi

moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad

gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.

dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod

CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.

Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi

47

bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,

rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,

rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf

klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi

dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi

ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an

konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT

sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,

latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.

Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas

saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi

dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni

da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.

heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,

romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca

niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba

heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.

naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT

TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis

umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli

moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom

niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,

visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.

ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi

programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4

jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois

gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiT-

xvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi

mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,

magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.

sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.

ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi

eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo

mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa

jgufSi.

darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebis-

metyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa

da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti

gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.

Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,

romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,

rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da

unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT,” rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis

maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi” aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da

swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.

niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen

bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)

argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,

emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri

zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvalis-

winebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia

daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili

sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan

gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise

sazogadoebas.

46

ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;

Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT

II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;


III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari

komentariT da a.S.

daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi

kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.

nimuSi 1

kritika medlin bantingis statiisa

,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”

medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT” yuradRebas amaxvilebs

internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs

moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,

romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli

egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas

Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi inter-

neti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi

qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi

mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.

bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT

gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul

mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebel-

yofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi

raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur

gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom

SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze” da aRmovaCinoT

sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis

gziT ganvaxorcieleT.

bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gav-

lenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens

Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:

• internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;

• interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar

dapirebas iZleva;

• interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;

• internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis

mflobelTaTvis;

• interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.

amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis

validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin

bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunis-

turi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:

Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,

romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis

uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.

meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad das-

kvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:

dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, wa-

xalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas,” raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-

31

cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad

motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internet-

gverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem...” _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan

muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,

rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.

avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur

uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis

moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,

daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS

SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel

nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.

ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic

maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis

xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xel-

misawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,

rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac

interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs

adgilobrivi bankebiT?

socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi

qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad

ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras

gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT

sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara

aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis

investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?

avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni

naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod

fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols

informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da

cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,

roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is

cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,

magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.”

avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs

arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan

adarebs.

amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis

validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro

SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego

argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da

obieqturad Seafasos igi.

nimuSi 2



medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT,” gamoqveynebuli

“Guardian”-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,

ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias.” avtoris azriT,

internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam

da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.

avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani

wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri

totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia

seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios

garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi

mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar

32

belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris

ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.

savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec moma-

valSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da

Sejamebas.

niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen

qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)

niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul

Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc

avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul

sferoebSi.

es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT

akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian

aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri”

SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,

romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis

IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.

rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom

aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da

iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli

sisruliT gaRvivebas.

am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis

forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris

dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis

miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.

maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,

oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da

codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleq-

tualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,

rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu

niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.

skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,

ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan

uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.

ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea” metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da

JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,

yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,

mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar

aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.

Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,

maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.

swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis

ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi

ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis

kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.

Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouya-

libdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an adminis-

tratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen indi-

vidualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli

moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom

msgavsi ,,niWiT” dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am

erTianobisagan.

45

Tema III. analitikuri referati

analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania

debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis

SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri

referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas

studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs

saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.

studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar

pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi

gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es

ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis

analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtki-

cebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri refera-

tis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi

disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu

universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri

referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:

Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;

konteqstualizacia.

ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxi-

luli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian

mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakav-

SirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba

da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.

II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris

argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefa-

seba mosdevs.

III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtor-

Ta poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.

daskvna: sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.

amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis

struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,

konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.

aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad

svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi — jer erTi avtoris

Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere — meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac

orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon

statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom

dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,

umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan

analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze

da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom

misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.

ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel

TiToeul nawils.

jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,

rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis

Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis

gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile-

44

xelmisawvdomobas.” amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,

romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli

leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri

sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis

dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.

bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris

pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram

marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da

aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo

jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.

amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,

rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers war-

moadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis

azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas

xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.” magaliTad, internetidan

novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi

realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.

drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,

radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis

wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac

SeiZleba.

bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,

is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur

da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve

vyofilvarT” gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom

amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50-

ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.

sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze

miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli

fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.

bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavaze-

buli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstri-

rebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma

unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo

kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive

unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSi-

rebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli

gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver

moiZie Sens qalaqSi.

da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis

ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis

SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.

savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli

nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT

isini erTmaneTs.

rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle

SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, auci-

leblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perif-

razireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan

warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi.

raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?

perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT

gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,

sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.

perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg

33

meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni

da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT

zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari

stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli

monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia

avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori

perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar

aris.

perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni

sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis

zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris

ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT

avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom

detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis

struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da peri-

odulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.

amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:

• masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;

• is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;

• is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;

• is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul

detalebze;

• masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.

magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi

gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen

universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa

plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da

msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.

aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari

sityvebiT gadmocemas.

1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,

universitetidan gairicxebian.

2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,

romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu

ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayal-

beba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.

3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, univer-

sitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,

dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva

arakeTilsindisieri qceva.

pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas

gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sit-

yvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli wina-

dadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan

masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli

plagiatis nimuSia.

savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi

kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,

Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli

paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).

34

cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,

romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.

amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis

gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci” cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi

qalisadmi’,” rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom

swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri” arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori

ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil” da ,,saSiS’’ arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel” da

umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos.” romelia am SemTxvevaSi

ufro ,,bavSvuri’’ da ususuri?

rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi

dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre

qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi,” ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.

cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socia-

lizacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,

gogonebis ki — Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,

genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT,’’ gogonebs ki -

,,fesvebiT.” Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti

Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi

sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis

Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.

ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs

adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad

difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,

ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod

emorCileba.

unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa

da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,

udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs

moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme,” da aRarc maT vaJebs

SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli

maskulinoba” da ,,qalisadmi SiSi” ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda

pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es

tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro

xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara

Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi

,,kenguruTi” Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi

enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris

daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.

meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas

moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian

da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,

agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove

pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika

cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri

qali, rogorc dRes.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki

ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan

icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis

warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise

sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom

mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa’.

43

veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da

TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba

eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos

mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac

gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro

metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians

cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs

akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva

ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado

zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac

udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.

kritikis nimuSi 2

kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”

meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda

eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis

maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi

mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis

reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis

socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris

gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb

socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mama-

kacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul”

arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac

mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT

maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris

argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad

damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.

is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan — sakmaod ,,Tav-

Seukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan,” ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur”

arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals

infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba

iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca

meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac

iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis

sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur

arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur

kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyve-

lebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,

,,dedikos biWi,” ,,dedis nebieri,” ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli” da sxv. swored is

epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,

infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.

ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri

aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa,” risi

kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan — bavSvebis movlisgan

distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs

Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian

saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,

mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra

erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona

cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis

safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da

mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs

mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis

42

sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?”

meri stiuart van liuveni

anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saq-

med” iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis

saqme.” Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,

am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.

meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro

mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri

statusi eniWebodes.

anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis

dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac

anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli

mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.

buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven

bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad

ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met

Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis

gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.

qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT

sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa

sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre

mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da

energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.

da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic

TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos

dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro

kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur”

arsebebad arian miCneulni.

Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli

aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro

metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis

movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv”

aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac

mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul

pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.

obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,

Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde

bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erT-

erTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is

vaJia an gogona.

swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis

roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen

mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda

iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT

Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze

mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom

is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi

gaarTvas mamakacis rols.

magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis

matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia,” socialurad is qalze ufro

mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla

mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is

namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,

rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas

yvela ,,qalur” Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis

gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod

35

Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxov-

nilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar

jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da

gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan

axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis” warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.

ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel

mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi.” misi yvelaze adreuli

asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es

grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,

Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi

maskulinuri identuroba.

amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze

maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi

maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da

mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan.” ra

warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs

sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli

maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.

aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi

gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,

albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs

sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano

sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,

romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.

Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,

eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.

qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos

qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian

SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq

kerZo/sazogadoebrivad dayofa nakleb mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT

saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv

rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris

Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.

ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi

kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimar-

TulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra

monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki

Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.

mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.

aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac

arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi

rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba

im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,

roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,

maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan

namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.

statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 1

meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda

eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?” ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur

statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori

yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis

aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv

bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,

iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi

monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi

xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.

36

vardebian kacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs

xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar

SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili

ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.

savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmod-

genili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis

Seqmna mohyveba.

kritikis nimuSi 1

kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~


eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur







xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,

umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.

avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan

bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis

reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar

niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom

qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian

mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro

metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,

TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT

Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria

sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _

grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camo-

uvardebian mamakacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom

qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar



rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi

saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs

sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom

isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT

Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da

naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.

ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs

Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT

iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _

aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis

Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa

daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs

biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,

rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi

daswavlis Sedegia.

41

meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic

gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]

amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:

• brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;

• perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki

ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs

tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiT-

xavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;

• SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa

darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT

da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.

savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winada-

debebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs

studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar

warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.

mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citi-

rebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis Sesavli-

saTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawil-

ze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.

savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,

studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,

kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias

gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT

ganamtkiceben.

avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 1

avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos

mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT

da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad mona-

wileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve

xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar

SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi

damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,

albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan

arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,

fineTi da a.S.












grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-

40


meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT

mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul

genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki -

maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.

pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi

aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba

mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo

reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.

rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT

cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da

Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli

saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis

Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian

sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian

dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi

3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari

unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs

mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad

kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom

`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT

cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~

Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis

SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis

vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis

daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo

unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis

mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.



rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari

sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad

gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels

misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo

ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)

iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris

SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas

vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis

citireba.

citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:

• Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,

maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;

• Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),

maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi

gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac

amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar

movaTavsoT;

• Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs

gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi

Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;

• Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa

moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi

arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;

• Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,

37

sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;

• Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili

gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.

rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime

yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,

Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]

citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,

an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.

rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi

specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier

SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,

erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore

mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.

APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,

analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda

mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT

miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi

wesebi:

• mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi

moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;

• Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod

publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;

• Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,

`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;

• Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda

uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,

aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;

• roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive

avtoris gvari iqneba;

• roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi

yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod

pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna èt al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;

• Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis

aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,

isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;

• Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba

Semdegi saxiT xdeba:

_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis

mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).

_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda

ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).

_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis

mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT

(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]

da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia

gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.

plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es

ìdeebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi

winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos

statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.

`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,

enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.

38

plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs arada-

makmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;

zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli

magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmo-

gidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan àmerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:

`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom

swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu

SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da

radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi

saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire

raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,

kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.

I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,

rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT

sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im

principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen

SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi

kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.

es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili ori-

ginalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti

sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani

teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.

II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari war-

modgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.

88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis

adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi

ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli

momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,

89).

es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas

axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.

III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom

mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze

dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis

saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas

warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,

rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.

es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis

perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,

rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili

cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, marto-

xela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT spe-

cifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.

IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs — imdenad

naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis

miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa

gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi

arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav

dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs

mouaron (2001, gv. 89).

Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro

meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...

am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis

naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.

39

sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;

• Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili

gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.

rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime

yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,

Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]

citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,

an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.

rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi

specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier

SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,

erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore

mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.

APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,

analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda

mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT

miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi

wesebi:

• mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi

moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;

• Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod

publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;

• Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,

`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;

• Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda

uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,

aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;

• roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive

avtoris gvari iqneba;

• roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi

yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod

pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna èt al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;

• Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis

aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,

isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;

• Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba

Semdegi saxiT xdeba:

_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis

mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).

_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda

ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).

_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis

mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT

(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]

da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia

gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.

plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es

ìdeebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi

winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos

statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.

`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,

enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.

38

plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs arada-

makmayofilebel Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;

zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli

magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmo-

gidgenT monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan àmerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:

`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom

swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu

SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da

radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi

saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire

raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,

kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.

I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,

rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT

sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im

principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen

SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi

kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.

es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili ori-

ginalSi mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti

sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani

teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.

II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari war-

modgenis amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.

88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis

adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi

ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli

momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,

89).

es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas

axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.

III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom

mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze

dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis

saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas

warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,

rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.

es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis

perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,

rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili

cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, marto-

xela dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT spe-

cifikuri da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.

IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs — imdenad

naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis

miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa

gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi

arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav

dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs

mouaron (2001, gv. 89).

Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro

meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...

am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis

naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.

39

meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic

gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]

amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:

• brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;

• perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki

ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs

tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiT-

xavT, wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;

• SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa

darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT

da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.

savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winada-

debebs am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs

studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar

warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.

mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citi-

rebis, agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis Sesavli-

saTvis, miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawil-

ze gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.

savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,

studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,

kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias

gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT

ganamtkiceben.


avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos

mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT

da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad mona-

wileoben politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve

xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar

SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi

damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,

albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan

arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,

fineTi da a.S.












grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-

40


meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT

mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul

genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki -

maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.

pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi

aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba

mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo

reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.

rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT

cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da

Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli

saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis

Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian

sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian

dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi

3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari

unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs

mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad

kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom

`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT

cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~

Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis

SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis

vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis

daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo

unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis

mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.



rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari

sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad

gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels

misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo

ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)

iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris

SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas

vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis

citireba.

citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:

• Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,

maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;

• Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),

maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi

gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac

amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar

movaTavsoT;

• Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs

gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi

Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;

• Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa

moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi

arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;

• Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,

37

Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxov-

nilebebi unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar

jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da

gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan

axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis” warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.

ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel

mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi.” misi yvelaze adreuli

asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es

grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,

Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi

maskulinuri identuroba.

amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze

maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi

maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da

mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan.” ra

warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs

sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli

maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.

aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi

gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,

albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs

sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano

sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,

romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.

Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,

eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.

qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos

qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian

SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq

kerZo/sazogadoebrivad dayofa nakleb mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT

saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv

rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris

Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.

ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi

kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimar-

TulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra

monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki

Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.

mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.

aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac

arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi

rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba

im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,

roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,

maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan

namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.



eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?” ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur







xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.

36

vardebian kacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs

xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar



savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmod-

genili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis

Seqmna mohyveba.

kritikis nimuSi 1

kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~


eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur







xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,

umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.











grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camo-

uvardebian mamakacebs àdamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom

qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar



rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi

saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs

sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom

isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT

Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da

naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.

ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac

gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs

Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT

iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _

aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis

Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa

daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs

biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,

rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi

daswavlis Sedegia.

41

veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da

TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba

eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos

mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac

gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro

metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians

cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs

akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva

ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado

zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac

udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.

kritikis nimuSi 2

kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”

meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda

eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis

maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi

mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis

reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis

socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris

gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb

socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mama-

kacebs meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul”

arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac

mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT

maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris

argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad

damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.

is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan — sakmaod ,,Tav-

Seukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan,” ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur”

arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals

infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba

iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca

meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac

iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis

sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur

arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur

kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyve-

lebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,

,,dedikos biWi,” ,,dedis nebieri,” ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli” da sxv. swored is

epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,

infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.

ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri

aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa,” risi

kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan — bavSvebis movlisgan

distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs

Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian

saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,

mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra

erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona

cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis

safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da

mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs

mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis

42

sxva kulturebidan danaxva:

unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?”

meri stiuart van liuveni

anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saq-

med” iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis

saqme.” Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,

am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.

meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro

mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri

statusi eniWebodes.

anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis

dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac

anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli

mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.

buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven

bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad

ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met

Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis

gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.

qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT

sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa

sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre

mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da

energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.

da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic

TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos

dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro

kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur”

arsebebad arian miCneulni.

Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli

aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro

metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis

movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv”

aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac

mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul

pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.

obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,

Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde

bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erT-

erTi amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is

vaJia an gogona.

swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis

roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen

mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda

iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT

Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze

mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom

is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi

gaarTvas mamakacis rols.

magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis

matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia,” socialurad is qalze ufro

mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla

mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is

namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,

rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas

yvela ,,qalur” Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis

gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod

35

meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni

da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT

zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari

stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli

monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia

avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori

perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar

aris.

perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni

sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis

zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris

ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT

avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom

detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis

struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da peri-

odulad vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.

amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:

• masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;

• is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;

• is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;

• is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul

detalebze;

• masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.

magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi

gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen

universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri akademiuri qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa

plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da

msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.

aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari

sityvebiT gadmocemas.

1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,

universitetidan gairicxebian.

2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,

romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu

ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayal-

beba da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.

3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, univer-

sitetidan studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,

dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva

arakeTilsindisieri qceva.

pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas

gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sit-

yvebiTa da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli wina-

dadebis arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan

masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli

plagiatis nimuSia.

savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi

kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,

Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli

paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).

34

cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,

romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.

amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis

gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci” cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi

qalisadmi’,” rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom

swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri” arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori

ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil” da ,,saSiS’’ arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel” da

umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos.” romelia am SemTxvevaSi

ufro ,,bavSvuri’’ da ususuri?

rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi

dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre

qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi,” ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.

cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socia-

lizacia miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,

gogonebis ki — Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,

genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT,’’ gogonebs ki -

,,fesvebiT.” Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti

Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi

sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis

Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.

ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs

adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad

difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,

ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod

emorCileba.

unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa

da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,

udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs

moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme,” da aRarc maT vaJebs

SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli

maskulinoba” da ,,qalisadmi SiSi” ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda

pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es

tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro

xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara

Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi

,,kenguruTi” Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi

enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris

daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.

meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas

moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian

da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,

agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove

pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika

cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri

qali, rogorc dRes.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom

sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki

ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan

icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis

warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise

sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom

mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa’.

43

Tema III. analitikuri referati

analitikuri referati warmoadgens akademiuri weris Janrs, romlis mizania

debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis

SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri

referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas

studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs

saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.

studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar

pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi

gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es

ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis

analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtki-

cebisaTvis sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri refera-

tis SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi

disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu

universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri

referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:

Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;

konteqstualizacia.

ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxi-

luli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian

mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakav-

SirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba

da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.

II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvne-

lovani sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris

argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefa-

seba mosdevs.

III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtor-

Ta poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.

daskvna: sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.

amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis

struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,

konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.

aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad

svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi — jer erTi avtoris

Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere — meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac

orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon

statiebi. akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom

dasavlur akademiur weraSi mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,

umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan

analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze

da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom

misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.

ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel

TiToeul nawils.

jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,

rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis

Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis

gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile-

44

xelmisawvdomobas.” amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,

romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli

leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri

sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis

dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.

bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris

pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram

marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da

aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo

jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.

amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,

rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers war-

moadgens. interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis

azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas

xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.” magaliTad, internetidan

novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi

realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.

drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,

radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis

wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac

SeiZleba.

bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,

is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur

da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve

vyofilvarT” gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom

amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50-

ian wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.

sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze

miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli

fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.

bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavaze-

buli upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstri-

rebas axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma

unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo

kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive

unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSi-

rebul uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli

gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver

moiZie Sens qalaqSi.

da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis

ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis

SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.

savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli

nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT

isini erTmaneTs.

rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle

SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, auci-

leblia, kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perif-

razireba gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan

warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi.

raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?

perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT

gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,

sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.

perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg

33

cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad

motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internet-

gverdidan: ,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem...” _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan

muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,

rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.

avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur

uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis

moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,

daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS

SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel

nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.

ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic

maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis

xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xel-

misawvdomi ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,

rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac

interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs

adgilobrivi bankebiT?

socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi

qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad

ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras

gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT

sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara

aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis

investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?

avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni

naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod

fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols

informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da

cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,

roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is

cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,

magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.”

avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs

arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan

adarebs.

amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis

validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro

SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego

argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da

obieqturad Seafasos igi.

nimuSi 2



medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT,” gamoqveynebuli

“Guardian”-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,

ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias.” avtoris azriT,

internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam

da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.

avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani

wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri

totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia

seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios

garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi

mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar

32

belia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris

ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.

savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec moma-

valSi analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da

Sejamebas.

niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen

qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)

niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul

Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc

avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul

sferoebSi.

es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT

akademiuri sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian

aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri”

SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,

romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis

IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.

rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom

aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da

iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli

sisruliT gaRvivebas.

am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis

forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris

dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis

miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.

maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,

oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da

codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.

erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleq-

tualuri snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,

rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu

niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.

skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,

ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan

uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.

ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea” metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da

JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,

yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,

mxatvarTa da mweralTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar

aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.

Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,

maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.

swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis

ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi

ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis

kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.

Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouya-

libdeba sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an adminis-

tratorebis bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen indi-

vidualur Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli

moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom

msgavsi ,,niWiT” dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am

erTianobisagan.

45

bevri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,

rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,

rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf

klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi

dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi

ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an

konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT

sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,

latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.

Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas

saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi

dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni

da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.

heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,

romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca

niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba

heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.

naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT

TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis

umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli

moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom

niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,

visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.

ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi

programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4

jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois

gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiT-

xvelebis erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi

mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,

magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.

sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.

ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi

eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo

mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa

jgufSi.

darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebis-

metyvelo da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa

da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti

gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.

Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,

romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,

rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da

unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT,” rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis

maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi” aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da

swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.

niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen

bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)

argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,

emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri

zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvalis-

winebuli. udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia

daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili

sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan

gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise

sazogadoebas.

46

ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;


II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;


III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari

komentariT da a.S.

daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi

kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.

nimuSi 1



medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT” yuradRebas amaxvilebs

internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs

moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,

romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli

egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas

Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi inter-

neti qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi

qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi

mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.

bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT

gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul

mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebel-

yofen maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi

raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur

gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom

SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze” da aRmovaCinoT

sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis

gziT ganvaxorcieleT.

bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gav-

lenas axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens

Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:

• internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;

• interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar

dapirebas iZleva;

• interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;

• internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis

mflobelTaTvis;

• interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.

amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis

validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin

bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunis-

turi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:

Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,

romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis

uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.

meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad das-

kvnebs emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:

dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, wa-

xalisebas, daSinebas, manipulirebas,” raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-

31

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena

da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,

vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze warweras vecnobiT.

magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad

kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac

yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis

anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs

Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.

kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da

Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni

mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa

SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis

analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damaje-

reblobas da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia

is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis

analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis

saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis

struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,

martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,

rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad

seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom

moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is

SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,

Tu ramdenad akademiuria avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia

naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi

dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman, A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September 15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]

rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad

CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma

analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic

Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:

• avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis

moxmobis safuZvelze

• sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis

Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier

reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis

gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT

SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).

• TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.

aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia

avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac

Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,

studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT

Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro

`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi

Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiT-

xvels, rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan

Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3-

s ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.

miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis

struqtura:

Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari

mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb

30

gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess

swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da

pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,

zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis

specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.

Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs

skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu

grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,

rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs

aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic

ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos

maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri

SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,

aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa

sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba

ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs

vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,

Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs

SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri

bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?

ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,

romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da

Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi akademiuri moswrebis mqone saxel-

mwifo skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,

rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT.”.

dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazr-

debSi. specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen

kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimar-

Tulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT

CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan

zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,

xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar

iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom

gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.

gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi

iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri

bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.

meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis

martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,

man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul

amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.

meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda

swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso

oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;

magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli

TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc

Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.

dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur

programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali

klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac

nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,

vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,

aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi

moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad

gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.

dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod

CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.

Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi

47

gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis

danarCen wevrebs.

inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs

mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni

an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil

mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela

karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore

mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos

kidec.

roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso” ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,

ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes

gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT.” amitom

unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra

iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas

gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,

SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis

organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi

ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar

Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.

ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT

vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod

vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,

moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara

swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili

eqsperimentebi.




Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom











radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,

saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier mos-

wavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT

is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.



Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,

gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis

disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod — sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos

Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da

icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli

sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri

48

ideebi.

Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac var-

kvevT, Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia

maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori

gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro das-

kvnebamde mivyavarT da a.S.

garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompe-

tenturobis Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu

ubralod gamocdili mweralia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor

daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis

sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu

is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad

iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs

redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa

jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,

gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili

informaciis sandoobis dadgena.

zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis weras SeudgebodeT,

aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvada-

sxva teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqs-

tis winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.

sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:

garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad

icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?

Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gac-

nobierebuli, teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic

TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.

Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa

avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,

dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,

vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss

gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es

ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb

warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, ano-

taciasa da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi

qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagex-

marebaT avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.

mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze

amaxvilebT yuradRebas:

1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba

• Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?

• rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?

2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi

Sinaarsis gacnoba.

• ras geubnebaT saTauri?

• ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?

• ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva

Tu Semajamebeli informacia?

3. teqstis gadaxedva

• naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da

daskvna?

• ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?

• ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras

(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?

momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda

kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze

29

Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.] magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas

gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad

kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:

• faqtebzea agebuli;

• naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;

• sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;

• refleqcias gulisxmobs;

• Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.

ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli

iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac

SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.

naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul

Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,

rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan

gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,

rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am

kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore

mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli

Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.

aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznes-

menisaTvis wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _

sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda

gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba

mizanSewonili.

radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba

sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi krite-

riumis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime

kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan

misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva

danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.

refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrov-

nebis gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu

rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT

arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.

kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis

Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo

citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram

isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver

Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored

is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]

rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,

radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars

moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili

Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod, H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]

rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?

daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.

garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia

avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis

Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT

avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis

safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT

avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev

erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris

28

mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul per-

speqtivaSi warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli

sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi

ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.

warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier

konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:

1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis

efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)

moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,

rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.

swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,

ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri

ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro

aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialur-

ekonomikuri cvlilebebis fonze...

2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa

Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu

sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis

ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da

damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da

ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba

aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,

sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa

organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...

3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo” — naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia

imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi

mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod

warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. sam-

rewvelo da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad

gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve saval-

debulodaa miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas

miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens

umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas

dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili

codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi

warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces

mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...

savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis

warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis

Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.

Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da

avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT

teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da

mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi

safexuria:

teqstis analizi

• rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?

• ra aris avtoris mizani?

• vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?

• ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?

• ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis

mxardaWeras?

• ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?

49

teqstis Sefaseba

• aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?

• aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?

• aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?

• aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?

• aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?

• ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?

• Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?

• ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?

• gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?

• aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias

iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?

• ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad

da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi

mocemul teqstTan?

ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques. Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]

ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa

da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian

efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro

TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis

diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:

A BC

A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona — meorisas, C —

ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris

gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C — ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema

gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri

referatis struqtura.

savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen

savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.

studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.













50

Tema II. kritika

kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis

ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul

kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:

• racionaloba

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;

roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni

mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu

gadawyvetileba.

• TviTanalizi

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra

motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.

• miukerZoebloba

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca

viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT

alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul

Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis

misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro

martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.

• disciplina

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals

viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.

• Sefaseba

Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da

gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado

faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.

erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;

aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva

taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda

amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritiku-

lobiT gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,

mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne

adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da

misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi

interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].

mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad

naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.

`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis

Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,

realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki

SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an

wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da

veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.

Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,

radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro

rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)

gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu

ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi

Rrma analizis unari.

aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni

gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi

kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~

argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad

mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate

27

uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven

mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.

da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi

procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.

saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es

iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da

suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios

teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba

marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,

uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,

rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena

globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi

mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad

warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo

daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi

dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.

Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, moder-

nizaciisa da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT

isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,

romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,

maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis

ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,

rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul

funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.

rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis

kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis

tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul

siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto

istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.

amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod

axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,

ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,

rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna

emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul

kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis

maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame

samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze

mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis

fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli

xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es

kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric

saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da

prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da

saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar

aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.

26








SesaZleblobebi.















Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura

maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi

anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu

dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic

saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.

savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebis

warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.

savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezen-

tacia. studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri refe-

ratis saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.






Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom





ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.

dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,

samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli

adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris

gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia

yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.

rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis

mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen

51

Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.

betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis

gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis

grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac

sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.

aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave

programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke

dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis

mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da

cinizms.

betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar

eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav

literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da

gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi

niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo

samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT

niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca

aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad

niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema

wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro

mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia

winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze

iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.

SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan

gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni

klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom

gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi

samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.



















SesaZleblobebi.

amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli

sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma

bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT

eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac

daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad

gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda

swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen

mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.

52

mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian

TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis

wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis

survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT

SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas

aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT

pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis

mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa

TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli

TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac

metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis

stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs gark-

veul gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs

da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva

formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa

terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad

gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar

imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis

qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT

cxovrebaSi.

am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac

mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar

viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,

romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari

Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT

80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic

sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac

`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da

amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs

zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor

axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da re-

zoluciebis ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.

yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs

misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad

iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis

daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT

ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia

mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazre-

beli struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad

miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.

aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove

msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad

globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,

romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da

ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdeb-

arebuli gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi

Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini

didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi

ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa

Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis

Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi

raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,

nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da invest-

ticiebis misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.

zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan

gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,

aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas

25

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris

mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur

tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva

saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,

amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli

procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.

cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:

`saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites

feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali

vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,

faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve

ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi

miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi

amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic

gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs

xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi

ambobs: àmJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis

zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad

demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,

rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi

miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da

demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic

mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi

mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi

adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia

negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.

is rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani

acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos

saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis

unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi

dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da

rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia

imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli

tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.

,

,

nimuSi 2


`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,

romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi

erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur

sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou

xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare

ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsawerad

aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac

yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,

rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena

kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan

aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi

gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli

suverenitetisa Tu TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis problemebi, erTi

zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro

dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia

uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da

problemuria, vidre odesme.

24









radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad

rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met

sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRe-

buli, radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa

ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki

Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT

es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da

gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da

betelhaims.

pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs

yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da

sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle

specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs

SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT

moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad

mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da

ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust

tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo

niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara

aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens

aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri

moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,

radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored

sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari

mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem

abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo

srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom

sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.

aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani

moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am

sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs

gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi

da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas indi-

vidualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelo-

vanesia, magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba

samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis

aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,

magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis

fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver

akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis

Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is

araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.

zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar

miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.

es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT

motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,

rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas

53

specialur klasebSi.














Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswav-

leblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am

yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is

frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis

saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli prob-

lemebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar

saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did

qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod

miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es

xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs

stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis

damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi

mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT

ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.

Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas

asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis

miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave

maswavlebels Seaxvedra.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur

klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac

SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,

vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu

reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da

difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri

adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,

rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili

eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT

sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis

gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.

54

savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.

nimuSi 1


XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,

swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar

eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT

ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba

Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.

adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da

arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis

yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro

TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur

sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac

is araswori formiT warimarTeba.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is

ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba

xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved

reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix

beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa

saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio

amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da

Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti

ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi

mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba

erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni

qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi

britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli

qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30

procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:

`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT

germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis

saxis dakargvis aRwera SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~

iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.

aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel

msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,

TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad

omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda

msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki

xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad

gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo

aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis

damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom

arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi

uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi

saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,

romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.

yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT

gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs

samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis

SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII

saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul

faseulobebTan.

23

daskvna

daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs

avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis

msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:

• avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;

• Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel

daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;

• problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals

dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul

situaciaSi.

vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas

axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu

vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT

ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT

daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.

savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.

savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.

roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi

gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac akademiuri weris specialistebi Semdeg

SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:

eses Semowmeba

1. ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?

2. ra aris eses Tezisi?

3. aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?

4. gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?

5. ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?

6. aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?

7. yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?

8. gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?

9. aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?

gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?

10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?

11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan

dakavSirebiT?

12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]

22

Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi

kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens akademiuri problemis werilobiTi formiT

gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli

empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da

eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:

pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi gana-

viTaros; meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis

sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontent-

analizi, Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca

unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu

eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:

• naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da

amocanebi;

• naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;

• naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;

• naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;

• naSromi akademiuri stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;

• naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da

Sejamebas;

• naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi”;

• naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli

formati.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi — sabibilioTekoa is Tu

eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT

SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri

asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve

ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi” misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT

APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:

saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:

• naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);

• studentis saxeli da gvari;

• saswavlo dawesebuleba.

TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis

centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT

striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.

saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is

moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da

warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia

Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan

empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:

• gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;

• mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:

cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa

da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis

gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;

55

• naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia

gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;

• yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;

• Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,

diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) — saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs

warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;

• yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi

gaTanabrebuli;

nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:

• mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;

• grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod

im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;

• saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;

nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,

moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;

• TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;

• gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;

• danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1“, ,,danarTi 2“ da a.S. gaTanabrebulia

gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference USA.]

am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis

struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

naSromiT.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi

unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:


• sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;

• wyaroebis moZieba;

• wyaroebis Sefaseba;

• wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;

• citatebze muSaoba;

• perifrazireba da Sejameba;

• naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;

• bibliografiis miTiTeba;

• naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.

sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:

• sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba

imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;

• sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,

survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;

56

saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs

`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis

SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTva-

liswinebs ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.

k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras

grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro

metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am

muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis

SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT

ekidebi.

rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:

• mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas

iZleva;

• oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis

gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;

• sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb

Seni poziciis upiratesobas;

• imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;

• problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs

iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.) Boston. Houghton Mifflin.]

21

reblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris

poziciis siZlieres.

mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri

faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa

Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac

SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras

gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, litera-

turis sferoSi, cnobil mweralTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,

socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa

Sefasebebi.

savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs

gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis

mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.

savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si

warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.

kontrargumentis ukugdeba

argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.

amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari

pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic

unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba

aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani

jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac

cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis

sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari

`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis

ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis

damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,

amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments

Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.

oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis

gaTvaliswineba:

• ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?

• misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?

• ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?

• xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?

• namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi

gvTavazoben?

• yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli

faqtebi?

• xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis

safuZvelze?

• xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?

• xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika

kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an

iqcevian ase?

savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil

kontrargumentebs.

kompromisuri pozicia

arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,

romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs

20

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver

moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur

codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam

icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;

• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,

gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.

[Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].

savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis

nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.

magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:

1. axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;

2. riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani

saqarTveloSi?

3. axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze

saqarTveloSi?

pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa

da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore

winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli

rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas miTxovs, kerZod, fsiqologiuris,

socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs

scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia

erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.

mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis

Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul

sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki —

dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda

akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc

zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda

iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad

argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.

savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da

sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis

saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:

1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos

2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove

saqarTveloSi?

3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas

socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.

pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad

farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas

wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);

mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is

gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris

57

konkretul gzas.

roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi

nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni

Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami

ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,

Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,

kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).

magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi

warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze

unda gasces pasuxi:

• ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?

• ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier

mowodebuli?

• ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?

• arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?

pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros

Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT

mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi

warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.

meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad

moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is

aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.

mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.

ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri

Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari

informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul

Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,

SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,

istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian

mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,

vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli

monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar

Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.

da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa

SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros

moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da

dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].

rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,

akademiuri weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis

Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi

da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli

miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,

perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari

naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra

saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,

rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas

SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi

Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs

amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro

(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da

informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia

dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti

adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.

Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da

SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.

58

argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi

amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti

warmovadginoT.

argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxre-

mowinaaRmdegis sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.

Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes

momxre mowinaaRmdege

1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia 1. is miCvevas iwvevs

2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi

gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba

2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano

narkotikuli saSualebebis

cirkulacia

3. is wamlad gamodgeba 3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma

SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs

4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars

mas

4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro

saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde

[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]

am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi

argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,

Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema

gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul

arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.

savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da

sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.

magaliTad:

• zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,

radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).

• daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis

CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve

dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan

viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).

• Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi

(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxa-

tavs. argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davak-

onkretebT, kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi

ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).

• vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia

warmodgens)

• vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da

ver ikamaTeb)

• soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba

meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,

SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).

savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6-

Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.

mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi

dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera

axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje-

19

Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad.

pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan

isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom

studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca

meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros

studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar

gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens,

romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe

winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro

poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia.

Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac

SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon wera. akademiuri

weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants:

• zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze

gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos

mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis

mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas.

• dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi)

`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels

• Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba

avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas

• kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxve-

lisaTvis sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]

Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis

gemovnebazea damokidebuli.

savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli

saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals.

ZiriTadi nawili

argumentebis wardgena

argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT

mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo

arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi

argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis

sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv,

avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi,

argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv

ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs.

ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi,

Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad

warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi

Tanmimdevroba:

• siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti;



• yvelaze Zlieri argumenti;

amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi

STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli

da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri

18

am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki — misi pirveli

versiis Seqmna mosdevs.

rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans

emsaxureba is?

naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis

mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa

warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,

naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi

gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis

funqciasac asrulebs.

nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami

politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.

vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod

pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi

sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:

• neomarqsizmi


aqcents svams ekonomikaze

• pluralizmi


aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze

• elitizmi

definicia

aRwera

• analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi

neomarqsizmi

pluralizmi

elitizmi

zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi

versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor

vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da

ZiriTad pozicias?

Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,

aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis

mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul

pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar

aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akma-

yofilebs, radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens

ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan

sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:

• Sesavali

_ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba

_ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba

• sami politikuri Teoria

_ neomarqsizmi


aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba

_ pluralizmi


interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias

_ elitizmi

Zalaufleba elitis xelSia

elitis definicia

• SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi

_ neomarqsizmi

_ pluralizmi

59

_ elitizmi

naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan

aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,

amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani

struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs

erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs

mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis

pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama

naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:

paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi

yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa

paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aRwera

paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aRwera

paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia

paragrafi V _ elitizmis aRwera

paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi

paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi

paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da

pluralizmis susti mxareebi

paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi

paragrafi X _ daskvna

studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aRweras TiTo

paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aRweras ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom

me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis

meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli

Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT

paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am

Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis

analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis

analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.

students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic

misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi

iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi para-

leluri frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura

aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.

winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa

warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan

Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.

miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man

aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas

misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis

nimuSs:

I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad

1. kategorizacia

2. Sedareba

B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi

II. sami politikuri Teoria

A. neomarqsizmi

1. definicia

2. aRwera

B. pluralizmi

1. definicia

2. aRwera

C. elitizmi

60



zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois

gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles

moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara

ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”

mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis

xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi

TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:

saTauri

argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic

aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,

Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri

SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im

pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom

sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli

eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan

msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar

Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.

savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses

saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.

Sesavali

Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:

• `kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi

mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra

daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis

wasakiTxad.

• safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopove-

bis Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir av-

toris poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba

daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia

sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.

• Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis

dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori

winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori

winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs

avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis

bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]

savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs

gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.

magaliTad:

• universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion

maTTvis saintereso kursebi;

• Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva

universitetebSi;

• 100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa

inteleqtualur miRwevebs;

• studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis

datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;

• arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis

17

rac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.


students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis

energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils



swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis

uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.

zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia

droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba


saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,

nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)

ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki

seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe

ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva

minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan

10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,

Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.



zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis

wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,

,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.

SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis

winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da

5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma

unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,

Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umrav-

lesobam unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,

magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT

ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da

paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis

profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi

iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi

Cavardes.”

sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis

mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis




roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi


uecar zrdasTan.






wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame

relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.



moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad

ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi

TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da

TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.

16

1. definicia

2. aRwera

III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze

A. pluralizmi

1. analizi

2. susti mxareebi

B. elitizmi

1. analizi

2. susti mxareebi

C. neomarqsizmi

1. analizi

2. kritika

a. susti mxareebi

b. susti mxareebi

IV. daskvna

[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18, 2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]

rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle

Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris

safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami

ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.

mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,

mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili

problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro

safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss

gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris

Tezisis misaRebad.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis

sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis

ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3

wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba

gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayo-

filebdes: avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval

ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu

garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;

universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli

SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels

safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.

roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda

waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturul-

Sinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.

studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg

aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.

am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:

• naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.

students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;

• studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis

Seqmnamde;

• naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,

raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari

azrebi;

61

• studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme

magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris

darRveuli;

• studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas

isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis

grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos

naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da

Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.

am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis

struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura

sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba

• moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT

• aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas

• esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis

Sesaxeb

• CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an

problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT

wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva

dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:

• baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;

• pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;

• Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.

informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba

Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:

• bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;

• SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;

• informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;

naSromis gegmis Sedgena

amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:

• ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?

• ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?

• ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?

• ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?

• ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?

naSromis Sesavali

• warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala

• gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi

• axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani

• warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma

naSromis ZiriTadi nawili

• ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT

• aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)

• SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod

moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)

• imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken

62

gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,

radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.



moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis

unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi

xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs

iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema

da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.



zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis

wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,

rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli

studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur

darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is

aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba kon-

centrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi

miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon

kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da

Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios

daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi

mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi

zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,

rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi

aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg

wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.”


students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT

aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils



swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,

roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis

moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini

marTlebi arian.

sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis

mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis




roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro

efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis

naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi


uecar zrdasTan.

gamarTuli nimuSi


qeiT elbou

SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.



rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase

grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,

15

7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare?

8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi?

• mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi

detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?

• aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?

• aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis?


savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias èrTbaSad swavlis saSiS-

roebani~. masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul para-

grafSi zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gan-

saxilvel sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi

Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,

TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas;

bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul

paragrafSi.

gasamarTi nimuSi


qeiT elbou

zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia dro-

ebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba


saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis

kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan.

devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan

(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis

gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon

Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs agreTve,

sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba

ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania

adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.






wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaq-

saciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri

studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi

yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT

mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT.



zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben, rom isini kargad ar aswavlian,

studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer

gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri

seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci

ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”

SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.



rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis

ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari

14

naSromis daskvna

• Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi

Sejameba

• Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis

mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla

• imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi

warmodgenil konteqstSi

• SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas

Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia

• SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,

ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba

• paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri

detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba

• winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,

punqtuacia

• wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,

yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul

WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba

[Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing Center. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]

da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,

SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro

sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.

Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:

8 kvira

3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva










4 kvira

1 dRe — sakvlevi problemebis arCeva









danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.

[Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]

vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier

Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met

xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis

damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis

63

analizi da Sefaseba.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi

safexurebi unda gaiaros:


• sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;

• kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;

• Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba;

• kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena;

• monacemebis Segroveba;

• monacemebis analizi;

• eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna.

[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University Press].

rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da

Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris

gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli

kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan

gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da

diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili

da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi

savarjiSoebi gvexmareba:

savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi,

TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis

ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura

1. saTauri

2. madlobis gadaxda

3. sarCevi

4. cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali

5. abstraqti

6. problemis dayeneba

7. literaturis mimoxilva

8. gamokvlevis dizaini

9. gamoyenebuli meTodologia

10. Sedegebi

11. diskusia

12. daskvnebi

13. bibliografia

14. danarTi

a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli

xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.

b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi

teqstis farglebs miRma.

g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.

d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri

da kritikuli analizi.

e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da

ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev

problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciur-

induqciuri daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.

v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.

64

rogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur

winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs

avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT

ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:

erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena

rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi

gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar

gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs

SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli

profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da

gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.

aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;

sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis

mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas

Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis

ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili

ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors

ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod

`rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da

gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris

saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis

gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.

imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos

naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis

qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu

awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aRwera, amitom, misTvis

mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur

detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba

zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT

ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli

Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.

ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is

gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas

akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.

mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan

dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki

gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da

momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad

uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,

gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.

akademiur weris specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdegi SekiTxvebiT

vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:

paragrafis Semowmeba

1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan

kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?

2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?

3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da

fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?

4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel

ideas?

5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela

winadadeba?

6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?

13

reklama

axal produqcias

gvacnobs

mag.: axali

manqanebi

asaqmebs sxvadasxva

specialobis adamianebs finansurad exmareba

Jurnal-gazeTebs da

televizias

fsiqologebi

mwerlebi

msaxiobebi

sargebeli

problemebi

Zalian didi

raodenoba xSirad informacia

realobas ar Seesabameba

bavSvebisaTvis

saziano

mag.: kanfetebiviT

miirTmeven vitaminebs uviTarebs mavne

Cvevebs

Zalian bevr kanfets

miirTmeven

aferxebs gadacemebis

msvlelobas


savarjiSo #2:

studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.

yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri

kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe

`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac

paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.

paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis

anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT,

romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,

12

z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.

T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda

gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,

romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.

k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.

l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da

meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda

Semowmdes hipoTezebi.

m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es

teqstSia mocemuli.

n) naSromis adekvaturi aRwera rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.

o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;

gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.

mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,

mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.

eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi

saTauri

• saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani • saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo

unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)

• saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis

abstraqti

kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10

winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul

Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi

nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT

Sejamebas.

Sesavali

Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami

ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:

1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna

• problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)

• mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)

2. konteqstis Seqmna

• wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis

miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)

3. konteqstis aTviseba

• gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)

• ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)

• naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)

meTodebi

socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:

• detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura

• ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva

• moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs

• terminologia xSirad meordeba

Sedegebi

• meTodologiis dasabuTeba

65

• Sedegebis interpretacia

• arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena

• komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT

• interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba

diskusia / daskvna

daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:

• sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo)

• mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca

gavrcelebuli)

• momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da

gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi)

bibliografia

yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT,

APA stiliT).

kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire

Sesavali meTodebi Sedegebi diskusia

axlandeli dro maRali dabali dabali maRali

warsuli dro saSualo maRali maRali saSualo

vnebiTi gvari dabali maRali cvalebadi cvalebadi

citireba maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali

SezRudvebi saSualo dabali saSualo maRali

komentari maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali

[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The Univesity, Michigan Press]

rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis

Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis

farglebSi.

• wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili:

gamomcemeli.

kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani.

• wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri.


sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). akademiuri wera magistraturis

studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa.

• wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis


stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi:

avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.

• statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an

ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.

wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis

66

mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.

rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali wera mosdevs. es aris wera

Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar

vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina

teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis

gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali wera ara

ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.

Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis

raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,

gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis

SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.

Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca

erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze

vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10

wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT

gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da

TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am

SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss

da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav

TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.

savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis

generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali

weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.

ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~

SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva

aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,

mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis

dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa

sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:

ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis

gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis

mimarT mijaWvulobad.

vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu

empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,

tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.

sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis

kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze

unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.

rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?

ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur

SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis

mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching Social Life. London: SAGEE Publications].

rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~

unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da

axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.

klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan

mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal

kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad

davajgufebT:

11

bebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarT-

lebulia.

arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.

saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul

danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis

farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod

erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kate-

goriis damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis

Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli

emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis

saSualebas miscems.

saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli

danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur

reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,

saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT

sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri lik-

vidacia aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis Sesanar-

Cuneblad.

sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev

erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,

romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav

saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli

teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis

saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore

Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma

sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli

operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.

rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego

azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri

wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad

iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT èloliaveba~

adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia

ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls

Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,

romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am

`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.

borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri

momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjo-

besia patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre

uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, rad-

gan araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misa-

Rebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwy-

des, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis

garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~

mimarT.

sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli

nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT

ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.

ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas

uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da

gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu

frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,

gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri

warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am

teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu-

10


Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis

sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.

• xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).


sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niu-

iorki: arko.

• wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:

wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.

vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.

• mravaltomiani naSromi:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).


beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli

fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.

• leqsikoni:

saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:

gamomcemeli.

oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:

oqsfordis universitetis presa.

• statia Jurnalidan:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis

saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)

uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.

• statia gazeTidan:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,

gverdebi (iwereba gv.).

mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.

11-12.

• disertacia an avtoreferati:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,

universiteti, misi mdebareoba.

wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis

konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi . sakandidato disertacia, iv.

javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.

)

• leqciaze micemuli masala:

leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am

leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.

wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala

warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is

Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.

• samTavrobo dokumenti:

saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).

dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:

gamomcemeli.

mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da

67

qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:

aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba.

• aranabeWdi wyaroebi:

gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...].


redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi:

paramaunti.

• masala internetidan:

avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis

saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da

saitis misamarTi.

internet-wigni

braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi,

1999, http:/www. ......... sagazeTo statia internetidan

azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www....

Jurnalis statia internetidan

faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis

sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995. http:/www. .........

[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm]

68

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is

miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:

socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),

da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis

mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT

SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Ta-

vidan acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur dam-

naSaveebze. ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,

Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.

sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti

ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba

udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da

romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias

Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni

(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).

garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba

gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba àra kac-hkla~ vrceldeba

yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan

da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did

codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda

basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT

SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba

aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!

sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba

gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.

SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam

SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi

SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs

gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac

sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime

danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac

ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi

iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc

erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia

danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.

amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris

kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis

aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver àkeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver

icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi

procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi

sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.

humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es

araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi

damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.

nimuSi 2


Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad

iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas

gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi

iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.

rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,

raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.

xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis

gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis

Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis

miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede-

9

kursis Sinaarsi

Tema I. argumentirebuli ese

TiTqmis yvela Janris akademiuri naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan

nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,

saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSa-

vebas, raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos

mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba ada-

mians ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis

SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da

efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia akademiuri weris

nebismieri JanrisaTvis.

argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs

saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa

da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze

gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba

gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT

sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;

movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses

ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis

SeqmnaSic.

akademiur weraSi argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi

arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev, J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle, Thomson Learning].

rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba

ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,

rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,

avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,

eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur

weraSi, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli

eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis

warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara

oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod

pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis

gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.

nimuSi 1


kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri

sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi

araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe

araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro

izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja

yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes

samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan

usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis

gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa

sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis

es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime

danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic

gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis

ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).

aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis

aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.

8

silabusi

akademiuri wera

saswavlo kursis kodi:

saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.

saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.

ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _

32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.

leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnie-

rebaTa fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.

T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: [email protected] saswavlo kursis mizani: akademiuri weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis

universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:

argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.

aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben

leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva

Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,

jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis

naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.


ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da

gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis





Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs akademiuri weris

safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi

mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis

marTlwerasa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.

saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.

saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:

ga

kv

eT

il

i

Tema

miznebi


Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da

argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs

• studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses

Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs

• studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses

nimuSebs

69

2 weriTi procesis

safexurebi

paragrafebis

ganviTareba

• studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad

safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,

Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi

• studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis

struqturas

• studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis

ganviTarebaSi


Sesavali nawili

sakuTari argumentebis

prezentacia

kontr-argumentebis

gaTvaliswineba da

ukugdeba

• studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis

rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs

• studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis daweraSi

• studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis

wardgenasa da dasabuTebas


• studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis

gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas



daskvna

logika da mTlianoba

argumentirebuli eses


da prezentacia

• studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa

da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs

• studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis daweraSi

• studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da

logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis

teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi

• argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da

prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis

naSromebs

5 kritikis Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs

• studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis

struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs

• studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs

6 perifrazireba Sejameba

citireba

plagiatis Tavidan

acileba

• studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis

perifrazirebas

• studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas


• studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas

studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon

Tavidan plagiati

7 Sefaseba-refleqsia

• studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias

avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi

• studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias



kritikis saboloo

versiis Seqmna da

prezentacia


logikaze

• kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;

studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs

9 analitikuri referatis

Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

Sefasebis kriteriumebs

70

zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani

erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli mweralze nakleb

informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa

informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli

mweralze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis

ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es

mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.

• daiwyeT daskvniT

akademiuri weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive

warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.

naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve

Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos

da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad

gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom

misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis

mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.

• struqtura

nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos

organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da

mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamom-

dinare, akademiur weraSi informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,

Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba

`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi

nawilisagan Sedgeba:

1. situaciis aRwera

2. problemis identifikacia

3. gadaWris gzis aRwera

4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba

[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin]. • stili

akademiuri naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara

marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad

Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxve-

vaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT

dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad komp-

leqsuri monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCve-

nos. Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules war-

moadgens sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom

akademiuri weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es

zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;

winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.

• logikuri Tanmimdevruloba

akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis

gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi

unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.

Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme

gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan

dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan Press.]

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis

Sinaarsze gadavideT.

7

Janrebi universitetSi

Janri aRwera mizani

1) argumentirebuli

ese

araakademiuri debatis

ori mxaris

struqturirebuli

analizi.

mtkicebulebis

formulirebisa da

Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT

ganmtkicebis procesis

ganviTareba.

2) kritika erTi akademiuri teqstis

kritikuli kiTxva da

werilobiTi formiT

Sefaseba.

kritikuli azrovnebisa

da ZiriTadi

argumentebis Sejameba-

Sefasebis unaris

ganviTareba.

3) analitikuri

referati

debatis ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis gansazRvra

studentisaTvis SerCeuli

ori an sami statiis

safuZvelze.

debatis ZiriTadi arsis

wvdomisa da werilobiTi

formiT gadmocemis

xelSewyoba.

4) sabiblioTeko

kvleviTi naSromi

akademiuri problemis

werilobiTi formiT

gadaWra sabiblioTeko

gamokvlevis safuZvelze.

mocemul disciplinaSi

sakvlevi problemis

dayenebisa da gadaWris

xelSewyoba Sesabamisi

Teoriis/literaturis

gamoyenebis safuZvelze.

5) eqsperimentuli

kvleviTi naSromi


angariSi, romelSic

dasabuTebulia arCeuli

meTodologia da warmod-

genilia gamokvlevis

TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli

Sedegebi da maTi

interpretacia.


struqturirebisa da

prezentaciis xelSewyoba

akademiuri disciplinis

moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.

[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) akademiuri weris

centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze]

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principebi:

akademiuri wera ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:

• mkiTxveli

sanam weras daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.

magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis

eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda

gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi

molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi

mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba

SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or

winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ speci-

alistebisTvisaa dawerili:

• socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis

Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis

safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens.

• process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi

Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul

socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba.

• mizani

6

• studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis

ZiriTad elementebs

• studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis

nimuSebs

• studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri

referatis ZiriTad elementebs

10 konteqstualizacia • studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da

varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi

11 avtorTa poziciebis

analizi da Sefaseba

Sexedulebebis

ganmtkiceba

• studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabij-

nabij afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs

• studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon

Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis

Sexedulebebi


analitikuri referatis


da prezentacia


logikaze

• analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna

da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis

naSromebs

13 kvleviTi naSromis

Sesavali

• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis

kriteriumebs

• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da

mis ZiriTad elementebs

14 sabiblioTeko kvleviTi

naSromi • studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi


etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis

procesSi

15 eqsperimentuli

kvleviTi naSromi • studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi


etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis

Seqmnis procesSi

16 bibliografiis

miTiTebis APA-stili

• studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis

APA-stils

• studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT

bibliografiis miTiTebaSi

Sefaseba:

daswreba — 15%

naSromebis Seqmna — 60%

naSromebis prezentacia — 25%

savaldebulo literatura:

*radgan akademiuri wera SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da

Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori

aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,

sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.

Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.: RoutledgeFalmer.

71

Leki, I. (2nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning. Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

damatebiTi literatura:

Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE Publications. Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5th ed.). Boston and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines. Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications. Jordan, R. R. (3rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education Limited. Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing. Sorenson, S. (3rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Teitelbaum, H. (4th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning. http://www.apa.org/http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html http://www.criticalreading.com/ http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/ http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/http://www.powa.org/http://www.refdesk.com/citationshttp://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html http://www.utoronto.ca/writinghttp://webster.comment.edu/http://www.wisc.edu/writing/http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/

swavlis Sedegi:

mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen akademiuri

weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs

sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis,

agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba

kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi;

analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis

Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms,

romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos

dasawerad da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad,

studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori

teqnika, msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi gamoyenebuli

literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba.

72

gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman]. blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis”

etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi — aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da

Sefaseba — Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da

SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi

safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca

Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis

pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli

azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil

adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli

akademiuri weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT”, rac gulisxmobs, rom

mweralma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da

ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac

Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod

frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT

sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,

rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis

mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli

gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,

rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis

nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi

sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana” iyo, studen-

tebisaTvis did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli

codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da

SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.

aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi

mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis

procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauni-

versiteto swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli

azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxu-

reboda. swored aseTi sagania akademiuri wera, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo

wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis

studentebs.

kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi

eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo

TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini

,,akademiurad” unda iyos Sesrulebuli.

swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba akademiuri weris sasem-

inaro kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centra-

luri evropis universitetis akademiuri weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli

da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da

kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da

eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqti-

urad monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da

aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli

Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve

afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis

safuZvelze.


ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamo-

kvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis





qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aRweras:

5

Sesavali

kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis

miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrov-

nebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin

blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da

amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo

miznebis taqsonomiis” SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa

cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi

studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro mar-

tividan metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad

gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela

safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs

miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis

unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa

umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino.

blumis taqsonomia

1. codna — informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,

wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens

cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels.

2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT

gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs

faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da gan-

zogadebis safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis

gaTavisebas.

3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _infor-

maciisa da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamo-

yeneba specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo

situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi” gaxados misi codna.

4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _

monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri

kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa

da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struq-

turireba mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis

mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aRweras, an

qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is

done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas.

5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponen-

tebis safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis

moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,

SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas

raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis

safuZvelze.

6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba

_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena,

argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, Semoqmede-

biTi naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteri-

umebis Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi

gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.

sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisx-

mobs wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis

4

argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi

damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli

na

Sr

om

is

st

ru

qt

ur

a

naSromi

sanimuSodaa

organizebuli.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

naSromi kargad

organizebulia.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da umetesad

efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

organizebis

mcdeloba. an

yvela

struqturuli

elementi

saxezea, magram

ar aris

efeqturad

gamoyenebuli,

an erT-erTi

elementi

aklia.

araorganizebuli.

araerTi

struqturuli

elementi aklia.

pa

ra

gr

af

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a

da

lo

gi

ka

paragrafebi

sanimuSod

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria.

paragrafebi

kargadaa

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria,

magram

periodulad

aklia saWiro

detali.

paragrafebis

ganviTarebis

mcdeloba,

magram xSirad

aklia saWiro

detali da

nakleb

logikuria.

paragrafebi ar

aris

ganviTarebuli.

naSromi savsea

individualuri,

daukavSirebeli

winadadebebiT.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. gramatika

da punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi

ena. aklia

profesiuli

toni.

garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

ar aris

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ar aris miRweuli

profesiuli

toni. bevri

Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

sa

ku

Ta

ri

ar

gu

me

nt

eb

is

da

sa

bu

Te

ba

avtoris

argumentebi

Zlieria da

damajerebladaa

dasabuTebuli.

avtoris

argumentebi

sakmaod

damajerebelia

da kargadaa

dasabuTebuli.

avtoris

argumentebi

damajerebelia,

magram aklia

dasabuTeba.

avtoris

argumentebi

nakleb

damajerebelia

da ar aris

dasabuTebuli.

ko

nt

r-

ar

gu

me

nt

eb

is

ga

Tv

al

is

wi

ne

ba

da

uk

ug

de

ba

kontrargumen-

tebi gaTvalis-

winebuli da

warmatebiT

ukugdebulia.

kontrargumen-

tebi gaTvalis-

winebuli da

umetesad

ukugdebulia.

kontrargumen-

tebis gaTva-

liswinebis

mcdeloba,

Tumca isini

naklebadaa

ukugdebuli.

kontrargumen-

tebi ar aris

gaTvaliswi-

nebuli da

ukugdebuli.

73

kritikis Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi

damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli w

vd

om

a

avtori Rrmad

swvda statias da

masSi mocemul

ZiriTad

argumentebs.

avtorma

saTanadod gaigo

statia da masSi

mocemuli

ZiriTadi

argumentebi.

avtors

mxolod

zedapirulad

esmis statia da

masSi mocemuli

ZiriTadi

argumentebi.

avtors

arasworad esmis

statia da ver

axdens ZiriTadi

argumentebis

diferenciacias.

Se

fa

se

ba

avtori avlens

kritikuli

azrovnebis

sanimuSo unars.

is ganixilavs

yvela ZiriTad

arguments,

axdens maT Rrma

interpretacias,

analizs,

Sejamebasa da

Sefasebas.

avtori avlens

kritikuli

azrovnebis

unars. is

ganixilavs yvela

ZiriTad

arguments,

kompetenturad

axdens maT

interpretacias,

analizs,

Sejamebasa da

Sefasebas.

avtori

cdilobs

kritikulad

gaaanalizos

statia, magram

zogierTi

ZiriTadi

argumenti ar

aris saTanadod

interpretireb

uli,

Sejamebuli da

Sefasebuli.

avtori ver

axdens statiis

kritikul

analizs.

ZiriTadi

argumentebi

ar aris

interpretirebu

li da

Sejamebuli. maTi

Sefaseba

araadekvaturia.

na

Sr

om

is

st

ru

qt

ur

a naSromi

sanimuSodaa

organizebuli.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

naSromi kargad

organizebulia.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da umetesad

efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

organizebis

mcdeloba. an

yvela

struqturuli

elementi

saxezea, magram

ar aris

efeqturad

gamoyenebuli,

an erT-erTi

elementi

aklia.

araorganizebul

i. araerTi

struqturuli

elementi aklia.

pa

ra

gr

af

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a d

a

lo

gi

ka

paragrafebi

sanimuSod

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria.

paragrafebi

kargadaa

ganviTarebuli

da logikuria,

magram

periodulad

aklia saWiro

detali.

paragrafebis

ganviTarebis

mcdeloba,

magram xSirad

aklia saWiro

detali da

nakleblogiku

ria.

paragrafebi ar

aris

ganviTarebuli.

naSromi savsea

individualuri,

daukavSirebeli

winadadebebiT.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. gramatika

da punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi

ena. aklia

profesiuli

toni.

garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

ar aris

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ar aris miRweuli

profesiuli

toni. bevri

Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

74

s a r C e v i

Sesavali ..................................................................................................................... 4

Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8

Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27

Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44

Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55

3


mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: [email protected]

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 – 873-7-1

analitikuri referatis Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli

Zi

ri

Ta

di

sa

ki

T-

xe

bi

s i

de

nt

if

ik

a-

ci

a d

a k

on

-

te

qs

tu

al

iz

ac

ia

avtori avlens

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikaciisa

da farTo

konteqstTan maTi

dakavSirebis

sanimuSo unars.

avtori axdens

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikacias da

cdilobs maT

dakavSirebas

farTo

konteqstTan.

avtori cdilobs

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikacias,

magram yvela

maTgani ar aris

gamoyofili.

maTi farTo

konteqstTan

dakavSirebis

warumatebeli

mcdeloba.

avtori ver axdens

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebis

identifikaciasa

da konteqstuali-

zacias.

po

zi

ci

a,

an

al

iz

i,

Se

fa

se

ba

sanimuSo

SedarebiTi

analizi. avtori

axdens statiaTa

avtorebis

poziciebis

diferenciaciasa

da Sefasebas,

imavdroulad

gvTavazobs ra mis

kargad

dasabuTebul

pozicias.

avtori axdens

statiaTa

avtorebis

poziciebis

saTanado

diferenciaciasa

da SedarebiT

analizs, magram

misi pozicia ar

aris naTlad

dasabuTebuli.

SedarebiTi

analizisa da

statiebis

avtorTa

poziciebis

Sefasebis

mcdeloba,

magram ZiriTad

argumentebs

aklia dasabuTeba

da amitom

avtoris pozicia

ufro

bundovania.

avtori ar axdens

SedarebiT

analizsa da

statiebis avtorTa

poziciebis

Sefasebas, misi

poziciac ar aris

Camoyalibebuli.

na

Sr

om

is

st

ru

qt

ur

a

naSromi

sanimuSodaa

organizebuli.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

naSromi kargad

organizebulia.

yvela

struqturuli

elementi saxezea

da umetesad

efeqturadaa

gamoyenebuli.

organizebis

mcdeloba. an

yvela

struqturuli

elementi

saxezea, magram

ar aris

efeqturad

gamoyenebuli, an

erT-erTi

elementi aklia.

araorganize-

buli. araerTi

struqturuli

elementi aklia.

pa

ra

gr

af

eb

is

ga

nv

iT

ar

eb

a

da

lo

gi

ka

paragrafebi

sanimuSod

ganviTarebuli da

logikuria.

paragrafebi

kargadaa

ganviTarebuli da

logikuria, magram

periodulad aklia

saWiro detali.

paragrafebis

ganviTarebis

mcdeloba,

magram xSirad

aklia saWiro

detali da

nakleb

logikuria.

paragrafebi

ar aris

ganviTarebuli.

naSromi savsea

individualuri,

daukavSirebeli

winadadebebiT.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli toni.

gramatika da

punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

srulad da

sworadaa

miTiTebuli.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli toni.

umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

srulad da

sworadaa

miTiTebuli.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

aklia

profesiuli

toni. garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

sruladaa

miTiTebuli,

magram

garkveuli

xarvezebiT.

ar aris

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena. ar

aris miRweuli

profesiuli toni.

bevri Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

gamoyenebuli

literatura

arasrulad da

arasworadaa

miTiTebuli.

75

kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba

sanimuSo kargi

damakmayo-

filebeli

aradamakmayo-

filebeli S

es

av

al

i

efeqturi Sesa-

vali, problemis

naTeli defini-

ciiTa da

detaluri

safuZvelmdebar

e informaciiT.

problema

gansazRvrulia

adekvaturi

safuZvelmdebar

e informaciiTa

da detalebiT.

problema ar

aris naTlad

gansazRv- ruli

da aklia

saWiro detali.

safuZvelmdeba

re informacia

ar aris

adeqvaturad

axsnili.

problema ar aris

gansazRvruli.

safuZvelmdebare

informacia

bundovania an

ar aris

dakavSirebuli

problemasTan.

Zi

ri

Ta

di

na

wi

li

gamoyenebuli

wyaroebis

SedarebiTi

analizi da

kritikuli

Sefaseba

sanimuSoa.

gamoyenebuli

wyaroebis

SedarebiTi

analizi kargia,

magram

garkveulwilad

aklia kritikuli

Sefaseba.

SedarebiTi

analizis

mcdeloba,

magram aklia

kritikuli

Sefaseba.

SedarebiTi

analizi

bundovania.

kritikuli

Sefaseba ar aris

mocemuli.

da

sk

vn

a

ZiriTadi sakiT-

xebi sanimuSodaa

Sejamebuli da ar

aris

ganmeorebadi.

daskvnebi da

rekomendaciebi

logikuria da

kavSirSia

sakvlev

problemasTan.

ZiriTadi

sakiTxebi

kargadaa Sejame-

buli da nakleb

ganmeorebadia.

mocemulia

garkveuli

rekomendaciebi,

romlebic

kavSirSia

sakvlev

problemasTan.

ZiriTadi saki-

Txebi zogadad

Sejamebulia,

magram ganme-

orebadia.

rekomendaciebi

Tu sakuTari

Sexedulebebi

ar aris

mocemuli.

ZiriTadi sakiT-

xebi ar aris

adeqvaturad

Sejamebuli.

rekomendaciebi

Tu sakuTari

Sexedulebebi ar

aris mocemuli.

ga

mo

ye

ne

bu

li

li

te

ra

tu

ra

minimum 5-6

wyaroa

gamoyenebuli.

yvela wyaro

sakvlevi

problemis

relevanturia.

isini srulad da

sworadaa

miTiTebuli.

5 wyaro mainc

aris gamoye-

nebuli. yvela

wyaro sakvlevi

problemis

relevanturia.

isini srulad

aris miTiTe-

buli, magram

ramodenime ar

aris sasurvel

formatSi.

5 wyaroze

nakle bia

gamoyenebuli.

isini srulad

aris

miTiTebuli,

magram maTi

nawili ar aris

sasurvel

formatSi.

4 wyaroze

naklebia

gamoyenebuli.

isini ar aris

srulad

miTiTebuli,

umravlesobis

formati

arasworia.

st

il

i d

a e

na

sanimuSodaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. gramatika

da punqtuacia

uSecdomoa.

kargadaa

gamoyenebuli

formaluri

werilobiTi ena.

ZiriTadad

miRweulia

profesiuli

toni. umniSvnelo

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

met-naklebad

gamoyenebulia

formaluri

werilobiTi

ena. aklia

profesiuli

toni.

garkveuli

Secdomebi

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

ar aris gamoye-

nebuli forma-

luri werilo-

biTi ena. ar aris

miRweuli

profesiuli

toni. bevri

Secdoma

gramatikasa da

punqtuaciaSi.

76


akademiuri

wera

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis

magistrantebisaTvis

lia wulaZe

Tbilisi

2006

Date post:	02-Sep-2019
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	26 times
Download:	0 times

akademiuri wera - old.ucss.geold.ucss.ge/publication/014 Academiuri Cera.pdf · kritikis Sefaseba...

Documents