4/19/2012 1 Development Science I : CHARACTERISTICS OF AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation Hiroshima University – Japan – Spring 2012 Material Source: AFLA Modul (Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2008); Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2010. Analisis Lanskap Agroforestri. IPB Press. Bogor. 199p QUIZ • What is “agroforestry landscape”? • What is watershed? AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE • Agroforestry in landscape scale • Ecological boundaries • Bio- regional • Watershed ~ Water catchment ~ Water drainage ~ Catchment Area DRAINAGE PATTERN AND SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHERN PART OF RINJANI ECOSYSTEM （ECPE, WWF LOMBOK) WATERSHED • Is an area of internal drainage, the size an shape of which is determined by surface topography. • Is completely encircled by a divide or a ridge line. • Precipitation falling on one side of the divide drains toward the outlet or mouth of the watershed on that side of the divide. WATERSHED 0 10km N Cianjur City Mt. Gede Arus antara Peresapan Water Table 1.Interception 2. Run-off 3. Interflow 5. Percolation 4. Evapotranspiratration Land use in Cianjur-Cisokan Watershed (Harashina, Takeuchi, Arifin, 2001)
Transcript
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Development Science I:
CHARACTERISTICS OF
AGROFORESTRY LANDSCAPE
Prof. Dr. HADI SUSILO ARIFIN
Graduate School of International Development and Cooperation
Hiroshima University – Japan – Spring 2012
Material Source: AFLA Modul (Arifin HS, Wulandari C, Pramukanto and Kaswanto RL, 2008);
• Landscape Structure is determined by the composition, the configuration, and the proportion of different patches across the landscape.
• Landscape Function refers to how each element in the landscape interacts based on its life cycle events.
• Landscape Change ~ Landscape Dynamic is the changing of landscape in the scale of spatio-temporal.
CHARACTERIZING AGROFORESTRY
LANDSCAPES
• Approaches for identifying, assessing and understanding important properties, characteristics, patterns and dynamics of agroforestry landscapes.
• This includes identifying landscape elements, structures and functions, as well as interactions among elements and overall dynamics and emergent properties (e.g., biodiversity, hydrology, carbon sequestration, etc.).
• Attention is given to understanding heterogeneity and diversity in landscapes, including the degree to which agricultural and forestry components may be segregated or integrated, and to classifying different types of landscape configurations.
• Diversity includes both biophysical and human dimensions of landscape elements and processes.
historical development, drivers of change, scenarios & future
Landscape scale pattern of interactions, emergence
of ‘environmental services’
Value chain and marketing of AF products
Farmer management of
agroforestry patches on farm
Tree-Soil-Crop-
Climate-Fauna
interactions
Local government
NGO activist
Business (wo)man
Extensionist
Researcher
Future
roles of
graduates
Compe-
tencies
required
Observe
Analyze
Predict
Empathize
Negotiate
Courtesy of van Noordwijk
Stakeholders:
What are the
roles, who are
the players,
what are their
interests?
Conditions &
Trends:
What are the
goods and
services
people derive?
2.Dynamic
landscape mosaics
1. Multi
stakeholder
perceptions
Agreed
changes
Spontaneous changes
3.Negotiation
Process
4. Innovation driversNatural capital
Knowledge sys-tems
Market access
Rules & institutions
NEGOTIATION SUPPORT SYSTEM (NSS);
Bringing science and knowledge to negotiation tables
2.Dynamic
landscape mosaics
1. Multi
stakeholder
perceptions
Agreed
changes
Spontaneous changes
3.Negotiation
Process
4. Innovation driversNatural capital
Knowledge sys-tems
Market access
Rules & institutions
2.Dynamic
landscape mosaics
1. Multi
stakeholder
perceptions
Agreed
changes
Agreed
changes
Spontaneous changesSpontaneous changes
3.Negotiation
Process
4. Innovation driversNatural capital
Knowledge sys-tems
Market access
Rules & institutions
Natural capital
Knowledge sys-tems
Market access
Rules & institutions
NEGOTIATION SUPPORT SYSTEM (NSS);
Bringing science and knowledge to negotiation tables
Halimun
Bungo
Kalahan
Bac Khan
Luang
Prabhang
Kapuas Hulu
Batang Toru
W Aceh
Tulang Bawang
Lantapan
SingkarakClaveria
Bao Shan
Hoa Binh
Upper Ping
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0 50 100 150 200 250Population density, km-2
Fo
rest
co
ver
(%)
Indonesia
Philippines
MMSEA
How does forest
cover compare to
population density &
SEAsia baseline?
Integrate <> Segregate
Natural forest
Prima- Secon-
ry dary
Time
Tre
e c
over
Planted trees
Where is the landscape
on the degradation/
rehabilitation transition?
Courtesy of van Noordwijk
FIVE CATEGORIES OF
LANDSCAPE AGROFORESTRY
• Tree-Soil-Crop-Climate-Fauna interactions
• Farmer management of agroforestry patches on farm
• Value chain and marketing of AF products
• Landscape scale pattern of interactions, emergence of „environmental services‟
• Multi stakeholder interactions, governance, conflict, incentives
CASE STUDY OF AGROFORESTRY LANSCAPE IN MENDALAM SUB-
WATERSHED – WEST KALIMANTAN
CHARACTERISTICS OF
MENDALAM SUB-WATERSHED
• Mendalam River Basin is located in West Kalimantan
Province, Indonesia 123o 55‟ 58” East Longitude – 113o
37‟ 26” East Longitude and 0o 49‟ 22” North Latitude – 1o
19‟ 28” North Latitude.
• The area of Mendalam river basin is about 147,200 ha or
about 1.5 % of total Kapuas Watershed (9,874,910 Ha;
with the river 1,086 km distance).
• Location in Kapuas Hulu District Conserved District
(56.51 % protected areas) Betung Kerihun National Park
(BKNP) and Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP).
• 60% of Mendalam River Basin area is outside BKNP ~
c.a. 718 households ~ more than one tribe.
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• As a macro scale, forest area in Kapuas Hulu District
is 2.984.203 ha.
• 17.5% (523.094 ha) was forest production.
• 15.5% (461.063 ha) was marginal land due to illegal
logging and mining exploitation.
• In October 1, 2003 Decree of Forest Minister No. 144
(2003) published Declaration of Kapuas Hulu District
as a conservation district.
• The protected area is 54.9% from the total areaBKNP
(800.000 ha), DSNP (132.000 ha), Danau Empangau
Protected Forest (628.973 ha), water catchment area
(360 ha), and peat soil area (67.082 ha).
• As a micro scale, the landscape mosaic
could be observed through landscape
dynamic from the riparian area to the inland
near the forest.
• It was established the land use order, i.e.
tembawang (kebun campuran = mixed
gardens), which is lied between river and
housing site; pekarangan (home gardens);
kebun tanaman (plantation); ladang (dry
lands); and finally is hutan (forests).
SLOPE CLASSIFICATION IN
MENDALAM SUB RIVER BASIN,
KAPUAS HULU WATERSHED
No. Slope ClassArea
Ha %
1 1 (0 – 8 %) 84,556 46.0
2 2 (8 – 15 %) 72,027 39.2
3 3 (15 – 25 %) 26,796 14.5
4 4 (25 – 45 %) 494 0.3
Total 183,873 100.0
LAND COVER TYPE OF MENDALAM
RIVER BASIN 1990, 2000 AND 2005 *
No. Land Cover Type
Area (ha)
1990 2000 2005
ha % ha % ha %
1 Low Land Forest 142,31776.6
141,91777.2
141,37
176.9
2 Secondary Dry
Land Forest
20,59911.1
19,66810.7
19,23110.5
3 Secondary Wetland
Forest
5,6583.0
5,0132.7
4,5472.5
4 Mixed Agriculture
Dry Land
15,1598.2
17,1369.3
18,72310.2
Total** 185,723 100 183,734 100 183,872 100
* Sources: Landsat TM analysis 1990, 2000 and 2005 in Livelihood Study of the Upper
Stream of Kapuas Watershed (2007)
** The total area is based on Landsat Data.
Land Cover Type of Sub DAS Mendalam
(Landsat ETM 1990-left, and 2000-right)
SOCIAL-ECONOMICAL-CULTURAL
CONDITION
NO Village / Hamlet ∑ Populations Total Families
1 Datah Diaan village, the hamlets of:
a. Nanga Hovat
b. Uma' Suling
c. Pagung
144
280
376
35
64
106
SUB TOTAL 800 205
2 Padua Mendalam village, the hamlets of:
a. Teluk Telaga
b. Tanjung Karang
c. Lung Miting
706
222
311
152
57
74
SUB TOTAL 1,212 287
3 Tanjung Jati village, the hamlets of:
a. Semangkok
b. Nanga Sambus
c. Tanjung Jati
342
714
1,702
73
175
143
SUB TOTAL 2,758 391
T O T A L 4,770 883
Total Populations
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COMPLEX AGROFORESTRY AND
VEGETATION STRUCTURE IN MENDALAM
RIVER BASIN
No Type of AF Vegetation Structure Pattern Remarks
1. Tembawang
(Mixed gardens) in
river side
Durian, fern (paku ikan), palm sugar,
coconut, banana, sweet potato, peanut,
green bean.
Cash crops are
cultivated
intensively.
2. Pekarangan (Home
Gardens)
Durian, rambutan, pamelo, coconut,
pumpkins, pepper, juna (Dayak onion),
taro, vegetable zinger (Alpinia sp.), poultry.
Cultivated
intensively.
3. Kebun Tanaman/
Plantations
Rubber, coffee, cocoa Semi-intensive
4. Ladang (Dry
Lands)
Rice, corn, vegetable zinger (Alpinia sp.),
cucumber, pepper, cassava
Semi-intensive
5. Hutan (Forest) Mangosten, cekalang, pandanus, star fruit
(belimbing darah), rambutan, bamboo,
rottan, tengkawang (Shorea stenoptera),
trees for honey bee (lebah madu)
Cultivated
extensively
LAND USE TYPE IN EACH
KAMPONG IN MENDALAM RIVER
BASIN
No Kampong Ethnic Land Uses Type
1. Nanga Hovat Dayak Bukat Type A
2. Uma Suling (Padua Kompleks) Dayak Kayan Type A
3. Pagung (Padua Kompleks) Dayak Kayan Type A
4. Teluk Telaga (Padua Kompleks) Dayak Kayan Type A & Type B
5. Janjung Karang Dayak Kayan Type B & Type C
6. Lung Miting Dayak Kayan Type A
7. Semangkok Dayak Taman Type D
8. Nanga Sambus Malay Type C
Hilir
Hulu
NANGA HOVAT:
- BUKAT
- TYPE A
UMA
SULING:
- KAYAN
- TYPE A
PAGUNG
:
- KAYAN
- TYPE A
TELUK
TELAGA:
- KAYAN
- TYPE A + B
TG. KARANG:
- KAYAN
- TYPE B + C
LUNG
MITING:
- KAYAN
- TYPE A
SEMANGKOK:
- TAMAN
- TYPE D
NANGA SMABUS:
- MALAY
- TYPE B + C
PADUA
KOMPLEKS
SETTLEMENT PROFILE ALONG
MENDALAM SUB-WATERSHED
Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)
Ladang & Kebun
Ladang
Hutan
Abandon Land,
Kebun Tembawang
Houses
1/2 - 1 jam
TYPE A
Nanga Hovat Residential Area
Landscape Mosaic of Type A in
Mendalam River Basin
Uma’ Suling Residential Area in
Datah Diaan Village
Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)
TYPE B
Tembawang, Abandon Land,
Kebun
Ladang
Hutan
Houses
Kebun
22
Landscape Mosaic of Type B in
Mendalam River Basin
Type of Kampong (Settlement)
which is Located in the Riverside
Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)
TYPE C
Hutan
Ladang
Tembawang, Abandon Land,
Kebun
Houses
Pekarangan
Landscape Mosaic of Type C in
Mendalam River Basin
Type of Kampong (Settlement)
which is Located in the Riverside
Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)
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TYPE D
Hutan
Ladang
Tembawang, Abandon Land,
Kebun
Long House
Kebun
Bentang
Landscape Mosaic of Type D in
Mendalam River Basin
Performance of Long House
Arifin, Wulandari, Pramukanto & Kaswanto, (2008)
LANDSCAPE PLANNING
• landscape planners must look beyond the 'closely drawn technical limits' and 'narrowly drawn territorial boundaries' which constrain design projects.
• Landscape planners tend to work on projects which:
* are of broad geographical scope
* concern many land uses or many clients
* are implemented over a long period of time
– In rural areas, the damage caused by unplanned mineral extraction was one of the early reasons for a public demand for landscape planning.
